Appendix A: Comparative Table 1 Estimated is a set of four columns giving estimates of Beutler’s actual latitude The Beutler text presents a summary of the expedition’s daily travels. It is and longitude. presented here as the date and the distance in miles travelled in a specific direction to arrive at a place whose co -ordinates are given. For example, on In order to compare the Beutler’s co-ordinates with the estimates today and to 12 March the expedition travelled 1.17 miles on an ENE course of 63° to arrive plot them both on maps it is necessary to convert them to GPS (Global at Ziekenhuis whose co-ordinates were measured as Latitude 34°08’ S; Positioning System) format of decimal degrees. Longitude 39°04’ E (Table 1). It is assumed that the distance and course travelled on any day followed a direct line drawn between the starting-place and GPS – Beutler is set in two columns giving a conversion of Beutler’s co- where the expedition camped that night. The calculations do not take into ordinates corrected to Greenwich and converted to GPS decimal degrees. account any detours that may have occurred during that day. GPS – Estimated is set in two columns giving a conversion of the estimated co-ordinates to GPS decimal degrees. TABLE 1 The two sets of GPS data can now be compared. In the two columns on the This table presents a summary of Beutler’s observed co-ordinates and those right the difference between the sets of GPS co-ordinated is obtained by estimated by Carl Vernon in 2009, together with the mathematical subtracting Beutler’s measurements from the estimates. transformations of those data and calculations of the differences between the two sets of co-ordinates. Error S and Error E are two columns giving the differences in degrees between Beutler’s and the estimated GPS measurements. Column A is the date of the day of travel. Column B is distance in miles that they travelled, where the fractions of a mile The table should be read horizontally from left to right. For instance on 12 are onverted to decimals March the expedition went 1.17 miles on a ENE course of 63° to arrive at Column C is the direction in which they travelled converted from the convention Ziekenhuis whose co-ordinates were measured as Latitude 34°08’ S; Longitude in which it had been recorded to compass degrees where North is 360° 39°04’ E. The estimated co-ordinates of Ziekenhuis are 34°07.5’ S, 19°42.4’E Column D is the distance travelled converted to kilometers where one mile in which converted to GPS are 34.13333° S and 22.45° E for Beutler and Beutler’s terms was equal to 7.158 km (Kirby 1965 p.8) estimated at 34.125° S and 19.90667° E. This is an error difference of 0.0083°S Column E is the place where Beutler camped at the end of the day’s travel. and 2.1783°E. Where that place is given by Beutler, the name is Capitalised in Table 1, but if it Error S and Error E columns in Table 1 can be examined for obvious is lower case then it is an estimate and discussed in the Comments on the Daily discrepancies , that is where daily errors are radically divergent from the mean. Diary. This permitted errors in the estimates to be detected and suggestions to be made about the validity of items of Beutler’s data. The Beutler data would Recorded by Beutler is a set of four columns giving his measurement of embody both miscalculations by his surveyor and subsequent transcription latitude and longitude. As Beutler estimated his longitude from Tenerife, which errors between the original report and publication in Forbes. The set of is 16°38.5’ W of Greenwich, they are adjusted so that they are east of Beutler’s data between 2 and 21 August was consistently different to the Greenwich. estimated longitude, an error also noted by Forbes.
1 Table 1
A B C D column E RECORDED ESTIMATED BEUTLER ESTIMATED by BEUTLER GPS GPS GPS GPS Error Error day date miles course km arrived at S º E º S º E º Sº Eº Sº Eº Sº Eº º minus minus 7.158 Outward Journey 16 º 38.5 16.64167 28-Feb THE CASTLE, CAPE TOWN 33 º 55.5 18 º 25.5 33.92500 18.42500 1 29 Feb 1.25 43 8.9 Bontheuwel 33 º 56.5 38 º 6.0 33 º 57.4 18 º 32.7 33.94167 21.45833 33.95667 18.54500 0.0150 -2.9133 2 01-Mar 1.25 95 8.9 Khayelitsha 33 º 57.0 38 º 12.5 34 º 0.5 18 º 39.1 33.95000 21.56667 34.00833 18.65167 0.0583 -2.9150 3 02-Mar 1.17 131 8.4 Zeekoevlei 34 º 0.0 38 º 16.5 34 º 2.9 18 º 46.6 34.00000 21.63333 34.04833 18.77667 0.0483 -2.8567 4 03-Mar 1.37 137 9.8 Waterkloof 34 º 4.0 38 º 21.0 34 º 7.1 18 º 55 34.06667 21.70833 34.11833 18.91667 0.0517 -2.7917 5 04-Mar 0.88 85 6.3 Steenbrasrivier 34 º 9.2 18 º 56.5 34.15333 18.94167 6 05-Mar 0.37 157 2.6 PALMIETRIVIER 34 º 10.5 19 º 0.5 34.17500 19.00833 7 06-Mar 0.94 125 6.7 Groenrug 34 º 6.5 38 º 30.0 34 º 11.3 19 º 6.5 34.10833 21.85833 34.18833 19.10833 0.0800 -2.7500 8 07-Mar 1 137 7.2 Houhoek station 34 º 7.5 38 º 34.5 34 º 12.4 19 º 9 34.12500 21.93333 34.20667 19.15000 0.0817 -2.7833 9 08-Mar 1.36 113 9.7 Langhoogte 34 º 9.5 38 º 41.0 34 º 13.7 19 º 16.3 34.15833 22.04167 34.22833 19.27167 0.0700 -2.7700 10 09-Mar rest day 11 10-Mar 2.13 141 15.2 Middleton 34 º 12.5 38 º 51.0 34 º 13.5 19 º 27.6 34.20833 22.20833 34.22500 19.46000 0.0167 -2.7483 12 11-Mar 1.75 36 12.5 Driefonteinboven 34 º 10.0 38 º 59.0 34 º 11.4 19 º 37.5 34.16667 22.34167 34.19000 19.62500 0.0233 -2.7167 - 13 12-Mar 1.17 63 8.4 ZIEKENHUIS 34 º 8.0 39 º 4.0 34 º 7.6 19 º 42.3 34.13333 22.42500 34.12667 19.70500 0.0067 -2.7200 14 13-Mar rain 15 14-Mar 1.92 41 13.7 Verwaalskloofrivier 34 º 6.5 39 º 13.0 34 º 9.4 19 º 56.8 34.10833 22.57500 34.15667 19.94667 0.0483 -2.6283 16 15-Mar 1.83 67 13.1 Bromberg 34 º 3.5 39 º 21.0 34 º 5.7 20 º 8.6 34.05833 22.70833 34.09500 20.14333 0.0367 -2.5650 17 16-Mar 1.67 42 12.0 Kluitjieskraal 34 º 2.0 39 º 29.0 34 º 6.4 20 º 21.3 34.03333 22.84167 34.10667 20.35500 0.0733 -2.4867 - 18 17-Mar 1.44 48 10.3 Swellendam 34 º 58.0 39 º 34.5 34 º 4.2 20 º 24 34.96667 22.93333 34.07000 20.40000 0.8967 -2.5333 rest day corrected deg 19 18-Mar S 33 º 58.0 39 º 34.5 34 º 4.2 20 º 24 33.96667 22.93333 34.07000 20.40000 0.1033 -2.5333 20 19-Mar rest day 21 20-Mar 1.37 65 9.8 RIETVALLEIJ 33 º 56.0 39 º 40.5 34 º 0.5 20 º 35 33.93333 23.03333 34.00833 20.58333 0.0750 -2.4500 22 21-Mar rest day 23 22-Mar 1.62 159 11.6 East of Niekerksnek 34 º 2.0 39 º 44.5 34 º 5.0 20 º 42 34.03333 23.10000 34.08333 20.70000 0.0500 -2.4000 24 23-Mar 2.25 81 16.1 Krombeksrivier 34 º 0.5 39 º 55.5 34 º 6.0 21 º 1.5 34.00833 23.28333 34.10000 21.02500 0.0917 -2.2583 25 24-Mar 1.75 67 12.5 Melkhoutekraal 33 º 56.5 40 º 2.5 34 º 6.7 21 º 5.3 33.94167 23.40000 34.11167 21.08833 0.1700 -2.3117 26 25-Mar 1.25 70 8.9 Ratelkop 33 º 53.5 40 º 6.5 34 º 6.2 21 º 11.7 33.89167 23.46667 34.10333 21.19500 0.2117 -2.2717 27 26-Mar 0.95 36 6.8 De Zoetmelksrivier 33 º 52.0 40 º 11.0 34 º 8.0 21 º 16.5 33.86667 23.54167 34.13333 21.27500 0.2667 -2.2667 28 27-Mar 1 42 7.2 Groothoogtekop 33 º 51.0 40 º 15.5 34 º 5.7 21 º 21.6 33.85000 23.61667 34.09500 21.36000 0.2450 -2.2567 29 28-Mar 1.25 45 8.9 Weltevreden 33 º 50.0 40 º 21.5 34 º 6.7 21 º 31.6 33.83333 23.71667 34.11167 21.52667 0.2783 -2.1900 30 29-Mar 2.5 47 17.9 Outeniquadrif 33 º 43.5 40 º 40.5 34 º 4.8 21 º 45.7 33.72500 24.03333 34.08000 21.76167 0.3550 -2.2717 31 30-Mar rest day 9 9 32 31-Mar rest day 0.1937 -2.2974
2
RECORDED ESTIMATED BEUTLER ESTIMATED day date miles course km place by BEUTLER GPS GPS GPS GPS Error Error º S E S E S E S E S E 33 01-Apr 2.58 67 18.5 Esaias Meijer's farm 33 º 37.5 40 º 41.5 34 º 8 22 º 1 33.62500 24.05000 34.13333 22.01667 0.5083 -2.0333 34 02-Apr 1.08 92 7.7 HARTENBOS 33 º 38.0 40 º 46.5 34 º 8 22 º 5 33.63333 24.13333 34.13333 22.08333 0.5000 -2.0500 35 03-Apr rain 36 04-Apr 1.08 319 7.7 n. of Klein Brak Rivier 33 º 35.0 40 º 43.0 34 º 1 22 º 0 33.58333 24.07500 34.01667 22.00000 0.4333 -2.0750 37 05-Apr 1.08 330 7.7 HAGELKRAAL 33 º 31.5 40 º 40.5 33 º 58 21 º 58 33.52500 24.03333 33.96667 21.96667 0.4417 -2.0667 38 06-Apr rest day 39 07-Apr 2 360 14.3 Attaqua's kloof 33 º 23.0 40 º 40.5 33 º 52.5 21 º 54.5 33.38333 24.03333 33.87500 21.90833 0.4917 -2.1250 40 08-Apr 1.83 35 13.1 Paardekraal 33 º 20.0 40 º 49.0 33 º 49 22 º 1.5 33.33333 24.17500 33.81667 22.02500 0.4833 -2.1500 41 09-Apr rest day 42 10-Apr 2 83 14.3 Kandalaarsrivier 33 º 19.5 40 º 58.5 33 º 42 22 º 9 33.32500 24.33333 33.70000 22.15000 0.3750 -2.1833 43 11-Apr 2.25 36 16.1 Muijsekraal 33 º 16.5 41 º 9.0 33 º 46 22 º 18.7 33.27500 24.50833 33.76667 22.31167 0.4917 -2.1967 44 12-Apr rest day 45 13-Apr 2.4 43 17.2 OUPOS 33 º 14.0 41 º 20.0 33 º 46 22 º 31 33.23333 24.69167 33.76667 22.51667 0.5333 -2.1750 46 14-Apr 2.8 93 20.0 Ganzekraal 33 º 14.5 41 º 34.0 33 º 47 22 º 41.5 33.24167 24.92500 33.78333 22.69167 0.5417 -2.2333 47 15-Apr 1.8 90 12.9 Dieprivier 33 º 14.5 41 º 42.5 33 º 46 22 º 54 33.24167 25.06667 33.76667 22.90000 0.5250 -2.1667 48 16-Apr rest day Keurboomsrivier at 49 17-Apr 1.5 87 10.7 Kykoe 33 º 14.0 41 º 50.0 33 º 46.5 22 º 57.8 33.23333 25.19167 33.77500 22.96333 0.5417 -2.2283 50 18-Apr 2.7 42 19.3 Wolwekraal at Avontuur 33 º 11.5 42 º 3.0 33 º 43.6 23 º 10.2 33.19167 25.40833 33.72667 23.17000 0.5350 -2.2383 51 19-Apr 2 81 14.3 w. of Haarlem 33 º 10.0 42 º 12.5 33 º 44 23 º 20.5 33.16667 25.56667 33.73333 23.34167 0.5667 -2.2250 52 20-Apr 2.37 90 17.0 Diepgats Rivier 33 º 10.0 42 º 24.0 33 º 44.8 23 º 29 33.16667 25.75833 33.74667 23.48333 0.5800 -2.2750 53 21-Apr rest day 54 22-Apr 1.87 90 13.4 Kruitjsrivier 33 º 10.0 42 º 33.0 33 º 46.5 23 º 34 33.16667 25.90833 33.77500 23.56667 0.6083 -2.3417 Groenrivier near 55 23-Apr 1.58 138 11.3 Krakeel 33 º 12.0 42 º 40.5 33 º 49 23 º 43 33.20000 26.03333 33.81667 23.71667 0.6167 -2.3167 56 24-Apr 1.63 142 11.7 Joubertina 33 º 13.5 42 º 48.0 33 º 49 23 º 50 33.22500 26.15833 33.81667 23.83333 0.5917 -2.3250 57 25-Apr 2.5 135 17.9 Kamiesbos 33 º 15.5 43 º 0.0 33 º 53.5 24 º 7.5 33.25833 26.35833 33.89167 24.12500 0.6333 -2.2333 58 26-Apr 1.13 95 8.1 Jagersbos 33 º 16.0 43 º 5.5 33 º 54.5 24 º 11.5 33.26667 26.45000 33.90833 24.19167 0.6417 -2.2583 59 27-Apr 1.83 118 13.1 Melhoutbosch 33 º 18.5 43 º 11.0 33 º 56 24 º 16 33.30833 26.54167 33.93333 24.26667 0.6250 -2.2750 60 28-Apr rest day 61 29-Apr 1.83 88 13.1 Essenbosch 33 º 18.0 43 º 20.0 33 º 58 24 º 26 33.30000 26.69167 33.96667 24.43333 0.6667 -2.2583 62 30-Apr 2.5 135 17.9 Keerbos 33 º 20.0 43 º 32.0 33 º 59.5 24 º 31 33.33333 26.89167 33.99167 24.51667 0.6583 -2.3750 63 01-May 2.2 130 15.7 e. of Leewenboschrivier 33 º 25.5 43 º 40.0 34 º 2 24 º 38 33.42500 27.02500 34.03333 24.63333 0.6083 -2.3917 64 02-May rest day 65 03-May 1.33 92 9.5 Zeekoei River 33 º 26.0 43 º 46.5 34 º 2 24 º 42 33.43333 27.13333 34.03333 24.70000 0.6000 -2.4333 66 04-May 1.58 25 11.3 Cabeljousch Rivier 33 º 21.0 43 º 51.0 33 º 59 24 º 56 33.35000 27.20833 33.98333 24.93333 0.6333 -2.2750
3
date place RECORDED ESTIMATED BEUTLER ESTIMATED day miles course km by BEUTLER GPS GPS GPS GPS Error Error 67 05-May º rest day 68 06-May 2.33 45 16.7 GAMTOOS RIVIER 33 º 11.5 43 º 51.0 33 º 54 24 º 57 33.19167 27.20833 33.90000 24.95000 0.7083 -2.2583 69 07-May rest day 70 08-May 1.8 114 12.9 Loerie 33 º 15.5 44 º 3.0 33 º 52 25 º 2 33.25833 27.40833 33.86667 25.03333 0.6083 -2.3750 71 09-May 1.29 138 9.2 GALGENBOSCH 33 º 17.0 44 º 6.5 33 º 54 25 º 8 33.28333 27.46667 33.90000 25.13333 0.6167 -2.3333 72 10-May 1.25 115 8.9 Van Staadens River 33 º 19.0 44 º 12.5 33 º 55 25 º 12 33.31667 27.56667 33.91667 25.20000 0.6000 -2.3667 73 11-May rest day 74 12-May 2.33 95 16.7 Kragga Kamma 33 º 20.0 44 º 24.0 33 º 59 25 º 25 33.33333 27.75833 33.98333 25.41667 0.6500 -2.3417 75 13-May 2.42 53 17.3 ZWARKOPS RIVER 33 º 10.5 44 º 28.0 33 º 50 25 º 34 33.17500 27.82500 33.83333 25.56667 0.6583 -2.2583 76 14-May rest day 77 15-May 1.37 23 9.8 Coega 33 º 4.5 44 º 31.0 33 º 43 25 º 39.5 33.07500 27.87500 33.71667 25.65833 0.6417 -2.2167 78 16-May 2.63 45 18.8 SUNDAYS RIVER 32 º 54.0 44 º 33.5 33 º 35 25 º 41 32.90000 27.91667 33.58333 25.68333 0.6833 -2.2333 79 17-May 2 63 14.3 Coenay 32 º 50.0 44 º 42.5 33 º 28 25 º 47 32.83333 28.06667 33.46667 25.78333 0.6333 -2.2833 80 18-May rest day 81 19-May 1.42 85 10.2 Paterson 32 º 49.5 44 º 49.5 33 º 26 25 º 56 32.82500 28.18333 33.43333 25.93333 0.6083 -2.2500 82 20-May 1.5 93 10.7 BUSHMANS RIVER 32 º 50.0 44 º 56.5 33 º 28.2 26 º 3.4 32.83333 28.30000 33.47000 26.05667 0.6367 -2.2433 83 21-May rest day 84 22-May 2.25 83 16.1 upper Komga river 32 º 49.0 45 º 7.5 33 º 27 26 º 13.5 32.81667 28.48333 33.45000 26.22500 0.6333 -2.2583 85 23-May 2.14 142 15.3 Mantjeskraal rivier 32 º 52.0 45 º 17.5 33 º 30 26 º 24.5 32.86667 28.65000 33.50000 26.40833 0.6333 -2.2417 86 24-May 1.33 135 9.5 salem commonage 32 º 52.5 45 º 23.5 33 º 30.5 26 º 31 32.87500 28.75000 33.50833 26.51667 0.6333 -2.2333 87 25-May 0.92 93 6.6 The Bend, Kariega river 32 º 53.0 45 º 28.0 33 º 31 26 º 36 32.88333 28.82500 33.51667 26.60000 0.6333 -2.2250 88 26-May 2 315 14.3 Paardekraal, Kowie 32 º 44.5 45 º 26.0 33 º 22.5 26 º 36 32.74167 28.79167 33.37500 26.60000 0.6333 -2.1917 89 27-May rest day 90 28-May 1.3 118 9.3 Blaaukrans river 32 º 47.0 45 º 31.5 33 º 25 26 º 41 32.78333 28.88333 33.41667 26.68333 0.6333 -2.2000 91 29-May 1.14 94 8.2 Beaufort Vale farm 32 º 47.5 45 º 37.0 33 º 25.5 26 º 47 32.79167 28.97500 33.42500 26.78333 0.6333 -2.1917 92 30-May 1.58 135 11.3 west of Shaw Park 32 º 48.5 45 º 44.0 33 º 26.5 26 º 55 32.80833 29.09167 33.44167 26.91667 0.6333 -2.1750 93 31-May 2.3 333 16.5 Olijvenhoutbosch 32 º 41.5 45 º 37.0 33 º 19.5 26 º 49 32.69167 28.97500 33.32500 26.81667 0.6333 -2.1583 94 01-Jun rest day 95 02-Jun 1.75 45 12.5 FISH RIVER 32 º 36.0 45 º 43.5 33 º 14.1 26 º 57.6 32.60000 29.08333 33.23500 26.96000 0.6350 -2.1233 96 03-Jun 1.75 90 12.5 Mthonjeni 32 º 36.0 45 º 50.0 33 º 13 27 º 4 32.60000 29.19167 33.21667 27.06667 0.6167 -2.1250 97 04-Jun 1.75 33 12.5 Mount Somerset 32 º 30.0 45 º 54.5 33 º 8.5 27 º 8.5 32.50000 29.26667 33.14167 27.14167 0.6417 -2.1250 98 05-Jun 1.8 7 12.9 Line Drift 32 º 23.5 45 º 57.0 33 º 4 27 º 13 32.39167 29.30833 33.06667 27.21667 0.6750 -2.0917 99 06-Jun rest day 100 07-Jun 1 64 7.2 s. of Tamara 32 º 21.0 46 º 1.0 32 º 59 27 º 16.5 32.35000 29.37500 32.98333 27.27500 0.6333 -2.1000
4 RECORDED ESTIMATED day date miles course km place by BEUTLER BEUTLER ESTIMATED E S E º S E S E S.GPS E.GPS S.GPS E.GPS Error Error 101 08-Jun 1.2 135 8.6 n of Sittingbourne 32 º 22.0 46 º 6.5 33 º 1 27 º 23 32.36667 29.46667 33.01667 27.38333 0.6500 -2.0833 102 09-Jun 1.08 147 7.7 ePhole 32 º 25.5 46 º 9.5 33 º 4.5 27 º 25 32.42500 29.51667 33.07500 27.41667 0.6500 -2.1000 103 10-Jun rest day 104 11-Jun 0.8 186 5.7 Wesleyville 32 º 28.5 46 º 9.0 33 º 7.5 27 º 25.5 32.47500 29.50833 33.12500 27.42500 0.6500 -2.0833 105 12-Jun 0.93 126 6.7 Jojweni 32 º 32.0 46 º 10.5 33 º 11.5 27 º 27 32.53333 29.53333 33.19167 27.45000 0.6583 -2.0833 106 13-Jun rest day 107 14-Jun 1.5 84 10.7 Xomeni on Tyolomnqa 32 º 31.5 46 º 16.0 33 º 11 27 º 33.5 32.52500 29.62500 33.18333 27.55833 0.6583 -2.0667 108 15-Jun 1.33 337 9.5 Welcome Wood 32 º 26.5 46 º 13.5 33 º 2 27 º 31 32.44167 29.58333 33.03333 27.51667 0.5917 -2.0667 109 16-Jun 1.58 352 11.3 Mount Coke 32 º 30.0 46 º 12.0 32 º 59.7 27 º 28.3 32.50000 29.55833 32.99500 27.47167 0.4950 -2.0867 110 17-Jun 1.25 306 8.9 BUFFALO RIVER 32 º 15.5 46 º 10.0 32 º 56.4 27 º 28.3 32.25833 29.52500 32.94000 27.47167 0.6817 -2.0533 111 18-Jun rest day 112 19-Jun 1.4 41 10.0 s.e of Berlin 32 º 14.0 46 º 17.0 32 º 55 27 º 35 32.23333 29.64167 32.91667 27.58333 0.6833 -2.0583 113 20-Jun 1.8 136 12.9 Mount Ruth 32 º 15.5 46 º 25.5 32 º 55 27 º 45 32.25833 29.78333 32.91667 27.75000 0.6583 -2.0333 114 21-Jun 1.08 117 7.7 Dawn near Sumer Pride 32 º 17.0 46 º 30.0 32 º 58 27 º 50.5 32.28333 29.85833 32.96667 27.84167 0.6833 -2.0167 115 22-Jun 0.83 90 5.9 NAHOON Estuary 32 º 17.0 46 º 34.0 32 º 57.3 27 º 54.3 32.28333 29.92500 32.95500 27.90500 0.6717 -2.0200 116 23-Jun rest day 117 24-Jun 0.93 67 6.7 Goenoebe 32 º 15.0 46 º 38.0 32 º 55 27 º 58 32.25000 29.99167 32.91667 27.96667 0.6667 -2.0250 118 25-Jun 0.93 69 6.7 Kwelera 32 º 12.0 46 º 40.5 32 º 48 28 º 4 32.20000 30.03333 32.80000 28.06667 0.6000 -1.9667 119 26-Jun 1.29 45 9.2 Cintsa 32 º 8.5 46 º 45.0 32 º 46 28 º 3 32.14167 30.10833 32.76667 28.05000 0.6250 -2.0583 120 27-Jun 0.5 45 3.6 Kwenxura 32 º 7.0 46 º 47.0 32 º 46 28 º 7 32.11667 30.14167 32.76667 28.11667 0.6500 -2.0250 121 28-Jun 1.17 330 8.4 Holme Park 32 º 3.0 46 º 44.0 32 º 39.5 27 º 59.2 32.05000 30.09167 32.65833 27.98667 0.6083 -2.1050 122 29-Jun 1.67 329 12.0 Thornpark 31 º 57.5 46 º 39.5 32 º 34.6 27 º 57.5 31.95833 30.01667 32.57667 27.95833 0.6183 -2.0583 123 30-Jun rest day 124 01-Jul 0.92 6 6.6 Kei Bridge 31 º 53.5 46 º 39.5 32 º 30.6 27 º 58.7 31.89167 30.01667 32.51000 27.97833 0.6183 -2.0383 125 02-Jul rest day 126 03-Jul 0.93 352 6.7 Ngqutu at KwaJabavu 31 º 50.0 46 º 39.0 32 º 27.4 27 º 58.2 31.83333 30.00833 32.45667 27.97000 0.6233 -2.0383 127 04-Jul 0.6 29 4.3 ne.Toleni Store 31 º 48.0 46 º 41.0 32 º 23.3 27 º 59.2 31.80000 30.04167 32.38833 27.98667 0.5883 -2.0550 Gcuwana n.of 128 05-Jul 1.4 30 10.0 Ndabakazi 31 º 44.0 46 º 45.5 32 º 20 28 º 3.7 31.73333 30.11667 32.33333 28.06167 0.6000 -2.0550 129 06-Jul rest day 130 07-Jul 1 6 7.2 Gcuwa river 31 º 40.0 46 º 46.0 32 º 18 28 º 8.5 31.66667 30.12500 32.30000 28.14167 0.6333 -1.9833 131 08-Jul 0.86 43 6.2 Ibeka 31 º 39.0 46 º 56.0 32 º 16.3 28 º 12 31.65000 30.29167 32.27167 28.20000 0.6217 -2.0917 total 56 -217 travelled from Cape = km 1111.1 Town n 101 101 mean 0.5575 -2.1529
5 day date miles course km place BdS º BmS BdE º BmE dS º mS dE º mE BsT BeT dSd dEd º IBEKA to CRADOCK 133 09-Jul Ibeka 31 º 39.0 46 º 56.0 32 º 16 28 º 12 31.65000 30.29167 32.26667 28.20000 0.6167 -2.0917 134 10-Jul 1.86 13.3 Ndabakazi 31 º 44.0 46 º 45.5 32 º 20 28 º 3.5 31.73333 30.11667 32.33333 28.05833 0.6000 -2.0583 135 11-Jul 2 14.3 Ngqutu 31 º 50.0 46 º 39.0 32 º 25.5 27 º 57.5 31.83333 30.00833 32.42500 27.95833 0.5917 -2.0500 136 12-Jul 0.92 6.6 Kei Bridge 31 º 53.5 46 º 10.0 32 º 30.6 27 º 58.7 31.89167 29.52500 32.51000 27.97833 0.6183 -1.5467 137 13-Jul 138 14-Jul 0.92 6.6 Thornpark 31 º 57.5 46 º 39.5 32 º 34.6 27 º 57.5 31.95833 30.01667 32.57667 27.95833 0.6183 -2.0583 139 15-Jul 2.33 128 16.7 Mooiplaas 32 º 3.0 46 º 44.0 32 º 43 28 º 1 32.05000 30.09167 32.71667 28.01667 0.6667 -2.0750 140 16-Jul 141 17-Jul 0.8 320 5.7 Kwelera at Bluewaters 32 º 5.0 46 º 39.5 32 º 43.5 27 º 58.3 32.08333 30.01667 32.72500 27.97167 0.6417 -2.0450 142 18-Jul 1.67 270 12.0 Qolora on Killarney farm 32 º 5.0 46 º 29.0 32 º 43.4 27 º 53.5 32.08333 29.84167 32.72333 27.89167 0.6400 -1.9500 143 19-Jul 0.56 270 4.0 Tangla n. of Sugar Loaf 32 º 5.5 46 º 27.0 32 º 42.6 27 º 48.4 32.09167 29.80833 32.71000 27.80667 0.6183 -2.0017 144 20-Jul 145 21-Jul 0.5 219 3.6 Gqunube at Kenrick farm 32 º 5.5 46 º 26.5 32 º 42.8 27 º 45.3 32.09167 29.80000 32.71333 27.75500 0.6217 -2.0450 146 22-Jul 1.36 270 9.7 Lynhurst farm, Kobongo 32 º 5.5 46 º 20.0 32 º 47.2 27 º 37.3 32.09167 29.69167 32.78667 27.62167 0.6950 -2.0700 147 23-Jul 148 24-Jul 1.5 244 10.7 Yellow-woods at Lonsdale 32 º 8.0 46 º 13.5 32 º 48 27 º 29 32.13333 29.58333 32.80000 27.48333 0.6667 -2.1000 149 25-Jul 1.33 333 9.5 camp Dormouse at Izeli 32 º 4.0 46 º 9.5 32 º 46 27 º 23.9 32.06667 29.51667 32.76667 27.39833 0.7000 -2.1183 150 26-Jul Kokwe River 151 27-Jul 1.14 232 8.2 Ngqankwebe 32 º 8.0 46 º 8.0 32 º 49.4 27 º 20.6 32.13333 29.49167 32.82333 27.34333 0.6900 -2.1483 152 28-Jul 1.08 265 7.7 Navani near Pirie Halt 32 º 8.5 46 º 3.0 32 º 49.9 27 º 13.7 32.14167 29.40833 32.83167 27.22833 0.6900 -2.1800 Tewe of Brack River = 153 29-Jul 1.42 270 10.2 Debe 32 º 8.5 45 º 56.0 32 º 52.6 27 º 3.6 32.14167 29.29167 32.87667 27.06000 0.7350 -2.2317 Knapps Hope, 154 30-Jul 1 222 7.2 Keiskamma 32 º 9.5 45 º 51.5 32 º 53 26 º 58 32.15833 29.21667 32.88333 26.96667 0.7250 -2.2500 155 31-Jul 156 01-Aug 1.25 274 8.9 Allandale farm 32 º 9.0 45 º 45.0 32 º 50.5 26 º 47.5 32.15000 29.10833 32.84167 26.79167 0.6917 -2.3167 157 02-Aug 1 280 7.2 Howse Post, Kat River 32 º 8.5 45 º 40.5 32 º 53.5 26 º 41.2 32.14167 29.03333 32.89167 26.68667 0.7500 -2.3467 158 03-Aug 1.29 319 9.2 Rietfontein farm 32 º 7.0 45 º 34.5 32 º 51.3 26 º 30.7 32.11667 28.93333 32.85500 26.51167 0.7383 -2.4217 159 04-Aug 1.14 261 8.2 Burghersdrif on Koonap 32 º 8.0 45 º 29.0 32 º 54.3 26 º 25 32.13333 28.84167 32.90500 26.41667 0.7717 -2.4250 160 05-Aug 161 06-Aug 1.14 298 8.2 Wadrif on Koonap 32 º 5.0 45 º 25.0 32 º 48.7 26 º 16.2 32.08333 28.77500 32.81167 26.27000 0.7283 -2.5050 162 07-Aug 1.29 316 9.2 Agarivier = Kingsdale 32 º 4.0 45 º 18.5 32 º 44 26 º 7 32.06667 28.66667 32.73333 26.11667 0.6667 -2.5500 163 08-Aug 1.94 295 13.9 Baviaansdrif 31 º 59.5 45 º 11.0 32 º 36 25 º 54 31.99167 28.54167 32.60000 25.90000 0.6083 -2.6417 164 09-Aug 1.58 307 11.3 n.of Daggaboersnek 31 º 53.5 45 º 8.5 32 º 30 25 º 49 31.89167 28.50000 32.50000 25.81667 0.6083 -2.6833 165 10-Aug 166 11-Aug 1.37 335 9.8 Cloverfield 31 º 48.0 45 º 5.5 32 º 26 25 º 46 31.80000 28.45000 32.43333 25.76667 0.6333 -2.6833 167 12-Aug 1 360 7.2 Tarka Bridge 31 º 44.5 45 º 5.5 32 º 18 25 º 44 31.74167 28.45000 32.30000 25.73333 0.5583 -2.7167 168 13-Aug 1.37 333 9.8 Halsowen 31 º 40.0 45 º 1.5 32 º 13 25 º 41 31.66667 28.38333 32.21667 25.68333 0.5500 -2.7000 169 14-Aug 170 15-Aug 0.06 335 0.4 Cradock 31 º 36.0 44 º 59.0 32 º 10 25 º 37 31.60000 28.34167 32.16667 25.61667 0.5667 -2.7250
6 171 16-Aug 172 17-Aug 0.0 Cradock 31 º 36.0 44 º 59.0 32 º 10 25 º 37 31.60000 28.34167 32.16667 25.61667 173 18-Aug 1.43 10.2 Tarka Bridge 31 º 44.5 45 º 5.5 32 º 18 25 º 44 31.74167 28.45000 32.30000 25.73333 174 19-Aug 1 7.2 Cloverfield 31 º 48.0 45 º 5.5 32 º 26 25 º 46 31.80000 28.45000 32.43333 25.76667 175 20-Aug 1.37 9.8 n.of Daggaboersnek 31 º 53.5 45 º 8.5 32 º 30 25 º 49 31.89167 28.50000 32.50000 25.81667 176 21-Aug 1.58 11.3 Baviaansdrif 31 º 59.5 45 º 11.0 32 º 36 25 º 54 31.99167 28.54167 32.60000 25.90000 177 22-Aug 178 23-Aug 0.0 upper Goba at Vanwykskraal º º 32 º 44 25 º 56 32.73333 25.93333 179 24-Aug 0.0 Varkenskuil º º 32 º 51 25 º 59 32.85000 25.98333 180 25-Aug 0.0 Kriegerskraal º º 32 º 58 25 º 56.5 32.96667 25.94167 181 26-Aug 0.0 Sheldon Bridge over Fish º º 33 º 1.5 25 º 53.5 33.02500 25.89167 182 27-Aug 0.0 º º º º 183 28-Aug 0.0 Komma Dagga º º 33 º 7.5 25 º 52.5 33.12500 25.87500 184 29-Aug 0.0 upper Bushmans River º º 33 º 13.5 25 º 54 33.22500 25.90000 185 30-Aug 186 31-Aug 187 01-Sep 0.0 Tootabi º º 33 º 19 25 º 57.5 33.31667 25.95833 188 02-Sep 0.0 Paterson 32 º 49.5 44 º 49.5 33 º 26 25 º 56 32.82500 28.18333 33.43333 25.93333 189 03-Sep 0.0 Coernay 32 º 50.0 44 º 42.5 33 º 28 25 º 47 32.83333 28.06667 33.46667 25.78333 Sundays River at 190 04-Sep 0.0 Riverdale 32 º 54.0 44 º 33.5 33 º 35 25 º 41 32.90000 27.91667 33.58333 25.68333 191 05-Sep 0.0 Zwartkops River 33 º 10.5 44 º 28.0 33 º 50 25 º 34 33.17500 27.82500 33.83333 25.56667 192 06-Sep 0.0 Kragga Kamma 33 º 15.5 44 º 19.5 33 º 53 25 º 25 33.25833 27.68333 33.88333 25.41667 193 07-Sep 0.0 Van Staadens River 33 º 19.0 44 º 12.5 33 º 55 25 º 12 33.31667 27.56667 33.91667 25.20000 194 08-Sep rest day 195 09-Sep 0.0 Galgenbosch 33 º 17.0 44 º 6.5 33 º 54 25 º 8 33.28333 27.46667 33.90000 25.13333 196 10-Sep 0.0 Loerie 33 º 15.5 44 º 30.0 33 º 52 25 º 2 33.25833 27.85833 33.86667 25.03333 197 11-Sep 0.0 Gamtoos River 33 º 11.5 43 º 51.0 33 º 54 24 º 57 33.19167 27.20833 33.90000 24.95000 198 12-Sep 0.0 rest day º º º º 199 13-Sep 0.0 Keij on Cabeljou rivier º º º º 200 14-Sep 0.0 Leeuwrivier º º º º 201 15-Sep 2.92 220 20.9 Kromme rivier 33 º 19.5 43 º 15.0 º º 202 16-Sep 0.0 º º º º 203 17-Sep 0.0 º º º º 204 18-Sep 0.0 º º º º 205 19-Sep 0.0 º º º º 206 20-Sep 2.37 90 17.0 Diepgats Rivier 33 º 10.0 42 º 24.0 33 º 44.8 23 º 29 33.16667 25.75833 33.74667 23.48333 207 21-Sep 0.0 º º º º 208 22-Sep 0.0 rest day º º º º
7
209 23-Sep 0.0 º º º º 210 24-Sep 0.0 º º º º 211 25-Sep 0.0 Matjiesrivier º º º º 212 26-Sep 2.4 43 17.2 OUPOS 33 º 14.0 41 º 20.0 33 º 46 22 º 31 33.23333 24.69167 33.76667 22.51667 213 27-Sep 0.0 Klipbanksrivier º º º º 214 28-Sep 0.0 Saffraankraal º º º º 215 29-Sep 0.0 Attaquaskloof º º º º 216 30-Sep 1.08 330 7.7 HAGELKRAAL 33 º 31.5 40 º 40.5 33 º 58 21 º 58 33.52500 24.03333 33.96667 21.96667 217 01-Oct 0.0 rest day º º º º 218 02-Oct 0.0 º º º º 219 03-Oct 0.0 º º º º 220 04-Oct 0.0 º º º º 221 05-Oct 0.0 Soetmelksrivier º º º º 222 06-Oct 1.57 87 11.2 Rentsburg's farm 33 º 50.5 40 º 23.5 º º 223 07-Oct 3.1 15 22.2 Honingklip 33 º 41.5 40 º 43.0 º º 224 08-Oct 0.0 Ignatius Ferreira º º º º 225 09-Oct 0.0 Hartenbosch º º º º 226 10-Oct 1 59 7.2 Reebokkenfontein 33 º 36.0 40 º 51.0 º º 227 11-Oct 2.43 39 17.4 Gourasrivier 33 º 33.0 41 º 2.0 º º 228 12-Oct 1.86 86 13.3 Keerom 33 º 32.5 41 º 11.5 º º 229 13-Oct 0.0 33 º 36.0 40 º 51.0 º º 230 14-Oct 0.0 Two Vleis º º º º 231 15-Oct 0.0 º º º º 232 16-Oct 0.0 º º º º 233 17-Oct 0.0 º º º º 234 18-Oct 0.0 º º º º 235 19-Oct 0.0 º º º º 236 20-Oct 0.0 º º º º 237 21-Oct 0.0 º º º º 238 22-Oct 0.0 Duyvenkoxrivier º º º º 239 23-Oct 0.0 º º º º 240 24-Oct 0.0 º º º º 241 25-Oct 0.0 º º º º 242 26-Oct 0.0 SWELLENDAM º º º º 243 27-Oct 0.0 º º º º 244 28-Oct 0.0 º º º º 245 29-Oct 0.0 º º º º
8 246 30-Oct 0.0 ZIEKENHUIS 34 º 8.0 39 º 4.0 34 º 7.5 19 º 42.4 34.13333 22.42500 34.12500 19.70667 247 31-Oct 0.0 º º º º 248 01-Nov 0.0 º º º º 249 02-Nov 0.0 º º º º 250 03-Nov 0.0 Onverwagt farm º º º º 251 04-Nov 0.0 º º º º 252 05-Nov 0.0 º º º º 253 06-Nov 0.0 The Castle Cape Town º º 33 º 55 18 º 35 254 07-Nov 0.0 º º º º º º º º as at 29th March 421.8 2010
9 Appendix B: Comparative Table 2 Introduction
A three way comparison can be made between the reported daily distance, the direction travelled, the calculation of distance and the course from Beutler’s recorded co-ordinates and calculations from the estimated co-ordinates (Table 2). The latitude readings between the Beutler observations and my estimates are out by a portion of a degree as the Beutler readings are consistently to the north of their true position.
TABLE 2 presents a summary of the observed and estimated co-ordinates together with the mathematical transformations of those data.
The co-ordinates as observed by Beutler of places visited on specific dates are given as section A in Table 2. These can be compared with co-ordinates estimated by me (Vernon, 2009) in section B of Table 2, by tracing Beutler’s route on a map from the text descriptions given by Beutler of those places. In order to compare the Beutler observations with my estimates and to plot them both on maps it is necessary to convert them to GPS (Global Positioning System) format of decimal degrees. Section C of Table 2 gives the Beutler observations, corrected so that they are east of Greenwich, rather than Tenerife, and converted to GPS. Section D of Table 2 converts my estimates to GPS. The two sets of GPS data can now be compared. In Section E of Table 2, ‘difS’ is the difference between the latitude of the two – with the Beutler observations subtracted from my estimates to give portions of a degree. These have a range (when in the Eastern Cape) from 0.49° to 0.71°, with a mean of 0.64°. In Section E of Table 2, difE is the difference between the longitude of the two – with the Beutler observations subtracted from my estimates to give portions of a degree. These have a range (when in the Eastern Cape) from 1.97° to 2.83° with a mean of 2.14°. Note that it is assumed that there is a consistent error in the Beutler observations. Accordingly, the figures for difS mean and difE mean can be applied to all the observations. This assumption can be tested mathematically. If the Beutler errors were incremental then that would invalidate the results presented here. In Section F of Table 2 the co-ordinates observed by Beutler are corrected by applying the means of the records in Section E. The mean latitude of 0.64° is the average of the figures in the left-hand column of Section E for the 49 days between 6 May at Gamtoos River and 8 July when at Butterworth. The mean longitude of 2.14° is the average of the figures in the right hand column of Section E for the 49 days between 6 May and 8 July. An examination of Section F for obvious discrepancies, where adjS = adjusted degrees South was radically divergent, permitting errors in my estimates to be detected. For instance the estimated latitude for Sunday’s River was wrong and so corrected. The adjE = adjusted degrees East had several discrepancies. However these all seemed to be errors in the Beutler observations. The set of Beutler’s data between 2 and 21 August was consistently different to the estimated longitude and this error was also noted by Forbes (1965). In section G of Table 2, after the consistent error has been deducted, the differences are shown between the corrected observations of Beutler and my estimates. There is a remarkable degree of agreement between the two sets of data. The latitude error varies between –0.07° to + 0.13° with a mean of 0.0, which suggests that the difference between the Beutler observations and my own estimates are never separated in latitude by more than 13 km, that is assuming that a degree of latitude is approx 100 km. The longitude error varies between –0.17° to +0.24° with a mean of 0.0, which suggests that the difference between the Beutler observations and my estimates is never separated in longitude by more than 24 km, that is assuming that a degree of longitude is approx 100 km.
10 Table 2 section A A A A B B B B C C D D E E F F G G date km day place BdS BmS BdE BmE dS mS dE mE BsT BeT dSd dEd difS difE corSd corEd adjS ajdE 16 39 16.64 01- Apr 19 32 Hartenbos, Mossel Bay 33 38 40 42 34 6.5 22 4.5 33.63 24.05 34.11 22.08 0.48 1.98 34.27 21.91 0.16 -0.16 04- Apr 8 35 n. of Klein Brak Rivier 33 35 40 43 34 1 22 0 33.58 24.08 34.02 22.00 0.43 2.08 34.23 21.94 0.21 -0.06 05- Apr 9 36 Hegelkraal 33 32 40 41 33 58 21 58 33.53 24.03 33.97 21.97 0.44 2.07 34.17 21.89 0.20 -0.07 07- Apr 15 38 Attaqua's kloof 33 23 40 41 33 52.5 21 54.5 33.38 24.03 33.88 21.91 0.49 2.13 34.03 21.89 0.15 -0.01 08- Apr 13 39 Paardekraal 33 20 40 49 33 49 22 1.5 33.33 24.18 33.82 22.03 0.48 2.15 33.98 22.04 0.16 0.01 10- Apr 15 41 Kandalaarsrivier 33 20 40 59 33 42 22 9 33.33 24.33 33.70 22.15 0.38 2.18 33.97 22.19 0.27 0.04 11- Apr 17 42 Muijsekraal at Zebra siding 33 17 41 9 33 46 22 18.7 33.28 24.51 33.77 22.31 0.49 2.20 33.92 22.37 0.15 0.06 13- Apr 18 44 Rietvalleij, e. Buffelsjagsrivier 33 14 41 20 33 46 22 31 33.23 24.69 33.77 22.52 0.53 2.18 33.88 22.55 0.11 0.04 14- Apr 20 45 Ganzekraal 33 15 41 34 33 47 22 41.5 33.24 24.93 33.78 22.69 0.54 2.23 33.89 22.79 0.10 0.09 15- Apr 7 46 van Rooyensrus, Dieprivier 33 15 41 43 33 46 22 54 33.24 25.07 33.77 22.90 0.52 2.17 33.89 22.93 0.12 0.03 17- Apr 10 48 Keurboomsrivier at Kykoe 33 14 41 50 33 46.5 22 57.8 33.23 25.19 33.78 22.96 0.54 2.23 33.88 23.05 0.10 0.09 18- Apr 16 49 Wolwekraal at Avontuur 33 12 42 3 33 43.6 23 10.2 33.19 25.41 33.73 23.17 0.53 2.24 33.84 23.27 0.11 0.10 19- Apr 15 50 w. of Haarlem 33 10 42 13 33 44 23 20.5 33.17 25.57 33.73 23.34 0.57 2.23 33.81 23.43 0.08 0.09 20- Apr 18 51 Diepgats Rivier 33 10 42 24 33 44.8 23 29 33.17 25.76 33.75 23.48 0.58 2.28 33.81 23.62 0.06 0.14 21- Apr 52 Moerdenaars Rivier 33 10 42 24 33 44.8 23 29 33.17 25.76 33.75 23.48 0.58 2.28 33.81 23.62 0.06 0.14 22- Apr 13 53 Kruitjsrivier 33 10 42 33 33 46.5 23 34 33.17 25.91 33.78 23.57 0.61 2.34 33.81 23.77 0.04 0.20 23- Apr 11 54 Groenrivier near Krakeel 33 12 42 41 33 49 23 43 33.20 26.03 33.82 23.72 0.62 2.32 33.84 23.89 0.03 0.18 24- Apr 13 55 Joubertina 33 14 42 48 33 49 23 50 33.23 26.16 33.82 23.83 0.59 2.33 33.87 24.02 0.05 0.19 25- Apr 18 56 Kamiesbos 33 16 43 0 33 53.5 24 7.5 33.26 26.36 33.89 24.13 0.63 2.23 33.90 24.22 0.01 0.09 26- Apr 8 57 Jagersbos 33 16 43 5.5 33 54.5 24 11.5 33.27 26.45 33.91 24.19 0.64 2.26 33.91 24.31 0.00 0.12 27- Apr 11 58 Melhoutbosch 33 19 43 11 33 56 24 16 33.31 26.54 33.93 24.27 0.63 2.28 33.95 24.40 0.02 0.14 29- Apr 14 60 Essenbosch 33 18 43 20 33 58 24 26 33.30 26.69 33.97 24.43 0.67 2.26 33.94 24.55 -0.02 0.12
11 date km day place BdS BmS BdE BmE dS mS dE mE BsT BeT dSd dEd difS difE corSd corEd adjS ajdE 30- Apr 16 61 Keerbos 33 20 43 32 33 59.5 24 31 33.33 26.89 33.99 24.52 0.66 2.38 33.98 24.75 -0.01 0.24 01- May 17 62 e. of Leewenboschrivier 33 26 43 40 34 2 24 38 33.43 27.03 34.03 24.63 0.61 2.39 34.07 24.89 0.04 0.25 01- May 17 62 e. of Leewenboschrivier 33 26 43 40 34 2 24 38 33.43 27.03 34.03 24.63 0.61 2.39 34.07 24.89 0.04 0.25 03- May 10 64 Zeekoei River 33 26 43 47 34 2 24 42 33.43 27.13 34.03 24.70 0.60 2.43 34.08 24.99 0.04 0.29 04- May 11 65 Cabeljousch Rivier 33 21 43 51 33 59 24 56 33.35 27.21 33.98 24.93 0.63 2.28 33.99 25.07 0.01 0.14 06- May 17 67 Gamtoos River 33 12 43 51 33 54 24 57 33.19 27.21 33.90 24.95 0.71 2.26 33.84 25.07 -0.06 0.12 08- May 13 69 Loerie 33 16 44 3 33 52 25 2 33.26 27.41 33.87 25.03 0.61 2.38 33.90 25.27 0.04 0.24 09- May 12 70 Galgenbosch 33 17 44 6.5 33 54 25 8 33.28 27.47 33.90 25.13 0.62 2.33 33.93 25.33 0.03 0.19 10- May 10 71 Van Staadens River 33 19 44 13 33 55 25 12 33.32 27.57 33.92 25.20 0.60 2.37 33.96 25.43 0.04 0.23 12- May 17 73 Kragga Kamma 33 20 44 24 33 59 25 25 33.33 27.76 33.98 25.42 0.65 2.34 33.98 25.62 -0.01 0.20 13- May 19 74 Zwartkops River 33 11 44 28 33 50 25 34 33.18 27.83 33.83 25.57 0.66 2.26 33.82 25.69 -0.01 0.12 15- May 10 76 Coega 33 4.5 44 31 33 43 25 39.5 33.08 27.88 33.72 25.66 0.64 2.22 33.72 25.74 0.00 0.08 16- May 20 77 Sundays River at Riverdale 32 54 44 34 33 35 25 41 32.90 27.92 33.58 25.68 0.68 2.23 33.54 25.78 -0.04 0.09 17- May 15 78 Coenay 32 50 44 43 33 28 25 47 32.83 28.07 33.47 25.78 0.63 2.28 33.48 25.93 0.01 0.14 19- May 12 80 Paterson 32 50 44 50 33 26 25 56 32.83 28.18 33.43 25.93 0.61 2.25 33.47 26.04 0.04 0.11 20- Bosjemans R. = May 10 81 Rautenbach's 32 50 44 57 33 28.2 26 3.4 32.83 28.30 33.47 26.06 0.64 2.24 33.48 26.16 0.01 0.10 22- May 18 83 upper Komga river 32 49 45 7.5 33 27 26 13.5 32.82 28.48 33.45 26.23 0.63 2.26 33.46 26.34 0.01 0.12 23- May 17 84 Mantjeskraal rivier 32 52 45 18 33 30 26 24.5 32.87 28.65 33.50 26.41 0.63 2.24 33.51 26.51 0.01 0.10 24- salem commonage May 10 85 Homeleigh 32 53 45 24 33 30.5 26 31 32.88 28.75 33.51 26.52 0.63 2.23 33.52 26.61 0.01 0.09 25- May 7 86 The Bend, Kariega river 32 53 45 28 33 31 26 36 32.88 28.83 33.52 26.60 0.63 2.23 33.53 26.69 0.01 0.09 26- Paardekraal, tributary of May 15 87 Kowie 32 45 45 26 33 22.5 26 36 32.74 28.79 33.38 26.60 0.63 2.19 33.39 26.65 0.01 0.05 28- May 10 89 Blaaukrans river 32 47 45 32 33 25 26 41 32.78 28.88 33.42 26.68 0.63 2.20 33.43 26.74 0.01 0.06 29- May 9 90 Beaufort Vale farm 32 48 45 37 33 25.5 26 47 32.79 28.98 33.43 26.78 0.63 2.19 33.44 26.84 0.01 0.05 30- Myrtle Grove, w of Shaw May 12 91 Park 32 49 45 44 33 26.5 26 55 32.81 29.09 33.44 26.92 0.63 2.18 33.45 26.95 0.01 0.04 12 date km day place BdS BmS BdE BmE dS mS dE mE BsT BeT dSd dEd difS difE corSd corEd adjS ajdE 31- May 18 92 Olijvenhoutbosch 32 42 45 37 33 19.5 26 49 32.69 28.98 33.33 26.82 0.63 2.16 33.34 26.84 0.01 0.02 02- Jun 13 94 Trumpeter's Drift 32 36 45 44 33 14.1 26 57.6 32.60 29.08 33.24 26.96 0.63 2.12 33.24 26.94 0.01 -0.02 03- Jun 12 95 Mthonjeni 32 36 45 50 33 13 27 4.3 32.60 29.19 33.22 27.07 0.62 2.12 33.24 27.05 0.03 -0.02 04- Jun 12 96 E. of Mount Somerset 32 30 45 55 33 9 27 9.2 32.50 29.27 33.15 27.15 0.65 2.11 33.14 27.13 -0.01 -0.03 05- Jun 13 97 Line Drift 32 24 45 57 33 3.4 27 12.8 32.39 29.31 33.06 27.21 0.66 2.10 33.04 27.17 -0.02 -0.04 07- Jun 7 99 Quakeni s. of Tamara 32 21 46 1 33 1.2 27 16.9 32.35 29.38 33.02 27.28 0.67 2.09 32.99 27.24 -0.03 -0.05 08- Jun 9 100 n of Sittingbourne 32 22 46 6.5 33 2.1 27 22.5 32.37 29.47 33.04 27.38 0.67 2.09 33.01 27.33 -0.02 -0.05 09- Jun 8 101 s. of Punzana 32 26 46 9.5 33 5.1 27 26.4 32.43 29.52 33.09 27.44 0.66 2.08 33.07 27.38 -0.02 -0.06 11- Jun 6 103 se of Twecu 32 29 46 9 33 7.6 27 25.9 32.48 29.51 33.13 27.43 0.65 2.08 33.12 27.37 -0.01 -0.06 12- Jun 7 104 n. of Jojweni 32 32 46 11 33 10.6 27 27.5 32.53 29.53 33.18 27.46 0.64 2.08 33.18 27.39 0.00 -0.06 14- Jun 11 106 e. of Xomeni on Tyolomnqa 32 32 46 16 33 10.1 27 33.6 32.53 29.63 33.17 27.56 0.64 2.07 33.17 27.49 0.00 -0.07 15- Jun 10 107 farm 1030 on Quru R. 32 27 46 14 33 2 27 31 32.44 29.58 33.03 27.52 0.59 2.07 33.09 27.44 0.05 -0.07 16- s.of Bekruipkop, n.Mimosa Jun 12 108 Park 32 30 46 12 33 0.5 27 29.1 32.50 29.56 33.01 27.49 0.51 2.07 33.14 27.42 0.14 -0.07 17- kwaMakalaka, James Jun 10 109 McIntyre 32 16 46 10 32 56.4 27 26.9 32.26 29.53 32.94 27.45 0.68 2.08 32.90 27.39 -0.04 -0.06 19- Jun 11 111 Rock Hill farm s.of Berlin 32 14 46 17 32 54.5 27 34.7 32.23 29.64 32.91 27.58 0.67 2.06 32.88 27.50 -0.03 -0.08 20- Jun 13 112 s.Red Hill,se.Fort Jackson 32 16 46 26 32 56 27 44.2 32.26 29.78 32.93 27.74 0.67 2.05 32.90 27.64 -0.03 -0.09 21- Jun 8 113 Wilsonia, w.of Dawn 32 17 46 30 32 57.5 27 49.1 32.28 29.86 32.96 27.82 0.68 2.04 32.93 27.72 -0.03 -0.10 22- Abbottsford, Nahoon Jun 7 114 ebb+flow 32 17 46 34 32 57.3 27 54.3 32.28 29.93 32.96 27.91 0.67 2.02 32.93 27.79 -0.03 -0.12 24- Jun 7 116 Goenoebe 32 15 46 38 32 55 27 58 32.25 29.99 32.92 27.97 0.67 2.03 32.89 27.85 -0.02 -0.11 25- Jun 7 117 Kwelera 32 12 46 41 32 48 28 4 32.20 30.03 32.80 28.07 0.60 1.97 32.84 27.89 0.04 -0.17 26- Jun 9 118 Cintsa 32 8.5 46 45 32 46 28 3 32.14 30.11 32.77 28.05 0.63 2.06 32.79 27.97 0.02 -0.08 27- Jun 4 119 Kwenxura 32 7 46 47 32 46 28 7 32.12 30.14 32.77 28.12 0.65 2.03 32.76 28.00 -0.01 -0.11 28- Jun 5 120 Holme Park 32 3 46 44 32 39.5 27 59.2 32.05 30.09 32.66 27.99 0.61 2.11 32.69 27.95 0.04 -0.03 29- Jun 11 121 Thornpark 31 58 46 40 32 34.6 27 57.5 31.96 30.02 32.58 27.96 0.62 2.06 32.60 27.88 0.03 -0.08 13 date km day place BdS BmS BdE BmE dS mS dE mE BsT BeT dSd dEd difS difE corSd corEd adjS ajdE 01- Jul 7 123 Kei Bridge 31 54 46 40 32 30.6 27 58.7 31.89 30.02 32.51 27.98 0.62 2.04 32.54 27.88 0.03 -0.10 03- Jul 7 125 Ngqutu at KwaJabavu 31 50 46 39 32 27.4 27 58.2 31.83 30.01 32.46 27.97 0.62 2.04 32.48 27.87 0.02 -0.10 04- Jul 6 126 ne.Toleni Store 31 48 46 41 32 23.3 27 59.2 31.80 30.04 32.39 27.99 0.59 2.06 32.44 27.90 0.06 -0.08 05- Jul 10 127 Gcuwana n.of Ndabakazi 31 44 46 46 32 20 28 3.7 31.73 30.12 32.33 28.06 0.60 2.06 32.38 27.98 0.04 -0.08 07- Jul 7 129 Gcuwa River 31 40 46 46 32 18 28 8.5 31.67 30.13 32.30 28.14 0.63 1.98 32.31 27.99 0.01 -0.16 08- Jul 7 130 Ibeka 31 39 46 56 32 16.3 28 12 31.65 30.29 32.27 28.20 0.62 2.09 32.29 28.15 0.02 -0.05 06- Sep 176 Kragga Kamma 33 16 44 20 33 53 25 25 33.26 27.68 33.88 25.42 0.63 2.27 33.90 25.54 0.02 0.13 15- Jul 138 Mooiplaas 32 3 46 44 32 43 28 1 32.05 30.09 32.72 28.02 0.67 2.08 32.69 27.95 -0.02 -0.06 17- Jul 6 139 Kwelera at Bluewaters 32 5 46 40 32 43.5 27 58.3 32.08 30.02 32.73 27.97 0.64 2.05 32.73 27.88 0.00 -0.09 18- Jul 12 140 Qolora on Killarney farm 32 5 46 29 32 43.4 27 53.5 32.08 29.84 32.72 27.89 0.64 1.95 32.73 27.70 0.00 -0.19 19- Jul 5 141 Tangla n. of Sugar Loaf 32 5.5 46 27 32 42.6 27 48.4 32.09 29.81 32.71 27.81 0.62 2.00 32.74 27.67 0.03 -0.14 21- Jul 4 143 Gqunube at Kenrick farm 32 5.5 46 27 32 42.8 27 45.3 32.09 29.80 32.71 27.76 0.62 2.05 32.74 27.66 0.02 -0.09 22- Jul 11 144 Lynhurst farm Kobongo drift 32 5.5 46 20 32 47.2 27 37.3 32.09 29.69 32.79 27.62 0.70 2.07 32.74 27.55 -0.05 -0.07 24- Jul 11 146 Yellow-woods at Lonsdale 32 8 46 14 32 48 27 29 32.13 29.58 32.80 27.48 0.67 2.10 32.78 27.44 -0.02 -0.04 25- Jul 10 147 camp Dormouse at Izeli 32 4 46 9.5 32 46 27 23.9 32.07 29.52 32.77 27.40 0.70 2.12 32.71 27.38 -0.06 -0.02 27- Jul 9 149 Kokwe River Ngqankwebe 32 8 46 8 32 49.4 27 20.6 32.13 29.49 32.82 27.34 0.69 2.15 32.78 27.35 -0.05 0.01 28- Jul 8 150 Navani near Pirie Halt 32 8.5 46 3 32 49.9 27 13.7 32.14 29.41 32.83 27.23 0.69 2.18 32.79 27.27 -0.05 0.04 29- Jul 10 151 Tewe of Brack River = Debe 32 8.5 45 56 32 52.6 27 3.6 32.14 29.29 32.88 27.06 0.73 2.23 32.79 27.15 -0.09 0.09 30- Jul 7 152 Knapps Hope on Keiskamma 32 9.5 45 52 32 53 26 58 32.16 29.22 32.88 26.97 0.73 2.25 32.80 27.08 -0.08 0.11 01- Aug 9 153 Allandale farm 32 9 45 45 32 50.5 26 47.5 32.15 29.11 32.84 26.79 0.69 2.32 32.79 26.97 -0.05 0.18 02- Aug 7 154 Howse Post, Kat River 32 8.5 45 41 32 53.5 26 41.2 32.14 29.03 32.89 26.69 0.75 2.35 32.79 26.89 -0.11 0.21 03- Aug 10 155 Rietfontein farm 32 7 45 35 32 51.3 26 30.7 32.12 28.93 32.86 26.51 0.74 2.42 32.76 26.79 -0.09 0.28 04- Aug 9 156 Burghersdrif on Koonap 32 8 45 29 32 54.3 26 25 32.13 28.84 32.91 26.42 0.77 2.43 32.78 26.70 -0.13 0.29 06- Aug 9 158 Wadrif on Koonap 32 5 45 25 32 48.7 26 16.2 32.08 28.78 32.81 26.27 0.73 2.51 32.73 26.64 -0.08 0.37 14 date km day place BdS BmS BdE BmE dS mS dE mE BsT BeT dSd dEd difS difE corSd corEd adjS ajdE 07- Aug 10 159 Agarivier = Kingsdale 32 4 45 19 32 44 26 7 32.07 28.67 32.73 26.12 0.67 2.55 32.71 26.53 -0.02 0.41 08- Aug 14 160 Baviaansdrif 31 60 45 11 32 36 25 54 31.99 28.54 32.60 25.90 0.61 2.64 32.64 26.40 0.04 0.50 09- Aug 12 161 n.of Daggaboersnek 31 54 45 8.5 32 30 25 49 31.89 28.50 32.50 25.82 0.61 2.68 32.54 26.36 0.04 0.54 11- Aug 12 163 Cloverfield 31 48 45 5.5 32 26 25 46 31.80 28.45 32.43 25.77 0.63 2.68 32.44 26.31 0.01 0.54 12- Aug 7 164 Tarka Bridge 31 45 45 5.5 32 18 25 44 31.74 28.45 32.30 25.73 0.56 2.72 32.39 26.31 0.09 0.58 13- Aug 11 166 Halsowen 31 40 45 1.5 32 13 25 41 31.67 28.38 32.22 25.68 0.55 2.70 32.31 26.24 0.09 0.56 15- Aug 8 168 Cradock 31 36 44 59 32 10 25 37 31.60 28.34 32.17 25.62 0.57 2.73 32.24 26.20 0.08 0.59
1072 Western Cape 3 to 27 min 13.85 55.80 min -0.02 -0.16 96 n 25 25 max 0.27 0.29 mean 0.55 2.23 mean 0.09 0.09 11.2 Gamtoos to Alice 28 to 91 min 41.22 136.93 min -0.09 -0.19 n 64 64 max 0.14 0.29 mean 0.64 2.14 mean 0.00 0.00
Fort Beaufort to Cradock 92 to 102 total 7.18 28.40 min -0.13 0.21 n 11 11 max 0.09 0.59 mean 0.65 2.58 mean -0.01 0.44
all data - 3 to 102 total 62.25 221.12 min -0.13 -0.19 n 100 100 max 0.27 0.59 mean 0.62 2.21 mean 0.02 0.07
15 Appendix C: Daily Calendar
A daily calendar is presented which gives the facts recorded by Beutler, together with the notes of Forbes (1965) and our estimates and comments. The fauna and flora encountered by Beutler are listed by their scientific names as given in the apposite reference works.
16 date day Beutler's place name dS mS dE mE Forbes (1965) Vernon fauna and flora OUTWARD 06-Mar 6 Steenbras River 34 9 18 56 10-Mar 10 Ziekenhuis - company's post 34 8 19 42 Nethercourt 11-Mar 11 12-Mar 12 13-Mar 13 Tygerhoek - company's post 14-Mar 14 rest day 15-Mar 15 16-Mar 16 17-Mar 17 Poepas Valley 18-Mar 18 rest day 19-Mar 19 rest day 20-Mar 20 Rietvalleij - company's post 34 1 20 35 Oupos 21-Mar 21 rest day 22-Mar 22 Melkhoutbos 34 1 20 45 Glen Etive, Grootvadersbos 23-Mar 23 34 6 20 58 Heidelburg 24-Mar 24 Caffer Kuils Rivier 34 8 21 5 Melkhoutkraal 25-Mar 25 Jan Loots Plaas 34 6 21 14.5 Sunrise, w.of Riversdale 26-Mar 26 34 6 21 20 De Draai, e.of Riversdale 27-Mar 27 34 7.5 21 27.5 n. of Swartwater 28-Mar 28 34 4.5 21 32.5 Midelplaasdrif 29-Mar 29 Gouritz 34 5 21 46 Outeniqua's drift, Gouritz River 30-Mar 30 rest day 31-Mar 31 rest day French sailor 01-Apr 32 farmer Meijer at Mossel Bay 34 6.5 22 4.5 Hartenbos 02-Apr 33 rest day 03-Apr 34 rest day 04-Apr 35 crossed the Klein Brak Rivier 34 1 22 0 n. of Klein Brak Rivier 05-Apr 36 passed Hegelkraal 33 58 21 58 Molen River, Kleinpaardekraal Hegelkraal 06-Apr 37 rest day 07-Apr 38 Attaqua's kloof 33 53 21 54.5 08-Apr 39 Paardekraal 33 49 22 1.5 Grootpaardekraal Paardekop 09-Apr 40 rest day 10-Apr 41 Saffraankraal and river 33 42 22 9 Kandalaarsrivier 11-Apr 42 Muijsekraal 33 46 22 18.7 Klip Rivier Muijsekraal at Zebra siding 12-Apr 43 rest day 13-Apr 44 Rietvalleij, e. Buffelsjagsrivier 33 46 22 31 Brakke Rivier 14-Apr 45 Matjies Rivier 33 47 22 41.5 Ganzekraal 15-Apr 46 van Rooyensrus, Dieprivier 33 46 22 54 17-Apr 48 Ceurboomsrivier 33 47 22 57.8 Keurboomsrivier at Kykoe 18-Apr 49 Wolwe Craals Rivier 33 44 23 10.2 Potjies Rivier Avontuur hyaena + lion 19-Apr 50 Langrietvalleij 33 44 23 20.5 Welgelegen, 3m.of Haarlem w. of Haarlem 17 date day place dS mS dE mE Forbes (1965) Vernon fauna and flora 20-Apr 51 rest day 21-Apr 52 Moerdenaars Rivier 33 45 23 29 Misgund 22-Apr 53 Kruitjsrivier 33 47 23 34 Grootplaats, Loutenwater 23-Apr 54 Groenrivier near Krakeel 33 49 23 43 Krakeel near Krakeel 24-Apr 55 33 49 23 50 Twee Rivieren Joubertina 25-Apr 56 33 54 24 7.5 Kamiesbos 26-Apr 57 33 55 24 11.5 Jagersbos 27-Apr 58 Melhoutbosch 33 56 24 16 28-Apr 59 rest day 29-Apr 60 Essenbosch 33 58 24 26 Diep Rivier 30-Apr 61 Keerbos 33 60 24 31 01-May 62 e. of Leewenboschrivier 34 2 24 38 02-May 63 rest day 03-May 64 Zeekoei River 34 2 24 42 04-May 65 Cabeljousch Rivier 33 59 24 56 Cabeljous River hartebeest + lion 05-May 66 rest day 06-May 67 Gamtousch Rivier 33 54 24 57 Gamtoos River 07-May 68 crossed the Gamtoos 08-May 69 Loeri Rivier 33 52 25 2 Loerie 09-May 70 Galgenbosch 33 54 25 8 10-May 71 Van Staadens River 33 55 25 12 11-May 72 rest day 12-May 73 Cracha Camma 33 59 25 25 Kragga Kamma 13-May 74 Zwartkops Rivier 33 50 25 34 15-May 76 33 43 25 39.5 Coega 16-May 77 Zondags Rivier 33 35 25 41 Sundays River at Riverdale lion 17-May 78 Koenoe 33 28 25 47 Coernay 18-May 79 rest day 19-May 80 Springbokkenfontijn 33 26 25 56 Sandflats Paterson 20-May 81 Bosjemans Rivier 33 28 26 3.4 Rautenbach's Drift 21-May 82 rest day 22-May 83 33 27 26 13.5 upper Komga river 23-May 84 33 30 26 24.5 Mantjeskraal rivier 24-May 85 Gonaqua Kloof 33 31 26 31 salem commonage Homeleigh 25-May 86 33 31 26 36 The Bend, Kariega river 26-May 87 Buffelsbosch 33 23 26 36 Kowie River Paardekraal, tributary of Kowie 28-May 89 33 25 26 41 Blaaukrans river 29-May 90 Klipkransrivier 33 26 26 47 Blaaukrans Beaufort Vale farm 30-May 91 33 27 26 55 Myrtle Grove, w of Shaw Park 31-May 92 Olijvenhoutbosch 33 20 26 49 Clay Pits at Coombs isiVivane 01-Jun 93 rest day lion
18 date day place dS mS dE mE Forbes (1965) Vernon fauna and flora 02-Jun 94 Visch Rivier 33 14 26 57.6 Trumpeter's Drift Cihoshe's Pool 33 24 27 1.5 Double Drift 33 5 26 46 Committee's Drift 33 9 26 50 Hunt's Drift 33 14 26 59.2 Trumpeter's Drift 33 14 26 57.6 03-Jun 95 33 13 27 4 Blue River Mthonjeni 04-Jun 96 33 8.5 27 8.5 near Peddie Mount Somerset 05-Jun 97 Chijs Chamma 33 4 27 13 Line Drift 06-Jun 98 rest day 07-Jun 99 32 59 27 16.5 Suchar River s. of Tamara 08-Jun 100 Kromanka Rivier 33 1 27 23 Chalumna = Tyolomnqa n of Sittingbourne 09-Jun 101 33 4.5 27 25 ePhole 10-Jun 102 rest day 11-Jun 103 a small stream 33 7.5 27 25.5 Wesleyville 12-Jun 104 a small stream 33 12 27 27 Immozani River Jojweni 13-Jun 105 rest day 14-Jun 106 Gromanka Rivier 33 11 27 33.5 Chalumna Xomeni on Tyolomnqa estuary 15-Jun 107 a valley by the Gromanka 33 2 27 31 Welcome Wood 16-Jun 108 a little river 32 60 27 28.3 Umkangiso R.near Mt.Coke Mount Coke 17-Jun 109 Kauka or Buffalo Rivier 32 56 27 28.3 1-2 miles downstream KWT Buffalo River s. of Breidbach 18-Jun 110 rest day 19-Jun Meechouw or Matjies Rivier Yellow-woods Yellow-woods 19-Jun Dewana Rivier Umgwevaan Ndevana 19-Jun 111 Korouw or Klaauwen Rivier 32 55 27 35 Nkolo, trib.of Nahoon Tshabo s.w. of Berlin 20-Jun 112 Goesa Rivier 32 55 27 45 1 mile se.Mdantsane Msibeni near Mount Ruth 21-Jun 113 Guasa Rivier 32 58 27 50.5 Dawn near Sumer Pride 22-Jun 114 Nagoerij Rivier 32 57 27 54.3 Nahoon Nahoon estuary at Abbottsford 23-Jun 115 rest day 24-Jun Caninga or Elands Quinira Qinira 24-Jun 116 Goenoebe Rivier 32 55 27 58 Gonubie Gqunube 25-Jun Goadar or Marsh Rivier Dwaba 25-Jun 117 Goerecha or Aloes Rivier 32 48 28 4 Kwelera Kwelera 26-Jun Boerrechaaij Rivier Bulura 26-Jun Tinsa Rivier Cintza 26-Jun 118 little river in a valley 32 46 28 3 upper reaches of Cefane 27-Jun 119 Quenoncha or People'sEars R. 32 46 28 7 Kwenurha Kwenxura 28-Jun 120 a little stream 32 40 27 59.2 Holme Park farm Loranthus 29-Jun overlooking the Kei Valley Glen Roy farm + turn back to 29-Jun 121 a stream 32 35 27 57.5 Thornpark farm reedbuck 30-Jun 122 rest day 19 date day place dS mS dE mE Forbes (1965) Vernon fauna and flora 01-Jul 123 Y or Sand Rivier 32 31 27 58.7 Kei River Kei Bridge 02-Jul 124 rest day 03-Jul 125 a small spring 32 27 27 58.2 Ngqutu at KwaJabavu 04-Jul 126 east of Toleni River 32 23 27 59.2 ne.Toleni Store 05-Jul 127 a small river 32 20 28 3.7 Gcuwana n.of Ndabakazi 06-Jul 128 rest day 07-Jul 129 Goea Rivier 32 18 28 8.5 Gcuwa River 08-Jul 130 Sakolka Rivier 32 16 28 12 Qora Tshaqora stream at Ibeka 09-Jul 131 rest day IBEKA to CRADOCK 10-Jul 132 Goea Rivier as 7th July 32 20 28 3.5 Gcuwana n.of Ndabakazi 11-Jul 134 as 3rd July 32 26 27 57.5 Ngqutu 12-Jul 135 River Y as 1st +2nd July 32 31 27 58.7 Kei Bridge 13-Jul 136 rest day 14-Jul 137 as 29th June 32 35 27 57.5 Thornpark farm 15-Jul 138 big kraal passed on 28th June 32 43 28 1 Mooiplaas 16-Jul 139 rest day 17-Jul Messina Rivier east bank tributary of Kwelera 17-Jul dry Donquanie River east bank tributary of Kwelera 17-Jul 140 Goerescha 32 44 27 58.3 Kwelera at Bluewaters 18-Jul 141 Anamo stream 32 43 27 53.5 Kologha at Mossgrove farm Qolora on Killarney farm 19-Jul Danka = Angry Rivier Tangla Qolora at Rosedale farm 19-Jul 142 Pabegas Rivier 32 43 27 48.4 Zabaka Tangla n. of Sugar Loaf 20-Jul 143 rest day 21-Jul 144 Goenoebe Rivier 32 43 27 45.3 Gonubie Gqunube at Kenrick farm 22-Jul Inconnimbo Cobongo 22-Jul 145 kraals of Chief Macholla 32 47 27 37.3 Lynhurst farm Kobongo drift 23-Jul 146 rest day 24-Jul Gonacha Orange Grove farm at 24-Jul Nagoerij Nahoon headwaters of Nahoon Yellow-woods at Lonsdale 24-Jul 147 Cammacha Rivier 32 48 27 29 Bridge 25-Jul 148 32 46 27 23.9 camp Dormouse at Izeli 26-Jul 149 rest day 27-Jul 150 32 49 27 20.6 Kokwe River Ngqankwebe 28-Jul 151 32 50 27 13.7 Navani near Pirie Halt 29-Jul 152 32 53 27 3.6 Tewe of Brack River = Debe 30-Jul 153 32 53 26 58 Knapps Hope on Keiskamma 31-Jul 154 rest day 01-Aug 155 32 51 26 47.5 Allandale farm 02-Aug 156 32 54 26 41.2 Howse Post, Kat River 03-Aug 157 32 51 26 30.7 Rietfontein farm 20 date day place dS mS dE mE Forbes (1965) Vernon fauna and flora 04-Aug 158 32 54 26 25 Burghersdrif on Koonap 05-Aug 159 rest day 06-Aug 160 32 49 26 16.2 Wadrif on Koonap 07-Aug 161 Agarivier = Kingsdale 32 44 26 7 08-Aug 162 Baviaansdrif 32 36 25 54 09-Aug 163 n.of Daggaboersnek 32 30 25 49 10-Aug 164 rest day 11-Aug 165 Cloverfield 32 26 25 46 12-Aug 166 Tarka Bridge 32 18 25 44 13-Aug 167 Halsowen 32 13 25 41 14-Aug 168 rest day date day place dS mS dE mE Forbes (1965) Vernon fauna and flora 15-Aug 169 Cradock 32 10 25 37 between Marlow + Kaptein Cradock 16-Aug 170 rest day RETURN JOURNEY 17-Aug 171 rest day 32 10 25 37 Cradock 18-Aug 172 32 18 25 44 Tarka Bridge 19-Aug 173 32 26 25 46 Cloverfield 20-Aug 174 32 30 25 49 n.of Daggaboersnek 21-Aug 175 Gornts Rivier 32 36 25 54 Baviaans River Baviaansdrif 22-Aug 176 rest day 23-Aug 177 Cava Rivier 32 44 25 56 Koba River upper Goba at Vanwykskraal 24-Aug 178 32 51 25 59 Varkenskuil 25-Aug 179 32 58 25 56.5 Kriegerskraal Krantz Drift, downstream Piggotts 26-Aug 180 Visch Rivier 33 1.5 25 53.5 B. Sheldon Bridge over Fish 27-Aug 181 rest day 28-Aug 182 Bushmans Rivier 33 7.5 25 52.5 New Years River Komma Dagga 29-Aug 183 33 14 25 54 upper Bushmans River 30-Aug 184 crossed Bushmans Rivier 31-Aug 185 rest day 01-Sep 186 33 19 25 57.5 Tootabi 02-Sep 187 Springbokkenfontijn 33 26 25 56 Paterson 03-Sep 188 33 28 25 47 Coernay 04-Sep 189 Zondags Rivier 33 35 25 41 Sundays River at Riverdale 05-Sep 190 Swartekops Rivier 33 50 25 34 Zwartkops River 06-Sep 191 33 53 25 25 Kragga Kamma 07-Sep 192 Van Staadens Rivier 33 55 25 12 Van Staadens River 08-Sep 193 rest day 09-Sep 194 33 54 25 8 Galgenbosch 10-Sep 195 33 52 25 2 Loerie 11-Sep 196 Gamtousch Rivier 33 54 24 57 Gamtoos River 21 date day place dS mS dE mE Forbes (1965) Vernon fauna and flora 12-Sep 197 rest day 13-Sep 198 Keij 14-Sep 199 Leeuw Rivier 34 2 24 38 Leewenboschrivier 15-Sep 200 Cromme Rivier 33 58 24 26 Kromme Rivier 16-Sep 201 17-Sep 202 20-Sep 205 as 20 April 33 45 23 29 Diep Rivier at Misgund Misgund 21-Sep 206 22-Sep 207 rest day 24-Sep 209 25-Sep 210 Matjies Rivier 33 47 22 41.5 26-Sep 211 Rietvalleij 33 46 22 31 Brakke Rivier 27-Sep 212 Klipbanks Rivier 28-Sep 213 Saffraan Kraal 29-Sep 214 Attequas Kloof 30-Sep 215 Hagel kraal 33 58 21 58 01-Oct 216 rest day 02-Oct 217 03-Oct 218 04-Oct 219 05-Oct 220 Soetmelks Rivier 06-Oct 221 07-Oct 222 08-Oct 223 09-Oct 224 Hartenbos 10-Oct 225 Reebokkenfontijn 11-Oct 226 12-Oct 227
22 Appendix D: Daily Diary
A daily calendar is presented which gives the facts recorded in the Beutler journal in italics, together with Forbes’s notes and our own estimates and comments. The fauna and flora encountered by the Beutler expedition are listed by their scientific names as given in the apposite reference works. By 1752 there was an established road between Cape Town and Swellendam which is now the N2 highway. Forbes assumed that Beutler travelled along that road, and the estimates presented below accord with that assumption. 1
28 February 1752 : Beutler was at the Castle in Cape Town. 29 February : Beutler left the Castle and travelled 8.9 km on a course of 43º . As calculated from Beutler’s recorded co-ordinates of his camp, the distance travelled was 12.3 km and course taken was 99º. Beutler does not name the locality, and is estimated to have been about Bonteheuwel station which in reality is 11.9 km from the Castle in a direction of 107º. The discrepancy between the course reported by Beutler and that calculated from his co-ordinates and that estimated suggests that the 43º is a transcription error. 1 March : Beutler travelled 8.9 km on a course of 95º . Again Beutler reports the co-ordinates of his camp but does not name the locality, which is estimated to have been about Khayelitsha . This is 11.6 km in a direction of 120º from Bonteheuwel. The distance is 10.3 km and the course 96º calculated from Beutler’s co-ordinates. Thus there is a reasonable accord between the three different estimates of distance and course, with a tendency for the estimated distance to be greater than Beutler’s data. 2 March : Beutler travelled 8.4 km on a course of 131º . The distance is 8.1 km and the course 143º calculated from Beutler’s co-ordinates. Beutler reports the co-ordinates of his camp but again does not name the locality, which is estimated to be about Zeekoevlei . This is 12.7 km in a direction of 111º from Khayelitsha. 3 March : Beutler travelled 9.8 km on a course of 137º . For the fourth successive day Beutler reports the co-ordinates of his camp but does not name the locality, which is estimated to have been about Waterkloof , east of Strand. This is 17.5 km in a direction of 158º from Zeekoevlei. 4 March : Beutler travelled 6.3 km on a course of 85º and ascended the Hottentots-Holland mountains over Sir Lowry’s Pass . Beutler did not give the locality or the co-ordinates of that camp. It is estimated to be at Steenbrasrivier as Forbes’s assumption is taken as correct that Beutler travelled along an established route from Cape Town to Swellendam. The actual distance and direction between Waterkloof and the Steenbrasrivier is 4.8 km at 39º . 5 March : Beutler travelled 2.6 km on a course of 157º and reached the Palmiet River . This is the first camp along the route where Beutler names the locality but does not give the co-ordinates. The actual distance and direction between Steenbrasrivier and Palmietrivier is 6.8 km at 68º . The Palmiet takes its name from a plant Prionium serratum. 2 6 March : Beutler travelled 6.7 km on a course of 125º. It is estimated that they camped at Groenrug . This is 9.6 km in a direction of 81º from Palmietrivier. 7 March : Beutler travelled 7.2 km on a course of 137º. It is estimated that they camped at Houhoek station . This is 4.5 km in a direction of 63º from Groenrug. There is a Poespas Valley near Houhoek station. 8 March : Beutler travelled 9.7 km on a course of 113º. It is estimated that they camped at Langhoogte . This is 11.8 km in a direction of 78º from Groenrug. 9 March : was a rest day 10 March : Beutler travelled 15.2 km on a course of 141º. It is estimated that they camped at Middleton . This is 17.9 km in a direction of 89º from Langhoogte. 11 March : Beutler travelled 12.5 km on a course of 36º.
1 All references to Forbes from V S Forbes, Pioneer Travellers in South Africa (Cape Town: Balkema, 1965), 7–24 and maps 1–7, unless otherwise indicated. 2 G Germishuizen and N J Meyer, ‘Plants of southern Africa’, Strelizia, 14, (Pretoria: National Botanical Institute, 2003), 1195 . 23 It is estimated that they camped at Driefonteinboven . This is 16.1 km in a direction of 76º from Middleton. 12 March : Beutler travelled 8.4 km on a course of 63º, passed the Swartte, Steenbokke and Speelmans riviere and arrived at Ziekenhuis . Het Ziekenhuis , 10.4 km in a direction of 47º from Driefonteinboven, was first reported on in the 1680s by Olaf Bergh and is now a national monument. Both Ziekenhuis and Nethercourt appear on modern maps so that this is the first locality since Cape Town where a precise comparison can be made between Beutler’s reported co-ordinates and reality. Beutler’s S GPS is –34.13333 which compares with the actual S GPS of -34.12667. 13 March : it rained so they did not journey on. 14 March : Beutler travelled 13.7 km on a course of 41º having passed the Hon. Company’s post at Tygerhoek, and camped near Verdwaalskloofrivier . Tygerhoek is the farm where the town of Riviersonderend is now established. Beutler had travelled 23.2 km in a direction of 98º from Ziekenhuis, the greatest distance that he travelled in a day during the month of March. 15 March : Beutler travelled 13.1 km on a course of 67º, and arrived at Bromberg which is 19.9 km in a direction of 70º from Verdwaalskloofrivier. 16 March : Beutler travelled 12.0 km on a course of 42º, and stayed near Kluitjieskraal which is 20.2 km in a direction of 94º from Bromberg. 17 March : Beutler travelled 10.3 km on a course of 48º, we arrived at an arm of the River Zonder Eijnd called Poespas Valley and were guests of the Landdrost of Swellendam . There is a transcription error in the latitude co-ordinate given by Beutler for Swellendam as 34ºS was recorded when it is actually 33º S. 18 & 19 March : rest days. 20 March : Beutler travelled 9.8 km on a course of 65º… We marched over the Buffeljagtsrivier to the company’s post at Rietvalleij . Rietvallei , now Oupos, is 13.5 km in a direction of 84º from Swellendam. 21 March : rest day. 22 March : Beutler travelled 11.6 km on a course of 159º and stayed east of Niekerksnek which is 16.7 km in a direction of 121º from Rietvallei. 23 March : Beutler travelled 16.1 km on a course of 81º, and arrived at Hooikraal which is 14.6 km in a direction of 98º from Niekerksnek. 24 March : Beutler travelled over the Melkhoutebosch going 12.5 km on a course of 67º. On this day Beutler would have crossed the Duivenhoks River (which would be in flood on his return journey on 22 September). It is estimated that he camped at Melkhoutekraal which is 19.3 km in a direction of 98º from Hooikraal. 25 March : Beutler travelled 8.9 km on a course of 70º, and arrived at Kweekkraal which is 6.3 km in a direction of 88º from Melkhoutekraal. 26 March : We travelled 6.8 km on a course of 36º over the Caffer Cuijls River .. . We arrived at the place of the farm of Jan Loos, situated on the other side of said river. Kafferskuil is said to mean ‘natives hide there where the leaves are black’ ,3and probably refers to the palmiet Prionium serratum . It is estimated that they journeyed 13.6 km from Kweekkraal in a direction of 82º and stayed at the farm Palmietrivier , east of Riversdale. Beutler presumably was following the ‘Groote Wagen Weg’ , the main wagon road from Swellendam to the east, which crossed the Buffelsjagt, Duivenhoks, Kafferkuils and the Gouritz Rivers: ‘Even as early as 1750 there were several farmers living on farms along this road; one of them was Michael Muller of Zeekoegat about 4 kilometres north of Riversdale’. Zeekoegat is marked prominently in red on Wentzel’s map of his route,4 and although Beutler’s report gives no indication that he actually stayed at Zeekoegat on his outward journey, he may have done so on his way back to Cape Town about 20 September.
3 C.A. Smith, Common names of South African Plants (1948; Eds E P Phillips and E Van Hoepen. Botanical Survey No 35. (Pretoria: National Botanical Institute, 1966), 266. 4 J J Oberholster, The Historical Monuments of South Africa (Cape Town: Rembrandt Foundation, 1972) 121. 24 27 March : Beutler travelled 7.2 km on a course of 42º. It is estimated they arrived at Groothoogtekop which is 6.0 km in a direction of 92º from Palmietrivier at Riversdale. 28 March : Beutler travelled 8.9 km on a course of 70º, and arrived at Weltevreden which is 15.9 km on a course of 97º from Groothoogtekop. 29 March : Beutler travelled 17.9 km on a course of 47ºand came to the Gourits River, which we could not cross without difficulty, camping overnight on the bank. It is estimated that they travelled 22.6 km on a course of 81º from Weltevreden and reached Outeniqua’s Drift , which today is on a minor road. The Gouritz River is named after the Gouriqua people: ‘The kraals of these people were on the banks of the river which since that time has been called from them the Gauritz’.5 In the month of March there is good match between Beutler’s co-ordinates and those estimated (Appendix A, Table 1). The daily error in the comparative latitudes is between –0.0067 and +0.355 of a degree with a tendency for the difference to increase in time. These errors are probably due to two factors: the differences in the survey technique of 1752 compared with modern day, and to the imprecision in the estimates of Beutler’s daily position. The daily error in the comparative longitudes is between –2.915 and –2.1050 degrees with a distinct tendency for the difference to consistently decrease in time. Thus there was a consistent 2 degree difference between the 1752 survey technique and modern GPS measures, as well as a minor error that decreased as Beutler travelled eastwards such as a clock consistently gaining or losing time. 30 March : was a rest day. 31 March : meeting with the French sailor. 1 April : we got under way and travelling 18.5 km in a NE to E course came to Little B rak Rive r. This is an error as the Little Brak River is further east (see Journal entry for 4 April 1752). It is estimated that they went 22 km in the direction of 96º and camped west of Welbedagt . 2 April : Beutler travelled 7.7 km on a course of 92º and camped at the place of farmer Esiaas Meijer at Mossel Bay . They travelled 8.8 km from Welbedagt in the direction of 99º and camped at Hartenbos , where Beutler wrote to the Governor. 3 April : raining the whole day and so we could not continue our journey. 4 April : Beutler crossed the Little Brak River, travelled 7.7 km on a course of 41º . Beutler went 9.3 km on a course 7º north from Hartenbos, crossed the Little Brak River upstream of the ebb and flow, and reached Hartebeestkuil . 5 April : we came to Hagelkraal, being the last of the places on this eastern side of Africa inhabited by Christians, from there we went to camp at the foot of Attaquaskloof and travelled 7.7 km on a course of 320º. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 5 April they went 7.6 km on a course of 329º from Hartebeeskuil to Hagelkraal. The farm Hagelkraal is still extant. It was granted in 1729 and first known as Voor Attaquaskloof . The Beutler Journal’s subsequently recorded farm names to the east of Hagelkraal, such as Paardekraal (7 April), Saffraankraal (10 April), Muijsekraal (11 April), Ganzekraal (15 April), and Wolvekraal (18 April), suggest that there were Dutch farmers well to the east of Hagelkraal. This is supported by his guide, Arendsdorp’s knowledge about Jonkersbosch (see 29 April), and Dutch place names such as Eschenbosch, Langekloof, Melkhoutbosch, Moordenaarsrivier, Vanstaadensrivier and Zondagsrivier. By contrast, east of the Fish River only two Dutch place names appear in the journal: Buffelsrivier and Spekberg, while the rest are indigenous or translations of indigenous place names. 6 April : a rest day The main pass through the Outeniqua mountains, the Attaquaskloof , was named for members of a Khoikhoi group once resident in the area. In 1668, a trading mission led by Hieronimus Cruse was informed that the Attaqua were rich in cattle. 6 In January 1689, Ensign Isaak Schrijver led the first official expedition to use the pass, 7 crossing the mountain range by following an elephant path up what he called Lange Cloov , and now commemorated by an historical monument. Thus, by 1752, the pass was well known and, in 1842, 4280 wagons passed through this gateway to the Karoo. Once the main route to the Eastern Cape, it is no longer in use.
5 G M Theal, Chronicles of the Cape Commanders ... (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1882), 152. 6 Theal, Chronicles 152, 158 . 7 E E Mossop (ed.), Journals of the Expeditions of the Honorable Ensign Olof Bergh (1682 and 1683) and the Ensign Isaq Schrijver (1689). (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1931), 219–221. 25 7 April : went due north for 14.3 km up Attaquaskloof, having once again passed the aft-mentioned Bracke River, rested at Paardekraal . Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 7 April they went 15.7 km on a course of 91º from Hagelkraal to Paardekraal . Beutler went up Attaquaskloof on the extant minor road from Hagelkraal to Paardekraal along the spur between the Meulrivier and the Koumarivier. The Brackerivier is now the Meulrivier or Molenrivier. The farm Kleine Paarde Kraal is marked as Haelkraal, while Groote Paardekraal in the Kammarivier valley does not feature on modern maps. 8 8 April : … Attaquaskloof was not crossed before the 8th . Beutler camped west of Saffraankraal having travelled for 13.1 km on a course of 80º. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 8 April they went 14.6 km on a course of 68º from Paardekraal to Saffraankraal . The farm Paardekraal is only part of the way up Attaquaskloof, the crest of which is Perdekop (–33.88749º S 21.91493º E ) where Groot Paardekraal is marked on map 10 in Forbes . From there the road turns east and continues to climb up along the west-flowing Kammarivier to the highest point where the Attatquaskloof Gedenkplaat 1689 is sited (– 33.84522º S 21.98297º E ). This is the head of the east-flowing Saffraanrivier , but the Saffraankraal where Beutler camped no longer features on modern maps although it appears on map 10 in Forbes. 9 April : rest day. 10 April : passed Saffraankraal , went on through the Moeras River and travelled 14.3 km in the direction of 83º to camp at a small running stream. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 10 April they went 15.1 km on a course of 86º from Saffraankraal to the small stream. From 10 April to 17 April the places named by Beutler do not appear on the modern maps. It is assumed by Forbes 9 that on 10 April Beutler left the main road to Oudtshoorn and went east along the Kleinmoerasrivier , and it is estimated that Beutler travelled for 15.5 km in a direction of 63 º and camped at the Kandelaarsrivie r at about the farm Sebrasfontein. 11 April : went over the Klip Banks River and camped at Muijse Kraal on the Saffraan River, having gone 16.1 km on a course of 81º. Here begins the Canas Land. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 11 April they went 17.5 km on a course of 72º. Forbes suggests Beutler camped at Kliprivier . None of the place names given by Beutler appear on modern maps and it is estimated that he travelled 14.7 km at 89º and camped near the Grootdoringrivier . Canna Land or Kannaland is an alternate name for the Little Karoo. 10 The name derives from the Khoekhoen word for the plant kanna Sceletium spp. inter alia tortulosum, 11 – and not from that of the gannabos, Salsola aphylla, as others have suggested. 12 The traditional uses of the kanna plant as a mood altering substance are described by a number of sources. 13 12 April : rest day. 13 April : passed the Lange Cloofs River and camped at Rietvallei having travelled 17.1 km in the direction of 88º. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 13 April they went 18.0 km on a course of 75º to Rietvallei . Neither Rietvallei nor Langekloofsrivier could be located and it is estimated that they are near the Heimersrivier which is part of the Doringrivier. Rietvallei may, as Forbes suggested, be the Brackke River. It is
8 Forbes, Pioneer Travellers , map 10. 9 Forbes, Pioneer Travellers , map 10. 10 G B Bell-Cross and J Venter, The Passes of the Langeberg and Outeniqua Mountains (Mossel Bay: Mossel Bay Museum, n.d.). 11 Germishuizen and Meyer, 732. 12 A Sparrman, A Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope … and to the Country of the Hottentots and the Caffres from the year 1772–1776 . Ed. V S Forbes. 2 vols (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1975–1977), I, 273; Smith Common Names, 276. In 1777 Gordon noted that the canna is a mesembryanthemum with small white flowers: R J Gordon, Cape Travels, 1777–1786. Ed. P E Raper and M Boucher. 2 vols (Johannesburg: Brenthurst Press, 1988) I, 61, which the editors mention (n. 122) as having been recorded by Van der Stel as the Hottentot name for Sceletium tortuosum. The vernacular name, kanna , was first recorded on 20 October 1685 during Van der Stel’s expedition to Namaqualand, together with a drawing of probably another species, S. expansum (L) L Bolus (Aizoaceae, formerly Mesembryanthemaceae), and a description of its narcotic effects, see M L Wilson, T Toussaint van Hove, T Exalto, W J J van Rijssen, Codex Witsenii (Cape Town: Iziko Museums, 2002), 94. 13 Sparrman, II, 248; B E van Wyk and N Gerike, Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa (Cape Town: Struik, 2002), 172; J M Watt and M G Breyer-Brandwijk, The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa (London: Livingstone, 1962), 11; Raper, Place Names , 71; and Wilson et al, Codex Witsenii, 94. Thunberg also provided a description of the plant’s preparation and its use as a thirst-quencher, although if chewed immediately after fermentation it intoxicated, see C P Thunberg, Travels at the Cape of Good Hope 1772– 1775 . Ed. V S Forbes (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1986), 248. 26 estimated that Beutler travelled in a direction of 84 º for 12.6 km. Beutler joined the extant road, from Oudtshoorn to the Langkloof, between Holgate (–33.81534º S 22.31501º E ) and Zebra (–33.76352 º S 22.31501 º E) Sidings. 14 April : we rested at Matjes River which is the south-western end of the Cannaland having travelled 20 km on a course 93º. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 14 April they went 22.2 km on a course of 88º. It is estimated that Beutler camped at Matjiedrif or to the south at the farm Schoonberg on the Matjesrivier. 15 April : after crossing the Ganzekraal River and Modder River, we camped at Diep River , en route spoor of lion was seen. We went due east for 12.9 km. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 15 April they went 13.3 km on a course of 90º to Diep River . Diep River, which is also known now as the Meulrivier, is a tributary of the Modderrivier. 16 April : a rest day, the lion was so close to our camp that the cattle in the kraal became frantic. This record of a lion is a historical distribution record of a species that has long been extirpated from the Cape. There is a Leeuwekloof in the district (–33.95031º S 22.05839º E ). 17 April : we passed a small tributary of the Diep River , which we called Quacharivier because a wild horse was shot there. We went on 10.7 km on a course of 87º and camped at C eurbooms River . Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 17 April they went 11.9 km on a course of 86º to Keurbooms R iver. This is the Keurboomsrivier west of Kykoe siding. It is the first occasion since leaving Hagelkraal ten days earlier that one feels certain of where Beutler camped. The Langkloof does not begin immediately east of Attaquaskloof . First an extensive upland plain (which is called Canna’s-hoogte ) bisected by north-flowing streams has to be crossed. The Langkloof starts when the drainage is to the south-east at Kykoe . The keurboom is Virgilia spp. divaricata and oroboides .14 K Coates Palgrave, Trees of Southern Africa (Cape Town: Struik,1977), 301 does not mention any use of the tree, which is possibly why the occurrence of these trees is restricted largely to mention of the river’s name. 18 April : we passed several streams, going for 19.3 km in the direction of 87º and camped at Wolwe Craals River . During the night there was lion near our camp. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 18 April they went 21.1 km on a course of 77º from Keurbooms River to Wolwe Craal River . While Forbes suggests that Wolwekraalsrivier was the Potjiesrivier it is estimated that they were at Wolvekraal near Avontuur. The nocturnal episode with a lion is a good historical distribution record. 19 April : We went on for 14.3 km in the direction of 81º and stopped at Lang Rietvalleijs River. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 19 April they went 15.3 km on a course of 80º from Wolwe Craals River to Lang Rietvalleijs River which could not be located. Forbes suggests that it is at Welgeleegen but that place could not be located either, and may be Langfontein, five km west of Haarlem. 20 April : we marched over the Moordenaars River and camped at Diepe Gats River , having travelled due east for 17 km . Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 20 April they went 18.2 km from Lang Rietvalleijs River on a course of 90º to Diepgatsrivier. Neither Moordenaars River nor Diepe Gats River can be identified with certainty. Gordon ( Cape Travels, I, 162) refers to a farm named De Dode Graven or Moorde Rivier. The former could be the Ongeleken stream, and the latter could Dieprivier, a tributary of the Kougarivier near Misgund .15 21 April : rest day. 22 April : we went for 13.4 km going due east and camped at Kruijs River. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 22 April they went 14.2 km from Diepgatsrivier on a course of 90º to Kruijsrivier. Forbes suggests that Kruijs River is at Grootplaats on the Louterwater. 23 April : crossed the Kruijs River , then the Klipriviertjie and a stream we named Groen River where we camped having travelled 11.3 km in a direction of 93º. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 23 April they went 12.4 km from Kruijs River on a course of 107º to Groen River . These rivers could not be located, either of the first two could be at the Louterwater (–33.79895º S 23.6508º E ), and the Groen River could be the Krakeelrivier . Beutler possibly rested near Krakeel station.
14 B Van Wyk and P Van Wyk, Field guide to trees of southern Africa (Cape Town: Struik, 1997), 464. 15 See Forbes, Pioneer Travellers , 11, 51. 27 24 April : we crossed the Groen River and went on a course of 97º for 11.7 km to a tributary of that river where we camped. This is the last river in the Lange Cloof region. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 24 April they went 12.2 km from Groen River on a course of 103º to the last river of the Langkloof. Beutler may have camped near Langhoogte . Forbes suggests the Groen River may be Twee Rivieren, which could be the Waboomsrivier at Joubertina. In that case, Beutler may have camped near Heights S tation. 25 April : we passed three streams that we called the Pannekoeksrivier and came to the end of the Lange Cloof and the beginning of the Cromme Rivers Cloof, having crossed the Cromme River twice and travelling for 17.9 km in a southeast direction, we camped. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 25 April they went 19.4 km on a course of 100º to over the Cromme River, now known as the Krom Rivier . Beutler may have camped near Kamiesbos . 26 April : we went on for 8.1 km on a course of 95º. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 26 April they went 8.8 km on a course of 96º and they may have camped near Jagersbos . 27 April : after crossing the Krommerivier three more times and travelling 13.1 km in the direction of 118º we came to Melkhoutbosch. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 27 April they went from the Kromme River 9.9 km on a course of 118º to Melkhoutbosch . 28 April : a rest day. The wainwright’s tree is Protea nitida. 29 April : crossed the Kromme River for the last time, passed Jonkersbosch and camped at Esschenbosch having travelled for 13.1 km on a course of 88º. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 28 April they went from Melkhoutbos for 14.3 km on a course of 86º to Essenbos . Forbes suggests that Beutler camped at Dieprivier . 30 April : Beutler left the ordinary route to Gamtousch River and went for 17.9 km a south- easterly course, passing the Eerste River and camped at the Tweede River . Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 30 April they went from Essenbos for 19.4 km on a course of 100º to over the Tweede River . The Eerste River is probably the Diep River . 1 May : we went south over a plain with the mouth of the Cromme River c.28 km away, crossed the Leeuwenboschrivier , travelling for 15.7 km in the direction of 140º. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 1 May they went 16.3 km on a course of 129º. It is estimated that they camped to the east of Leeuwenbosrivier where it is crossed by the present highway. 2 May : rest day. 3 May : we went on for 9.5 km on a course of 92º and camped at the Zeekoei River . Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 3 May they went 10.3 km on a course of 95º to camp at the Zeekoei River . 4 May : we went on for 11.3 km on a course of 25º and camped at the Cabeljousch River . Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 4 May they went 11.7 km on a course of 38º to camp at the Kabeljousrivier .
KABELJOUS RIVER to ZWARTKOPS RIVER 5 to 14 May.
5 May : rest day 6 May: we travelled north-east for 16.7 km and camped at the Gamtousch River. Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 6 May they went 17.5 km on a course of 360º to the Gamtoos River . The difference in latitude between Beutler’s camp at Gamtoos and that of 7 May suggests that they camped at the present-day farm Mondplaas and crossed the river at about the present day railway bridge. 7 May : we crossed the Gamtousch and camped on the east bank. 8 May : on a course of 104º we went on for 12.9 km camped at the Loeri River. 28 Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 8 May they went from the Gamtoos River for 20.4 km on a course of 121º to what is now the village of Loerie . It is deduced that Beutler’s longitude has been transcribed incorrectly, and should be 44° 03 ’ E, not 44° 30’ E. When 03’ is used, then Beutler’s longitude accords with the comparative error of prior and succeeding days (Table 1). 9 May : Beutler went on for 9.2 km on a course of 93º and camped at Galgenbosch so named because, where some travellers had carved their names in the trees, others had later cut gallows above them . Calculations from Beutler’s reported co-ordinates suggest on 9 May they went 6.2 km on a course of 117º. Galgenbosch is near Thornhill , but the exact site is not known, and has subsequently been suggested as the farm Klaarwater which was renamed Sunnyside. 16 There is a Galbos to the south of Sunnyside on the modern maps, 33º 54.6’S 25º 10.3’E, whose name may derive from Galgenbosch. It is of interest that by 1752 the forest was known by this macabre name and is a testimony to the number of travellers passing that way by 1752 and adds emphasis to Beutler’s statement of 30 April where he refers to ‘ the ordinary route to the Gamtousch River’ . 10 May : we travelled for 8.9 km in a direction of 115º and camped near Van Stadens River. 11 May : rest day. 12 May : travelling for 16.7 km taking a north-easterly course (though 95º is reported) we camped at Cracha Camma where our marksman shot a buffalo. This is Kragga Kamma , near modern-day Port Elizabeth. This historic distribution record of buffalo, Syncerus cafer, needs emphasising. 13 May : a sergeant went ahead to the Swartkops River with the wagons and we went south-east to the French River , then turned north to a saltpan and on to the Swartkops River. We journeyed 17.3 km in the direction of 31º. 14 May : rest day. 15 May : we travelled 9.8 km on a course of 23º. 16 May : encountering lion while travelling north-east for 18.8 km we camped at the Zondags River. This is the Sundays River where it is estimated that Beutler camped at the Riversdale . The record of lion, Panthera leo, needs emphasising as it is a specific distribution record. 17 May : we went 14.3 km on a course of 63º and camped at Koernoe which because the guinea-fowl we called Hoenderkraal . Forbes estimated that Beutler stopped at Coerney . 18 May : rest day. 19 May : travelled 10.2 km in the direction of 85º and camped at Springbocke fontijn where there was a herd of springbok. Forbes estimated that Beutler stopped at Sandflats , which is now the village of Paterson . 20 May : we went 10.7 km on a course of 93º and came to the Bosjemans River. The locality is taken as Rautenbach’s Drift . In 1776 a farm there was granted to Frederik Rautenbach and in 1819 a temporary military post established. 17 The route from the Bushman’s River to the Fish River over the next 12 days, 22 May to 2 June, deviates from modern roads. Beutler’s reported co-ordinates for Bushmans and Fish Rivers were adjusted to the actual GPS co-ordinates (decimal degrees) and a correction factor applied to the reported co-ordinates for the intermediate days. These adjusted co-ordinates were plotted on the 1:50,000 maps starting at Rautenbach's Drift on the Bushmans River and working forwards to Trumpeter’s Drift on the Fish River. (For discussion of Trompetter’s Drift see 2 June below). The plotted route was then compared with the existing roads and adjusted accordingly. It was assumed that Beutler would have taken a line of least resistance, travelling along ridges to avoid cliffs and steep places. Further it was assumed that the extant rural roads in the Albany district did likewise. Adjustments were then made to Beutler’s possible route in accordance with the realities of the 1:50,000 maps. The wiser route would have been to have gone north on 23 May and so west of Grahamstown. However, it would seem that Beutler initially chose the apparently easier option to go east and then had to get himself out the difficulties of the Kowie and Kariega River valleys. 21 May : rest day. 22 May : Beutler travelled for 16.1 km easterly at 97º crossed some dry streams and camped at a dry rivulet .
16 M Rainier, ‘Some Place Names in the Eastern Cape,’ Looking Back (Port Elizabeth), 8 (1968), 116. 17 C J Skead, Algoa Gazetteer (Port Elizabeth: Algoa RSC, 1993). 29 The latitude given as 23° – this is a typographical error and should be 32°. 23 May : Advanced east at 97º for 15.5 km to a small almost dry rivulet . It is deduced that they camped at the farm Mosslands. The direction travelled on this day, E to S 7º, S, as reported by Beutler, is ambiguous, and in accordance with the plot of his co-ordinates is taken to be: E, 7º S, i.e. 97º and not 142º. 24 May : The course was easterly at 135º and we travelled for 9.5 km through a grassy region and came to a kloof with a free-flowing river which we called the Gonaqua kloof . Wentzel’s map shows Gonaquas Kloof to be on a river labelled Kasouga but we suggest is the Kariega River and that Beutler camped at the farm Lanton. Skead 18 said that Gonaquas Kloof was either in the Bathurst or the Peddie district and the Bathurst co-ordinates he gives places it at Lower Waterford farm on the east bank of the Kariega River. The Kloof was named after the Gonaqua, a mixture of Khoikhoi and Xhosa. 25 May : took a south-easterly course for 6.6.km and reached a spring where we had to camp. This is taken to be at Devonshire farm. 26 May : we had to make a big detour and travelling north-west for 11.1 km we took our rest at the Buffelsbosch River . Forbes thought this was the Kowie River . Beutler made the detour to the north-west, going up the watershed on the west so as to avoid having to cross the Kowie River. They camped to the south of Woest Hill . 27 May : rest day. 28 May : We had to cross and recross the Buffelsbosch River several times, went for 9.3 km in the direction of 118º and we camped at the Klipkransse River . They were crossing the many tributary streams at the headwaters of the Kowie River and came to the Blaauwkrans River on the farm Yegdella . 29 May : crossed the Klipkranse River and travelled in a direction of 94º for 8.2 km we camped at a clear spring. They crossed the Blaauwkrans River just below the present railway bridge and camped at Waaiplaats Outspan to the west of Martindale siding. 30 May : We travelled south-east for 11.3 km and came to a mountain which we climbed. From there we saw another high mountain range to the NNE which travellers call the Caffer Mountains . We came to a clear-flowing river where we camped. The mountain they climbed was Round Hill, also known as Mount Donkin . The mountains to the NNE were the Amathole , with Ngqika’s Kop being the most prominent, rather than the Winterberge Mountains. They camped at the Kaprivier north of Cawood’s Post . 31 May : we passed two clear springs travelling 16.5 km on a course of 333º to camp at the Olijvenhoutsbosch River where we camped. The Olievenhoutboschrivier is is now the Coombs River , which is said to be a corruption of the Khoekhoen word for a wild olive Olea europea var Africana. 19 Beutler camped near the adjacent farms Clay Pits and Coombs Vale . 1 June : rest day. During the night, the lion had been at our camp again. The record of lion Panthera leo needs emphasising. 2 June : Left on an easterly route over a mountain range from which the Cafferlandberg , a lofty peak, projects in the NE; we found two piles of stones, on which Capt.Claas put a twig while mumbling some words. We travelled north-east for 12.5 km and came to the Vischrivier . Beutler passed Fraser’s Camp where there are known isiVivane . See n.150. Beutler arrived at the Vischrivier (Great Fish River ), a name already in use in 1736 when survivors of the ill-fated Hubner expedition crossed the river. There are potentially five drifts along the Great Fish where Beutler’s party could have crossed: Double Drift, Committee’s, Trompetter’s, Hunt’s Drift and Cihoshe’s Pool. The actual co-ordinates of the four were compared with Beutler’s observations (Table 3). If it is assumed that there is no clerical error in Beutler’s co-ordinate’s for the Fish River, then the calculations provide a good indication of where on 2 June Beutler crossed the Fish River. Beutler’s co-ordinate for the Fish River are 32°36’S 45°43’E Cihoshe’s Pool (Kaffir Drift Post) is at 33°24’S 27°01.5’E which is an error of –0°16’S -0°08’E
18 Skead, Algoa Gazetteer. 19 G S Nienaber and P E Raper, Toponymica Hottentotica , 2 vols (Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1977–1980), I, 292. 30 Double Drift is at 33°05’S 26°46’E which is an error of 0°15’S 0°18’E Committees Drift is at 33°09’S 26°50’E which is an error of 0°09’ S 0°11’E Hunt’s Drift is at 33°14’S 26°59.2’E which is an error of 0°00’S -0°04’E Trompetter’s Drift is at 33°14.1’S 26°57.6’E which is an error of 0°00’S -0°02’E The lowest drift, Cihoshe’s Pool, is discounted for it has the greatest error between the observed and expected co-ordinates, and would have been the most inaccessible to Beutler, and the route there does not match his description of the actual rugged terrain. The upstream drifts of Double Drift and Committees too are discounted because of the size of their errors between the observed and expected co-ordinates. This leaves the two adjacent drifts of Trompetter’s and Hunt’s, both of which have low errors of difference between the observed and estimated co-ordinates, and accord with the description of the way there from Coombs. Trompetter’s Drift , named after the Khoikhoi leader Hans Trompetter who lived in the vicinity in the late eighteenth century, however, has a longer known history and was perhaps the more likely of the two to have been used by Beutler. 2 to 23 June : Beutler’s journey between the Fish River and the Nxaruni/Nahoon River was analysed in detail using the actual co-ordinates for Trompetter’s Drift on the Fish River and for Smith’s Drift on the Nxaruni /Nahoon River at Abbotsford as absolute standards. The first step was to adjust the co-ordinate readings on the 1:50 000 map, sheet 3326BB, to accord with the co-ordinates for Trompetter’s Drift observed by Beutler. The journey from the Fish River was then plotted on the appropriate 1:50 000 map sheets using Beutler’s observations. The distance travelled each day was measured as a direct line between camps – as on the 1:50 000 map sheets, 2 cm is equal to 1 km. This measure was compared with the distances reported by Beutler. In all cases there was a reasonable accord between the two sets of distance measurement. The daily plot of Beutler’s route from the Fish River ended up with the latitude 0°03’ to the north of Smith’s Drift at Abbotsford, while the longitude was 0°06.5’ to the west of Smith’s Drift at Abbotsford. 3 June : crossed the Vischrivier and set our course easterly to the mountains ahead, at the foot of which a small stream runs, we crossed them and travelling for 12.5 km came to a plain and camped at a spring besides a small wood. The mountains are the escarpment on the east bank of the Fish River , while Forbes suggests that the stream was the Blue River. The Blue River was a ravine on a circuitous route between Trompetter’s Drift and Peddie. 20 After crossing the Fish River, Beutler went north up the Gqora River valley, after passing the Paradise River, an east bank tributary of the Gqora, turned east up the escarpment and camped somewhere near the present day Mthonjeni village. 4 June : we set our course east, at 33° and travelled for 12.5 km to a dry rivulet where we camped. This was near Peddie, according to Forbes, and Beutler’s co-ordinates suggest it was further north, closer to Mount Somerset . 5 June : After travelling for 12.9 km on some easterly routes we arrived at the Chijs Chamma River . This is the Keiskamma River and Forbes suggests that Beutler was at Line Drift and the estimate from Beutler’s co-ordinates accords with this. 6 June : rest day. 7 June : we crossed the Chijs Chamma River and set our course at 48° and went for 7.2 km to camp at a small stream. Forbes suggests that they camped at the Suchar River, which could not be located on modern maps and could possibly be the kwaShushu River, a tributary of the Keiskamma. Beutler may have camped at about the Tamarha outspan. 8 June : after crossing a stream and the Kromanka River and travelling for 8.6 km on a course of 135° we stopped. Forbes identifies the Kromanka as the Tyolomnqa . Beutler may have camped on its banks at Sittingborne adjacent to the later Jali’s Kraal outspan. 9 June : having travelled on a course of 147° for 7.7 km and camped at a small stream. Beutler’s camp was on the Ziphunzana stream near ePhole, 2 km east of Phunzana .
20 G E Cory, The Rise of South Africa , Vol. 4 (London: Longmans, 1926), 448. 31 10 June : rest day. 11 June : we marched south on a course of 186° for 5.7 km and camped at a stream . Beutler camped near Twecu to the west of Wesleyville . 12 June : we went south at 126° for 6.7 km passing a stream with clear water and camped at a brack little river. Forbes identifies the clear stream as the Immozani which cannot be located on modern maps. Beutler may have camped at eJojweni at the head of the Khiwane River . 13 June : rest day. 14 June : setting our course east at 84° and going for 10.7 km, crossed the river at which we had camped and came to the Gromanka River where we camped by a small stream. The Gromanka is the Tyolomnqa River. The estimated place of Beutler’s camp was Xoweni on the west side of the Tyolomnqa estuary. 15 June : taking a northerly course of 337° and travelling for 9.5 km we arrived at a valley by the Gromanka River . Beutler travelled up the western side of the Tyolomnqa to Welcome Wood, which is in a valley running south-east to the Tyolomnqa. 16 June : we went north-east, at 352° to an elevation from which we saw the sea in the south. After travelling for 11.3 km we came to a little river where we camped. Forbes suggests that Beutler camped near Mount Coke, but the estimated co-ordinates indicate that Beutler was south-east of Mt Coke and due south of Bekruipkop on the farm Mimosa Park . 17 June : setting our course north at 308° and going for 8.9 km arrived at the Kauka or Buffalo River where we camped . The estimated co-ordinates support Forbes’s deduction that Beutler was just downstream of King Williams Town. The actual drift where on 19 June Beutler crossed the Buffalo to proceed eastwards is estimated to be upstream of the James McIntyre Bridge. In order to verify that deduction, the co-ordinates of all the drifts across the Buffalo as far downstream as Bridle Drift near Mdantsane were evaluated against Beutler’s observed co-ordinates. The evaluation shows that the most likely drifts were those closest to KingWilliamsTown as the error in latitude and longitude increases going downstream so those drifts downstream of Fort Murray can be discounted. The consequence of this estimate is that the Yellow-woods River joins the Buffalo downstream of Beutler’s crossing place. Beutler describes the Buffalo as ‘een groot lopend rivier de welke de Kaffers Kauka of de Buffels rivier noemden’ , a reference to the mammal buffalo. It is unclear from that quotation whether Beutler was giving buffels as the name prior travellers had given to that river 21 or as a translation of the local name. The modern Xhosa name for the Buffalo River, a rendering of a prior Khoikhoen name, is Qonce which Beutler renders as Kauka. The Khoekhoen for a buffalo is a variant of kau while a river is –ra which in combination would give Kaura .22 18 June : rest day . 19 June : After leaving the Buffalo and taking a course of 41° Beutler travelled eastwards for ten km. Passed the Meehouw or Matjes River, which runs into the Kauka , then the Dewana which flows into the Meehouw, and over a plain to camp at the Korouw or Klaauwen River. The point of interest here is that the Meechouw River can only be the Yellow-woods and yet at a later date, on 25 July when Beutler crosses the same river, but well upstream, he calls it the Cammacha. The Cammacha is a corruption of iNcemera which is the river’s Xhosa name. 23 This is an interesting example of a river having two names for separate sections, which both have botanical allusions, to yellow-wood trees ( Podocarpus falcatus) and a sedge respectively. By 2009, few yellow-wood trees grow along the Ncemera and there are certainly no sedge beds near its junction with the Buffalo. Reference to Wentzel’s map confirms that Beutler did not regard the Cammacha and the Meechouw as the same river. That map shows the latter as tributary of the Buffalo while the Cammacha is a tributary of the Korouw which Wentzel mistakenly causes to join the Guasa which then flows into the Buffalo. The Dewana River, which Forbes identifies as the Umgwevaan, is an alternate rendering of Ndevana as on the 1:50,000 map. The Korouw River is said by Forbes to be the Nkolo, but that name does not appear on the 1:50,000 map, but may be
21 ‘Sometime between 1700 and 1750 Dutch hunters from the Cape shot buffalo along a river in the eastern Cape. This event was handed down as folklore as the “Buffelsrivier”’. See CVernon and G Vernon, ‘The Buffalo of the Buffalo River,’ Coelacanth (East London), 31 (1993), 18. 22 C Pettman, ‘Hottentot Place Names’, South African Journal of Science 19 (1922), 373; C Pettman, South African Place Names Past and Present (Queenstown: Representative, 1931), 35. 23 A Kropf and R Godfrey, A Kafir-English Dictionary (Lovedale: Lovedale Mission Press, 1915), 503. 32 the Xolo which is a tributary of the Nxaruni/Nahoon River. The Xolo rises at Berlin and runs north-eastwards. This is to the north of where I estimate Beutler camped on 19 June. This was on the upper reaches of the Tshabo River, a tributary of the Buffalo on the south side of the Berlin watershed. Thus Beutler’s Korouw may be his rendering of the name Tshabo , and his translation of Korouw as Klaauwen could be evaluated by a Xhosa linguist. 20 June : set the course south-east to a small stream called Goeasa which flows into the Kauka and going for 12.9 km camped at a small spring. This indicates that he was travelling along the southern slopes of the Berlin ridge and within the watershed of the Buffalo River. Despite this, Forbes thinks that the Goeasa is ‘ the Wanza another tributary of the Nahoon’ . The Wanza is clearly the Rwantsa , while the Goeasa may be anyone of several tributary streams of the Buffalo, going west to east from Berlin to Mdantsane, inter alia the Mncotsho, Nqonqweni, Msibeni, Mntlabathi and Ntakana. Despite the above discrepancy, Forbes places the camps of these two days at localities which accord with Vernon’s estimates. 21 June : going east at 117° and for 7.7 km we came to camp at a spring with brack water. 22 June : setting our course at south-east 90° we came to a hill that could not be traversed with wagons so that another route must be sought. We went for 5.9 km and over the river Na Goerij . This river is saline although we found a spring with good water… two musket shots away. Beutler arrived at the Nxaruni/Nahoon River . It is assumed that the impasse was the entrenched course of the river at Horseshoe Valley and that the alternate route was a southern deviation so that they travelled down via the old wagon route that runs down from the vicinity of Vincent, a present-day suburb of East London, to Smith’s Drift on the ebb-and-flow of the Nxaruni. As the west bank of the river is inaccessible there, the spring was probably on the east bank upstream of Abbotsford and towards Echo Vale at 32°57.3’ S 27°54.3’E (as on the 1:50 000 map). An alternative possibility suggested by re-reading ‘ a hill that could not be traversed with wagons’ and ‘ another route sought’ is that instead of going southward, Beutler may have turned northwards along a plateau which is now the Cambridge Railway Goods Yard. Considering how on 3 July his expedition went up a difficult northern escarpment from Kei River, they could have descended down to the Nxaruni River via the present day East London suburb of Dorchester Heights. In this way they would have crossed the river on a drift at Echo Vale. To match Beutler’s observations: there is an old wagon route, as shown on a 1900 map, that crosses the Nxaruni at Echo Vale and goes up the hill, becoming the Old Transkei Road, and crosses the Qinira River at Holm Hill. When measured on the map the distance between Echo Vale via Holm Hill and on to the ebb-and-flow of the Gqunube/Gonubie River is the same as the distance reported by Beutler for that day’s journey. The only problem with the above suggestion is Beutler’s report that ‘ The river is saline ’ and they ‘ found a spring with good water…two musket shots away’. In order for Echo Vale to be the place where Beutler camped, then those two statements would have to be reversed so that they camped at the spring and two-musket shots downstream the river was saline. 23 June : rest day
NXARUNI/NAHOON RIVER to KEI RIVER 24 June to 1 July
24 June : we set our course at 67 ° and went for 6.7 km passed the Caninga or Elands River and camped by the river Goenoebe . We found good water but a musket shot lower it is saline. At this place shot a hippopotamus. The reference to the Caninga or Elands river is the Kinira . Beutler must have camped along the Gqunube/Gonubie River, just above the ebb and flow close to where the river is now bridged by the main road. The record of hippo: Hippopotamus amphibius is the only specific record of a live animal for the area between the Nxaruni and Kwenuxra Rivers and substantiates subsequent records of skeletal material. 25 June : our route was at 69° and going for 6.7 km we crossed the Goadar or Marsh R iver and camped at the Goerecha or Aloes River . The Goerecha is the Kwelera River. 26 June : setting the course north-east and travelling for 9.2 km we crossed the rivers Boerrechaaij and Tinsa , then camped at a little river in a valley . 27 June : setting our course north-east over a high mountain and going for 3.6 km we came to the river Quenoncha or People’s Ears . 28 June : on a suitable route in a direction of 330° came to the kraal of a son of Paro. We crossed the Goerecha river where Hebnaar was murdered and travelled over the source of the Quenoncha to camp at a little stream.
33 At the source of the Cefane and Kwenxura River, that is, near modern day Mooiplaas . It is reputed that the word Mooiplaas is a corruption of Moordplaats , or ‘place of murder’, and so may be the place where the elephant hunter Hermanus Hubner was murdered in 1736 (see Appendix I). The region might have been called Msuze, after Gcaleka’s kraal there, or even Ngxingxolo, after the river where Gcaleka was ‘drowned’ and which rises there. 29 June : setting our course to the north at 330° we came to a height from which Tamboegies country could be seen, we returned to a camp at steam having travelled 12.0 km. The antelope mentioned on this day is a common reedbuck, Redunca arundinorum The population on Thornpark farm, near Komga, is the most southerly locality for the species. They persisted there, albeit in very small numbers into the 1980s, and subsequently the population was supplemented by translocated reedbuck from KwaZulu-Natal. 30 June : rest day we sent out to look for a suitable way to the river Y.
KEI RIVER VALLEY:
1 July : we set our course northerly over a very difficult and troublesome route and travelling for 6.6 km arrived at the river Y , meaning sand, where we camped . Beutler left the high ground at the top of the southern escarpment of the Kei River valley and could have gone either in a westerly or easterly arc down to the Kei river. His men cannot have gone straight to the Kei River as they would have been blocked by the impassable Tangla river valley. Beutler camped on the river near Kei Bridge. This accords with both Forbes and Wentzel’s map. WESTERLY ROUTE: There is only one possible westerly route from Thornpark farm to the Kei River that would have been available to Beutler. The westerly route goes over level ground towards Sihota Mountain and descends abruptly down its southern slope to the Kei River. This is known to be a former wagon route and in 2009 there was a track accessible to 4x4 vehicles that followed a pipeline moving water from the Kei River to Komga. The Beutler report gainsays this route with the statement of ‘ going up and down various heights ’. An alternate westerly route, while easier, is longer and circuitous and would have taken Beutler more than a day to traverse. On that route, Sihota Mountain is downstream and because Sihota faces east, it remains out of sight. EASTERLY ROUTE: The easterly route runs along the watershed between the Tyityaba and Kei Rivers to the east of Glen Roy farm. At about the Fort Warden Outspan, Beutler would have crested the escarpment and, going down a spur on the west side of the Mpukane stream, made his way down to the Kei River, upstream from Smith’s Kop. On the 1:50 000 map, 3228CA Mpetu, that route is marked as an existing track. The choice of an easterly route down to the Kei River accords with Wentzel’s map. That map shows the Goea (Gcuwa) river, but does not include the course of that river to the coast. If Beutler had crossed the Kei at Great Kei Drift, which is just upstream of the junction of the Gcuwa River, then on their route northwards to Butterworth, Beutler’s surveyors would have observed that the Goea was a tributary of the Kei. Comparison between Beutler’s observation and Vernon’s estimated co-ordinates for the camp on the Kei River reveals a great discrepancy, the greatest discrepancy since that of 8 May when Beutler was at Loerie. Beutler’s longitude, plotted on a map, incorrectly places the Kei River crossing west of Stutterheim, so it must be concluded that his longitude is incorrect: that there was clerical error and the readings were transcribed incorrectly. The longitude is a typographical error 24 and should be 46° 40 ’ E, not 46° 10’E, reducing the discrepancy in longitude between Beutler and Vernon to 0.10, which is most reasonable. 2 July : rest day.
KEI RIVER to IBEKA
The route was estimated by assuming that Beutler crossed the Kei River at the modern Kei Bridge. Naturally if that assumption is wrong then the following estimate of Beutler’s travels in the Transkei is also incorrect. The methods used in making the estimate are similar to those in assessing Beutler’s route between the Bushmans and Fish Rivers, viz. to plot Beutler’s daily co-ordinates on the 1:50 000 maps. The plot of the route was then adjusted to accord with both descriptive notes given by
24 See n. 211 of Journal (1 July 1752). 34 Beutler (if any) and the topography according to the 1:50 000 map. Unfortunately, as the precise locality of the terminus of Beutler’s journey is unknown, it was not possible check the estimated route by repeating the above process in reverse. 3 July : we crossed the Y river with great difficulty, going on a course of 352° thereafter up and down various steep slopes for 6.7 km to camp at a spring . Spekberg – so called on account of the great abundance of seekoeispek found there – is the most recognisable of all those in Tamboegies’ country. Beutler must have gone northwards up from the Kei on a route to Butterworth that was still used by wagons well into the twentieth century, 25 and camped near Ngqutu at kwaJabavu . SPEKBERG: Although Beutler arrived at the Kei River, down-steam of Kei Bridge, on 1 July, it is not until 5 July that Spekberg is mentioned, that is, after he had climbed out the Kei valley. The mountain was identified by Forbes as Moordenaar’s Kop and is known to the Xhosa as Sihota and so named on the 1:50 000 map. When on the Kei River at Kei Bridge, Sihota dominates the western skyline and for Beutler it would have been a prominent feature of the landscape during the day’s journey on 3 July. Had Beutler reached, crossed and left the Kei River by any other known drift, either upstream or downstream of Kei Bridge, he would not have been able to see Sihota. When Sihota is viewed from the eastern escarpment of the Kei River valley, it could well appear to be ‘ in Tamboegies’ country’ , that is, east of the Kei River. The river itself winds about in a great arc which entrenched meanders cut down well below the escarpment on either side. 4 July : going for 4.3 km on a course of 29° we crossed the Toleni river and settled on the bank. Beutler may have camped along the Toleni on a line between the store at Toleni Head and the siding Ndabakazi . 5 July : taking a course of 30° and going for 10.0 km arrived at small river where we set our tents. The small stream may have been the Gcuwana River to the north of Ndabakazi . 6 July : rest day. 7 July : we set our course at 6 °and going for 7.2 km camped at the Goea river, beside a forest of yellowwood trees. The Goea is the Gcuwa River which flows past Butterworth and joins the Kei River below Old Kei Drift. 8 July : going for 6.2 km on a course of 43° over high ridges we came to a little river called the Sakolka . The Sakolka River cannot be identified with certainty. See n. 228. 9 July : rest day.
RETURN JOURNEY to BAVIAANSRIVIER 10 July to 8 August
10 July : we set our course for our return journey, crossed the Goea river and came to our camp of the 5th inst . This was on the Gcuwa. 11 July : we reached our resting place of the 3rd inst . This was at Ngqutu . 12 July : we crossed the river Y and came to our resting place of the 1st and 2nd inst. This was on the west bank of the Kei River . 13 July : rest day – a hippo was shot yesterday. This is a valuable record as there are very few specific records of live hippo Hippopotamus amphibius along the Kei River, although it is reputed to have been numerous. 26 By 1882 the last hippo had been shot, and the population exterminated from the Kei River. 27 14 July : we travelled for 6.6 km and came to the place where we halted on 29th June. This was at the farm Thornpark.
25 Leon Wood, personal communication . 26 As marked on a map of 1848; see W F D Jervois, Military Sketch of Part of British Kaffraria (London: Arrowsmith, 1848). 27 Letter to Daily Dispatch , 7 November 1927. 35 15 July : we travelled for 16.7 km passed the place where the Quenoncha river bubbles up out of the ground, went right about from the path until we halted at a big kraal of which mention was made on the 28th June. They passed the source of the Kwenuxra R iver and camped near Mooiplaas . 16 July : rest day. 17 July : took a south west course, crossing the Messina river and another small one, then crossed the Donquanie river which was dry, going for 5.7 km came to camp at the Goerescha river . They camped on the Kwelera River at Bluewaters . 18 July : going due west for 11.9 km we came to a river called the Anamo where we camped. The Anamo is the Qolora River at the farm Kilarney . 19 July : on a course due west for 4.0 km , after crossing the Anamo river several times, as well as the river Danka , we came to a river called Pabegas where we settled. They camped along the Tangla R iver north of Sugar Loaf hill. 20 July : rest day. 21 July : travelling for 3.6 km at 219° we came to the Goenoebe river. This is the Gqunube ( Gonubie ) at about Kenrick farm . 22 July : going due west for 9.7 km, and after crossing the Inconnimbo we came to a halt in the kraals of Chief Macholla. The Inconnimbo may be the Nkobongo River and their camp at Lynhurst farm. 23 July : rest day. 24 July : setting our course at 244°, crossing the river Gonacha as well as the Nagoerij after travelling for 10.7 km we camped by the Cammacha river for 6.2 km. The Cammacha is the iNcemerha (Yellowwoods) River and their camp about Lonsdale Bridge . 25 July : on a course of 333°, crossing the Cammacha going NW and the Macala river and going for 9.5 km we camped in a valley watered by the Saleni river. The Macala could be the Nkolo while the Saleni is possibly the Izeleni at Izele . 26 July : rest day. 27 July : on a course o f 232° we crossed the Niacela and Kauka rivers and travelling for 8.2 km came to a river called Kokewe . The Niacela could be the Nyatela , while the Kauka is the Buffalo (Qonce) , and the Kokewe possibly the Mngqankhwebe stream. 28 July : setting our course to the west at 265° and after crossing the Ou Chamma river and travelling for 7.7 km came to camp at the river Navani. The Ou Chamma is not identified but could be Green River , while the Navani is near Pirie railway halt. 29 July : on a west course, we crossed a kloof and going for 10.2 km we set up our tents on its banks of the river Tewe that is to say Brack. The Tewe is the Debe River . 30 July : crossing the Tewe and setting our course at 222 ° then going for 7.2 km we halted at the Chijs Chamma river. The Chijs Chamma is the Keiskamma River and their camp was about Knapp’s Hope . 31 July : rest day and burghers Arendsdorp and van Nimweegen left us. 1 August : we set our course 274° and travelling for 8.9 km came to the river Gomma, which flows into the Chijs Chamma, crossed a river called Goeanger and camped at the Goescha or Tiger river. The Gomma may be the Tyume , the Goeanger the Mjilo, and the Goescha river camp at Allandale farm south east of Alice . 2 August : travelling for 7.2 km at 280° we came to the Godecha river and on to the river called the Kat . Their camp was near Howes Poort on the Kat River . 3 August : going on for 9.2 km at 319° we crossed the D’Arvaga river and camped at river called Telloemoe . They possibly camped at a farm called Rietfontein and the stream flowing south from there is called the Rietfonteinspruit , Tellemoe possibly being a Dutch rendering of the stream’s prior indigenous name. 36 4 August : on a course of 261° and travelling for 8.2 km, Beutler came to a large flowing river called Conna where we camped. On this route we crossed a river called Koehahoeka or Ezels . The Conna is now known as the Koonap . Ezels means donkey, and may be a Dutch translation of a Khoekhoen word for horse or quagga. But see 6 August, below. Forbes considered that Beutler remained north of the Koonap River until crossing it at Wadrift on 6 August. In fact, as confirmed by Wentzel’s map, they crossed the Koonap on 4 August to camp on the south side. 5 August : rest day. Beutler was on the Koonap River and their sighting of the lion Panthera leo is important. 6 August : crossing the Conna and travelling for 8.2 km on a course of 298° we camped again on the Conna . They crossed the Koonap River again, travelled on and again came to the Koonap where they camped. This seeming enigma is resolved by examining the sinuous course of the Koonap and noting three drifts as you go upstream along its course: Burghersdrif , Leeudrif and Wadrif. Beutler crossed these drifts in that order and the resulting plot of their route is anything but a straight line between two camp sites. Beutler was near Wadrif on the Koonap River when he encountered a peculiar mammal; due to its size, horns and white tail, it was clearly a black wildebeest Connochaetes gnu. This constitutes a valuable historic distribution record as there are very few records of this species in the Eastern Cape. 28 It is of interest that Beutler records this mammal about the Conna River and that the scientific name begins Conno . Maybe this is just a linguistic co-incidence but it is possible that the original Khoekhoen word Koehahoeka (4 August, above) could be a wildebeest, and has been mistranslated as donkey. See also n. 272. 7 August : we went for 9.2 km at 316° and arrived at a river called Aga or the Rietvelt . They camped about the farm Kingsdale , east of Bedford . See n. 273. 8 August : we crossed the Aga dryshod and going for 13.9 km on a course of 295° came to the Gomee or Baviaans river. They camped at Baviaansdrif.
BAVIAANSRIVIER to CRADOCK 9 to 17 August
9 August : travelling for 11.3 km on a course of 307° we set up our tents at a stream called the Kavahe or Cheerful . Forbes identifies this as the Krom River . They had just crossed Daggaboersnek. 10 August : rest day. 11 August : travelling for 9.8 km on a course of 335° over a mountain where there was hardly enough space for the wagons we made our resting place at the Visch river . Their camp on the Fish River at about the farm Cloverfield . 12 August : travelling for 7.2 km due north along the Visch we came to a river called Tarka or Women’s . They were at Tarka Bridge just upstream of the confluence of the Tarka with the Fish. 13 August : we crossed the Visch again and again and going for 9.82 km at 333°. They camped on the Fish River at Halesowen. 14 August : rest day. 15 August : setting out north we went for 0.4 km and returned to our encampment of yesterday. Forbes estimated that the expedition went as far north as between Marlow and Kaptein railway siding, but our estimates suggest that they only went as far as Cradock . 16 August : rest day. 17 August : rest day.
28 C J Skead, Historical Mammal Incidence in the Cape Province (Cape Town: Chief Directorate: Nature and Environmental Conservation of the Provincial Administration of the Cape of Good Hope, 1980), 357. 37 CRADOCK TO ATTAQUAS KLOOF 18 to 31 August
The route of the return journey southwards from Cradock towards and beyond the Sundays River is difficult to establish as Beutler provides no co-ordinates for guidance. There are only two places where Beutler’s camp is known with any degree of certainty: Baviaansdrift on 21 August and Springbokkenfonteijn on 1 September, but the location of the six intermediate camps are the subject of debate. The route chosen by Forbes was well to the east of that discussed below. Forbes’s route would have necessitated Beutler travelling 26 km a day between the Goba River and the Fish River Rand, and 40 km from the Fish to the New Years River on 28 August, whereas Beutler’s average daily journey up to that point was only 11 km per day, with a maximum of 20 km. The route proposed below, however, proceeds on the assumption that Beutler attempted to return as directly and quickly as possible, and it would have been shorter for him to have crossed the Fish River upstream of Kranz Drift, and thence proceeded south-westwards towards the upper Bushmans River. 18 August : we came to the place where spent the night of the 12th August. This was the Tarka River . 19 – 21 August : after a march of three days we came to the Gornts river . This the Baviaans River . 22 August : rest day. 23 August : we took our night’s rest at a river called Cava . Forbes placed Beutler’s camp on the farm Vanwykskraal. He identifies the Cava river with the Koba River, or Goba on the 1:50 000 map, a tributary of the Koonap river. However, the Cava stream is called the Droerivier on the 1:50 000 map, and Wentzel’s map shows that the Cava flows westward and joins the Fish River as an east bank tributary just downstream of the Baviaans River, that is, upstream of Cookhouse. Beutler’s camp may therefore have been somewhere on the farm Vleiplaas , to the north of Vanwykskraal. 24 August to 2 September : Beutler’s daily entries are sparse for the period 19 August to 1 September and the observations may be interpreted in various ways. In contrast to Forbes, we suggest that the sparsity of Beutler’s diary actually obfuscates issues and that Wentzel’s map is incorrect. As noted above, it would have been shorter and quicker for Beutler to have travelled to the west of the Fish River Rand and camped on the Fish River at any of the crossing places of the Fish River upstream of Krantz Drift. Secondly, after crossing the Fish river he would probably also have take the easiest route and travelled south-westwards towards the upper Bushman’s river. Thus, in contrast to Forbes, we suggest that Beutler went southwards from the Cava stream along the watershed between the Fish River to the west and the east flowing tributary streams of the Koonap River. 24 August : continued our journey. The Wentzel map shows that Beutler’s camps were on streams that flow eastwards via the Koonap into the Fish well downstream of Cookhouse. Forbes considered that Beutler went south-east to the Fish River Rand and on to the Fish River. 25 August : came to stop at a dry stream. 26 August : came to the Vischrivier . Forbes thought that Beutler camped at Kranz Drift on the Fish River, 4 miles downstream of Piggott’s Bridge. This would have involved journeys of 26 km or more per day between the Cava stream and the Fish River Rand and a 10 km journey on the last day to the Fish River. This is an average daily travel of 17 km which is much faster than any other day on the whole journey. Clearly it was necessary to examine other possible routes to and crossing places of the Fish River. There are four crossing places going upstream from Krantz Drift: Carlisle Bridge, Buffelsdrif, Junction Drift and Sheldon Bridge. Incidentally, Carlisle Bridge is at a drift called Schelmdrif, but the crossing at Sheldon Bridge does not have a name. These crossing places have to be considered in relation to Beutler’s potential route after crossing the Fish River on his way to the unquestionable locality of Paterson which, as Springbocke fontijn, was their camp on 19 May. It seems likely that Beutler went past Soutvlei and camped on the Fish River at Sheldon Bridge . The direct distance between Cava stream and Sheldon Bridge is less than 40 km with an average daily travel of 13km, and seems more realistic than either the route to Krantz Drift or Carlisle Bridge. 27 August : rest day. 38 28 August : traversed a kloof we called Bushman’s Kloof and having for the last time estimated the Cafferland mountain we came to camp at the Bushman’s River. Bosjesmanskloof is not recorded as a translation of an indigenous name but stated clearly as though it is a place known to the Dutch. Its exact location is not known, but was probably somewhere along the Swartwaterberge 29 between Kommadagga in the west and Riebeeck Oos in the east. Forbes identifies Bushmanskloof as being along the New Years River, an eastern tributary of the Bushmans. This follows Wentzel’s map and suggests that Beutler went from Hunt’s Drift on the Fish River via Riebeeck Oos and over the Swartwaterberge to the New Years River. Alternatively, Bushman’s Kloof could have been south of Kommadagga . Beutler may have passed the kloof along the upper reaches of the Bushmans River on a direct line south between Kommadagga and Paterson. If the latter is correct then it is surprising that Beutler did not use the word Kommadagga. The place was known by that name 1809 when Ndlambe built his kraal near there, and before 1816 there had been a military post there. 29 August : continuing. 30 August : we came to cross the said Bushman’s River . Wentzel’s map shows that Beutler on 30 August was back on the track he had travelled in May; it is possible that this was a different crossing place from Rautenbach’s Drift where Beutler had crossed previously (see 20 May), or – having travelled for three months in a strange land and arrived back in a familiar place – he would surely have commented on it, as he does in fact at his next camp on 1 September, see below. Forbes does not comment on this. 31 August : rest day.
BUSHMANS RIVER to MOSSEL BAY 1 September to 5 October
1 September : Beutler stopped at Springbocke fontijn ‘where we also camped on 19 May last’ . I suggest that this is an error and that Beutler did not arrive there until the following day. The distance between the upper Bushmans river and Paterson is too great for him to have travelled in one day. The events of the next three days suggest that the Beutler diary is, in fact, in error and that he actually took two days from the upper Bushmans river to Paterson. It is suggested that on the night of 1 September Beutler camped near Tootabi. 2 & 3 September : travelling continuously . Beutler’s camps were probably at Springbocke fontijn (Paterson) and Coernay respectively. 4 September : Beutler travelling continuously arrived at the Sondaags river . Thus Beutler took three days to travel between Paterson and Sunday’s River, whereas on the outward journey this section only took him two days. Thus ‘ travelling continuously’ might have been Beutler’s euphemism to hide the fact that they had dallied at Springbocke fontijn hunting the game there. Alternately, if Beutler got his dates mixed up, they may have only arrived at Paterson on 2 September, and then taken only two days to go on to the Sundays River . 5 September : Swartkops iver. For outward journey, see journal entry of 13 May. 6 September : Beutler provides co-ordinates for their camp and this is estimated to be near Kraga Kamma. For outward journey, see journal entry for 12 May. 7 September : Van Stadens River . 8 September : rest day. 9 September : estimated at Galgenbosch (Outward journey, 9 May). 10 September : estimated at Loerie (Outward journey, 8 May). 11 September : Gamtousch river , or Gamtoos River (Outward journey, 6 May). 12 September : rest day 13 September : a place called Keij , near the source of the Cabeljauwsche river (Outward journey, 4 May)
29 See map 3336AA Riebeeck Oos. 39 14 September : crossed the Kijka or White river , and stopped at the Leeuw or Chammago river . Estimated near Leewenbosch (Outward journey, 1 May). 15 September : camp at Cromme river , or Krom River (Óutward journey, 29 April). 16 – 19 September : continuing on the same road. 20 September : same camp as for 20 April, the present Diep River at Misgund . 21 September : continue. 22 September : rest day. The remainder of the return journey as far as Mossel Bay follows that of the outward journey. At Mossel Bay Beutler, on official instructions, went off on side journey towards Sedgefield, but that is not evaluated here. 23 – 24 September : continue. 25 September : halted at Matjes river (Outward journey, 14 April). 26 September : near Rietvalley (present Brakke River , see Outward journey, 13 April). 27 September : camped at Klipbanks river (Outward journey, 11 April). 28 September : camped at Saffraan Kraal (Outward journey, 10 April). 29 September : crossed Attaquas Kloof (Outward Journey, 7 April). 30 September : to Hagelkraal (Outward journey, 4 April). 1 October : rest day 2 – 4 October : continuing . 5 October : reached the Soetmelks river .
MOSSEL BAY TO KNSYNA AND RETURN 6 to 15 October
6 October : the party split, a portion going off to the Cape and the rest under Beutler turning east again, camp at Rentsburg’s farm . 7 October : crossed the Gourits river (Outward journey, 29 March). 8 October : to farm of Ferreire (Outward journey, 4 April). 9 October : Hartenbosch , at Mossel Bay (Outward journey, 2 April). 10 October : crossed Little Brakke River (Outward journey, 4 April) and Conna , and camp at the Reebokkenfontijn. Visit Two Vleis which they approach through a big forest (Langevlei and Rondevlei . See n. 323). 11 October : crossed Groote Brakke and Klippen rivers and stop at Gouras river (n 320 ). 12 October : Keerom ( present Kaaimans River . See n. 321 ) 13 October : crossed the Koeakamka and Gouringa rivers , traverse the same forest and reach same Two Vleis visited on 10 October (n. 323). 14 October : at the Two Vleis (see above) 15 October : apparently returned to Mossel Bay
MOSSEL BAY to CAPE TOWN 16 October to 6 November
16 – 21 October : left Mossel Bay on way back to Cape ¸ marched for five days . 22 – 23 October : to the Duyvenhox river , where because it was very swollen we had to stay . This is the Duivenhoks River which crossed the old wagon road at the modern town of Heidelberg. See Oberholster, 121. 24 October : crossed the Duyvenhox . 40 25 October : crossed the Buffelsjagt river (Outward journey, 20 March). 26 October : arrived at Swellendam (Outward journey, 13 March). 27 October : crossed the Breede river in a boat. 28-30 October : through Hessequas Kloof, and on to Tijgerhoek, and the Company’s post at Siekenhuijs (Outward journey, 10 March). 31 October : to the Steenbokke river on the farm of Wessel Wesselsz (Outward journey, 10 March). 1 – 3 November : crossed the Swart, Both and Palmiet rivers, descend the Hottentot Kloof and camp at the farm Onverwagt (Outward journey, 7 – 9 March). 4 November : crossed Eerste river, Saxemburg and Tijger valley. 6 November : after being away for eight months and seven days , arrived at the Castle of Good Hope , or present Cape Town.
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