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What Is an Injection Well ?
What is an Injection Well ? An Injection Well is a well used for emplacement of fluids underground. Injection wells range from a few feet to over 10,000 feet in depth. The design of such wells ranges from very low technology constructions such as a shallow dug well or natural sinkhole with surface modifications, to highly engineered designs with multiple casings, cement, and other components for downhole fluid and pressure control, monitoring, and overall environmental protection. Injection wells are used in many industrial and resource management activities. Some of the most common of these activities include production and refining of petroleum and other mineral resources, chemical manufacturing, electric power generation, air conditioning and heating, food processing, drinking water treatment, commercial waste management, environmental remediation, and aquifer storage and recovery. When properly sited, constructed, and operated, injection wells can effectively maintain environmental safety in each of these activities. According to rules adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and states in response to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1976, no injection well may be allowed to endanger an Underground Source of Drinking Water (USDW). Such wells must be permitted or otherwise authorized with the necessary terms and conditions to ensure USDW protection. Federal and state rules define six classes of injection wells. The principle factors used to define each well class includes the type of activity and source or general nature of the fluids associated with that activity; a secondary factor in defining well class is the depth of injection relative to USDWs. Class I wells are used to inject industrial and municipal waste water safely below USDWs; these wells may be permitted to include hazardous and radioactive waste water in the injected fluids. -
Drainage Wells—A Dual Purpose C.W
Drainage Wells—A Dual Purpose C.W. Sheffield, Carlos Rivero-deAguilar, and Kevin McCann isposal of stormwater by in- jection wells to the under- ground aquifer has been prac- ticed in Florida for years. Regulatory agency rules are wide and varied on the subject. The adaption of existing wells to the dual purposes of SWALE STREET DRAINAGE DRAINAGE removal of excess stormwaters and aqui- TO DRAINWELL TO DRAINWELL fer recharge seems feasible in many cases. LAKE DRAINAGE In central Florida, it is estimated that TO DRAINWELL up to 40 percent of the aquifer recharge is SWALE / STREET DRAINWELL through drainage wells. The emphasis of this article is to summarize the existing LAND available wells; discuss water quality of LAKE stormwaters as is presently known; re- view DEP requirements for drainage wells; Figure 1. Drainwell Sketch LAKE DRAINWELL and stormwater treatment methods to achieve the required water quality. As forecast by the USGS Report of Investigations No. 50, and were highest at industrial and single family sites. Ni- published in 1968, aquifer withdrawals now exceed recharge trate-nitrite concentrations ranged from 0.15 to 0.46 mg/l. in Orange County. In the past the priority of injection wells has Total suspended solid concentrations were highly variable, been to reduce flood damage by disposal of excess stormwater. ranging from 19 mg/l at the heavy commercial site to 103 mg/l A higher priority is becoming the renewal of drinking water at the industrial site. resources, as evidenced by the estimate that up to 40 percent Measurements of pH indicate that stormwater runoff is of aquifer recharge is contributed by injection wells. -
Draft Authorization to Discharge Under The
Permit No. OK0034835 Permit Part I – Page 1 DRAFT AUTHORIZATION TO DISCHARGE UNDER THE OKLAHOMA POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM PERMIT NUMBER: OK0034835 ID NUMBER: S21653 PART I In compliance with the Oklahoma Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Act (OPDES Act), Title 27A O.S. § 2-6-201 et seq. as amended, and the rules of the State of Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) adopted thereunder {See OAC 252:606}; the Federal Clean Water Act, Public Law 95-217 (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), Section 402; and NPDES Regulations (40 CFR Parts 122, 124, and 403), Grand Point (Point View) Wastewater Treatment Facility 35782 Grand Point Vinita, OK 74301 is hereby authorized to discharge treated wastewater from a facility located at approximately NW ¼, SW ¼, SW ¼, Section 2, Township 23 North, Range 21 East, Indian Meridian, Mayes County, Oklahoma to receiving waters: Lower Grand Lake O’ the Cherokees at the point located at approximately Latitude: 36° 29' 55.340" N [GPS: NAD 1983 CONUS] Longitude: 95° 02' 26.658" W [GPS: NAD 1983 CONUS] Water Body I.D. No. 121600030020_00 in accordance with effluent limitations, monitoring requirements and other conditions set forth in Parts I, II, III, and IV hereof. This permit replaces and supersedes the previous permit issued on February 12, 2013. The issuance date of this permit is Month Date Year. This permit shall become effective Month Date Year. This permit and authorization to discharge shall expire at midnight Month Date Year. For the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality: _______________________________________ __________________________________________ Michael B. Moe, P.E., Manager Shellie R. -
NBP Year in Review 2014
2014 YEAR IN REVIEW About WEF Founded in 1928, the Water Environment Federation (WEF) is a not-for-profit technical and educational organization of 36,000 individual members and 75 affiliated Member Associations representing water quality professionals around the world. WEF members, Member Associations and staff proudly work to achieve our mission to provide bold leadership, champion innovation, connect water professionals, and leverage knowledge to support clean and safe water worldwide. To learn more, visit www.wef.org. For information on membership, publications, and conferences, contact Water Environment Federation 601 Wythe Street Alexandria, VA 22314-1994 USA (703) 684-2400 http://www.wef.org For additional Biosolids information, please see biosolids.org. CONTACT: Water Environment Federation 601 Wythe Street Alexandria, VA 22314 703-684-2400 email: [email protected] Copyright © 2014 by the Water Environment Federation. All Rights Reserved. IMPORTANT NOTICE The material presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with generally recognized utility management principles and practices and is for general information only. This information should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. The contents of this publication are not intended to be a standard of the Water Environment Federation (WEF) and are not intended for use as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by WEF. WEF makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether expressed or implied, concerning the accuracy, product, or process discussed in this publication and assumes no liability. -
Technical Review and Advisory Panel (Trap) Meeting
T ECHNICAL R EVIEW AND A DVISORY P ANEL ONSITE SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS ADVISORY TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AUTHORITY: SECTION 381.0068, FLORIDA STATUTES TECHNICAL REVIEW AND ADVISORY PANEL (TRAP) MEETING DATE: Thursday, October 16, 2014 TIME: 10:00 a.m. PLACE: Conference call meeting Teleconference Phone Number: 888-670-3525 At the prompt, enter the Participant Code: 2980 214 500 For those who wish to attend the meeting in person, the conference call will originate from: Capital Circle Office Complex Conference Room 110 F 4025 Bald Cypress Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32399 THIS MEETING IS OPEN TO THE PUBLIC. Agenda 1. Introductions 2. Review minutes of last meeting 3. Old Business Rule Issues 12-07 ATU Maintenance Versus Drainfield Maintenance 14-01 Rule Reduction (continued from 9/25/2014) 4. New Business 5. Other items of interest to the Technical Review and Advisory Panel 6. Public Comment Scott Johnson Pam Tucker Martin Guffey Robert Baker PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER REAL ESTATE INDUSTRY SEPTIC TANK INDUSTRY SEPTIC TANK MANUFACTURER Glenn Bryant Russ Melling Scott Franz Sonia Cruz COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT CONSUMER SOIL SCIENTIST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Victor Godlewski Ken Odom, Chair Roy Pence, Vice Chair LOCAL GOVERNMENT HOME BUILDING INDUSTRY HOME BUILDING INDUSTRY T ECHNICAL R EVIEW AND A DVISORY P ANEL ONSITE SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS ADVISORY TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AUTHORITY: SECTION 381.0068, FLORIDA STATUTES TECHNICAL REVIEW AND ADVISORY PANEL (TRAP) MEETING MINUTES DATE: Thursday, September 25, 2014 PLACE: -
I Subsurface Waste Disposal by Means of Wells a Selective Annotated Bibliography
I Subsurface Waste Disposal By Means of Wells A Selective Annotated Bibliography By DONALD R. RIMA, EDITH B. CHASE, and BEVERLY M. MYERS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2020 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1971 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS G. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. A. Radlinski, Acting Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 77-179486 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.50 (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-1229 FOREWORD Subsurface waste disposal or injection is looked upon by many waste managers as an economically attractive alternative to providing the sometimes costly surface treatment that would otherwise be required by modern pollution-control law. The impetus for subsurface injection is the apparent success of the petroleum industry over the past several decades in the use of injection wells to dispose of large quantities of oil-field brines. This experience coupled with the oversimplification and glowing generalities with which the injection capabilities of the subsurface have been described in the technical and commercial literature have led to a growing acceptance of deep wells as a means of "getting rid of" the ever-increasing quantities of wastes. As the volume and diversity of wastes entering the subsurface continues to grow, the risk of serious damage to the environment is certain to increase. Admittedly, injecting liquid wastes deep beneath the land surface is a potential means for alleviating some forms of surface pollution. But in view of the wide range in the character and concentrations of wastes from our industrialized society and the equally diverse geologic and hydrologic con ditions to be found in the subsurface, injection cannot be accepted as a universal panacea to resolve all variants of the waste-disposal problem. -
Federally Supported Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Programs
Federally Supported Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Programs Updated May 3, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30478 Federally Supported Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Programs Summary For more than four decades, Congress has authorized and refined several programs to help communities address water supply and wastewater problems. The agencies that administer these programs differ in multiple ways. In terms of funding mechanisms, projects developed by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) typically require direct, individual project authorizations from Congress. In contrast, standing program authorizations provide project funding for other agencies, including the Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of Commerce, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The key practical difference is that with the individual project authorizations, there is no predictable assistance or even guarantee of funding after a project is authorized, because funding must be secured each year in the congressional appropriations process. The programs, on the other hand, have set program criteria, are generally funded from year to year, and provide a process under which project sponsors compete for funding. In terms of scope and mission, the primary responsibilities of USACE are to maintain inland navigation, provide for flood and storm damage reduction, and restore aquatic ecosystems, while EPA’s mission relates to protecting public health and the environment. The Department of Commerce and HUD focus on community and economic development. Likewise, the specific programs—while all address water supply and wastewater treatment to some degree—differ in important respects. -
Sanitary Sewer Rehabilitation
FACT SHEET Sanitary Sewer Rehabilitation Sanitary sewer rehabilitation through repair and renewal is a common practice to reduce extraneous flow, and address structural defects. This fact sheet serves as a basic resource for practitioners providing rehabilitation information, methods and key industry references. Introduction Sewers are a series of connected pipes or pipelines that convey either wastewater or storm water to a designated downstream location for treatment and/or disposal. There are three different types of sewers: sanitary, storm and combined. Sanitary sewers and combined sewers convey wastewater from homes, institutions and businesses to a centralized treatment plant. Sanitary sewers carry only wastewater whereas combined sewers carry both wastewater and storm water. Wastewater conveyance and treatment are important because they help prevent waterborne illnesses and promote general sanitation before safely discharging to receiving waters. Many older sewer systems consist primarily of combined sewers in the central or older part of the city but are surrounded by sanitary sewers built in newer growth areas. Storm sewers convey snowmelt and rainwater from yards, sidewalks and roadways and route it to receiving waters directly or through best management practices and facilities to remove certain pollutants. Sanitary and combined sewer systems usually contain private sewer laterals that connect individual buildings to main sewer pipelines. However, sanitary and combined sewers include more than just pipes. The pipes are part of an entire conveyance system that includes pump stations, force mains, manholes, storage facilities and other components. Similarly, storm sewer Figure 1: Typical Sources of I/I in Sanitary Sewer Systems conveyance systems can also include pump stations, force (Image from WEF, 2017) mains, manholes and storage facilities. -
There Are Two Types of Systems Used in The
Impacts of Sanitary Sewer Overflows and Combined Sewer Overflows on Human Health and on the Environment: a Literature Review Prepared For: Sacramento Area Sewer District Prepared By: Office of Water Programs California State University Sacramento August 2008 Introduction There are two types of public sewer systems used in the United States for collecting and conveying sanitary sewage, combined sewer systems (CSS) and sanitary sewer systems (SSS). Combined sewer systems collect and convey sanitary sewage and urban runoff in a common piping system. Sanitary sewer systems collect and convey sanitary sewage separately from urban runoff. In locations where SSSs exist, urban runoff is collected and conveyed in a separate storm sewer system (EPA, 2004). There are approximately 20,000 SSSs in the U.S. serving 147 million people and approximately 1,100 CSSs serving 43 million people (Meyland et al., 1998). CSSs were built prior to 1900 and were originally designed to convey combined sewage directly to points of discharge, generally into adjacent water bodies. With the advent of sewage treatment, CSS discharge points were redirected to wastewater treatment plant intake points (EPA, 2004). Out of economic necessity, wastewater treatment plants have limited hydraulic and treatment capacity. These plants are generally designed to accommodate diurnal peak sanitary sewage flows and loads, plus a limited additional hydraulic load resulting from wet weather sources. During wet weather events, hydraulic loads in CSSs quickly exceed the treatment and hydraulic capacity of treatment plants, necessitating diversion of part of the flow from the plant. Provisions for flow diversions around the treatment plant are designed into combined sewer systems. -
Evaluation of Underground Injection of Industrial Waste to Illinois
EVALUATION OF UNDERGROUND INJECTION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE IN ILLINOIS Ross D. Brower Ivan G. Krapac and Bruce R. Hensel Illinois State Geological Survey 615 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois Adrian P. Visocky Gary R. Peyton and John S. Nealon Illinois State Water Survey 2204 Griffith Drive Champaign, Illinois Mark Guthrie Engineering-Science Incorporated Atlanta, Georgia Department of Energy and Natural Resources Illinois State Geological Survey Illinois State Water Survey Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 615 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois Printed by the authority of the State of Illinois 1989/1100 CONTENTS Executive Summary ES-1 Introduction I-1 Background I-1 Scope of Study I-3 Regulatory Structure Related to Waste Disposal I-4 1 Regulations and Permitting Practices 1-1 Illinois Pollution Control Board Regulations 1-1 Illinois Environmental Protection Agency Practices 1-2 Standard and Special Conditions for UIC Permits 1-4 Effects of 1984 RCRA Amendments on Hazardous Waste Injection 1-6 Comments and Suggestions on Specific Regulatory Practices 1-7 Selected Definitions and Terms 1-7 Classification of Injection Wells 1-9 2 Geologic Environment 2-1 Geologic Framework of Illinois: An Overview 2-1 Units Containing Currently Used or Potential Disposal Zones 2-4 Geologic Characteristics Critical to Siting/Operating Injection Wells 2-27 Risks of Disposal in the Subsurface Geologic Environment 2-42 3 Illinois Disposal Facilities: Wells, Wastes, Problems 3-1 General Information About Disposal -
Uses and Abuses of Wastewater Injection Wells in Hawaii!
Pacific Science (1985), vol. 39, no. 2 © 1985 by the University of Hawaii Press. All rights reserved Uses and Abuses of Wastewater Injection Wells in Hawaii! FRANK L. PETERSON 2 and JUNE A. OBERDORFER 3 ABSTRACT: During the past two decades in Hawaii, more than 500 injection wells for the disposal ofdomestic sewage wastewater have been constructed and operated. Thus far, contamination ofpotable groundwater supplies has not been a problem. Many of the injection wells, however, have not performed as de signed, and aquifer clogging and reduced injection capacity have produced numerous well failures resulting in public health, legal, and financial problems. Factors most commonly responsible for the well problems have been unfavorable hydrogeology, underdesign of injection well capacity, poor effluent quality, and lack ofinjection well maintenance. Detailed study ofclogging mechanisms in the immediate vicinity of injection wells suggests that binding of pore spaces by nitrogen gas is the most important cause of aquifer clogging. Other clogging mechanisms also operating are filtration of solid particles and growth of microorganisms. THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS ARE principally de Because the Hawaiian Islands are sur pendent on groundwater for potable water rounded by the Pacific Ocean and the vast supplies. Consequently, the disposal of liquid majority ofthe population lives in the coastal wastes into the subsurface is ofgreat concern. region , disposal ofmunicipal wastewaters has The principal mode of groundwater occur been achieved mainly by ocean outfalls in the rence is the basal (or Ghyben-Herzberg) lens urban sewered areas and by cesspools in the of fresh water overlying and displacing the rural unsewered regions . -
Underground Injection Control Technical Assistance Manual
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES REPORT 274 UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE MANUAL Subsurface Disposal and Solution Mining Compiled By Charles J. Greene Project Coordinator Texas Department of Water Resources This project has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under assistance agreement No. G- 006225-82-1 . The contents do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recom mendation for use. April 1983 TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES Charles E. Nemir, Executive Director TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD Louis A . Beecherl Jr .• Chairman George W. McCleskey, Vice Chairman Glen E. Roney Lonnie A. "Bo" Pilgrim W. O. Bankston Louie Welch TEXAS WATER COMMISSION Felix McDonald, Chairman Lee e, M. Biggart. Commissioner John D. Stover. Commissioner Authorization for use or reproduction of any original material contained in this publication. i.e .• not obtained from other sources, is freely granted. The Department would appreciate acknowledgement. Published and distributed by the Texas Department of Water Resources Post Office Box 13087 Austin. Texas 78711 ii ABSTRACT The Texas Department of Water Resources has issued over 200 waste disposal well permits and approximately 30 uranium solution mining permits. Solution mining of brine, sulfur, and sodium sulfate in Texas is also regulated by the Department. The technical staff of the Department evaluates applications for waste disposal well and solution mining permits and makes recom mendations based on local and regional geology and hydrology, reservoir mechanics of the injection interval, proposed well design, compatibility of injected fluid with receiving formation, completion and plugging methods of artificial penetrations, potential hazards of proposed injec tion projects to usable ground water and mineral resources, and proposed facility closure includ ing financial assurance.