Mellem Følelser Og Fornuft Til- Og Fraflyttere I Lemvig Kommune, Med Fokus På De Unge Fraflyttere

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Mellem Følelser Og Fornuft Til- Og Fraflyttere I Lemvig Kommune, Med Fokus På De Unge Fraflyttere Mellem følelser og fornuft Til- og fraflyttere i Lemvig Kommune, med fokus på de unge fraflyttere Gunnar Lind Haase Svendsen Februar 2013 Alle rettigheder forbeholdes centret (CLF). Mekanisk eller fotografisk gengi- velse af denne REPORT eller dele heraf er uden instituttets skriftlige samtykke forbudt ifølge gældende dansk lov om ophavsret. Undtaget herfra er uddrag til anmeldelser. © Syddansk Universitet, Esbjerg og forfatteren, 2013. Center for Landdistriktsforskning CLF REPORT 20/2013 ISBN 978-87-91304-67-5 Gunnar Lind Haase Svendsen Center for Landdistriktsforskning Syddansk Universitet Niels Bohrs Vej 9-10 DK-6700 Esbjerg Tlf.: 6550 4221 Fax: 6550 1091 E-mail: [email protected] 2 Indholdsfortegnelse English summary ................................................................................................ 5 0 Resultater og indsatsområder ................................................................. 7 1 Indledning ............................................................................................. 13 1.1 Forskningsspørgsmål og datagrundlag .............................................. 13 1.2 Indhold ............................................................................................... 15 2 Undersøgelser om bosætning på landet ................................................ 17 3 Metode .................................................................................................. 21 3.1 Om spørgeskemaundersøgelsen ......................................................... 21 3.2 Om telefoninterviewundersøgelsen ................................................... 21 4 Befolkningsudvikling ........................................................................... 23 4.1 Land-by migration og andre negative udviklingstrends .................... 23 4.2 Befolkningsudvikling i Lemvig Kommune med fokus på de unge ... 24 4.3 Opsummering..................................................................................... 30 5 Spørgeskemaundersøgelsen .................................................................. 31 5.1 Hvem er til- og fraflytterne? .............................................................. 31 5.2 Tilflytterne ......................................................................................... 35 5.3 Fraflytterne......................................................................................... 37 5.4 Integration .......................................................................................... 40 5.5 Tilfredshed med kommunen .............................................................. 42 6 Telefoninterviewundersøgelsen ............................................................ 51 6.1 Indholdsanalyse: Overvejende positivt billede af kommunen ........... 52 6.2 Interviews med 10 tilflyttere .............................................................. 55 6.3 Interviews med 25 unge fraflyttere .................................................... 64 7 Bosætningstypologier og faktorer for tilflytning .................................. 85 7.1 Til-/fraflyttertyper og livsstile ........................................................... 85 7.2 Faktorer for at flytte til Lemvig Kommune: Fornuft og følelser ....... 93 7.3 Opsummering..................................................................................... 96 8 Fem indsatsområder i forbindelse med kommunale bosætnings- og landdistriktspolitikker ....................................................................................... 99 9 Konklusion ......................................................................................... 103 10 Litteratur ............................................................................................. 105 Bilag 1: Kort over kommunerne i Region Midtjylland .................................. 107 Bilag 2: Kort over Lemvig Kommune............................................................ 108 Bilag 3: Spørgeskema til tilflyttere (maj 2011) .............................................. 109 Bilag 4: Spørgeskema til fraflyttere (maj 2011) ............................................. 110 Bilag 5: Spørgeguide, tilflyttere (november 2012)......................................... 111 Bilag 6: Spørgeguide, fraflyttere (november 2012) ....................................... 112 Bilag 8: Befolkningsudviklingen i byer i Lemvig Kommune 1976-2012 ...... 116 Bilag 9: Til- og fraflytninger, Lemvig Kommune, 2010 ................................ 117 3 4 English summary The purpose is to shed light on the question: Why do people choose to move to a peripheral, rural municipality, and why do they choose to move away from such a municipality? Results are reported from two studies in the municipality of Lemvig, which is categorized as one of 16 peripheral rural communities in Denmark. Although rich on a beautiful nature, cheap houses and strong local communities, there has been a severe demographic decline in recent years, amounting to 10 percent since year 2000. A significant part of emigrants consists of youngsters. Therefore, in order to counteract brain-drain and de- population, it is important to find out what attracts potential newcomers, including potential return migrants, and what makes people move away from an outskirt municipality like Lemvig Municipality. The first study is a questionnaire survey completed in May 2011 and compris- ing 120 newcomers and 120 emigrants. This study is supplemented by tele- phone interviews with 10 newcomers and 25 young emigrants, all undertaken in November 2012. The interviews were of a duration of 10-30 minutes. An interview guide was used, and all interviews were fully transcribed and subse- quently analyzed by use of the software program NVivo. A key result is that it is the combination of emotional attachment and rational considerations that determine people’s decision to move. What regards the newcomers to Lemvig Municipality, their decision to move is prevailingly due to emotional attachment in that it is based on a feeling of belonging to the local area, mainly in the form of family and friends living there, natural amenities, the local community in which they choose to settle, and the regional culture and mentality. Furthermore, about half of the interviewed young emigrants – the majority of whom have grown up in the municipality – considered moving back after completing their education. Besides expressing a strong feeling of belonging, these youngsters also emphasized that an important reason to move back is that they want to give their own (future) children a secure and happy childhood in a rural environment – just as the one they have had themselves. Newcomers and potential returners, however, also made rational, common sense concerns about having a job in the municipality and, of secondary importance, access to education, good and cheap housing, as well as access to hospital and other important public services. What regards the emigrants, both survey and interview data reveal that their incentives to move prevailingly consist in rational, common sense concerns about getting an education or a job. Moreover, in what regards the young, potential return migrants the telephone interviews reveal that a ‘struggle’ is taking place between emotions and com- mon sense when the youngsters are asked about their place of birth and wheth- er they consider moving back. On the one hand, the large majority of them feel strongly attached to the place/the village, where they have grown up, which makes them feel homesick and want to turn back. On the other hand, many of them realize that turning back will mean fewer opportunities (job, education, cultural events etc.) for them than in the cities, which is a strong reason for not moving back to Lemvig Municipality. 5 6 0 Resultater og indsatsområder Overordnet om undersøgelsen Befolkningsnedgangen i yderkommunerne: Hvordan får man folk til at flytte til? Lemvig Kommune er blevet kategoriseret som en af 16 yderkommuner i Danmark. Dette ”Bakker og Bølgers Land” har en skøn og unik natur, billige huse, mange stærke lokalsamfund og en smuk og driftig handelsby, Lemvig. Alligevel lider kommunen af en vedvarende befolkningstilbagegang, der især skyldes en stor fraflytning af unge. Et bosætningsprojekt, der har til hensigt at fremme vilkårene for tilflytterne kan endnu ikke aflæses i befolkningsstatistik- ken. Samme udvikling kan vi se i andre tyndt befolkede kommuner som Tønder, Lolland og Morsø. Er det mon muligt at vende befolkningsudviklingen i Lemvig og tilsvarende kommuner og i så fald hvordan? Undersøgelsens formål og hovedspørgsmål: Hvad lokker, og hvad skræmmer? For at belyse problematikken har jeg i denne rapport forsøgt at kombinere to delundersøgelser fra Lemvig Kommune. Den første er en spørgeskemaunder- søgelse gennemført maj 2011 med deltagelse af 120 tilflyttere og 120 fraflytte- re. Den anden består af telefoninterviews gennemført november 2012 med 10 tilflyttere og 25 unge fraflyttere, heraf de fleste studerende i storbyerne, pri- mært Århus. Formålet var at tilvejebringe viden om, hvad der får folk til at flytte til og fra en landdistriktspræget kommune som Lemvig Kommune. Hvad lokker – og hvad skræmmer? Hovedspørgsmålet blev formuleret således: Hvad får folk til at flytte til Lemvig Kommune, og hvad får dem til at flytte væk? Undersøgelsens hovedresultat: Både følelser og fornuft spiller ind på folks bosætning Overordnet viste det sig, at det er en kombination af følelser og fornuft, der ligger bag tilflytternes beslutning om at flytte til kommunen. På den ene side finder man
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