Olympic Rowing: Model of Competitive Activity of International Level Elite Female Athletes

OLYMPIC ROWING: MODEL OF COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY OF INTERNATIONAL LEVEL ELITE FEMALE ATHLETES

REMO OLÍMPICO: MODELO DE ATIVIDADE COMPETITIVA DAS ATLETAS DE ELITE INTERNACIONAL Original Article Artigo Original REMO OLÍMPICO: MODELO DE ACTIVIDAD COMPETITIVA DE LAS ATLETAS DE ELITE INTERNACIONAL Artículo Original

Fábio Barreto Maia da Silva1 ABSTRACT (Physical Education Professional) João Paulo Reis Gonçalves Moreira Introduction: High-performance training should focus on motor capability determinants in competition to de Brito2 make physical preparation effective. Objective: To analyze and draw up an elite model based on competitive (Physical Education Professional) activity, to guide the theory and practice of female rowers, using data on the 42 finalists of the 2010-2018 Antonio Carlos Gomes3 world championships. Methods: Forty-two rowers from 2010-2018 world championships participated in the (Physical Education Professional) study, final A, women’s single scull without weight restrictions. The statistical comparison was performed and differences between 500 meter splits analyzed for each variable were discussed. Results: Strong correlation 1. Club de Regata Vasco da Gama, was observed between time (r=-0.99, p<0.01), power (r=0.99, p<0.01), technical level (r=0.99, p<0.01) and Sede Náutica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. speed. In the competitive model, the relationship between speed at 2000 meters and time (r=-0.96, p<0.01), 2. Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, speed (r=0.94, p<0.01) and power (r=0.96, p<0.01) showed a strong correlation with speed in the splits of the Escola Superior de Desporto de third 500 meters of the race. In terms of stroke rate (r=-0.56, p<0.01) and stroke length (r=0.54, p<0.01), the Rio Maior, Rio Maior, Santarém, strongest correlation occurs at the start, in the first 100 meters of competition. Conclusion: Having performed Portugal. these analyses, it is possible to confirm the need to investigate competitive activity in order to supplement the 3. Instituto Sport Training-IST. rower’s fitness preparation system. Level of evidence I; Diagnostic studies-Investigating a diagnostic test. Academia Brasileira de Treinadores (ABT), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Keywords: Rowing; Performance; Sporting activity. Correspondence: RESUMO Fábio Barreto Maia da Silva Introdução: O treinamento no alto rendimento deve focar a capacidade motora determinante na competição, Rua Visconde de Sepetiba, 50, apto. assim a preparação física se torna eficaz. Objetivo: Analisar e elaborar um modelo de elite, a partir da atividade compe- 803, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. 24020-206. [email protected] titiva, para orientar a teoria e a prática desportiva das remadoras, a partir dos dados das 42 finalistas dos mundiais de 2010 a 2018. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 42 remadoras de mundiais entre 2010 a 2018, final A, barco individual feminino sem restrição de peso. Realizou-se a comparação estatistica e as diferenças entre as parciais de cada 500 metros analisadas para cada variável foram discutidas. Resultados: Observou-se o seguinte: forte correlação entre o tempo (r=-0,99; p<0,01), a potência (r=0,99; p<0,01), o índice técnico e a velocidade (r=0,99; p<0,01). No modelo competitivo, a relação entre a velocidade nos 2000 metros com o tempo (r=-0,96; p<0,01), a velocidade (r=0,94; p<0,01) e a potência (r=0,96; p<0,01) apresentou forte correlação com a velocidade na parcial dos terceiros 500 metros da prova. Já na quantidade (r=-0,56; p<0,01) e amplitude de remadas (r=0,54; p<0,01), a maior correlação apresenta-se na partida, nos primeiros 100 metros de competição. Conclusão: Feitas essas análises, pode-se assegurar a necessi- dade de investigar a atividade competitiva com o objetivo de complementar o sistema de preparação da condição física do remador. Nível de evidência I; Estudos diagnósticos–Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

Descritores: Remo; Desempenho; Atividades esportivas. RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento en el alto rendimiento debe enfocar la capacidad motora determinante en la com- petición, así la preparación física se vuelve eficaz. Objetivo: Analizar y elaborar un modelo de élite, a partir de la actividad competitiva, para orientar la teoría y la práctica deportiva de las remadoras, a partir de los datos de las 42 finalistas de los mundiales de 2010 a 2018. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 42 remadoras de mundiales entre 2010 a 2018, final A, barco individual femenino sin restricción de peso. Se realizó la comparación estadística y fueron discutidas las diferencias entre las parciales de cada 500 metros analizadas para cada variable. Resultados: Se observó lo siguiente: fuerte correlación entre el tiempo (r=-0,99, p<0,01), la potencia (r=0,99, p<0,01), el índice técnico y la velocidad (r=0,99, p<0,01). En el modelo competitivo, la relación entre la velocidad en los 2000 metros con el tiempo (r=-0,96, p<0,01), la velocidad (r=0,94, p<0,01) y la potencia (r=0,96, p<0,01) presentó fuerte correlación con la velocidad en la parcial de los terceros 500 metros de la prueba. Ya en la cantidad (r=-0,56, p<0,01) y amplitud de remadas (r=0,54, p<0,01) la mayor correlación se presenta en la partida, en los primeros 100 metros de competición. Conclusión: Hechos estos análisis, se puede asegurar la necesidad de investigar la actividad competitiva con el objetivo de complementar el sistema de preparación de la condición física del remador. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudios de diagnósticos-Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

Descriptores: Remo; Rendimiento; Actividades deportivas.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220202602218337 Article received on 01/07/2019 accepted on 06/26/2019

162 Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 26, No 2 – Mar/Abr, 2020 INTRODUCTION body mass index (weight/height^2), time of first 100 meters and last The stroke action in Olympic rowing is defined as a cyclic move- 250 meters (distance/speed), number of strokes (stroke rate*time in ment.1 In the force application phase, the lower and upper limbs act seconds/60 seconds), stroke cycle time (60 seconds/stroke rate), stroke simultaneously while rowing to propel the scull2 and achieve competitive length (speed*time of each stroke cycle), power of each stroke (2.8/ speed. In competitions, the rowers or scullers present reaction velocity pace^3) and technical level (100*(record in seconds/race time)^3). after the visual signal at the start and consequent acceleration to 500 Statistical analysis meters reaching maximum speed, while between 500 and 1000 meters Statistical procedures were used to characterize the values of the there is a speed reduction and from 1000 meters velocity resistance up different variables in terms of central tendency and dispersion. In the to 2000 meters. Accordingly, high-performance training should focus inferential analysis, the normality of variables was tested using the on the motor capability determinants in competition, with preparation Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine 3 being the determining factor in the athlete’s result. Therefore, knowing the relationship between performance and all the parameters. The 4 the characteristics related to time and strength interaction is of consi- significance level was set at p <0.01. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 2 derable benefit in improving rowing comprehension and scull speed. statistical software (Chicago, IL, USA). To construct the competitive and In high performance sport, some advances are indicated in the trai- elite models, line and radar charts were used, respectively. The compe- ning methodology and theory that are based on information from and titive model was the basis for the construction of the elite model, since statistical analyses of the competitions that add significant value to the the results of the world championships were established as a reference. sport.5,6 Thus, the act of analyzing the competitive data of athletes is an effective tool for developing the training plan that produces adequate RESULTS and specific performance. Moreover, it directs the process of constructing Data on physical characteristics and competitive activity and their 7 the competitive activity model proposed by Platonov. This model not correlation with speed in the 2000 meter race are presented in Table 1. only reflects the structure and composition of the preparation process, The variables: time, power, stroke length and technical level alone had but also the concrete set of athletes for a particular sport as a standard significant influence on scull speed. Power and technical level were (r sample. Therefore, it is advisable not only to know the competitive pro- = 0.99; p <0.01), time (r = -0.99; p <0.01), number of strokes (r = -0.54; p perties to identify the difference between an average athlete and a world <0.01) and stroke length (r = 0.53; p <0.01). The other variables presen- elite athlete, based on the dynamics and percentage of performance of ted correlations below (r = 0.14), but still had no statistical significance. both, but also to improve each stage of improvement and monitoring. In the formation of the competitive activity model, the variables Despite the importance of high-level performance monitoring, there were shown in splits: start initial 100 meters and finish line the last 8 is still no definite tool or precise variable for predicting performance. 250 meters; the first, second, third and fourth 500 meters. Time, speed, Some training strategies are implemented to promote favorable per- number of strokes, length of strokes and power presented medium and 9 formance by reducing poorly adapted training responses. To achieve strong positive and negative correlation, and also statistical significance these goals, training should be periodized from the training plan to in all splits. Conversely, stroke rate and cycle presented weak positive 10 coincide with competitions. Thus, the preparation of the elite model can and negative correlation, and still had no statistical significance in the minimize errors in the rower’s fitness preparation, define a competitive splits. All variables displayed in splits were correlated with speed over split or variable as the most important, and also provide a comparative the 2000 meters of the race. Moreover, in the third 500 meter split, database with competitive differences, according to category, type of time (r = -0.96; p <0.01), speed (r = 0.94; p <0.01) and power (r = 0.96; vessel and type of individual world championship. Thus, the variables or p <0.01) indicated a strong correlation and statistical significance with splits that influence high-level sport performance should attract more scull speed over 2000 meters. However, in terms of the number (r = -0.56; attention from the coaching staff, as this will enable them to know p <0.01) and length of strokes (r = 0.54; p <0.01), there was a higher patterns, athlete characteristics and individual comparisons.11 correlation and statistical significance at the start and initial 100 meters. The specialized bibliography highlights the biological aspects and In addition, the first and second 500 meters revealed the shortest time performance of Olympic and world champions.12,13 It also points out (110.91; 114.86s), respectively. Thus, the first 500 meters and the fastest some performance prediction models between categories and types (4.38 m/s) and most powerful (240.57W), consequently has the highest of vessel.14,15 This article aims to analyze and prepare the elite model of stroke rate in the race (40.85; 35.90 spm), while the highest number competitive activity to guide the theory and practice of female rowers, based on data from 42 world finalists between 2010 and 2018, the Table 1. Physical characteristics and competitive activity of the 42 finalists of the world rowing elite. 2010-2018 world 2000-meter rowing championships. Standard Variables Mean Minimum Maximum r(2000m) p-value MATERIALS AND METHODS deviation Age (year) 29.28 4.60 23.00 41.00 -0.03 0.83** We used the results of 42 female rowers, in the adult single scull Weight (kg) 74.26 5.01 69.00 86.00 -0.11 0.45** category, without weight restrictions. Data refer to final A of the 2010, Height (cm) 181.00 5.40 171.00 193.00 -0.13 0.39** 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2018 world rowing championships. BMI (kg/m2) 16.88 1.95 14.53 20.93 -0.07 0.65** However, in Olympic Games such as those held in 2012 and 2016, the Time 2000m (s) 456.24 11.65 434.95 484.60 -0.99 <0.01** single scull category is not included in the world championship. Thus, Average speed (m/s) 4.38 0.11 4.13 4.60 1.00 <0.01** the Olympic years were excluded, as they do not present the results Stroke rate (spm) 34.03 1.75 31.20 40.50 -0.14 0.35** in the International Rowing Federation (FISA). All the data used in this Power (W) 236.75 17.75 196.83 272.23 0.99 <0.01** research project are available to the public, exhibited on the FISA website Number (nos) 258.86 16.06 230.87 322.27 -0.54 <0.01** http://www.worldrowing.com. Length (m) 7.75 0.44 6.21 8.66 0.53 <0.01** Data collected from the worldrowing website: date of birth, weight, Cycle time (s) 1.76 0.08 1.48 1.92 0.13 0.40** height, split, speed, 500 meter stroke rate and total race time for the Technical level (%) 82.69 6.20 68.75 95.09 0.99 <0.01** 2000 meters. Calculated data: age (event date-date of birth/365.25), **p<0.01; BMI (body mass index), spm (strokes per minute), nos (number of strokes), m (meters).

Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 26, No 2 – Mar/Abr, 2020 163 of strokes was in the first and fourth 500 meters (66.37; 65.48 number of the scull, and consequently the shorter the race time. It is suggested, of strokes), the greatest length of strokes in the second and third 500 according to the data submitted, that an emphasis on special strength meters (7.99; 7.95 m), and the shortest stroke time at the start and in training in competitive exercise may help improve performance. the first 500 meters (1.47 s; 1.67 s), respectively (Table 2). Figure 1 show A classical experimental research project16 evaluated the stroke competitive activity in chart form with the dynamics of the variables in force of 71 athletes on 21 vessels in each phase of the stroke during a each 500 meter split of the race. competition, and found that power is the main factor affecting boat The competitive activity of the rowers was used as a basis to create a speed. The authors continue by stating that power was significantly model designed to compare athletes with international elite rowers. For higher in the smaller boats, with the female single scull reaching 247 this comparison the authors generated fictitious data on an imaginary watts,16 close to the average presented by the world elite, 236.75 watts rower for demonstrative purposes. The data created were: age 31 years, in the 2000 meter race. The number and length of strokes achieved a weight 61 kg, height 173 cm, splits of 183, 185, 186 and 188 seconds, mean correlation and statistical significance with speed in the 2000-me- and partial paces of 29, 26, 26 and 28 strokes per minute in every 500 ter race, indicating that the greater the force applied in each stroke, meters, respectively. Soon after this, the radar chart served to visualize the greater the boat displacement and stroke length, and the lower comparisons with the global mean. The black chart contains the model the number of strokes in the 2000-meter race in world championships. data and the gray graph the researchers’ data (Figure 2). Verkhoshansky17 supports the idea that the main biomotor ability res- ponsible for performance in sports is speed, which should be decisively DISCUSSION recognized when focusing on the training of the various other abilities, The results showed a strong correlation between time and power depending on the sport to be trained. Gomes et al.18 claim that speed over 2000 meters with the average speed over 2000 meters, confirming capacity development is essential for competitive success. The classic that the force applied in each stroke has an influence on performance study by Steinacker19 maintains that power is greater in the initial phase in international rowing competitions. According to Warmenhoven et in order to reach high speed in a shorter time. In view of the above, we al.,2 the greater the efficiency in the application of force in each stroke recommend paying attention to the development of power, alactic cycle phase, in which the oar is in the water, the greater the propulsion and lactic capacity, as the stimuli reach up to 120 seconds7,18,20 through

Table 2. Competitive activity in the 2000 meter race in splits, average speed, stroke rate, power, number and length of strokes at the start, 500m split and finish line, of the 42 finalists of the 2010-2018 world rowing championships. Variables Mean Standard Deviation Minimum Maximum r(2000m) p-value Start time 100m (s) 22.96 1.90 19.61 27.78 -0.58 <0.01** Time 500m_1 (s) 110.91 2.83 107.64 117.52 -0.73 <0.01** Time 500m_2 (s) 114.86 3.06 108.15 119.74 -0.85 <0.01** Time 500m_3 (s) 115.38 3.65 108.60 124.53 -0.96 <0.01** Time 500m_4 (s) 115.08 3.90 108.76 123.89 -0.87 <0.01** Finish time 250m (s) 58.01 2.11 54.35 62.50 -0.75 <0.01** Average start speed 100m (m/s) 4.38 0.36 3.60 5.10 0.56 <0.01** Average speed 500m_1 (m/s) 4.51 0.10 4.30 4.60 0.67 <0.01** Average speed 500m_2 (m/s) 4.35 0.11 4.20 4.60 0.84 <0.01** Average speed 500m_3 (m/s) 4.32 0.13 4.00 4.60 0.94 <0.01** Average speed 500m_4 (m/s) 4.34 0.15 4.00 4.60 0.85 <0.01** Average speed finish line 250(m/s) 4.31 0.15 4.00 4.60 0.75 <0.01** Stroke rate start _100m (spm) 40.85 2.72 35.70 48.80 0.12 0.44** Stroke rate 500m_1 (spm) 35.90 1.82 31.50 39.40 -0.20 0.18** Stroke rate 500m_2 (spm) 32.84 2.21 29.80 41.20 0.25 0.10** Stroke rate 500m_3 (spm) 32.83 2.18 29.30 41.00 -0.17 0.26** Stroke rate 500m_4 (spm) 34.15 1.87 30.90 40.50 0.26 0.08** Stroke rate finish line_250m (spm) 34.17 1.91 31.20 41.80 -0.06 0.69** Power 100m (W) 240.57 60.00 130.64 371.42 0.53 <0.01** Power 500m_1 (W) 257.47 18.83 215.64 280.64 0.73 <0.01** Power 500m_2 (W) 231.96 19.09 203.87 276.69 0.84 <0.01** Power 500m_3 (W) 229.14 21.15 181.24 273.26 0.96 <0.01** Power 500m_4 (W) 231.16 23.32 184.06 272.06 0.86 <0.01** Power finish line_250m (W) 225.82 24.27 179.20 272.54 0.75 <0.01** Number of strokes start 100m (nos) 15.59 1.15 13.22 19.17 -0.56 <0.01** Number of strokes 500m_1 (nos) 66.37 4.03 57.07 76.56 -0.48 <0.01** Number of strokes 500m_2 (nos) 62.87 4.71 54.08 81.05 -0.54 <0.01** Number of strokes 500m_3 (nos) 63.16 5.07 55.96 82.84 -0.54 <0.01** Number of strokes 500m_4 (nos) 65.48 3.79 57.74 82.07 -0.45 <0.01** Number of strokes finish_250m (nos) 33.03 2.09 29.64 40.50 -0.49 <0.01** Stroke length start 100m (m) 6.44 0.46 5.22 7.56 0.54 <0.01** Stroke length 500m_1 (m) 7.55 0.45 6.53 8.76 0.47 <0.01** Stroke length 500m_2 (m) 7.99 0.54 6.17 9.25 0.52 <0.01** Stroke length 500m_3 (m) 7.95 0.56 6.04 8.93 0.52 <0.01** Stroke length 500m_4 (m) 7.65 0.41 6.09 8.66 0.45 <0.01** Stroke length finish line_250m (m) 7.59 0.45 6.17 8.43 0.48 <0.01** Cycle time start 100m (s) 1.47 0.09 1.23 1.68 -0.09 0.54** Cycle time 500m_1 (s) 1.67 0.08 1.52 1.90 0.21 0.17** Cycle time 500m_2 (s) 1.83 0.11 1.46 2.01 0.22 0.15** Cycle time 500m_3 (s) 1.83 0.11 1.46 2.05 0.14 0.37** Cycle time 500m_4 (s) 1.76 0.09 1.48 1.94 -0.07 0.63** Cycle time finish line_250m (s) 1.75 0.09 1.44 1.92 0.03 0.84** **p<0.01. spm (strokes per minute), nos (number of strokes), m (meters), r(2000m) correlation with average speed.

164 Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 26, No 2 – Mar/Abr, 2020

A Tempo A Tempo

118,00 118,00 114,86 115,38 114,86 115,38 116,00 116,00 115,08 115,08 114,00 114,00 110,91 110,91 112,00 112,00 Segundos Segundos 110,00 110,00 108,00 108,00 106,00 106,00 500m_1 500m_2 500m_3 500m_4 500m_1 500m_2 500m_3 500m_4

Metros Metros

B Velocidade média B Velocidade média Tempo 4,60 A 4,60 4,55 4,55 118,00 4,51 4,50 4,51 114,86 115,38 4,50 4,45E Quantidade 116,00 4,45 E Quantidade 4,34 115,08 4,40 4,34 4,40 4,36 114,00 4,36 68,00 110,91 4,35 4,35

4,35 4,35 Metros

Metros 68,00 112,00 4,3067,00 4,30 67,00 66,38 4,2566,00 66,38 Segundos 4,25 66,00 110,00 4,2065,00 4,20 65,00 63,16 108,00 4,15 4,1564,00 62,88 63,16 64,00 64,00 500m_1 500m_262,88 500m_3 500m_4 64,00 106,00 500m_1 500m_2 500m_3 500m_4 63,00 63,00 Remadas 500m_1 500m_2 500m_3 500m_4

62,00Remadas Metros 62,00 Metros 61,00 61,00 Metros 60,00 60,00 59,00 59,00 C E QuantidadePotênciaPower A CA 500m_1PotênciaTempo 500m_2Time 500m_3 500m_4 B B VelocidadeAverage média Speed C 500m_1 500m_2 500m_3 500m_4 118.00 4.60 68,00270,00270.00 270,00118,00 Metros 4,60 114.86114,86 Metros115,38115.38 67,00 4,554.55 260,00 116.00260,00116,00 260.00 66,38257.47257,47 257,47 4,504.50 4,514.51 66,00 115.08115,08 114.00250,00 4.45 65,00250,00250.00 114,00F 110,91 Amplitute 4,45 63,16 110,91 Amplitute 4,34 229,15 240,00F 229,15 4,404.40 4.34 64,00240,00240.00 62,88 229.15 64,00 112.00112,00 231,96 115.08 4.364,36 231.96231,96

8,20 4,354.35 4.354,35 Watts Watts 63,00 231,17 Metros 230,00 231.17 Meters Watts 230,008,20 231,17 230.00 Segundos Seconds 7,99 Remadas 110.00110,00 7,99 4,304.30 62,00 8,00 7,96 220,00220.00 220,008,00 7,96 4,254.25 108.00108,00 7,56 61,00 7,80 7,56 4,204.20 210,00210.00 210,007,80 60,00 106.00106,007,60 4,154.15 200.00 200,007,60 500m_1 500m_2 500m_3 500m_4 59,00200,00 500m_1 500m_2 500m_3 500m_47,47 500m_1500m_1 500m_2 500m_2 500m_3 500m_3 500m_4 500m_4 500m_1 500m_2 500m_3 500m_4 500m_1 500m_2 500m_3 500m_4 7,47 500m_1500m_1 500m_2500m_2 500m_3 500m_4 500m_4 Metros 7,40

Metros 7,40 MetersMetros MetrosMeters 7,20 Metros MetrosMeters 7,20 7,00 7,00 B Velocidade média 6,80 D 6,80 FrequenciaStroke rate E E QuantidadeNumber of strokes F D AmplituteFrequenciaLength D 500m_1 500m_2 500m_3 500m_4 Potência F 4,60 500m_1 500m_2 500m_3 500m_4 C 37,0037.00 68,0068.00 37,00 4,55 270,00 8,208.20 Metros 7,99 36,004,5036.00 4,51 Metros 67,0067.00 36,00 35,90 7.99 35.9035,90 66,38 8,008.00 66,00260,00 66.38 7.967,96 35,004,4535.00 66.00 257,47 35,00 4,34 7,807.80 7.567,56 4,40 32,83 65,0065.00250,00 32,83 34,0034.00 4,36 32.83 34.1634,16 63.1663,16 34,00 34,16 Figure4,35 1. Competitive model32.8432,84 of the 500 meter4,35 splits of female64,0064.00 rowers. Time in seconds62,88 (A),229,15 average 64,00 7,607.60 32,84 FigureMetros 1. Competitive model of the 500 meter splits of female240,00 rowers. Time in62.88 seconds (A), average64.00 33,0033.00 231,96 33,00 speed4,30 in meters per second (B), power of strokes in watts (C),63,0063.00 stroke rate in strokes per minute (D), 7.40 7.477,47 Watts speed in meters per second (B), power of strokes in watts (C), stroke rate in strokes per minute (D), Metros 7,40 Strokes 231,17 Reamdas Strokes 230,00 Meters Remadas Reamdas 32,004,2532.00 32,00 quantity of strokes in number of strokes (E) and length of stro62,0062.00kes in meters (F). quantity4,20 of strokes in number of strokes (E) and length of stro220,00kes in meters (F). 7,207.2031,00 Time –31,0031.00 Seconds – Meters – Average Speed – Power – Watts61,0061.00 – Meters – Stroke rate – Strokes - Meters Time4,15 – Seconds – Meters – Average Speed – Power – Watts – Meters – Stroke rate – Strokes - Meters 30,0030.00 210,00 7,007.0030,00 NumberNumber of ofstrokes 500m_1strokes – Strokes– 500m_2Strokes - Meters- 500m_3Meters – Length– Length 500m_4 – Meters– Meters - - 60,00 60.00 29,0029.00 59,0059.00200,00 6,806.8029,00 500m_1 500m_2 500m_3 500m_4 500m_1500m_1 500m_2 500m_2Metros 500m_3 500m_3 500m_4 500m_4 500m_1500m_1500m_1 500m_2 500m_2 500m_2 500m_3 500m_3 500m_4500m_4 500m_1500m_1 500m_2 500m_2 500m_3 500m_3 500m_4

MetrosMeters MetrosMeters MetrosMetersMetros

Potência Abaixo:Abaixo: CFirst First 500 500 meters meters – –Second Second 500 500 meters meters – –Technical Technical Level Level – –Time Time – –Average Average Speed Speed – –Stroke Stroke Figure 1. Competitive model of the 500 meter splits of female rowers.FD Time in secondsAmplituteFrequencia (A), average speed in meters perFigure second 1. (B),Competitive power of strokesmodel inof wattsthe 500 (C), meter stroke splitsrate in of female rowers. Time in seconds (A), average PacePace -270,00 Stroke - Stroke Length Length – Number– Number of ofStrokes Strokes – World– World Average Average – Your– Your Athlete Athlete – Third– Third 500 500 meters meters – Fourth– Fourth 500 meters – Age – Weight – BMI – Height 8,2037,00 speed in meters per second (B), power of strokes in watts (C), stroke rate in strokes per minute (D), strokes500 260,00meters per minute – Age (D), – quantity Weight of– BMIstrokes – Height in number of strokes (E) and length of strokes in meters (F). 257,47 7,99 8,0036,00 35,90 quantity of strokes in number of strokes (E) and length of strokes in meters (F). 250,00 7,96 35,00 7,80 7,56 Time – Seconds – Meters – Average Speed – Power – Watts – Meters – Stroke rate – Strokes - Meters 240,00 229,15 32,83 231,96 34,00 34,16 Number of strokes – Strokes - Meters – Length – Meters - 7,60 32,84

Watts 231,17 230,00 First 500 meters 33,00 A Primeiro 500 metros B SegundoSecondSegundo 500 500 500 metros meters metros7,47 C

Primeiro 500 metros Metros 7,40 ThirdTerceiro 500 500 meters metros A 220,00 B Reamdas 32,00 Terceiro 500 metros Quarto 500 metros A B Tempo (s) TimeTempo (s) Quarto 500 metros TimeTempo (s) 7,20 120,00 TempoTime (s) Tempo (s) Tempo (s) 210,00 120.00120,00 Tempo (s) 31,00 120.00120,00 C 120.00120,00 Tempo (s) D 120,00 120,00 100,00 120,00 100.00100,00 7,00 C100.00 100,00 100.00100,00D 120,00 100,00 200,00 100,00 Indice30,00 Técnico 80,00 Voga 80.0080,00 TechnicalIndice Técnico Level 80.0080,00 VogaVoga100,00 TechnicalIndice Técnico Level 80.0080,00 VogaVoga 100,00 80,00 TechnicalIndice 500m_1Técnico Level 500m_280,00 500m_3VogaVoga 500m_4 60,00 Indice Técnico Voga Indice Técnico 60.0060,00 Voga 6,8029,00 60.0060,00Indice Técnico 80,00 VogaAbaixo: First 500 meters60.0060,00 – Second 500 80,00meters – Technical Level – Time60,00 – Average Speed – Stroke 60,00 40,00 Indice Técnico Voga 40.0040,00 500m_1500m_140.0040,00 500m_2 500m_2 500m_3 500m_360,00 500m_4 500m_4 40.0040,00 40,00 40,00 20,00 Pace - Stroke Length – Number of Strokes60,00 – World Average – Your Athlete – Third 500 meters – Fourth 20.0020,00 Metros 20.0020,00 40,00 20.0020,00 20,00 0,00 500 meters – Age – Weight – BMI – Height40,00 20,00 0.000,00 Amplitude de 0.000,00 MetrosMetros 20,00 0.000,00 0,00 StrokeAmplitude Length de 0,00 StrokeAmplitude Length de Velocidade Média StrokeAmplitude Length de AverageVelocidade20,00 Speed Amplitude de AverageVelocidade Speed Média Remadas AverageVelocidade0,00 Speed Média Amplitude de Velocidade Remadas Velocidade Média Remadas Remadas Média 0,00 Remadas Média D Remadas Frequencia Amplitude de Velocidade Amplitude de Velocidade Remadas Média Quantidade de Remadas Média 37,00 Figure 1. CompetitiveQuantidade de modelWatt of the 500 meter splits of female rowers. Time in seconds (A), average StrokeQuantidade Pace de StrokeRemadas Pace WattWatt StrokeQuantidade Pace de Quantidade de Quantidade de Watt Remadas WattWatt Watt Segundo 500 metros 36,00 Remadas35,90 Watt speed in meters per second (B), power of strokes in watts (C), strokeRemadas rate in strokes per Primeirominute 500(D), metros Remadas Remadas Quantidade de 35,00 MédiaWorld Mundial Average YourSeu Atleta Athlete quantity of strokesMédia Mundial in number of Seustrokes Atleta (E) andWatt length ofA stro kes in meters (F). Quantidade de B Tempo (s) Média Mundial Seu Atleta MédiaWorld Mundial Average RemadasYourSeu Atleta Athlete WorldMédia Mundial AverageTempo (s) YourSeu Atleta Athlete Watt Média Mundial Seu Atleta 32,83 Remadas 120,00 34,00 34,16 Time – Seconds – Meters – Average Speed – Power – Watts – Meters – Stroke120,00 rate – Strokes - Meters 100,00 32,84 100,00 33,00 Number of strokes – Strokes - MetersMédia Mundial– Length – MetersSeu - Atleta Média Mundial Seu AtletaIndice Técnico 80,00 Voga Indice Técnico 80,00 Voga 60,00 60,00 Reamdas 32,00 Idade 40,00 TerceiroD 500 metros E 40,00 E 150,00 20,00 31,00 FourthQuarto 500500 metersmetros 20,00 120,00 Tempo (s) 0,00 TimeTempo (s) AgeIdade 0,00 90,00 Amplitude de C 120,00 30,00 D 120.00120,00 Amplitude de Velocidade Média 100,00 E 150,00150.00 Velocidade60,00 Média Remadas 29,00 100.00100,00 Remadas Indice Técnico 80,00 Voga 120,00120.00 30,00 500m_1TechnicalIndice 500m_2 Técnico Level 500m_380.0080,00 500m_4VogaVoga Abaixo: First 500 meters – Second 500 meters – Technical Level – Time – Average Speed – Stroke 60,00 60.0060,00 90,0090.00 IMC 0,00 Peso 40,00 Quantidade de 40.0040,00 Pace - Stroke Length – Number of Strokes – World Average – Your60.00 AthleteQuantidade – de Third 500 meters – Fourth Watt 20,00 Metros 60,00 Watt Remadas 20.0020,00 500 meters – Age – Weight – BMI – Height 30.00 Remadas 0,00 0.000,00 30,00 Amplitude de Velocidade StrokeAmplitude Length de AverageVelocidade Speed IMCBMI 0,000.00 Média Mundial WeightPeso Seu Atleta Média Mundial Seu Atleta Remadas Média Remadas Média

Estatura Quantidade de Watt Quantidade de Remadas Stroke Pace WattWatt Primeiro 500 metros Segundo 500 metros Remadas Height Mundial Seu atleta A B Tempo (s) Média Mundial Seu Atleta MédiaWorld Mundial Average YourSeu Atleta Athlete Tempo (s) Estatura120,00 120,00 Figure 2. Elite model,100,00 comparing the world average with a fictitious athlete, based on the competitive 100,00 Indice Técnico 80,00 Voga 80,00 activity of female rowers in international rowing competitions. First 500 meters of race (A), second 500 Indice Técnico Voga Mundial 60,00 Seu atleta Figure 2. EliteIdade model, comparing the world average with a fictitious athlete, based60,00 on the competitive activity of metersfemale ofrowers race in (B), international third40,00 500 metrosrowing ofcompetitions. race (C), last First 500 500 mete rs of race and physical characteristics (E). E 150,00 40,00 20,00 meters120,00 of race (A), second 500 meters of race (B), third 500 metros of race (C), last 50020,00 meters of race and physical characteristics (E). 0,00 Figure 2.0,00 Elite model, comparing the worldAmplitude average de with a fictitious athlete, based on the competitive 90,00 Amplitude de Velocidade Média Velocidade Média Remadas 60,00 Remadasactivity of female rowers in international rowing competitions. First 500 meters of race (A), second 500 the interval30,00 workout method, with special and competitivemeters exercises of race (B),always third within 500 metros the percentage of race (C), calculations last 500 mete of competitivers of race and speed, physical since characteristics (E). IMC 0,00 Peso Quantidade de Quantidade de Watt distributed in the training plan. theWatt highest correlation occurs inRemadas the third split. Remadas The technical level indicates how far the athlete is from theMédia world Mundial In termsSeu Atleta of the number and Médialength Mundial of strokes, averageSeu Atleta correlation

record, and in this particular research project has strong correlation and significance is shown in all splits. There is also the higher correlation Estatura and statistical significance, indicating that the average speed of world at the start, suggesting that the lower the number and the greater the Mundial Seu atleta championships is 17.31% away from the world record. length of strokes, the higher the speed of the scull. Corroborating the Figure 2. Elite model, comparing the worldRegarding average with the acompetitive fictitious athl model,ete, based the studyon the showed competitive that time, speed assumption that continuously applying force improves scull propulsion2 activity of female rowers in internationaland rowing power competitions. had strong First correlation 500 meters and of statistical race (A), secondsignificance 500 with speed in the acceleration, speed, velocity resistance, and finish line phases, as meters of race (B), third 500 metros of race (C), last 500 meters of race and physical characteristics (E). in all splits. Some authors explain that effective strength coordination the greater the power the greater the scull’s displacement. throughout the stroke cycle is a significant aspect of performance.21-23 The model allows the comparison of any athlete with the world elite, Not only does the current study demonstrate that the highest correlation due to the analysis of competitive variables. It also drills deeply into the is found in the third 500 meter split, but also proposes that the greater theory and practice of the sport.7 Based on the analysis of this model, it the power over the 1500 meters of the race, the better the result. Also, is evident that higher power in each stroke phase could improve per- particular attention should be focused on speed resistance stimuli, formance in the 2000-meter single women’s scull race. Zamotin et al.23

Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 26, No 2 – Mar/Abr, 2020 165 claim that competitive activity is the culmination of a long training As a limitation, this study is still far from clarifying all the details that process and deserves an objective, systematic and thorough analysis. might help in a rowing-specific training theory. We still need to carry Thus, knowing the competitive activity model of high performance out more invasive studies to verify the morphofunctional adaptations scullers gives us the exact notion that applied training beliefs need to that can produce workouts with less volume and more neuromuscular be reviewed. In other words, the current main guiding principle of the and functional qualities. In any event, this study provided us with an training system is undoubtedly the competition system. We need to oversight of the competitive reality of high performance Olympic rowing. train as close as possible to the competitive model. Training volumes, which used to take up significant time in preparation programs, have CONCLUSIONS decreased in this new stage while speed/muscle power is taking on The elite model of competitive activity in this study demonstrates greater importance, thus presenting new dynamics in terms of training the behavior of variables and power as a key factor in female rowers intensity. Parameters such as average competition speed, number of in world championships. Therefore, the model presented in this study strokes (stroke rate) and stroke execution power, as well as lactate con- can be seen as an important complement in female rowers’ fitness centration, made the elements most valuable to the coach. preparation, and may also serve as a guide for the percentages and It is now understood that despite being a sport that requires high characteristics of training loads. maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), the winner is the athlete who has the Future studies should both verify which of these variables or splits are ability to produce fast strength most of the time, and this is acquired by predictors of performance, and analyze the competitive activity of each training at and above competitive speeds. Special strength becomes the category and gender, as the dynamics may differ from the model presented. key element of the preparation of today’s rowers, which general theory still resists, because the high volume and consequently low muscle power All authors declare no potential conflict of interest related to this article of training has always been the coach’s strategy of choice.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS: Each author made significant individual contributions to this manuscript. FBMS: writing, statistical analysis, intellectual concept and creation of the entire research project; JPRGMB: data collection, review and typing of data; ACG preparation of the graphs, writing, review and intellectual concept of the study. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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