’s SpotlightPoint on the Canadian Foundation for the Americas | Fondation canadienne pour les Amériques | Fundación Canadiense para las Américas www.focal.ca July-August 2008, Volume 7, Issue 6 ISSN 1703-7964 International FARC Network Targeted Making the Fifth the Finest So Far The investigation into the Revolutionary Armed Forces Richard Feinberg of ’s (FARC) inter- national network has identi- he 2005 Summit of the Americas in , was made fied eight individuals in Aus- a shambles by a duplicitous host government, an out-of-control Hugo tralia, , Italy, and Chávez, and an inept delegation from the . That Fourth Spain affiliated to the rebel TSummit also lacked compelling themes with tangible supportive initiatives. Nor group, according to an AFP were there significant roles for private business and non-governmental organiza- report. Investigators said tions. their names were found on These are the serious errors that the organizers for the important Fifth Sum- computers seized during the mit, scheduled for next spring, must plan to avoid. cross-border raid by Colom- The good news is that Trinidad’s Prime Minister, Patrick Manning, is consid- bia forces into earli- erably more responsible and experienced than was the Argentine host, Nestor er this year. Colombia has re- Kirchner. Manning attended the inaugural 1994 Summit in during his quested the help of Interpol first term as prime minister. Also encouraging is the awesome effort by Trinida- to find the Australian. Only dian officials to forge a meaty, consensual agenda. Offering unusual clarity and one arrest has happened to depth, the concept paper they submitted to the Organization of American States date. Spanish police arrested (OAS) in April is one of the finest documents in the history of inter-American 57-year-old Maria Remedios summitry. Learning from past mistakes, the document calls for initiatives that Garcia Albert on July 26, al- promise measurable benefits and for a robust management structure to guide leging that she had provided implementation. logistical and financial aid to It will be incumbent upon the Trinidadians, and other responsible states, to the FARC and had met with negotiate guarantees from all participants that the norms of diplomacy will be high-level commanders of observed: no presidents holding counter-demonstrations in the streets, no ad the guerrilla group. (Continued on page 3) Summit of the Americas Edition

What Unites Summit Needs A The Draft Energy Editor’s Note 2 the Americas? 4 Big Idea 6 Declaration 9 Security 11 6 Peter Hakim ex- Paul Haslam stud- Racquel Smith delves Anthony T. Bryan Summits 8 plores what brought ies the cycles of the into the Fifth Sum- examines how the Ecuador 9 the hemisphere inter-American mit draft declaration crisis in energy OAS Turns 60 13 together and what system and suggests and how it differs security can lead to Doha 13 will keep it united. ways to revitalize it. from previous ones. stronger cooperation. Letter to Editor 15 FOCALPoint: Canada’s Spotlight on the Americas speaking Spanish, Mexicans and Canadians have much Note from the Editor more in common than sharing a border with the U.S. As momentum builds toward the Trinidad and To- or many Canadians, the Summit of the Americas bago Summit of the Americas in April 2009, Canada was a one-time event that happened in Quebec should use this opportunity to re-engage its own popu- City in April 2001. There were a lot of protesters lation about how being a full partner in the hemisphere Fand police in the street, separated by a fence and clouds matters to a Canadian in Moose Jaw. of tear gas. As Peter Hakim says in his article, the countries of The silver lining of this event—aside from linking de- the region now face a time when “most countries of the mocracy as a criterion to membership in the proposed hemisphere do have alternatives.” Why should Canada Area of the Americas—was that it forced not duly consider and engage in the Americas in order to Canadians to ask that critical question: beyond the U.S., build its own alternative to the current status quo? Cer- what is our place in the Americas? The Quebec Summit tainly, the economic troubles in the United States make opened Canadians up to the idea that their historical diversifying the regional economy in the long-term and affiliations in Europe and crucial modern alliance to the exploring other models for economic governance and United States might not be enough or all that Canada social protection are ideas worth considering. can or should be. To attract Canadian attention and interest, a big Certainly, this is not a new question, but it has yet to idea or two would help the government engage its citi- be answered with satisfaction or a strong popular com- zens. In his article, Paul Haslam suggests either linking mitment. Yet, there is a curiosity among Canadians to the FTAA to poverty alleviation or setting up a way to know more. With the return of democratic ideals and channel Canadian and U.S. private resources into deal- security, if not wholly effective in practice, to the region, ing with climate change in the region. Richard Feinberg Canadians are looking southward. Thousands travel suggests incorporating the private sector into an APEC- each year as tourists and return to spread the travel bug style CEO Summit. to others. Some Canadians are working there while oth- Canada needs to show its population that the Sum- ers are buying retirement homes. The children of refu- mit of the Americas is much more than a chance for the gees and immigrants from the region are taking their hemisphere’s leaders to talk, even if it is Canada’s only place voting and making their voice heard in Canada forum to do so. Canadians are rightly skeptical about and in the region. declarations from any high-level meeting; they want to I do not doubt that these are some of the factors mo- see results. Engaging citizen groups, as Racquel Smith tivating the government when it launched its Americas writes, to mobilize public opinion and generate the po- re-engagement strategy with the Prime Minister’s trip litical will to ensure that words turn into deeds is a cru- last July. What is lacking, however, is Canada’s engage- cial element to ensuring the Summit of the Americas ment strategy with Canadians themselves who need to process retains credibility. be persuaded that being a part of the Americas beyond Finally, the government of Canada needs to reach out North America is what Canada should be. Certainly, it to the media and capture its interest in the Summit of is difficult enough to convince someone from Moose the Americas. What should be major news for a country Jaw, Saskatchewan, that City is 3,600 km closer with the Americas as its #2 foreign policy priority—the to Canada than London, England, and that, aside from release of the draft Summit of the Americas declaration and plan of action on July 24—merited little or no cov- FOCALPoint Editorial Board erage in the Canadian media. If the media doesn’t know Editor-in-Chief what the Summit agenda is, then the government and Peter Moore its civil society partners need to think creatively about how to tell the story of Canada in the Caribbean and Associate Editor Latin America. Leslie Fillion-Wilkinson Surely, supporting our friends in the Americas, build- ing social justice and discovering new opportunities are stories worth telling.

2 Peter Moore July-August 2008, Volume 7, Issue 6 and beverage producer Polar, and Finest Summit (continued from page 1) the Canadian mining giant Alcan. hominem abusive language. The were when modern inter-American Most impressively, Banco Real Do Venezuelan president needs to rec- summitry began 15 years ago. More- Brasil won the Financial Times’ top ognize that misbehaviours will be over, during the intervening years, prize for sustainable banking in publicly repudiated by the host and the new concept of “corporate social 2007. Many U.S. (Microsoft, Chiq- the inter-American community. responsibility” (CSR) has gained uita, Wal-Mart) as well as European On the assumption that Barack ground, particularly in and (Nestle, Nokia, Shell) firms active- Obama is leading the U.S. delega- Canada. CSR maintains that while ly pursue CSR programs in Latin tion, it would be foolish of Chávez firms must make profits for share- America, often in conjunction with to antagonize the new Ameri- local and international NGOs. can president. The rock-star The Trinidad and Tobago reception that Obama recently At the Summit, Summit could seize upon this received in Europe surely will new social awareness of corpo- be repeated in Trinidad and To- executives would make rations and solicit their financial, bago. Chávez will gain one prize: technical and logistical resourc- a photo-op with Obama. For his concrete pledges, and es in support of Summit-ap- part, Obama will be relieved join in public-private proved initiatives. Governments to fulfill his primary campaign would be encouraged to include pledge, to personally meet with partnerships with among their delegations corpo- the likes of Chávez, in the cush- rate executives eager to lend a ioned, multi-lateral context of governments, inter- hand. At the Summit, executives summitry. national agencies, and would make concrete pledges, Should John McCain prevail, and join in public-private part- a harmonious Summit would be NGOs, to advance the nerships with governments and harder to orchestrate. Indeed, international agencies, as well whether McCain would even common agenda. as with NGOs, to advance the agree, at least so early in his common agenda. presidency, to step into such a In just about every area of potential minefield is uncertain. holders, they also have responsi- Summit activity, there are strong But on the Obama assumption, bilities to other stakeholders—their private firms in the Western Hemi- the process of summitry still will workers, consumers, communities, sphere with competence to assist. need to move beyond good feelings nations. Leading businesses increas- Whether the initiative addresses to tangible initiatives that deliver se- ingly accept—in principle, if not al- clean energy, digital access, com- rious resources to real people. But ways in practice—that it is in their bating communicative diseases, nu- if experience is any guide, the U.S. long-term self-interest to contribute trition for poor families or gender government will be too distracted to the broader social welfare. mainstreaming, the private sector and too broke to be counted on. Lat- Among the leading Western has tremendous capacity to help in American governments—many Hemisphere corporations that ad- move the Summit agenda from now sitting on massive international vertise their social responsibility, in- words to deeds. reserves—may chip in, yet remain cluding respecting international la- This concept of private support fearful of diverting significant funds bour and environmental standards, for public diplomacy is not without from already over-stretched domes- and give millions of dollars annu- precedent. The Asia-Pacific Eco- tic budgets. ally to social investment projects, nomic Cooperation (APEC), whose Fortunately, there is a promising are the Brazilian mining firm Vale, 21 members includes Canada, , new complement to official funds: the Mexican construction company Mexico, , and the United States, the private sectors, many much Cemex, the Argentine candy manu- each year convenes a CEO Summit stronger and wealthier than they facturer Arcor, the Venezuelan food that attracts hundreds of corporate

3 FOCALPoint: Canada’s Spotlight on the Americas executives, some of whom partici- pate in APEC-driven initiatives. This year it will be in , Peru. Why We Are Together The Summit could also em- brace a recent proposal by Rebeca Grynspan, the Latin American di- Peter Hakim rector of the UN Development Pro- gram (UNDP), and Bernardo Kliks- n his book, City of Words, Ar- ticipating countries to reach a hemi- berg, director of the Spain-UNDP gentine-Canadian essayist Al- sphere-wide free trade arrangement Trust Fund: governments and pri- berto Manguel focuses on the by 2005. Participants also pledged vate sectors working together to Iquestion “Why are we together?”, re- to strengthen collective efforts to achieve a new fiscal pact that would ferring to the long-standing inclina- protect and called for a curb tax evasion and enhance the tion of humans to congregate. That follow-on summit in Chile. potential for social investment in is also the question that the Western Today, 14 years later, the so- education and health. Hemisphere’s 34 elected heads of called “Spirit of Miami” has largely Ideally, the drive to introduce state will have to answer when they dissipated. Regional free trade ne- corporate social responsibility assemble next April in , gotiations reached an impasse in into the Summit agenda would be Trinidad and Tobago for the Fifth 2004, and no one expects they will spearheaded by a coalition of Latin Summit of the Americas. be revived any time soon. The U.S. American governments, private sec- There are good answers—em- and other nations of the hemisphere tor firms, and their national CSR bedded in geography, economic have shifted to negotiating bilateral associations. Should his aversion interests, history, values, and in- trade deals. Intended to codify and to private enterprise cause Chávez stitutions. But, with inter-Ameri- reinforce existing arrangements for to object, he can be reminded that can relations now discordant and the collective defence of democra- CSR is, by definition, voluntary. If strained, it is far harder to respond cy, the Inter-American Democratic Chávez prefers, he could sideline to the question today than it was Charter has scarcely been invoked Venezuelan firms and programs. when Bill Clinton convoked the first since it was approved in 2001. In- Engaging the corporate and NGO hemispheric Summit 14 years ago stead of advancing cooperation, the sectors into Western Hemisphere in Miami. That 1994 gathering was most recent Summit, held in the summitry would bring important a celebration of the post-Cold War Argentine city of Mar del Plata in new constituencies into a process convergence among the nations of 2005, exacerbated the growing ten- that has become overly-dominated the Americas. By then, there was sions and divisions in hemispheric by relatively isolated foreign min- a decisive turn toward democracy affairs. Last year, Latin America and istries. These new participants also across the hemisphere, with freely- the Caribbean was the only region of command resources that too many elected governments in charge in the world that was unable to select Summit initiatives have sorely every country except Cuba. Market- its candidate for a temporary seat at lacked. Of course, the overall design oriented economies had become the the UN Security Council by consen- of the Fifth Summit’s Plan of Action norm almost everywhere. sus. Anti-U.S. sentiment, although must remain primarily in the hands But the leaders came to Miami now gradually declining, remains of governments, the democratically- not only to celebrate. Most of them widespread across the region. elected representatives of their peo- aspired as well to set the foundations Why are we together? “Because ples. for greater political cooperation and there are no alternatives” was Al- to start building a more economical- berto Manguel’s response to his own Richard Feinberg, who teaches at the ly integrated hemisphere that would question. Today, however, with the University of California, San Diego, is offer a surer path toward develop- acceleration of globalization, most the author, most recently, of “How to ment and prosperity. The 1994 Sum- countries of the hemisphere do have Fulfill the Promise of CSR,” in Amer- mit’s most prominent achievement alternatives. Latin American and icas Quarterly (Winter, 2008). was the agreement among all par- Caribbean countries are developing 4 July-August 2008, Volume 7, Issue 6 political and economic ties with na- are reasons to be encouraged that assembled heads of state the chance tions across the globe; a few, such as the Summit can constructively con- to take their measure of the new Brazil, Mexico, and , are tribute to greater comity and coop- U.S. president and his foreign policy taking on expanding international eration in the hemisphere. team and learn what they are think- roles. China and India have joined The presence of a new U.S. presi- ing about the region. Even more the U.S., Europe and Japan as ma- dent will give the Trinidad Summit important, it will be an opportunity jor trading partners with the region a special significance. Justifiably or for the new U.S. leader to listen to and their presence and influence is not, the Bush Administration was his Latin American and Caribbean growing. disliked and distrusted in most Lat- counterparts. They will surely let Latin Americans also seem in- in American and Caribbean nations. him and his advisors know what creasingly intent on bringing them- They opposed Washington’s inter- they think about U.S. policies and selves more closely together. Despite national policies and were, by and strategies in the region, including their multiple disputes and con- large, disappointed by its approaches those that are not part of the formal tinued, often bitter, wran- agenda. It will be useful for gling, the countries of South the U.S. leader to hear first America have taken the first hand about Latin American steps toward creating the and Caribbean discomfort Union of the South (UNA- with U.S. immigration laws SUR) and fashioning a new Today, with the and their distaste for fence- security arrangement for the building on the border—but continent. Brazil recently an- acceleration of he should make sure to ask nounced a Latin American- what more they can do to Caribbean summit meeting globalization, most help the U.S. deal with this that would bring together politically-charged problem. 33 of the hemisphere’s 35 countries of the The president will also countries, excluding only learn how important the U.S. the U.S. and Canada. It is by hemisphere do have economy is to Latin Ameri- no means certain, however, ca and the Caribbean; how that Latin America’s diverse alternatives. much nearly every country global ties and more active wants to increase its access regional initiatives will di- to U.S. markets, investment minish the value of regular capital, and science and tech- hemispheric summits that nology; and how damaging include the U.S. and Cana- U.S. agricultural protection- da. To the contrary, a more unified to the region. Latin Americans and ism can be. He should also get an Latin America with diverse interna- their governments are looking for earful about the need to revise U.S. tional links may make hemispheric change on many fronts. They want policy toward Cuba. relations more productive. and expect an administration that But the Summit is not only about So far, expectations for the April is far less confrontational and one U.S. relations with Latin America. 2009 Summit in Trinidad are mod- that will be more attentive to Latin It is also about rebuilding relations est—and they should be, given the American and Caribbean opinion, with neighbours throughout the results of the Argentine Summit. show more respect for multilateral Americas. It is about revitalizing the Indeed, several critical issues, in- institutions and international rules, many institutions that address the cluding trade and migration, have and be willing to live with complex- hemisphere’s shared problems, reaf- been omitted from the agenda for ity, rather than dividing the world firming commitments to strengthen- fear their inclusion would provoke into them and us. ing democratic politics and human conflict and add to the animosity in The Summit will make a substan- rights, and opening opportunities inter-American relations. Still, there tial contribution simply by giving the for advancing the economic inter-

5 FOCALPoint: Canada’s Spotlight on the Americas ests, bolstering the security, improv- ing the governance, and meeting the social demands of all countries. The The Fifth Summit Needs a Big Idea to Stay official agenda will bring needed at- Relevant tention to themes that are of central importance to nearly every nation Paul Haslam in the Americas—including energy supply, environmental protection, the reduction of poverty and in- n many ways we can view the as the Rio Group and now Unasur, equality (where Latin America and Summits of the Americas as and have coexisted with the inter- the Caribbean are demonstrating performance art—a theatrical American institutions, at times ris- increasing commitment and inge- Ireiteration of Arthur Whitaker’s ing to challenge them, and, at times, nuity), and control of crime and Western Hemisphere Idea—that en- sinking into obscurity. violence (where the U.S. and Latin acts the notion that we, the nations Historically, inter-American co- America are increasingly cooperat- of the Americas, share a common operation has been cyclical, exhib- ing). history and common destiny. It is iting periods of high cooperation These are the reasons why the na- this idea that forms the foundation followed by down-cycles. High tions of the Americas will be togeth- of the current institutions of the points of inter-American coopera- er in Port of Spain—and why they inter-American system, such as the tion include the birth of the Pan- will stay together. Organization of American States American Union in the 1880s, the (OAS) and the Inter-American De- creation of the basic institutions of Peter Hakim is President of the Inter- velopment Bank (IDB). the system from 1933-1959, and the American Dialogue. But the Americas have always “third cycle” beginning in 1991 with been cross-cut by alternative ideas the adoption of the Com- that, since Simón Bolivar, have mitment to Democracy, continuing sought to undermine the Western through the Nineties with the Sum- Hemisphere Idea. Pan-American- mits of Miami, Santiago and Que- ism and Bolivarianism are such bec. I would argue that this period ideas. They find their institutional ended in November 2003, with the manifestation in institutions such effective collapse of the Free Trade Ideological Shift in Cuba?

In his July 11 address to the Cuban National Assembly, President Raúl Castro declared that “socialism means social justice and equality, but equality of rights, of opportunities, not of income” and that “equality is not egalitarianism”. Since taking over from ailing older brother Fidel Castro, Raúl Castro has pushed through a series of reforms that have raised expectations for more profound changes in the future. His presidency began with various small, but symbolic changes that focused on expanding access to consumer goods like cellphones and DVD players and allowing Cubans to stay in hotels that cater to foreigners. Trying to combat rising import costs, he has undertaken broader reforms in agriculture to increase food output by allowing private farmers and cooperatives —more productive than state-run operations— to cultivate more land. He also has taken steps to boost productivity by lifting wage limits so that better workers can make more mon- ey. He also said Cuba needed to raise its retirement age and start collecting more taxes. But rather than offer any radical policy shifts or significant new plans to complement the rash of modest changes announced in recent months, he used his first July 26 Revolution Day address since officially taking over as president in February to call on everyday Cubans to prepare for tough times in the days ahead. Dampening expectations, he suggested that if he does offer more changes, they’re going to be gradual. And he vowed that Cuba would remain prepared for any potential U.S. attack regardless of who wins the U.S. presidential vote.

6 July-August 2008, Volume 7, Issue 6 Area of the Americas (FTAA) nego- History, perhaps we may predict the countries have discovered that ris- tiations at the Miami trade ministe- “End of Hegemony”—Latin Ameri- ing commodity prices, fueled by rial, later confirmed by the failure ca is nobody’s backyard anymore. global demand, may offer more ben- of the 2005 Mar del Plata Summit, The United States is simply less efits than the mirage of access to the where summitry passed from per- important economically for many of U.S. domestic market. In sum, trade formance art to the theatre of the the larger Latin American countries, (even if it were possible to conclude absurd. except Mexico. Although the single an agreement) doesn’t cut it any- Analysts do not entirely agree largest investor in the region, the more: the FTAA is no longer a big why cooperation is so cyclical. All U.S. share of Foreign Direct Invest- idea capable of rallying the nations agree that ideas are impor- of the hemisphere. tant in the inter-American So with Latin America system. Inter-American getting together politi- cooperation is facilitated cally and economically, by the expectation that the what happens to the Sum- U.S. will offer economic mits and the other inter- benefits to the developing Inter-American summitry American institutions? countries of the region. is caught in a down-cycle; The OAS will probably The 1933-1959 period continue to play a key role came with the expecta- Pan-Americanism is vibrant, for Latin American na- tion of a Marshall Plan for tions (as it always has) in Latin America, while both creative and on the up-swing; managing the risk of the the 1880s and the Summit United States’ interven- Period revolved around and the United States has tion in their affairs. This the promise of “free” trade little interest or ability to scenario would see the with the U.S. When the OAS doddering along expectation proves to be engage the region politically and Summits continu- a mirage, inter-American ing to generate laundry cooperation breaks down or economically. lists of “action items” that and Pan-American coop- improve bureaucracy-to- eration revives. bureaucracy coordination We may summarize the on technical issues but state of inter-American lose the dynamism and cooperation as follows: élan brought by the more inter-American summitry is caught ment (FDI) inflows declined from ambitious Summit agenda items of in a down-cycle; Pan-Americanism approximately 30 per cent of the re- the past. is vibrant, creative and on the up- gional total over the 1998-2002 pe- The invigoration of the Summit swing; and the United States has riod to less than 20 per cent in 2007, process requires a big idea that fits little interest or ability to engage according to the Economic Com- with the historical reasons for the the region politically or economi- mission for Latin America and the upswings of the inter-American sys- cally. I think something much more Caribbean (ECLAC). Flows from tem. Rather than Pan-American, it fundamental has changed than sim- developing and transition econo- should be inter-American and must, ply another half-turn of the inter- mies to the region (including intra- for its success, include the U.S. and American cycle: the United States Latin America flows) now exceed Canada. It must promise to transfer no longer has the political or eco- U.S. flows. Since U.S. investment is resources from the two rich econo- nomic capacity to lend dynamism concentrated in Mexico, this only mies to the less wealthy ones, be to the inter-American system. Fol- underlines the country’s growing ir- economically feasible in the current lowing Francis Fukuyama’s rather relevance beyond the Canal. climate (meaning it does not require premature prediction of the End of Furthermore, many Latin American more foreign aid dollars), and be po-

7 FOCALPoint: Canada’s Spotlight on the Americas litically saleable everywhere. I brief- tise on equalization. Perhaps most global warming (particularly rele- ly outline two such ideas below. importantly, such an arrangement vant to island states), but also repre- would not only lead to a net liber- sents an avenue for financing Latin 1) A reformed FTAA that is more alization of trade flows, but would American firms and contributing to institutionally robust and explicitly strengthen the inter-American sys- technology transfer and upgrading, concerned with poverty alleviation. tem by directly linking it to poverty both longstanding concerns in Latin Free trade by itself is no longer sale- alleviation, and help address the re- America. able or believable, thanks to the U.S. gion’s terrible injustices in income In conclusion, the Fifth Summit position on agricultural subsidies. distribution. of the Americas faces the challenge Instead, the Mexican proposal of of coming up with a “big idea” that several years ago for a redistributive 2) A Hemispheric Emissions is capable of re-invigorating inter- institution linked to a trade agree- Trading Exchange. The Chicago American cooperation or limiting ment should be revived. Liberalized Climate Exchange, based on vol- itself to the further proliferation of trade flows could be taxed at some untary private sector commitments bureaucratic level commitments, minimal non-distorting level such (rather than nationally-established and perhaps the collapse of regional as one per cent, and redistributed cap and trade systems) could be a summitry altogether. through an equalization formula. model, or even the parent exchange, Such a scenario could address the during the initial phase of such a Paul Haslam is assistant professor at concerns of small island states who plan. The key would be to design a the School of International Develop- were unambiguous losers from full mechanism that principally works ment and Global Studies at the Uni- scale trade liberalization, due to the to channel northern (private sector) versity of and a co-editor of proportion of government receipts resources into emission-reducing Governing the Americas: Assessing derived from tariffs. Furthermore, projects in Latin America. Such an Multilateral Institutions published Canada could offer a certain exper- idea would fit with concerns about by Lynne Rienner Press, 2007. Summit Fatigue?

There are currently 15 heads-of-state summits in, or significantly involving states in, the Americas. Eighty per cent of these summits are annual events. The average summit burden appears to be about five per year, with a potential single year high of nine for Mexico and Venezuela, followed by Colombia and Brazil with potentially eight, and then by most An- dean and Central American countries with seven each. , Canada and the United States have four potential obligations. For the U.S. and Canada, only one of these summits is truly hemispheric, the

9 Summit of the Americas. The others, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, the UN General Assembly

Summits per year and the North American Security, Peace and Pros- (weighted average) perity (SPP) meeting, bring the U.S. and Canada into close contact with only a handful of countries in the hemisphere.

4

8 July-August 2008, Volume 7, Issue 6

Summit Reform and Civil Society: Taking a Ecuador Lets U.S. Air Base Lease Expire Deeper Look

Racquel Smith Ecuadorian president Rafael Correa has announced that an American lease on an air base n July 24, Trinidad and To- dor Luis Alberto Rodriguez, who in Manta, Ecuador, will not bago’s ambassador to the is his government’s Coordinator of be renewed when it expires in Organization of American the National Secretariat for the Fifth 2009. The loss of this airbase OStates (OAS) unveiled the Draft Summit of the Americas and Special will impact the ability of the Declaration of Commitment for the Envoy for the Americas. The draft United States to impede the Fifth Summit of the Americas to be declaration, he said, “is essentially a activity of drug smugglers in held in Port of Spain next April. strategy of cooperation.” the East Pacific. Sixty per cent The draft declaration marks a The brevity of this draft declara- of drug seizures in the region break from the past by targeting tion is unique in comparison to past are accomplished by planes measurable Summit mandates, over Summits. In the past, the quixotic launched from the coastal air specified time periods, with insti- language and elusive mandates were base, with seizures of 200 met- tutions assigned or encouraged to ultimately disconnected from in- ric tons of illegal substances in start finding the most efficient ways country decision-makers and citi- 2007 alone. to work together and avoid duplica- zens and defied disciplined follow- tion of efforts in fulfilling Summit up. The past four Summits of the A new Ecuadorian constitu- commitments. Though the commit- Americas have left a legacy of some tion to be voted on in Septem- ments in this document are more 649 mandates to advance econom- ber would ban the presence focused in scope and on issues of ic, social and democratic outcomes of any foreign military bases paramount relevance to the region in the region, all within undefined in the country. Ecuador con- as a whole, it will be a big job to get time-frames. In contrast, the Port siders its own multimillion- done. The OAS, Inter-American De- of Spain draft declaration proposes dollar investment in policing velopment Bank, country ministries 25 mandates in four themes, with transborder drug activity a and the various other institutions 11 specific targets. It also combines justification for ending the bi- identified for collaborating on the the traditional Summit Declaration lateral arrangement. The deci- work outlined could also partner and Plan of Action into one docu- sion is further motivated by with civil society. Civil society is still ment and hones in on measurable concern that instead of using often the last place people look to for implementation targets with institu- it strictly for “counter-narcot- solutions, but on a working method- tions, if not resources, identified for ics” missions, the U.S. may be ology for Summit implementation action. The draft declaration’s hemi- using the air base for military they might be the first to ask. spheric vision is to advance by 2010 purposes in neighbouring Co- The draft declaration as the Sum- key areas related to human prosper- lombia. The U.S. still retains mit’s flagship document marks a ity (greater social equity); energy air bases in and high-level attempt by governments cooperation; environmental sustain- Curacao. Flights from Manta to deal with the limited success of ability (climate change); strengthen- are expected to end in August recent Summits and the low level ing public security (drug and small of next year, while the 250 of implementation of Summit man- arms trafficking, organized crime); American staff at the base will dates. “The Fifth Summit must be a and strengthening democratic gov- depart by November 2009. Summit of renewal that reconnects ernance in general. with the people of our Hemisphere,” While narrowing the mandates said Trinidad & Tobago Ambassa- makes the job of coordinating im- 9 FOCALPoint: Canada’s Spotlight on the Americas plementation a little easier, resourc- such tested methodology and pre- review or correct the information es and capacity to do the job are still sented it at the OAS General Assem- they collect. In the process of ap- short, both at the OAS and the vari- bly in Medellín, Colombia, this year. plying the research methodology, ous country ministries. The political The Active Democracy Network, the Network is creating and helping will to follow through also remains consisting of leading civil society to identify a capacity base of spe- in question. organizations from 24 countries in cialized civil society expertise and For help in mustering the po- Latin America and the Caribbean, recommendations that can help ad- litical will and capacity vance Summit implemen- to follow through with tation. Across the hemi- next year’s Summit man- sphere, the Network inter- dates, governments and faces with over 100 such the OAS should look to civil society organizations the strongest proponents For help in mustering the on Summit implementa- of Summit reform: civil political will and capacity tion and spreads awareness society. Though often to many more. criticized for being long to follow through with next David Morris, Direc- on criticism and short tor of the Summit of the on solutions, civil society year’s Summit mandates, Americas Secretariat at over the last ten years has the OAS, acknowledged gradually but successful- governments and the OAS the Network’s findings of ly transformed a system should look to the strongest governments’ slow pace of of sideline consultation implementation of man- with non-governmental proponents of Summit dates at the OAS General organizations at the ear- Assembly in Medellín and liest Summits into an in- reform: civil society. urged the upcoming Sum- stitutionalized system of mit to devise strategies to wide civil society repre- address this shortcom- sentation at most Summit ing. Trinidad and Tobago’s and OAS fora. Many civil Minister of Foreign Affairs society organizations helped shape was formed out of the Satiago Sum- Paula Gopee-Scoon also acknowl- the current consensus throughout mit (1998). The Network focused edged the need “to translate past the region that recognized the low on tracking the implementation of Summit mandates into specific, re- level of implementation and follow- commitments their governments alistic, measurable and enforceable up of Summit commitments and the made to strengthen certain base- policies.” This draft declaration ap- need for reform. line democratic conditions in their pears to be a sign that he and the While countries have reported on countries: freedom of expression; Summit Secretariat took the Net- how they implemented the Summit access to public information; local work’s message to heart. mandates, there is no common stan- governance and decentralization; Under the leadership of this small dardized reporting form at the OAS. and commitments to strengthen Caribbean state, we now have a At the least, a standardized system civil society participation in nation- draft declaration that resembles the would be useful in generating better al governance. The Network’s coun- minimum every citizen stakehold- understanding about the linkages try coordinators, of which FOCAL er should expect: a relatively clear between advances in democratic is one, use standardized survey tools identification of commitments, rel- governance and Summit mandate to consult nationally and produce evant institutions to do the job and implementation in very different national reports on Summit imple- time-frames within which to do it. countries of the region. mentation in each of these areas. Further, an entire section is devoted A few pioneering and creative civ- Before publishing the reports, they to directions for reform in Summit il society groups designed the only offer their governments a chance to implementation.

10 July-August 2008, Volume 7, Issue 6 There still remains, though, the job of refining the commitments and planning for their execution. Energy Security and Energy Cooperation in The role of civil society should not the Americas be overlooked. The Network’s con- tribution shows how civil society Anthony T. Bryan can be a constructive and cost-effec- tive partner in helping to implement Summit commitments both for the he upcoming Fifth Summit networks have become geopolitical OAS and governments. By not only of the Americas Trinidad flashpoints in the region and glob- being a critical voice but also offer- and Tobago (T&T) is an ap- ally. ing innovative solutions and part- Tpropriate locale for the discussion Currently, the United States and nerships, civil society at the OAS has of hemispheric issues of energy and Canada are experiencing acceler- helped to promote greater specific- energy security. ated exploration in the oil and gas ity, as well as develop methodologi- T&T’s hydrocarbon resources sectors and the countries of Latin cal rigor, in monitoring compliance and natural gas reserves have made America and the Caribbean (LAC) with Summit mandates. it the most industrialized country in present the profile of an energy-rich the Caribbean. It is a mature petro- area. The Andean region also has Racquel Smith is the project manager leum economy and the world’s first vast reserves of petroleum, natural for FOCAL’s Governance and Civil natural gas economy, supplying 70 gas, coal and hydroelectric power. Society (OAS)and Afro-Latino proj- per cent of U.S. imports of Liquefied Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, T&T, ects. She can be reached at rsmith@ Natural Gas (LNG). It is also the and Venezuela are exporters, while focal.ca. world’s major producer of methanol Argentina and produce and ammonia. T&T’s democratic enough to satisfy their internal de- political stability; the ability of suc- mand. Net petroleum importers cessive governments to understand, are Brazil, Chile, , Peru drive, and orchestrate the techno- and as well as all Central cratic human talent in the service American and Caribbean countries, OAS and Summit-Related of the energy sector; and its consis- save T&T. Given the rapid changes Documents tently positive attitude toward for- in the global energy picture, energy eign investment in the energy sector security—access to a reliable supply • The Draft Port of Spain Decla- are ingredients Summit delegates of affordable energy—has emerged ration is available at the OAS should note. as an important factor. This means Summit Secretariat website However, T&T is only one part more cooperation is needed. http://www.summit-americas. of Latin America and Caribbean’s org/. regional energy picture. Global Regional Energy Cooperation competition for oil and natural gas In Energy Cooperation in the • The website of the Fifth Sum- is more aggressive and resource na- Western Hemisphere: Benefits and mit of the Americas is http:// tionalism, involving the recentral- Impediments (CSIS Press 2007), we fifthsummitoftheamericas. ization of control over the energy concluded that hemispheric coun- org/home/. industry, is taking ownership and tries have made more of a hash of profit potential away from the in- energy policy than a success. In • For more about the Active De- ternational oil companies (IOCs) the countries studied, the political mocracy Network and Summit and giving national oil companies impediments to working together implementation reports gener- (NOCs) majority interests in most have overwhelmed cooperative en- ated by its country coordina- concessions. With growing demand, deavours. By cooperation, we had tors see www.democraciaac- potential confrontations over oil in mind such things as providing tiva.org. and gas supplies and transportation accurate information on oil and

11 FOCALPoint: Canada’s Spotlight on the Americas gas reserve levels; coordinating oil petroleum company PDVSA, can sources of energy that would in- and gas pipeline construction; vet- create vulnerable supply and accel- crease their energy independence as ting changes in regulations with erate the debt of PetroCaribe mem- well as create new jobs, increase ag- other countries before adopting ber countries. ricultural productivity, attract new them; collaborating when planning By contrast, in years past there investment and technology, and liquefaction of natural gas and re- have been several agreements im- expand and diversify their exports. gasification facilities in importing plemented by Mexico, Venezuela To attract needed investment, stable countries; and giving attention to and T&T to provide regional energy rules and public and private sector limiting environmental degradation assistance plans to energy-deficient transparency are required. Accord- in producing oil, gas, and electricity. Caribbean and Central American ing to the June 2007 A Blueprint for To achieve greater energy coopera- countries. These plans have now Green Energy in the Americas report tion, we recommended what is done been made redundant by the ap- by the Inter-American Development in international trade, setting rules parent generosity of PetroCaribe. Bank, the Western Hemisphere to- for the conduct of trade day produces 80 per cent while facilitating compe- of the world’s biofuels tition in the actual trading With growing demand, poten- (mainly from the United of goods and services. States and Brazil). Latin One of the vaunted tial confrontations over oil and America alone accounts examples of regional en- for 40 per cent of the ergy cooperation is the gas supplies and transportation world’s biofuels. The re- PetroCaribe agreement networks have become geopo- cent agreement between launched by Venezuela in Brazil and the United 2005. It is a program con- litical flashpoints in the region States to cooperate in the sisting of deferred pay- development of ethanol ments, a fund for social and globally. in Central America and and economic programs, the Caribbean through and, more recently, support for re- However, if energy security and en- investment and technology transfer fining, storage and delivery systems. ergy cooperation are key objectives is viewed as a step in the right direc- It offers considerable relief for mem- for the region, then free markets tion. ber countries in times of high oil and open competition are necessary Such policies that can include the prices when foreign exchange out- components. development of sustainable sources flows can be crippling. of alternative energy (whatever their While PetroCaribe provides a Alternative energy sources initial unforeseen consequences) lifeline at a difficult time for region- Renewable energy also has an will do more in the long term for en- al economies, it has implications for important place in the LAC region’s ergy security than total dependence regional energy security. The Petro- search for energy security. The Ca- on hydrocarbons. Caribe model of regional energy co- ribbean region and some Central operation is based on the primacy of American countries are a potential Anthony T. Bryan, Ph.D. born in Venezuelan oil, its current high rev- powerhouse of renewable energy Trinidad and Tobago, is Senior Asso- enue stream due to global markets, sources—including hydroelectric, ciate, Americas Program, Center for and the use of ideology as a strategy solar, wind, geothermal power, and Strategic and International Studies for regional cooperation. There is potentially ocean thermal—that (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. and Pro- an increasing macro-economic reli- could supply a substantial portion fessor Emeritus, University of Miami. ance in the Caribbean on Venezuela of the region’s needs. He works on Latin American and for energy and development support LAC nations can no longer de- Caribbean energy security and co- as well as the underwriting of their pend on finite hydrocarbon re- operation, and on Caribbean border economies. Depending on only one sources and should assist in the security. Anthony can be reached at provider, such as Venezuela’s state global development of alternative [email protected].

12 July-August 2008, Volume 7, Issue 6 Doha Stalled Over Agricultural Subsidies The OAS at Sixty: Renaissance or

A meeting of world powers Senescence? in Geneva has failed to break a seven-year stalemate in the John W. Graham Doha Round of trade talks. The World Trade Organisa- tion (WTO) initiated the Doha he Organization of Ameri- Caribbean and the Andean nations. Round in 2001 with the goal can States (OAS) celebrated Most recently, the OAS has been ce- of further reducing barriers its 60th anniversary this past menting the modus vivendi among TJune in Colombia, the country that Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela to international trade. The key issue of contention plaguing gave it birth. More accurately, Co- arising out of the March 2 Colom- the Doha Round is tariffs on lombia, at the behest of the United bian army raid on the rebel FARC agricultural goods. India and States, recast the old Pan-American base inside Ecuador. China, the most economically Union as a hemispheric bulwark in Well out of the public eye, extraor- influential developing coun- the Cold War. Mao Tse-Tung was dinary work is being accomplished tries, led the way in resisting still pushing Chiang Kai-shek out of by the Inter-American Drug Abuse attempts to limit agricultural mainland China, Joseph Stalin was Commission in the development of tariffs. very much alive and Fidel Castro practical and apolitical tools for the was an unknown law student. Sixty ongoing battle with the narcotics Another controversial issue on years on and at a time when Canada industry. The fragile constitutional the Doha agenda was the at- is promoting its re-engagement with successes in are being fortified tempt by wealthier countries the Americas, this is as good a time by a successful OAS campaign that to secure higher access to for- as any to reassess the viability and has provided civil identity to over eign markets and export larger utility of this institution. half of the population. In quite dif- volumes of their agricultural Sometimes caricatured as a place ferent but equally challenging con- commodities. This issue also of siestas, cigars and nepotism, the ditions, the OAS Mission to Sup- met with resistance from many OAS has outperformed its image. port Peace in Colombia (MAPP) is leaders in the developing world, Particularly in the almost 20 years encouraging and verifying the dis- who resent the threat posed since Canada joined, the OAS has mantling of the armed structures of to their own farmers by heav- played a key role in the consolida- former guerilla organizations and ily subsidized North American tion of the democratic process in the reintegration of some 30,000 and European crops. An offer Latin America. In a major advance, former combatants. by the U.S. to place a cap on the all countries in the Americas, with The range of valuable work in- dollar value of the subsidies the exception of Cuba, have verifi- cludes protecting human rights and they provide American farm- able and reasonably transparent providing for redress when those ers annually was not enough electoral systems. This change, which rights are abused; acting as the to reach a compromise, despite relates to democratic form more technical secretariat for the Sum- the representatives of some than democratic substance in many mit of the Americas’ process and developing countries, such as countries, has been significantly fa- numerous inter-American min- Brazil’s Celso Amorim, sup- cilitated by the technical support isterial meetings; natural disaster porting the agreement. In an and observation missions provided mitigation, trade liberalization and international climate of rising by the OAS. Successful mediation, anti-corruption. The programs and food prices, the achievement of frontier settlement dialogues and achievements of the Organization a universal agreement on agri- peacebuilding operations have been demonstrate why the OAS remains cultural trade remains distant. conducted in Central America, the relevant and why a steady increase

13 FOCALPoint: Canada’s Spotlight on the Americas in the Canadian contribution— The solution is not an ad hoc cash has the advantage of excluding the approximately $40 million over a infusion by member states. What sharp elbows of the United States four-year period, well above the is required is the agreement of all (and the less sharp ones of Canada quota—is a sound investment. member states to an automatically and the English-speaking Carib- The danger in this positive anal- adjusted quota system linked to bean). Since the arrival three years ysis is the misleading impression cost increases. This is the mecha- ago of Enrique Iglesias, the Ibe- that the Organization is on sound nism that allows the UN to sur- ro-American system has become financial footing; that its value is vive. more competitive with the OAS. widely recognized by its member The good news is that agree- The other competitor and the one states; that further significant re- ment on such a mechanism is in exclusively Latin American (plus form will take place; and that ) is the Rio Group. its future as the preeminent Faced with seriously escalat- hemispheric political forum ing tensions between Colom- is secure. None of the above is bia, Ecuador and Venezuela assured. in March, this forum dem- Earlier this year, an OAS How can the OAS con- onstrated that Latin America audit contrasted the growth feels more comfortable about of the United Nations (UN) tinue to serve the vital in- addressing regional conflict budget since 1990 with that of with the U.S. out of the room. the OAS. The UN budget grew terests of the hemisphere The negotiations led by Do- by 131 per cent and the OAS minican President Fernandez by three per cent. At approxi- when it hangs precariously were a stunning success. mately $90 million, the regular from a shoe string? For the moment, the OAS budget of the OAS is less than is still able to cope with the that of a small university. An competition. This was evi- inevitably rising proportion dent at its General Assembly of this budget is consumed by in June in Medellín where pensions and salaries, leaving private dialogue in advance an already tiny and shrinking por- sight. The second last hold-out, of the meeting by Insulza allowed tion for vital operations. In these Argentina, agreed to the formula the General Assembly to proceed circumstances, the Organization at the General Assembly in Me- productively without the expected is dependent on voluntary contri- dellín, leaving only the United incendiary encounters. butions, the use of which is deter- States. Admittedly, with its present Despite miserly funding and mined not by the Secretary Gener- quota at 59 per cent, U.S. approval undeserved obscurity, the OAS al but by the donors. Not surpris- is key. The U.S. should recognize continues to serve vital Canadian ingly, the question arises: “How that it has a growing stake in the and hemispheric interests. Bu- can the OAS continue to serve the effectiveness of the OAS, espe- reaucratically and like many inter- vital interests of the hemisphere cially as its bilateral leverage has national organizations, it is still a when it hangs precariously from a diminished. There is reason to ex- zoo, but it is a more professionally shoe string?” pect change in 2009. managed zoo than it was 14 years Worse still, the present rela- The OAS is the unique political ago when I was one of its senior tively high level of voluntary con- organization that binds Canada staff members. tributions is a function of the en- to the hemisphere. However, its ergy and authority of the present value is sometimes viewed dif- John W. Graham is the Chair of Secretary General, José Miguel ferently by much of Latin Amer- FOCAL’s Board of Directors. He Insulza. What will happen when ica. The Latin countries have the served as the first head of the Unit Insulza leaves–possibly as early Ibero-American Summit process for the Promotion of Democracy in as next year–is a major concern. which, for an increasing number, the OAS.

14 July-August 2008, Volume 7, Issue 6

Letter to the Editor

Re: “Ecuador’s Mineral Crossroads,” FOCALPoint, June 2008

he mining industry was for 180 days while a new mining law Meanwhile, Harris notes that indeed surprised by the is written, is a sign that the conflicts the Canadian Embassy “has Constituent Assembly’s caused by mining companies have worked tirelessly to affect change TApril 18 mining mandate, but become unbearable for large sectors in the mining policy” begging the only in the sense that it indicated of the population. question of whether this is the le- a failure of their extensive lobby- Harris notes that junior mining gitimate role of Canadian diplo- ing campaign. Their heavy invest- companies have identified over $200 mats in Ecuador. We have written ment in this campaign would in- billion in mineral resources, but he to the Canadian ambassador in dicate that they were quite aware fails to say that for the last 40 years, Ecuador to ask how the embassy of the demands being put before Ecuador has had an economy heavily decides which policies and which the Assembly by mining-affected reliant on extractive industries—oil Canadian interests to support. We communities, indigenous organi- in particular—from which the bulk are still waiting for a response al- zations, human rights organiza- of the profits have clearly not stayed most a year later. tions, public health organizations, in the country, much less benefited Finally, Harris invokes the myth and environmentalists. the majority of the population. that mining will bring “desperately Readers should know that the The fact that 49 per cent of Ca- needed development” to Ecuador- majority of the country’s voters nadian investors own mining stocks ians, who need no more than to demanded the writing of a more speaks less to investors’ interest in or look south to their neighbours in inclusive and just Constitution. knowledge of the sector or even the Peru to see that large-scale mining In the Nineties, the World Bank- public relations and investor rela- is more likely to leave communi- led neoliberal reform of Ecuador’s tions efforts than to the key role that ties with contaminated land and mining code removed many of analysts and brokers play in secur- water and increased poverty than the safeguards that had restricted ing funding for mineral exploration. with sustained economic develop- exploration activity. That the du- Most of those stocks are wrapped ment. ly-elected Constituent Assembly in mutual funds and most investors decided that large-scale mining don’t even know which stocks they Jamie Kneen, Mining Watch activities in Ecuador should stop own. Ottawa, Canada

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15 ANNOUNCEMENTS WHO IS FOCAL? After four years, FOCAL’s participation in the Mapping Board of Directors the Media in the Americas project will officially conclude. Chair Ownership of the project and individual country maps were John Graham, Consultant successfully handed over to regional partners in Argentina, Bob Anderson, former Vice President Americas, CIDA Brazil, Canada, , Mexico and Peru. The Instituto Alain Berranger, Executive-in-Resident, Schulich School of Business Prensa y Sociedad (IPYS) has assumed responsibility of the Secretary project website (www.mediamap.info) and will continue to Michael Bell, Consultant, Justice Solutions Inc. manage and further develop the project. On behalf of the Treasurer project team and regional partners, FOCAL would like to Anthony M.P. Tattersfield, Partner, Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton thank all of our colleagues and donors who made the proj- ect a success. A special thank you is extended to the Carter Executive Director Carlo Dade, FOCAL (ex-officio) Center, CIDA, the Open Society Institute and Ford Mexico for their generous support. Ensuring the sustainability of the Directors of the Board project, regional partners will work together to further de- Charles P. Bassett, Former Canadian Executive Director to the Inter- velop the project through the addition of new data sets and American Development Bank Pablo F.G. Bréard, Vice President, Head of International Research, the production of new research and analysis using the media Scotiabank group maps. Individual country maps can be viewed at: Rt. Hon. Joe Clark, Former Canadian Prime Minister www.mediamapcanada.info Graeme Clark, Ambassador & Permanent Representative of Canada www.mapamediosargentina.info to the OAS (ex-officio) www.mediamapbrasil.info (under construction) Winston Cox, Alternate Director for the Caribbean at the Inter- www.mapamediosguatemala.info American Development Bank Jean Daudelin, Assistant Professor, Norman Paterson School of www.mapamediosmexico.info International Affairs, Carleton University www.mapamediosperu.info Paul Durand, OAS Resident Representative to the Kenneth N. Frankel, Attorney, Toronto PUBLICATIONS James M. Lambert, Director General, Foreign Affairs and Health and Education Conference Summary International Trade, Latin America and Caribbean Bureau (ex- officio) Following the successful conference Health, Education and Jennifer L. McCoy, Associate Professor of Political Science (Georgia Marginalized Population in Latin America and the Caribbean: State) and Director of the Americas Program at The Carter Center An Initial Review of Policy, FOCAL has produced a summary Elizabeth Spehar, Consultant, Washington, D.C. highlighting the panel discussions and outcomes. The sum- Vinita Watson, Executive Director for Canada, Inter-American mary is available on our website. Development Bank (ex-officio) FOCAL Staff Carlo Dade, Executive Director Write for FOCALPoint Olga Abizaid, Senior Analyst (on maternity leave) Articles between 700-1000 words in English, Leslie Fillion-Wilkinson, Project Coordinator / Associate Editor French or Spanish are welcome. All submissions Diane Larabie, Office Manager are on a volunteer basis and must be exclusive to Sherry Lozano, Director of Finance Barbara MacLaren, Project Manager, Labour and Migration FOCALPoint. For full submission guidelines, please Peter Moore, Director of Communications / Editor contact [email protected] or visit www.focal.ca. Rachel Schmidt, Director of Communications / Editor (on mater- The views expressed in FOCALPoint are those of the nity leave) Tandy Shephard, Project Manager, Mapping the Media authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Racquel Smith, Project Manager, Civil Society and Governance FOCAL , its Board or staff. Vladimir Torres, Project Manager, Trade and Development Cristina Warren, Program Director, Research Forum on Cuba FOCAL publications, reports, and articles Interns: Phil Gonzalez, Ashley Henbrey, Zelena van der Leeden, are available online at www.focal.ca Emily Watson. 1, rue Nicholas Street Suite/Bureau 720 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7B7 Canada Tel/Tél: 613.562.0005 Fax/Téléc: 613.562.2525 Email/Courriel: [email protected] www.focal.ca

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