sustainability

Article Model to Assess the Quality of Magmatic Rocks for Reliable and Sustainable Constructions

Mihaela Todera¸s 1, Roland Iosif Moraru 2,* ID , Ciprian Danciu 1, Grigore Buia 3 and Lucian-Ionel Cioca 4,5 ID 1 Mining Engineering, Surveying and Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Mines, University of Petrosani, 20 University Street, 332006 Petrosani, Romania; [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (C.D.) 2 Management and Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Mines, University of Petrosani, 20 University Street, 332006 Petrosani, Romania 3 Environmental Engineering and Geology Department, Faculty of Mines, University of Petrosani, 20 University Street, 332006 Petrosani, Romania; [email protected] 4 Industrial Engineering and Management Department, Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 10 Victoriei Blv. Street, 550024 Sibiu, Romania; [email protected] 5 Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei, 54, Sector 5, 010071 Bucharest, Romania * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40-723-624-105

Received: 27 September 2017; Accepted: 17 October 2017; Published: 24 October 2017

Abstract: Geomechanical assessment of rocks requires knowledge of phenomena that occur under the influence of internal and external factors at a macroscopic or microscopic scale, when rocks are submitted to different actions. To elucidate the quantitative and qualitative geomechanical behavior of rocks, knowing their geological and physical–mechanical characteristics becomes an imperative. Mineralogical, petrographical and chemical analyses provided an opportunity to identify 15 types of igneous rocks (gabbro, diabases, granites, diorites, rhyolites, andesites, and basalts), divided into plutonic and volcanic rocks. In turn, these have been grouped into acidic, neutral (intermediate) and basic magmatites. A new ranking method is proposed, based on considering the rock characteristics as indicators of quantitative assessment, and the grading system, by given points, allowing the rocks framing in admissibility classes. The paper is structured into two parts, experimental and interpretation of experimental data, showing the methodology to assess the quality of igneous rocks analyzed, and the results of theoretical and experimental research carried out on the analyzed rock types. The proposed method constitutes an appropriate instrument for assessment and verification of the requirements regarding the quality of rocks used for sustainable construction.

Keywords: igneous rock; aggregate; physical–mechanical characteristics; exploitation; conformity; safety level

1. Introduction Since the dawn of civilization, rocks have been used for construction purposes. In time, the use of rocks under a variety of forms became increasingly complex, as a reflection of cultural and historical trends of the human society [1,2]. On the Romanian territory, the natural occurrence of useful rocks is widely spread on the foreland zone and on the Carpathian structures. These rocks have multiple uses in constructions and various other civil/industrial sectors. Besides being used as raw material in buildings, roads and a variety of miscellaneous engineering works, depending on their petrographic type, these useful rocks are also used for ornamental/decorative purposes [2–4]. Given their wide spectrum of utilizations, the interest for mapping new reserves and prospective areas of useful rocks becomes crucial. This interest is enhanced by the rapid development of the

Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925; doi:10.3390/su9101925 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 2 of 21 construction industry, with special emphasis on terrestrial transportation infrastructures [5,6]. To acquire the desired construction quality of the terrestrial transportation infrastructures, a thorough understanding of the used materials and their behavior under heavy traffic and weathering factors is required. The construction, rehabilitation and maintenance of road infrastructures involve the utilization of significant quantities of natural materials, where the natural aggregates play the most important role. Advanced construction technologies together with the quality of rocks, natural aggregates and other road construction materials, drive the achievement of well-built terrestrial transportation infrastructures. In the particular case of aggregates, the diversity of the raw material as a source, the various capabilities of manufacturing facilities, and the market demand present a wide diversity, with direct repercussion on the quality of the aggregates. Accordingly, the rigorous characterization of the original aggregate quality becomes a paramount aspect in building reliable terrestrial transportation infrastructures. Additionally, based on the variation of raw material and manufacturing facilities, the aggregate characterization becomes a necessary periodic, reiterative step, aimed to bridge the construction needs and the available material. The adequate utilization of each type of aggregate is dictated by the chemical, mineralogical–petrographical and physical–mechanical properties of the source rock. The periodic analysis of the source rocks and aggregates is managed through specific standards that stipulate threshold values of the physical and mechanical properties specific for each utilization field. Given all the considerations above, the current paper represents a comprehensive geo-mechanical study of the magmatic rocks from the Southern Apuseni Mountains, rocks represented by a wide range of varieties, such as gabbro, diabase, granite, rhyolite, and basalt used in raw or manufactured form for civil engineering construction and ornamental/decorative works.

2. Geology of Southern Apuseni Mountains The Apuseni Mountains are located between cross aisles of Mures and Somes, representing the largest and most complex subdivision of Occidental Carpathian [7–9]. They represent an internal arch in relation to Southern and Eastern Carpathian; they close westward the Transylvania Depression. Southern Apuseni represent central compartment of Occidental Carpathians, including a particularly complex area as tectonic and lithology. Morphologically, Southern Apuseni Mountains are delimited between Mures River and the alignment formed by the settlements Bârzava-Mădrize¸sti–Hălmagiu-Câmpeni on the south and to the north of Ro¸siaMontană-Sălciua-Ocoli¸s[10]. Southern Apuseni Mountains are also known as the Ore Mountains. Although as a major structural geological unit, Apuseni Mountains have a particular position that deviates from the sinuous direction of the Alpino-Carpathian-Balkanides-Caucasian chain, they have resulted from the evolution of a rifting zone that occurred in the Transylvanian—Pannonian microplate. This was divided into two blocks—Pannonian block and Transylvanian block—by means of a breakage that occurred long before the Medium Jurassic. The geologic processes that led to the building of structural-genetic unit of the South Apuseni from Mountains Apuseni were influenced by behavior of edge of Pannonian block, which also resulted in the North Apuseni. The South Apuseni has evolved from a labile area of the Alpino-Carpathian geosyncline before Medium Jurassic (Dogger), in which there were many geological events. Due to these geological events, from stratigraphical point of view, in the structure of South Apuseni Mountains can be distinguished the following litho-structural-genetic units [11]: pre-alpine crystalline massifs (crystalline schist); ophiolitical magmatit; sedimentary pre-laramic; laramic magmatit; Neogene vulcanite; and post-laramic sedimentary from inter-mountain depressions (see Figure1). Actual tectonic arrangement of the South Apuseni Mountains is closely linked to their geological evolution in the framework of central and southeast Europe Alpine area [12]. In this context, the South Apuseni Mountains represent the suture or the scar of a labile area, which in its development has known a phase of expansion accompanied and followed by particular geotectonic processes, which can include: magmatic basic activity, processes of shortening the crust, subduction, oceanic crust consumption, etc. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 3 of 21 Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 3 of 21 whichSustainabilitywhich cancan 2017include:include:, 9, 1925 magmaticmagmatic basicbasic activity,activity, proceprocessessses ofof shorteningshortening thethe crust,crust, subduction,subduction, oceanicoceanic3 of 21 crustcrust consumption,consumption, etc.etc.

Figure 1. Geological map of Apuseni Mountains (according to Mutihac, 1990). FigureFigure 1. 1. GeologicalGeological map map of of Apuseni Apuseni Mounta Mountainsins (according (according to to Mutihac, Mutihac, 1990). 1990).

3. Characterization of Studied Magmatic Rocks from South Apuseni 3.3. Characterization Characterization of of Studied Studied Magmatic Magmatic Rocks Rocks from from South South Apuseni Apuseni Magmatic rocks form one of the three major groups of rocks, resulting from cooling and MagmaticMagmatic rocks rocks form form one one of of the the three three major major gr groupsoups of of rocks, rocks, resulting resulting from from cooling cooling and and solidification of magma inside the crust or near the surface; relative to the solidification time, these solidificationsolidification of magmamagma insideinside the the crust crust or or near near the the surface; surface; relative relative to the to solidificationthe solidification time, time, these these rocks rocks are classified as follows: volcanic rocks stratified or eruptive, with fine grain (acidic rocks and rocksare classified are classified as follows: as follows: volcanic volcanic rocks rocks stratified strati orfied eruptive, or eruptive, with finewith grain fine grain (acidic (acidic rocks rocks andbasic and basic rocks that includes mainly basalts) and plutonic massive characterized by the presence of basicrocks rocks that includes that includes mainly mainly basalts) basalts) and plutonic and plutonic massive massive characterized characterized by the presence by the ofpresence crystals of of crystals of larger size as compared to the first category (acidic rocks category that includes granite, crystalslarger size of larger as compared size as compared to the first to category the first (acidic category rocks (acidic category rocks that category includes that granite, includes and granite, basic and basic rocks as gabbro—a classification of igneous rocks was performed in 1966 by Mason and androcks basic as gabbro—a rocks as gabbro—a classification classification of igneous of rocks igneous was performedrocks was performed in 1966 by Masonin 1966 and by takenMason up and by taken up by other researchers [13,14]), classification performed based on the mineral composition takenother researchersup by other [ 13researchers,14]), classification [13,14]), classifica performedtion based performed on the mineralbased on composition the mineral and composition relative to and relative to way of formation of these rocks (see Figure 2). andway relative of formation to way of of these formation rocks (seeof these Figure rocks2). (see Figure 2).

Figure 2. Schematic position of main magmatic rocks depending on their mineralogical composition FigureFigure 2. 2. SchematicSchematic position position of of main main magmatic magmatic rocks rocks depending depending on on their their mineralogical mineralogical composition composition (according to Mason (1966) cited by Beauchamp). (according(according to to Mason Mason (1966) (1966) cited cited by by Beauchamp). Beauchamp).

InIn SouthernSouthern ApuseniApuseni areare knownknown assoassociationsciations ofof igneousigneous rockrock formedformed inin threethree distinctdistinct phasesphases ofof In Southern Apuseni are known associations of igneous rock formed in three distinct thethe alpinealpine cyclecycle [15]:[15]: Jurassic–CretaceousJurassic–Cretaceous lowerlower magmaticmagmatic rocks,rocks, equivalentequivalent ofof ophioliteophiolite magmaticmagmatic phases of the alpine cycle [15]: Jurassic–Cretaceous lower magmatic rocks, equivalent of ophiolite rocks;rocks; Paleocene–UpperPaleocene–Upper CretaceousCretaceous magmatic,magmatic, equiequivalentvalent ofof laramiclaramic magmaticmagmatic rocks;rocks; andand Neogene–Neogene– magmatic rocks; Paleocene–Upper Cretaceous magmatic, equivalent of laramic magmatic rocks; Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 4 of 21 and Neogene–Quaternary magmatic rocks, equivalent of Neogene effusive rocks. In the characterization of Southern Apuseni, the ophiolite magmatic rocks represented by basalts, andesite, dacite and even rhyolites form a huge mass that extends over a length of 190 km between Aries Valley and town of Zăbal¸ton Mure¸sValley; these rocks can reach a maximum width of 40 km. In Southern Apuseni, laramic magmatism manifested by lava is represented by occurrences of basaltic andesites from Măgura Brăni¸scaand Măgura Sârbi. In genetic point of view, Neogene–Quaternary volcanism from Southern Apuseni falls into two types, acidic and respectively intermediate calc-alkaline.

3.1. Mineralogical and Petrographical Characterization of Igneous Rocks Analyzed All the rocks presented in this study were analyzed at both macroscopic and microscopic level to determine the mineralogical and petrographical properties necessary for the further study of parameters defining the geo-mechanical behavior of the rock. The mineralogical and petrographical study was achieved based on the analysis of thin sections examined with a polarizing microscope. Based on the macroscopic and microscopic analyses, a detailed description of these rocks is presented (see Table1).

3.2. Chemical Composition of Magmatic Rocks Analyzed The chemical composition of rocks was determined based on analysis performed on 15 samples. The chemical analysis aimed to identify the main oxides, with emphasis on silica dioxide, as an indicator of the acid, basic or neutral type of the analyzed magmatites. The chemical analysis was performed in the Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Petrosani, using an XRF spectrometer (X-ray fluorescence). The alkali–ggregate reaction emphasizes the reactivity and partial harmfulness of aggregates containing one or more forms of the silica dioxide with lower crystallization (opal, chalcedony, tridymite, and cristobalite) and volcanic glass rich in silica dioxide. The need of testing the reaction alkali–ggregate is dictated by concrete, which comes in permanent or temporary contact with water or, generally, with a humid environment [2,3,16]. Testing of the alkali–ggregate reaction was performed in conformity with standard STAS 5440-70:

1. To determine the reduction of sodium hydroxide solution Rc, Equation (1) was used:

f · (V3 − V2) × 1000 3 Rc = [mmol/dm ] (1) V1

where Rc represents the reduction of the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution, 3 in mmol/dm ; f is the factor of chlorhydric acid utilized during titration 0.05 n; V2 is the 3 volume of chlorhydric acid 0.05 n utilized for titration of analyzed sample in cm ; V3 is the 3 volume of chlorhydric acid 0.05 n utilized for titration of witness sample, in cm ; and V1 is the volume of diluted solution, in cm3 (20 cm3). 2. The quantity of silica dioxide from the filtered sodium hydroxide solution was determined with Equation (2): (A − A ) × 1000 × 1000 S = 1 2 [mmolSiO /dm3] (2) c 5 × 60.06 2 3 where: Sc is the concentration of dissolved silica dioxide in mmol/dm ; A1 is the concentration 3 of silica dioxide in g, in 100 cm diluted solution; A2 is the concentration of silica dioxide in g, in 100 cm3 witness solution, diluted; and 60.06 is the molecular mass of silica dioxide, in g.

Based on the reaction alkali–ggregates, observations are drawn regarding the suitability of using aggregates with cements to attenuate or annihilate the reactivity. These observations are used in the particular case of the aggregates used to mix cements, which will face continuous contact with water or a moist environment [16]. The results following this analysis are given in Table2, while the noxious character of the aggregates is determined based on the diagram in Figure3 and classification in Table3. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 5 of 21 Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 5 of 21 Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 5 of 21 SustainabilitySustainability 2017 2017, 9,, 19259, 1925 5 of5 21of 21 Table 1. Table 1. MacroscopicMacroscopic and and microscopic microscopic characterization characterization of magmatic of magmatic rocks types rocks analyzed. types analyzed. Table 1. Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of magmatic rocks types analyzed. TableTable 1. Macroscopic1. Macroscopic and and microscopic microscopic characterization characterization of ofmagmatic magmatic rocks rocks types types analyzed. analyzed. Macroscopic Analysis Microscopic Analysis MacroscopicMacroscopic Analysis Analysis MicroscopicMicroscopic Analysis Analysis MacroscopicMacroscopic Analysis Analysis Structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic-granular,Microscopic porphyritic.Microscopic Analysis Analysis Şoimuş Granite—sample number 1 Structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic-granular, porphyritic. ޸Soimu¸sGranite—sampleoimuş Granite—sample number number 1 1 Structure:Structure:Structure:Rock texture: holocrystalline, holocrystalline, holocrystalline, unoriented hypidi (massive), hypidi hypidiomorphic-granular,omorphic-granular,omorphic-granular, compact. porphyritic. porphyritic. porphyritic. ŞoimuŞSamplingoimuş Granite—sampleş Granite—sample location: Șoimu numberș number, Arad 1 District. 1 Rock texture: unoriented (massive), compact. SamplingSampling location: location: Șoimu S, oimusș, Arad, , Arad District. District. RockRockRockMineralogical texture: texture: texture: unoriented unoriented composition; unoriented (massive), (massive), quartz, (massive), compact. orthose,compact. compact. plagioclase feldspar, biotite, opaque minerals, sericite, kaolinite. SamplingSamplingGeological location: location: structure: Șoimu Șoimu tardi-orș, Aradș, Aradogenic District. District. (Banatitic) magmatism. Mineralogical composition; quartz, orthose, plagioclase feldspar, biotite, opaque minerals, sericite, kaolinite. GeologicalGeological structure: structure: tardi-or tardi-orogenicogenic (Banatitic) (Banatitic) magmatism. magmatism. MineralogicalMineralogicalMineralogicalQuartz: (32.5%) composition; composition; composition;appears asquartz, crystalsquartz, quartz, orthose, withorthose, orthose, non-geometric, plagioclase plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, fxenomorphiceldspar, feldspar,biotite, biotite, opaquecontours biotite,opaque minerals, and minerals, opaque variable sericite, minerals,sericite, dimensions, kaolinite. kaolinite. sericite, between kaolinite. 0.2/0.1 mm and GeologicalGeologicalRock type: structure: structure:magmatic, tardi-or tardi-or plutonic,ogenicogenic and (Banatitic) acidic.(Banatitic) magmatism. magmatism. Quartz: (32.5%) appears as crystals with non-geometric, xenomorphic contours and variable dimensions, between 0.2/0.1 mm and RockRock type: type: magmatic, magmatic, plutonic, plutonic, and andacidic. acidic. Quartz:Quartz:Quartz:2.3/1.8 (32.5%) mm. (32.5%) (32.5%) The appears appearsquartz appears as presents crystalsas crystals as crystals randomwith with non-geometric, with non-geometric,feldspar non-geometric, inclusions xenomorphic xenomorphic, rarely xenomorphic contoursintergrown contours and contours andwith variable variable orthose and dimensions, dimensions,and variable forming between dimensions, between micrographic, 0.2/0.1 0.2/0.1 betweenmm mm and and 0.2/0.1 mm and RockRock type: type:structure: magmatic, magmatic, holocrystalline, plutonic, plutonic, and andgr acidic.anular acidic. hypidiomorphic, slightly 2.3/1.8 mm. The quartz presents random feldspar inclusions, rarely intergrown with orthose and forming micrographic, RockRock structure: structure: holocrystalline, holocrystalline, granular granular hypidiomorphic, hypidiomorphic, slightly 2.3/1.82.3/1.82.3/1.8myrmekitic mm. mm. mm. The Thestructures. quartz The quartz quartz presents Inpresents several presents random random occurre random feldspar feldsparnces, feldspartheinclusions inclusionssubmillimeter inclusions,, rarely, rarely intergrowncrystals intergrown rarely are intergrownwithgroupe with orthosed orthose as a with andmosaicated and forming orthose forming arrangement. micrographic, and micrographic, forming Orthose micrographic, myrmekitic RockRockporphyritic structure: structure: holocrystalline, holocrystalline, granular granular hypidiomorphic, hypidiomorphic, slightly slightly myrmekitic structures. In several occurrences, the submillimeter crystals are grouped as a mosaicated arrangement. Orthose slightlyporphyritic porphyritic myrmekiticstructures.myrmekitic(27.3%) appears structures. structures. In several hypidiomorphic, In severalIn occurrences, several occurre occurreallotriomorphic, thences,nces, submillimeter the the submillimeter submillimeter rarely idiomorphic. crystals crystals crystals are are Crystals’ grouped are groupe groupe dimensionsd as asd aaas mosaicatedmosaicated a mosaicated vary between arrangement. arrangement. arrangement. 0.3/0.2 Orthosemm Orthose and 2.7/1.7 (27.3%) appears porphyriticporphyriticRock texture: unoriented (massive), compact. (27.3%) appears hypidiomorphic, allotriomorphic, rarely idiomorphic. Crystals’ dimensions vary between 0.3/0.2 mm and 2.7/1.7 RockRock texture: texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. (27.3%)hypidiomorphic,(27.3%)mm. appearsThis appears mineral hypidiomorphic, hypidiomorphic, presents allotriomorphic, incipient allotriomorphic, allotriomorphic, to rarely sometimes idiomorphic. rarely advancedrarely idiomorphic. idiomorphic. Crystals’states of Crystals’ mineralogical Crystals’ dimensions dimensions dimensions alteration. vary vary between vary Plagioclasebetween between 0.3/0.2 0.3/0.2 feldspar0.3/0.2 mm mm mmand (26.2%)and and 2.7/1.72.7/1.7 2.7/1.7 is mm. This mineral RockRockColor: texture: texture: white-greyish, unoriented unoriented with (massive), (massive), slight pinkcompact. compact. hue. mm. This mineral presents incipient to sometimes advanced states of mineralogical alteration. Plagioclase feldspar (26.2%) is Color:Color: white-greyish, white-greyish, with with slight slight pink pink hue. hue. mm.presentsmm.represented This This mineral incipientmineral by presentsits presentsacidic to sometimes incipientvariety incipient (albite) to advanced sometimesto sometimes; the crystals, statesadvanced advanced mostly of mineralogical states hypidiomorphicstates of mineralogicalof mineralogical alteration. and alteration. rarely alteration. Plagioclase idiomorphic, Plagioclase Plagioclase feldspar present feldspar feldspar (26.2%) dimensions (26.2%) (26.2%) isrepresented is is by its acidic Color:Color:Mineralogical white-greyish, white-greyish, composition: with with slight slight quartz, pink pink hue.orthoclase hue. and plagioclase represented by its acidic variety (albite); the crystals, mostly hypidiomorphic and rarely idiomorphic, present dimensions MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: quartz, quartz, orthoclase orthoclase and plagioclase and plagioclase representedvarietyrepresentedbetween (albite); 0.4/0.3by byits its acidicmm the acidic and crystals, variety variety2.5/1.5 (albite) mostly mm.(albite) ;Similar the hypidiomorphic; the crystals, crystals,to the mostly orthose, mostly hypidiomorphic and the hypidiomorphic rarelyplagioclase idiomorphic, andfeldspar and rarely rarely presents presentidiomorphic, idiomorphic, diffe dimensionsrent present presentstates dimensions between of dimensions mineralogical 0.4/0.3 mm and 2.5/1.5 mm. MineralogicalMineralogicalfeldspars, biotite, composition: composition: secondary quartz, quartz, minerals. orthoclase orthoclase and and plagioclase plagioclase between 0.4/0.3 mm and 2.5/1.5 mm. Similar to the orthose, the plagioclase feldspar presents different states of mineralogical feldspars,feldspars, biotite, biotite, secondary secondary minerals. minerals. betweenSimilarbetweenalteration. 0.4/0.3 to 0.4/0.3 Biotite the mm orthose, mm anddoes and 2.5/1.5 not the2.5/1.5 exceed plagioclasemm. mm. Similar4.5% Similar from feldsparto the toall the mineralorthose, orthose, presents componthe the pl differentagioclase plents;agioclase it states appearsfeldspar feldspar of in mineralogicalpresents the presents rock diffe ma diffessrent alteration.freshrent states states or partiallyof mineralogicalof Biotite mineralogical to does totally not exceed 4.5% from all feldspars,feldspars,Reaction biotite, to biotite, acids: secondary secondarynone of minerals.the minerals. rock components reacts with dilute alteration. Biotite does not exceed 4.5% from all mineral components; it appears in the rock mass fresh or partially to totally ReactionReaction to to acids: acids: none none of the of therock rock components components reacts reactswith dilute with alteration.mineralalteration.limonitized. Biotite components; Biotite does does not not itexceed appearsexceed 4.5% 4.5% in from the from all rock allmineral mineral mass compon fresh compon orents; partiallyents; it appears it appears to totallyin thein the rock limonitized. rock ma mass freshss fresh or partiallyor partially to totallyto totally ReactionReactionHCl to acids:to acids: none none of theof the rock rock components components reacts reacts with with dilute dilute limonitized. diluteHCl HCl limonitized.Denominationlimonitized.Denomination rock: rock: Adamelitic Adamelitic Granite. Granite. HCl Denomination rock: Adamelitic Granite. HCl DenominationDenomination rock: rock: Adamelitic Adamelitic Granite. Granite.

Granite Granite Plagioclase feldspar and orthoclase with equal proportions, quartz crystalized at a later stage, partially corroding the feldspar crystals GraniteGraniteGranite PlagioclasePlagioclase feldspar feldspar and orthoclase and orthoclase with eq withual proportions, equal proportions, quartz crystalized quartz crystalizedat a later stage, at a partially later stage, corroding partially the feldsp corrodingar crystals the feldspar crystals PlagioclasePlagioclaseStructure: feldspar holocrystalline,feldspar and and orthoclase orthoclase granular with with eq hyual eqpidiomorphic,ual proportions, proportions, quartz slightly quartz crystalized crystalized porphyroidic. at aat later a later stage, stage, partially partially corroding corroding the the feldsp feldspar crystalsar crystals Şoimuş Granite—sample number 2 Structure: holocrystalline, granular hypidiomorphic, slightly porphyroidic. Şoimuş Granite—sample number 2 Structure:Structure:Structure:Texture: holocrystalline, unoriented holocrystalline, holocrystalline, (massive), granular granular granular compact. hy pidiomorphic,hypidiomorphic, hypidiomorphic, slightly slightly porphyroidic. slightly porphyroidic. porphyroidic. ¸Soimu¸sGranite—sampleŞoimuŞSamplingoimuş Granite—sampleş Granite—sample location: Șoimo numberș number , Arad 2 District. 2 2 Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. Sampling location: Șoimoș, Arad District. Texture:Texture:Texture:Mineralogical unoriented unoriented unoriented composition; (massive), (massive), (massive), quartz,compact. compact. compact. orthose, plagioclase feldspar, biotite, opaque minerals, secondary minerals. SamplingSamplingSamplingGeological location: location: location: structure: Șoimo S,Șoimosoimo tardi-orș, Aradș,,, Arad Aradogenic District. District. District. (Banatitic) magmatism. Mineralogical composition; quartz, orthose, plagioclase feldspar, biotite, opaque minerals, secondary minerals. Geological structure: tardi-orogenic (Banatitic) magmatism. MineralogicalMineralogicalMineralogicalQuartz (33.2%) composition; composition; lacks composition; completely quartz, quartz, quartz, orthose,geometric orthose, orthose, plagioclase contour plagioclase plagioclase and feldspar, feldspar,occupies feldspar,biotite, biotite,the interstices opaque biotite,opaque minerals, between minerals, opaque secondary feldspars. minerals,secondary minerals.Quartz secondaryminerals. crystal minerals. dimensions do GeologicalGeologicalGeologicalRock type: structure: structure: structure:magmatic, tardi-or tardi-orogenictardi-or plutonic,ogenicogenic acidic. (Banatitic) (Banatitic) (Banatitic) magmatism. magmatism. magmatism. Quartz (33.2%) lacks completely geometric contour and occupies the interstices between feldspars. Quartz crystal dimensions do Rock type: magmatic, plutonic, acidic. QuartzQuartzQuartznot exceed (33.2%) (33.2%) (33.2%) a lacksmaximum lacks lacks completely completely completelyof 1.5 mm,geometric geometric with geometric thecontour contour majority contourand and ofoccupies submillim occupies and occupiesthe theter intersticese interstices dimensions. the between interstices between The feldspars. quartz feldspars. between cr ystalsQuartz Quartz feldspars. appear crystal crystal as Quartzdimensions mosaicated dimensions crystal do do dimensions do not RockRockRock type: type:structure: magmatic, magmatic, magmatic, holocrystalline, plutonic, plutonic, acidic. acidic.hy acidic.pidiomorphic granular, slightly not exceed a maximum of 1.5 mm, with the majority of submillimeter dimensions. The quartz crystals appear as mosaicated Rock structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic granular, slightly notexceednotarrangement exceed exceed aa maximummaximum a maximum or intergrown of of 1.5of 1.5 1.5 mm, with mm, mm, with orthose, withwith the the majority as majority majoritymyrmekite. of submillimof of submillim Orthos submillimeteretere (37.5%)eter dimensions. dimensions. appears dimensions. The less The quartz frequently quartz The cr quartzystals crystals with appear crystals geometric,appear as appearmosaicatedas mosaicated idiomorphic as mosaicated arrangement RockRockRockporphyroidic. structure: structure: holocrystalline, holocrystalline, holocrystalline, hy pidiomorphichy hypidiomorphicpidiomorphic granular, granular, granular, slightly slightly arrangement or intergrown with orthose, as myrmekite. Orthose (37.5%) appears less frequently with geometric, idiomorphic porphyroidic. arrangementorarrangementcontours, intergrown and or intergrownor more withintergrown frequently orthose, with with orthose, as orthose, hypidiomorphic myrmekite. as myrmekite.as myrmekite. Orthose and Orthos xenomorp Orthos (37.5%)e (37.5%)e (37.5%)hic appears crystals. appears appears less The less frequentlyless orth frequently frequentlyose crystals with with with dimensions geometric,geometric, geometric, idiomorphicvary idiomorphic idiomorphic between contours, and more slightlyporphyroidic.porphyroidic.Rock texture: porphyroidic. unoriented (massive), compact. contours, and more frequently as hypidiomorphic and xenomorphic crystals. The orthose crystals dimensions vary between Rock texture: unoriented (massive), compact. contours,frequentlycontours,0.2/0.1 mmand and moreand as more hypidiomorphic 2.0/1.5 frequently frequently mm. Theas hypidiomorphicas orthose hypidiomorphic and xenomorphic presents and mostly and xenomorp crystals.xenomorp incipienthic Thehic crystals.states crystals. orthose of Themineralogical The crystals orth orthoseose crystals dimensions alteration; crystals dimensions dimensions sporadically, vary between vary vary between advanced between 0.2/0.1 mm and 2.0/1.5 mm. RockRockRockColor: texture: texture: white-greyish, unoriented unoriented unoriented slight (massive), (massive), pink hue,compact. compact. compact.dotted. 0.2/0.1 mm and 2.0/1.5 mm. The orthose presents mostly incipient states of mineralogical alteration; sporadically, advanced Color: white-greyish, slight pink hue, dotted. 0.2/0.1The0.2/0.1mineralogical mm orthose mm and and 2.0/1.5 presents alteration 2.0/1.5 mm. mm. mostly is The also The orthose incipientobserved. orthose presents presents statesSome mostly crystal of mostly mineralogical incipient contou incipientrs states are states alteration; corroded of mineralogicalof mineralogical by sporadically, finely alteration;crysta alteration;llized advanced sporadically, quartz. sporadically, mineralogical Plagioclase advanced advanced feldsp alteration ar is also observed. Color:Color:Color:Mineralogical white-greyish, white-greyish, white-greyish, composition; slight slightslight pink pinkquartz, hue, hue, hue, dotted.plagioclase dotted. dotted. and orthoclase mineralogical alteration is also observed. Some crystal contours are corroded by finely crystallized quartz. Plagioclase feldspar Mineralogical composition; quartz, plagioclase and orthoclase mineralogicalSomemineralogical(25.3%) crystal consists alteration alteration contours of hypidiomorphic is also is are also observed. corroded observed. crystals Some by Somefinely of crystal albite crystal crystallized contou and contou oligocrs arerslase, quartz.are corroded corrodedfrequently Plagioclase by byfinely developed finely crysta feldspar crysta llizedfromllized (25.3%)averagequartz. quartz. Plagioclaseto consists Plagioclaselarge crystals of feldsp hypidiomorphic feldsp (0.5/ar ar0.4 crystals of MineralogicalMineralogicalMineralogicalfeldspar, biotite, composition; composition; composition; opaque andquartz, quartz, secondary plagioclase plagioclase plagioclase minerals. and and orthoclase and orthoclase orthoclase (25.3%) consists of hypidiomorphic crystals of albite and oligoclase, frequently developed from average to large crystals (0.5/0.4 feldspar, biotite, opaque and secondary minerals. (25.3%)albite(25.3%)mm andconsists and consists 0.3/1.8 oligoclase, of mm).hypidiomorphicof hypidiomorphic The frequently feldspar crystals presents developedcrystals of albiteofdifferent albite from and and states averageoligoc oligoc oflase, mineralogical tolase, frequently large frequently crystals developedalteration, developed (0.5/0.4 suchfrom mmfrom as average sericitization andaverage 0.3/1.8 to largeto large and mm). crystals crystalskaolinizatio The (0.5/ feldspar(0.5/0.4n.0.4 presents different feldspar,feldspar,feldspar,Reaction biotite, biotite, tobiotite, acids: opaque opaque opaque none and of andand thesecondary secondary secondaryrock components minerals. minerals. minerals. reacts with dilute mm and 0.3/1.8 mm). The feldspar presents different states of mineralogical alteration, such as sericitization and kaolinization. Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute mmstatesmmBiotite and and 0.3/1.8 ofdoes 0.3/1.8 mineralogical not mm). mm).exceed The The feldspar4.5% alteration, feldspar from presents thepresents such mass different as ofdifferent sericitization all componen states states of mineralogicalofts, and mineralogical appearing kaolinization. alteration,as freshalteration, Biotite or suchpartially such doesas sericitizationas to notsericitization totally exceed limonitized. and 4.5% and kaolinizatio kaolinizatio from then. mass n. of all components, ReactionReactionReactionHCl. to to acids:to acids: acids: none nonenone of the of the rock rock rock components components components reacts reacts reacts with with dilute with dilute Biotite does not exceed 4.5% from the mass of all components, appearing as fresh or partially to totally limonitized. HCl. BiotiteappearingBiotiteDenomination does does not asnot exceed freshrock: exceed Porphyiroidic4.5% or 4.5% partially from from the tothe Granite.mass totally mass of allof limonitized. allcomponen components, ts,appearing appearing as freshas fresh or partiallyor partially to totallyto totally limonitized. limonitized. diluteHCl.HCl. HCl. Denomination rock: Porphyiroidic Granite. DenominationDenominationDenomination rock: rock: rock: Porphyiroidic Porphyiroidic Porphyiroidic Granite. Granite. Granite.

Porfiroid Granite Porfiroid Granite Porphyiroidic granite. Orthose with twins (macles), pheno cryst within metastasis mass of quartz and plagioclase PorfiroidPorfiroidPorfiroid Granite Granite Granite Porphyiroidic granite. Orthose with twins (macles), phenocryst within metastasis mass of quartz and plagioclase PorphyiroidicPorphyiroidicPorphyiroidic granite. granite. granite. Orthose Orthose Orthose with with twins with twins (macles), twins (macles), (macles), pheno phenocrystcryst phenocryst within within metastasis metastasis within mass metastasis mass of quartzof quartz mass and and ofplagioclasequartz plagioclase and plagioclase

Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 6 of 21

Table 1. Cont. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 6 of 21 Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 6 of 21 SustainabilitySustainability 2017 2017, 9, ,1925 9, 1925 6 of6 21of 21 Macroscopic Analysis Microscopic Analysis Structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic-granular, partially porphyroidic. Structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic-granular, partially porphyroidic. Săvârșin Granite—sample number 3 Structure:Structure:Texture: holocrystallin unoriente holocrystalline,d (massive),e, hypidiomorph hypidiomorphic-granular, compact.ic-granular, partially partiallyporphyroidic. porphyroidic. SSăvvârârsș,inin Granite—sample Granite—sample number number 3 3 Texture:Structure: unoriented holocrystallin (massive),e, hypidiomorph compact. ic-granular, partially porphyroidic. SăvârSSamplingăvârșinș Granite—samplein Granite—sample location: Săvâr numberșin, number Arad 3 District. 3 Texture:Texture:Mineralogical unoriente unoriented composition;d (massive), (massive), quartz,compact. compact. orthocla se feldspar (orthose), acid plagioclase feldspar, biotite, zircon, opaque minerals, SamplingSampling location: location: Să Svârăvșâin,rs, in,Arad Arad District. District. MineralogicalTexture: unoriente composition;d (massive), quartz, compact. orthocla se feldspar (orthose), acid plagioclase feldspar, biotite, zircon, opaque minerals, SamplingSamplingGeological location: location: structure: Să vârSă epeirogenicvârșin,ș in,Arad Arad District. subsequent District. banatitic (laramide) MineralogicalMineralogicalsericite, kaolinite, composition; composition; limonite. quartz, quartz, orthocla orthoclasese feldspar feldspar(orthose), (orthose), acid plagioclas acide plagioclasefeldspar, biotite, feldspar, zircon, biotite, opaque zircon, minerals, opaque minerals, sericite, GeologicalGeological structure: structure: epeirogenic epeirogenic subsequent subsequent banatitic banatitic (laramide) sericite,Mineralogical kaolinite, composition; limonite. quartz, orthoclase feldspar (orthose), acid plagioclase feldspar, biotite, zircon, opaque minerals, Geologicalmagmatism.Geological structure: structure: epeirogenic epeirogenic subsequent subsequent banatitic banatitic (laramide) (laramide) sericite,kaolinite,Quartz kaolinite, (25.6%) limonite. limappearsonite. as crystals with non-geometric, xenomorphic contours, and variable dimensions between 0.2/0.1 mm and (laramide)magmatism. magmatism. Quartzsericite, (25.6%) kaolinite, appears lim asonite. crystals with non-geometric, xenomorphic contours, and variable dimensions between 0.2/0.1 mm and magmatism.magmatism.Rock type: magmatic, plutonic, and acidic. QuartzQuartz2.0/1.7 (25.6%) mm. (25.6%) S appearsmall appears dimension as cryst asals crystals with non-geometric,are with usually non-geometric, encountered xenomorphic xenomorphicbetween contours, feldspar a contours,nd in variableterstices, and dimensions sometimes variable between a dimensionss a mosaicated 0.2/0.1between mm and 0.2/0.1 mm and RockRock type: magmatic, magmatic, plutonic, plutonic, and andacidic. acidic. 2.0/1.7Quartz mm. (25.6%) Small dimensionappears as crystalscrystals arewith usually non-geometric, encountered xen omorphicbetween feldspar contours, in terstices,and variable sometimes dimensions as a mosaicatedbetween 0.2/0.1 mm and RockRock type: structure:type: magmatic, magmatic, holocrystalline, plutonic, plutonic, and andgr acidic.anular acidic. hypidiomorphic, slightly 2.0/1.72.0/1.7arrangement. mm. mm. Small Small dimension dimension crystals crystals are usually are encountered usually encountered between feldspar between interstices, feldspar sometimes interstices, as a sometimes mosaicated as a mosaicated arrangement. RockRock structure: holocrystalline, holocrystalline, granular granular hypidiomorphic, hypidiomorphic, slightly arrangement.2.0/1.7 mm. Small dimension crystals are usually encountered between feldspar interstices, sometimes as a mosaicated RockRockporphyroidic. structure: structure: holocrystalline, holocrystalline, granular granular hypidiomorphic, hypidiomorphic, slightly slightly arrangement.OrthoseOrthose (33.5%) (33.5%) isis represent representeded by byhypidiom hypidiomorphic,orphic, idiomorphic, idiomorphic, and subordinat and subordinatelyely allotriomorphic allotriomorphic crystals. The crystals. crystals Themaycrystals may present slightlyporphyroidic. porphyroidic. Orthosearrangement. (33.5%) is represented by hypidiomorphic, idiomorphic, and subordinately allotriomorphic crystals. The crystals may porphyroidic.porphyroidic.Rock texture: unoriented (massive), compact. Orthosebisyntheticpresent (33.5%) bisynthetic twins is represent (macles),twins ed(macles), by with hypidiom with dimensions diorphic,mensions idiomorphic, varying varyin betweeng be andtween subordinat 0.2/0.1 0.2/0.1 mm mmely aandllotriomorphic and 2.5/1.5 2.5/1.5 mm. mm. crystals.The Theorthos The orthosee mineralcrystals mineral presentsmay presents fresh or RockRock texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. presentOrthose bisynthetic (33.5%) istwins represent (macles),ed by with hypidiom dimensionsorphic, varying idiomorphic, between and 0.2/0.1 subordinat mm andely 2.5/1.5 allotriomorphic mm. The orthose crystals. mineral The crystals presents may RockRockColor: texture: texture: white-greyish, unoriented unoriented slight (massive), (massive), pink hue.compact. compact. presentincipientfresh biorsynthetic incipient to advanced tw toins adva (macles), statesnced states of with mineralogical of di mineralogicalmensions varyin alteration. alteratig betweenon. Plagioclase Plagioclase 0.2/0.1 mm feldsparfeldsp andar 2.5/1.5 (35.0%) (35.0%) mm. con consistsThsistse orthos mainly mainlye mineral of hypidiomorph of hypidiomorphicpresents ic and Color:Color: white-greyish, white-greyish, slight slight pink pink hue. hue. freshpresent or incipient bisynthetic to advanced twins (macles), states of with mineralogical dimensions alterati varyinon.g bePlagioclasetween 0.2/0.1 feldspar mm and(35.0%) 2.5/1.5 consists mm. Thmainlye orthos of hypidiomorphe mineral presentsic Color:Color:Mineralogical white-greyish, white-greyish, composition: slight slight pink pinkquartz hue. hue., orthose, acidic plagioclase freshidiomorphicand or idiomorphi incipient crystals.toc advacrystals.nc Theed The states plagioclase plagioclase of mineralogical crystalscrystals presentalterati presenton. dimensions dimensions Plagioclase be tweenfeldsp between ar0.5/0.4 (35.0%) 0.5/0.4 mm con an mmsistsd 2.4/1.6 andmainly mm. 2.4/1.6 of T hypidiomorphhis mm. mineral This is mineralanic is an acid MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: quartz quartz,, orthose, orthose, acidic acidic plagioclase plagioclase andfresh idiomorphic or incipient crystals. to adva Thenc edplagioclase states of mineralogicalcrystals present alterati dimensionson. Plagioclase between feldsp 0.5/0.4ar mm (35.0%) and 2.4/1.6consists mm. mainly This of mineral hypidiomorph is an ic MineralogicalMineralogicalfeldspars, biotite, composition: composition: accessory quartz minerals.quartz, orthose,, orthose, acidic acidic plagioclase plagioclase andplagioclase,acid idiomorphi plagioclase,c slightly crystals. slightly zoned. The zon plagioclaseed. Similar Similar tocr toystalsthe the orthose,orthose, present thedimensions the plagioclase plagioclase be tweenfeldspar feldspar 0.5/0.4 presents presents mm variousand various2.4/1.6 degrees mm. degrees ofThis mineralogical mineral of mineralogical is an alteration. Biotite feldspars,feldspars, biotite, biotite, accessory accessory minerals. minerals. acidand plagioclase, idiomorphi slightlyc crystals. zoned. The Similar plagioclase to the cr orthose,ystals present the plagioclase dimensions feldspar between presents 0.5/0.4 various mm an degreesd 2.4/1.6 of mm. mineralogical This mineral is an feldspars,feldspars,Reaction biotite, to biotite, acids: accessory accessorynone of minerals. the minerals. rock components reacts with dilute aciddoesalteration. plagioclase, not exceed Biotite slightly does 4.0% zon not fromed. exceed Sim theilar mass4.0% to fromth ofe allorthose, th components,e mass the of plagioclase all co appearingmponents, feldspar appearing as presents fresh or as variouspartially fresh or degrees partially to totally of tomineralogical totally limonitized. limonitize d. ReactionReaction to to acids: acids: none none of the of therock rock components components reacts reacts with dilute with alteration.acid plagioclase, Biotite does slightly not exceed zoned. 4.0% Sim ilarfrom to thethe massorthose, of all the co plagioclasemponents, feldsparappearing presents as fresh various or partially degrees to totally of mineralogical limonitize d. ReactionReactionHCl. to acids:to acids: none none of theof the rock rock components components reacts reacts with with dilute dilute alteration.DenominationDenomination Biotite rdoesock: rock: notSă Svâr ăexceedvinâ rsGranite, in 4.0% Granite from the mass of all components, appearing as fresh or partially to totally limonitized. diluteHCl. HCl. Denominationalteration. Biotite rock: Sdoesăvâr notșin Graniteexceed 4.0% from the mass of all components, appearing as fresh or partially to totally limonitized. HCl.HCl. DenominationDenomination rock: rock: Săvâr Săvârin Granitein Granite

Săvârşin Granite Săvârşin Granite Săvâr¸sinGranite Banatitic granite with porphyroidic structure SăvârSăvârşin şGranitein Granite BanatiticBanatitic granite granite with withporphyroidic porphyroidic structure structure BanatiticStructure: granite holocrystalline, with porphyroidic granular structure hypidiomorphic. Structure:Banatitic holocrystalline, granite with porphyroidic granular hypidiomorphic.structure Șoimoș Diorite—sample number 4 Structure:Structure:Texture: holocrystalline, unoriented holocrystalline, (massive), granular granular compact. hypidiomorphic. hypidiomorphic. Șoimoș Diorite—sample number 4 Texture:Structure: unoriented holocrystalline, (massive), granular compact. hypidiomorphic. SȘ, oimosoimoSamplingș, Diorite—sampleDiorite—sample location: Șoimo numberș number, Arad 4 District. 4 Texture:Texture:Mineralogical unoriented unoriented composition; (massive), (massive), intermediatecompact. compact. plagioclase feldspar, pyroxenes (augite and diopside) biotite, quartz, opaque minerals, SamplingȘoimoș location: Diorite—sample Șoimoș, Arad number District. 4 MineralogicalTexture: unoriente composition;d (massive), intermediate compact. plagioclase feldspar, pyroxenes (augite and diopside) biotite, quartz, opaque minerals, SamplingSamplingGeological location: location: structure: Șoimo S, oimos tardi-orș, Arad, , Aradogenic District. District. (Banatitic) magmatism. MineralogicalMineralogicallimonite. composition; composition; intermediate intermediate plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar,pyroxenes pyroxenes (augite and(augite diopside) and biotite, diopside) quartz, biotite, opaque quartz, minerals, opaque minerals, GeologicalSampling structure: location: tardi-or Șoimoșogenic, Arad District.(Banatitic) magmatism. limonite.Mineralogical composition; intermediate plagioclase feldspar, pyroxenes (augite and diopside) biotite, quartz, opaque minerals, GeologicalGeologicalRock type: structure: structure: magmatic, tardi-or tardi-orogenic plutonic,ogenic intermediate. (Banatitic) (Banatitic) magmatism. magmatism. limonite.limonite.Plagioclase feldspar (60.0%) consists of hypidiomorphic crystals and very rarely, subordinately, idiomorphic and xenomorphic RockGeological type: magmatic, structure: plutonic, tardi-or intermediate.ogenic (Banatitic) magmatism. Plagioclaselimonite. feldspar (60.0%) consists of hypidiomorphic crystals and very rarely, subordinately, idiomorphic and xenomorphic RockRockRock type: structure: magmatic, magmatic, holocrystallin plutonic, plutonic, intermediate.e, granular intermediate. hypidiomorphic. PlagioclasePlagioclasecrystals. Thefeldspar feldsparmineral (60.0%) appears (60.0%) consists fresh, consists of withhypidiomorphicof polysynthetic hypidiomorphic crysta twinsls (macles)and crystals very and andrarely, crystals very subordinately, rarely, between subordinately, 0.2/0.1 idiomorphic mm andidiomorphic and 1.5/1.0 xenomorphic mm. andThe xenomorphic crystals. RockRock structure: type: magmatic, holocrystallin plutonic,e, granular intermediate. hypidiomorphic. crystals.Plagioclase The mineral feldspar appears (60.0%) fresh, consists with of polysynthetic hypidiomorphic twins crysta (macles)ls and and very crystals rarely, between subordinately, 0.2/0.1 idiomorphicmm and 1.5/1.0 and mm. xenomorphic The RockRockRock structure: structure: texture: holocrystallin unoriented holocrystalline, (massive),e, granular granular compact. hypidiomorphic. hypidiomorphic. crystals.Theplagioclase mineral The mineral sporadically appears appears fresh, contains fresh, with withsubmillimeter polysynthetic polysynthetic crystalstwins twins of (macles)augite and and and opaque crystals crystals minerals. between between Augite 0.2/0.1 0.2/0.1 (30.0%) mm and mm is 1.5/1.0found and1.5/1.0 mm.in the The rock mm. mas Thes plagioclase RockRock texture: structure: unoriented holocrystallin (massive),e, granular compact. hypidiomorphic. plagioclasecrystals. Thsporadicallye mineral appearscontains f resh,submillimeter with polys crystalsyntheti ofc twins augite ( macles)and opaque and crysminerals.tals between Augite 0.(30.0%)2/0.1 mm is found and 1. in5/1.0 the mm. rock Tmashe s RockRockColor: texture: texture: greyish, unoriented unoriented slightly (massive), dotted. (massive), compact. compact. plagioclasesporadicallyas hypidiomorphic, sporadically contains idiomorphic contains submillimeter submillimeter and xenomorphic crystals crystals of crystals. augite of augite andAugite and opaque opaquecrystals minerals. minerals.dimensions Augite vary (30.0%)between (30.0%) is 0.3/0.2 isfound found mmin the in and therock 2.0/1.0 rock mas s massmm. as Color:Rock greyish, texture: slightly unoriented dotted. (massive), compact. as hypidiomorphic,plagioclase sporadically idiomorphic contains and submillimeter xenomorphic crycrystals.stals of Augite augite crystals and opaque dimensions minerals. vary Augite between (30.0%) 0.3/0.2 is found mm and in the2.0/1.0 rock mm. mas s Color:Color:Color:Mineralogical greyish, greyish, greyish, slightly slightlycomposition: slightly dotted. dotted. plagioclase feldspar, pyroxenes. as hypidiomorphic,Augiteas hypi diomorphic,appears fresh idiomorphic idiomorphic idiomorphic and presents and a and ndxenomorphicunidirec xenomorphic xenomorphictional crystals. cleavage crystals. crystals. Augite for A ugitecrystals Augitecrystals crystals sectioned crystalsdimensions dimensio pa dimensionsrallel varyns vary with between b Zetween varyaxis 0.3/0.2 and between 0.3/0.2 bidirectional mm mm and 0.3/0.2 and 2.0/1.0 (89°)2.0/1.0 mm mm. for andmm. 2.0/1.0 mm. Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, pyroxenes. Augite appears fresh and presents unidirectional cleavage for crystals sectioned parallel with Z axis and bidirectional (89°) for ◦ MineralogicalMineralogicalReaction to composition:acids: composition: none of plagioclase the plagioclase rock components feldspar, feldspar, pyroxenes. reacts pyroxenes. with dilute AugiteAugitecrystals appears appearssectioned fresh fresh perpendicularand presents and presents unidirec on axis unidirectional tionalZ. Biotite, cleavage diopside cleavage for crystals and quartz, for sectioned crystals finely pa sectioned crystalized,rallel with parallel doZ axis not andexceed with bidirectional Z 2% axis from and total (89°) bidirectional rock for (89 ) for crystals ReactionMineralogical to acids: composition: none of the rock plagioclase components feldspar, reacts pyroxenes. with dilute crystalsAugite sectioned appears perpendicularfresh and presents on axis unidirec Z. Biotite,tional diopside cleavage an ford quartz,crystals finely sectioned crystalized, parallel do with not Z exceed axis and 2% bidirectional from total rock (89°) for ReactionReactionHCl. to to acids: acids: none none of the of therock rock components components reacts reactswith dilute with crystalssectionedcomponents. sectioned perpendicular Opaque perpendicular minerals on on axis(6%) axis Z.consist Z. Biotite, Biotite, of finely diopsidediopside crystalized an andd quartz, quartz, magnetite, finely finely non-unifcrystalized, crystalized,ormly do distributednot do exceed not exceed 2%within from 2% the total from rock rock mass. total rock components. HCl.Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute components.crystals sectioned Opaque perpendicular minerals (6%) onconsist axis Z.of Biotite,finely crystalized diopside an magnetite,d quartz, finelynon-unif crystalized,ormly distributed do not exc withineed 2% the from rock total mass. rock diluteHCl. HCl. components.OpaqueDenomination minerals Opaque rock: minerals (6%) Augitic consist (6%)Diorite. consist of finely of finely crystalized crystalized magnetite, magnetite, non-uniformly non-uniformly distributed distributed within the the rock rock mass. mass. HCl. Denominationcomponents. rock: Opaque Augitic minerals Diorite. (6%) consist of finely crystalized magnetite, non-uniformly distributed within the rock mass. DenominationDenominationDenomination rock: ro rock:ck: Augitic Auitic Augitic Diorite. Diorite. Diorite.

Augitic Diorite Augitic Diorite Augitic Diorite Şoimoş diorite, fresh, with augite containing inclusions of opaque minerals AugiticAugitic Diorite Diorite Şoimoş diorite, fresh, with augite containing inclusions of opaque minerals Şoimo¸Soimo¸sdiorite,Şoimoş diorite,ş diorite, fresh, fresh, fresh, with with augite with augite augite contai containing containingning inclusions inclusions inclusions of opaque of opaque ofminerals opaque minerals minerals Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 7 of 21

Table 1. Cont.

SustainabilitySustainability 2017 2017, 9,, 19259, 1925 7 of7 21of 21 Sustainability 2017, 9,Macroscopic 1925 Analysis Microscopic Analysis 7 of 21 Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 7 of 21 CCăCzăăneneszășne,titi șGabbrou—sampleti Gabbrou—sample Gabbrou—sample number number number 5 5 5 Structure:Structure:Structure: holocrystalline, holocrystallin holocrystalline, hypidie, hypidi hypidiomorphicomorphicomorphic and and allotriomorphic. allotriomorphic. and allotriomorphic. SamplingSamplingSamplingCăzăne location:ș location:ti location: Gabbrou—sample Că CzCăănezzășnesneti,ș ,Droceati,ti, Droceanumber Drocea Mountains, Mountains, 5 Mountains, Hunedoara Hunedoara Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. Căzănești Gabbrou—sample number 5 Texture:Texture:Structure: unoriented unoriente holocrystallin (massive),d (massive),e, hypidi compact. compact.omorphic and allotriomorphic. HunedoaraDistrict.District.Sampling location: District. Căzănești, Drocea Mountains, Hunedoara Structure:Mineralogical holocrystallin composition;e, hypidiomorphic basic plagioclase and allotriomorphic. feldspar, augite, olivine, secondary minerals, saussurite. Basic plagioclase feldspar Sampling location: Căzănești, Drocea Mountains, Hunedoara MineralogicalMineralogicalTexture: unoriente composition; composition;d (massive), basic basic plagioclasecompact. plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, augite, augite, olivine, olivin secondarye, secondary minerals, minerals, saus saussurite.surite. Basic Basic plagioclase plagioclase felds feldsparpar GeologicalGeologicalGeologicalDistrict. structure: structure: structure: alpine alpinealpine ophiolitic ophiolitic ophiolitic eruptivism eruptivism eruptivism (initial). (initial). (initial). Texture:consists unoriente of thed series (massive), of Labrador-bytownite-anortite, compact. with 65% anortite. The plagioclase feldspar appears as medium and largely District. consistsconsistsMineralogical of theof the series composition;series of Labrador-bytownite-anortite,of Labrador-bytownite-anortite, basic plagioclase feldspar, with with augite, 65% 65% anortite. o anortite.livine, The secondary Th plagioclasee plagioclase minerals, feldspar feldspar saus appearssurite. appears Basic as mediumas plagioclasemedium and and largelfelds largelpary y RockRockRockGeological type: type: type: magmatic, magmatic, magmatic,structure: plutonic, alpine plutonic, ophiolitic basic. basic. basic. eruptivism (initial). Mineralogicaldeveloped, composition; presenting basic various plagioclase stages offeldspar, saussuritization augite, olivin alteration,e, secondary respectively minerals, saus transformationsurite. Basic plagioclase into a fine felds aggregatepar consisting of Geological structure: alpine ophiolitic eruptivism (initial). developed,developed,consists ofpresenting the presenting series various of va Labrador-bytownite-anortite,riou stagess stages of saussuritizationof saussuritization withalteration, alteration, 65% anortite. respectively respectively The plagioclase transformation transformation feldspar into into appearsa fine a fine aggregate as aggregate medium consisti co andnsisti nglargel ngof oyf RockRockRock structure: structure: structure:type: magmatic, holocrysta holocrystalline, holocrysta plutonic,lline,lline, hypidiomorphic hypidiomorphicbasic. hypidiomorphic and and and consistszoisite, of the clinozoisite, series of Labrador-bytownite-anortite, epidote, albite, zeolites and with sericite. 65% anortite. Olivine Th (20%)e plagioclase is represented feldspar appears by hypidiomorphic, as medium andidiomorphic largely and Rock type: magmatic, plutonic, basic. zoisite,zoisite,developed, clinozoisite, clinozoisite, presenting epidote, epidote, va rioualbite, albite,s stages zeolites zeolites of saussuritizationand and sericite. sericite Olivine. Olivin alteration, (20%)e (20%) respectivelyis represented is represented transformation by byhypidiomorphic, hypidiomorphic, into a fine idiomorphic idiomorphi aggregate and coc andnsisti ng of allotriomorphic.allotriomorphic.allotriomorphic.Rock structure: holocrysta lline, hypidiomorphic and developed,allotriomorphic presenting crystals, various withstages dimensions of saussuritization between alteration, 1.5/0.5 respectively mm and 0.5/0.1 transformation mm. The into mineral a fine a appearsggregate co mostlynsisting fresh, of where only the Rock structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic and allotriomorphicallotriomorphiczoisite, clinozoisite, crystals, crysta epidote, ls,with with dimensions albite, dimens zeolitesions between between and sericite1.5/0.5 1.5/0.5 .mm Olivin mm and eand (20%)0.5/0.1 0.5/0.1 is mm. represented mm. The Th minerale mineral by hypidiomorphic, appears appears mostly mostly fresh,idiomorphi fresh, where whcere onlyand only the the RockRockRockallotriomorphic. texture: texture: texture: unoriented unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. compact. zoisite,contourless clinozoisite, olivine epidote, presents albite, opacitization zeolites and sericite and serpentinization.. Olivine (20%) is represented Augite (8%) by hypidiomorphic, consists of hypidiomorphic idiomorphic and and allotriomorphic crystals allotriomorphic. contourlesscontourlessallotriomorphic olivine olivine crystapresents presentsls, with opacitization opacit dimensizationions and anbetween serpentinization.d serpentinization. 1.5/0.5 mm Augite and Augite 0 .5/0.1(8%) (8%) consists mm. consists Th ofe mineral hypidiomorphicof hypidiomorphic appears m andostly and allotriomorphic fresh, allotriomorphic where only the Color:Color:Color:Rock dark dark texture: dark gray, gray, gray, unoriented black-greenish. black-greenish. black-greenish. (massive), compact. allotriomorphicwith dimensions crysta belowls, with 1 di mm.mens Theions cleavagebetween 1.5/0.5 is unidirectional mm and 0.5/0.1 for mm. crystals The mineral sectioned appears parallel mostly with fresh, Z crystallographic where only the axis and Rock texture: unoriented (massive), compact. crystalscrystalscontourless with with dimensions olivine dimensions presents below below opacit 1 mm. 1 mm.ization The The cleavage an cleavaged serpentinization. is unidirec is unidirectionaltional Augite for for crystals (8%) crystals consists sectioned sectione of hypidiomorphic pad rallelparallel with with Z crystallographic Zand cryst allotriomorphicallographic axi axis s MineralogicalMineralogicalMineralogicalColor: dark composition;gray, composition; composition; black-greenish. basic basic plagioclase plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, feldspar, augite, augite, augite, contourlessbidirectional olivine (89 presents◦) for crystals opacitization sectioned and serpentinization. perpendicular Augite on Z crystallographic (8%) consists of hypidiomorphic axis. Opaque mineralsand allotriomorphic are finely crystallized and Color: dark gray, black-greenish. andandcrystals bidirectional bidirectional with di (89°)mensions (89°) for for crystals below crystals sectio1 mm.sectioned Thened perpendicular cleavage perpendicular is unidirec on onZ crystallographic Ztional crystallographic for crystals axis sectioneaxis. Opaque. Opaqued pa mineralsrallel minerals with are areZ finely cryst finely crystallizeallographic crystallized axid s olivine,olivine,olivine,Mineralogical oxide oxide oxide minerals, minerals, minerals,composition; secondary secondary basic minerals. plagioclase minerals. minerals. feldspar, augite, crystals with dimensions below 1 mm. The cleavage is unidirectional for crystals sectioned parallel with Z crystallographic axis Mineralogical composition; basic plagioclase feldspar, augite, andnon-uniformlyanand non-uniformlyd non-uniformlybidirectional dispersed (89°) dispersed for crystals into into in theto the thesectio rock rockro cknedmass. mass. perpendicular on Z crystallographic axis. Opaque minerals are finely crystallized ReactionReactionReactionolivine, toto oxide acids:to acids: acids: minerals, none nonenone of the ofsecondary the rock rock rock components componentsminerals. components reacts reacts reactswith with dilute with dilute and bidirectional (89°) for crystals sectioned perpendicular on Z crystallographic axis. Opaque minerals are finely crystallized olivine, oxide minerals, secondary minerals. DenominationDenominationand non-uniformly rock: ro rock:ck: Gabbro dispersed Gabbro Gabbro with with in olivine withto olivine the olivineroandck an slightlymass.d slihtl and slightlymineralized mineralized augite. augite. diluteHCl.HCl.Reaction HCl. to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute and non-uniformly dispersed into the rock mass. Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute Denomination rock: Gabbro with olivine and slihtl mineralized augite. HCl. Denomination rock: Gabbro with olivine and slihtl mineralized augite. HCl.

BasicBasic plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, olivine olivine and and augi augite, te,with with geometric geometric (idiomorphic) (idiomorphic) contour contour GabbroGabbro with with olivine olivine and and augite augite Basic plagioclase feldspar, olivine and augite, with geometric (idiomorphic) contour Gabbro with olivine and augite Basic plagioclase feldspar, olivine and augite, with geometric (idiomorphic) contour Gabbro with olivine and augite BasicStructure:Structure: plagioclase semicrystalline semicrystalline feldspar, olivine (hypoc (hypoc andrystalline), augirystalline),te, with porphyry-vitreous geometric porphyry-vitreous (idiomorphic) contour GabbroRoRoșiaș Montan iawith Montan olivineă Rhyolite—sampleă andRhyolite—sample augite number number 6 6 Ros, ia Montană Rhyolite—sample number 6 Texture:Structure:Texture:Structure: unoriented unoriented semicrystalline semicrystalline (massive), (massive), (hypoc compact. (hypocrystalline), compact.rystalline), porphyry-vitreous porphyry-vitreous SamplingSamplingRoșia Mo location: ntanlocation:ă Rhyolite—sampleRo Roșia șMontania Montană, Albaă, Albanumber District. District. 6 Structure: semicrystalline (hypocrystalline), porphyry-vitreous SamplingRoșia Montan location:ă Rhyolite—sample Ros, ia Montan numberă, Alba 6 District. MineralogicalTexture:MineralogicalTexture: unoriented unoriented composition; composition; (massive), (massive), potassium potassium compact. compact. orthoc orthoc laselase feldspar, feldspar, quartz, quartz, plagio plagioclaseclase feldspar, feldspar, main main rock rock mass mass as volcanicas volcanic glass glass and and GeologicalGeologicalSampling structure: location: structure: neogenic Ro neogenicșia Montan eruptivism, eruptivism,ă, Alba represented Dis representedtrict. by byrooted rooted Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. GeologicalSampling location: structure: Roșia neogenic Montană, eruptivism, Alba District. represented by microlites,Mineralogicalmicrolites,Mineralogical opaque opaque composition; composition;minerals minerals (pyrite), potassium(pyrite), potassium seco seco ndaryorthocndary orthoclase mineralslase minerals feldspar, (argillite feldspar, (argillite quartz, minerals, quartz, minerals, plagio plagioclasesericiteclase sericite feldspar, and and calcite). feldspar, maincalcite). Therock mainThe orthoclase mass orthoclase rock as volcanicmass feldspar feldspar as glass volcanic(50.4%), (5 and0.4%), glass and microlites, bodies,bodies,Geological lava lava flows, structure: flows, explosive explosive neogenic vo lcanicvo erlcanicuptivism, breccia breccia andrepresented and pyroclastics. pyroclastics. by rooted Mineralogical composition; potassium orthoclase feldspar, quartz, plagioclase feldspar, main rock mass as volcanic glass and rootedGeological bodies, structure: lava neogenic flows, explosive eruptivism, volcanic represented breccia by rooted in opaquemostinmicrolites, most cases, cases, minerals opaqueappears appears (pyrite),minerals as idiomorphicas idiomorphic (pyrite), secondary and seco and hypidiomorphic mineralsndary hypidiomorphic minerals (argillite crysta(argillite crysta minerals,ls, ls,sometimesminerals, sometimes sericite sericite with with and bi-synthetic and bi-synthetic calcite). calcite). macles The The macles orthoclaseorthoclase (twins) (twins) and feldspar feldsparand with with various (5 various (50.4%),0.4%), in most cases, RockRockbodies, type: type: lavamagmatic, magmatic, flows, explosiveneov neovolcanicolcanic vo lcaniceffusive, effusive, breccia acid. acid. and pyroclastics. microlites, opaque minerals (pyrite), secondary minerals (argillite minerals, sericite and calcite). The orthoclase feldspar (50.4%), andbodies, pyroclastics. lava flows, explosive volcanic breccia and pyroclastics. degreesappearsdegreesin most of alteration.cases,of as alteration. idiomorphic appears The The ascrystals idiomorphiccrystals and dimens hypidiomorphic dimens andionsions hypidiomorphicvary vary betweencrystals, between 0.4 crysta0.4 sometimesand and 6ls, mm 6sometimes mm while with while the bi-synthetic with the orthoclase, or bi-syntheticthoclase, maclesheavily heavily macles argillized (twins) argillized (twins) and and and and with substitut with substitut various varioused eddegrees of RockRockRo structure:ck structure:type: ma semicrystallinegmatic, semicrystalline neovolcanic (hipocrystaline), (hipocrystaline), effusive, acid. porphyry– porphyry– in most cases, appears as idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic crystals, sometimes with bi-synthetic macles (twins) and with various RockRock type: type: ma magmatic,gmatic, neov neovolcanicolcanic effusive, effusive, acid. acid. byalteration. bydegreescalcite, calcite, contain of containalteration. The idiomorphic crystals idiomorphic The dimensionscrystals and and hypidiomorphic dimens hypidiomorphic varyions between vary crystals between crystals 0.4 of and 0.4pyrite.of pyrite.and 6 mm Quartz6 mm Quartz while while (20.6%) the(20.6%) the orthoclase, presents or presentsthoclase, laced heavilylaced heavily and and rounded argillized rounded contour and contour and substitut substituteddue due to edto by calcite, vitreous.vitreous.Rock structure: semicrystalline (hipocrystaline), porphyry– degrees of alteration. The crystals dimensions vary between 0.4 and 6 mm while the orthoclase, heavily argillized and substituted RockRock structure: semicrystallin semicrystallinee (hipocrystaline), (hipocrystaline), porphyry– thecontaintheby corroding calcite,corroding idiomorphic contain of theof the volcanic idiomorphic volcanic and glass. hypidiomorphic glass. and The The hypidiomorphic quartz quartz crystal crystalscrystal dimensions crystals dimensions of pyrite. of dopyrite. Quartzdonot not exceedQuartz exceed (20.6%) 5(20.6%) mm. 5 mm. presents Plagioclas presents Plagioclas laced elaced feldspare feldspar and and rounded doesrounded does not not contourexceedcontour exceed 2% due due 2% to to the corroding of RockRockvitreous. texture: texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. by calcite, contain idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic crystals of pyrite. Quartz (20.6%) presents laced and rounded contour due to porphyry–vitreous.vitreous. fromthefromthe the corroding volcanic the total total mass glass.massof theof mineralof volcanic The mineral quartz components. glass. components. crystal The quartz This dimensions This mineral crystal mineral dimensionsappears do appears not partially exceed partiallydo not 5to mm.exceed totallyto totally Plagioclase 5 sericitized mm. sericitized Plagioclas feldsparor calcified.or ecalcified. feldspar does The The notdoes main main exceed not rock exceedrock ma 2% mass, from2% ss, the total mass of Color:Color:Rock white, texture: white, slight slightunoriented gray gray hue. hue. (massive), compact. the corroding of the volcanic glass. The quartz crystal dimensions do not exceed 5 mm. Plagioclase feldspar does not exceed 2% RockRock texture: texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. containingmineralcontainingfrom the feldspars components.total feldspars mass phenocryst of phenocryst mineral This mineraland components. and quartz, quartz, appears consists Thisconsists partiallymineral of microof micro appears tolites totallylites of partiallyorthoclaseof orthoclase sericitized to feldspar, totally feldspar, or sericitized calcified. su bmillimetersubmillimeter Theor calcified. mainand and rarely rock Therarely millimetermain mass, millimeter rock containing ma ss, feldspars MineralogicalMineralogicalColor: white, composition: slig composition:ht gray hue.potass potass iumium orthoclase orthoclase feldspar, feldspar, quartz, quartz, from the total mass of mineral components. This mineral appears partially to totally sericitized or calcified. The main rock mass, Color:Color: white, white, slig slightht gray gray hue. hue. pyritephenocrystpyritecontaining crystals crystals feldspars and and and volcanic quartz, volcanic phenocryst glass. consists glass. Given and Given of quartz, the microlites the hydrothermal hydrothermalconsists of orthoclaseof micrometamorphism, metamorphism,lites feldspar, of orthoclase these these submillimeter minerals feldspar, minerals present su presentbmillimeter and a rarelyvariety a variety and millimeter of alterationofrarely alteration millimeter pyrite degrees degrees crystals . . and volcanic calco-sodiccalco-sodicMineralogical feldspar feldspar composition: (plagioclase), (plagioclase), potassi volcanic volcanicum orth glass, glass,oclase pyrite, pyrite, feldspar, argillite argillite quartz, containing feldspars phenocryst and quartz, consists of microlites of orthoclase feldspar, submillimeter and rarely millimeter MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: potassi potassiumum orthoclase orthoclase feldspar, feldspar, quartz, Pyrite,glass.Pyrite,pyrite in crystalsGivenmostin most occurrences, the andoccurrences, hydrothermal volcanic appears glass.appears finelyGiven metamorphism, finely crystalized the crystalized hydrothermal (0.1 these (0.1 mm mmmetamorphism, minerals to 0.7to 0.7 mm), mm), present rarely rarely these exceeding a varietymineralsexceeding of1.5 present 1.5 alterationmm. mm. usually, a varietyusually, degrees. the of the pyritealteration pyrite Pyrite, consis consis degrees ints mostts . occurrences, minerals,minerals,calco-sodic calcite. calcite. feldspar (plagioclase), volcanic glass, pyrite, argillite pyrite crystals and volcanic glass. Given the hydrothermal metamorphism, these minerals present a variety of alteration degrees. quartz,calco-sodic calco-sodic feldspar (plagioclase), feldspar (plagioclase), volcanic glass, volcanic pyrite, glass,argillite pyrite, of appearssolitary,ofPyrite, solitary, in idiomorphic finelymost idiomorphic occurrences, crystalized and and hypidiomorphic appearshypidiomorphic (0.1 mm finely to 0.7 crystals,crystalized crystals, mm), dispersed rarely dispersed(0.1 mm exceeding non-uniformly to non-uniformly 0.7 mm), 1.5 mm.rarely within within usually,exceeding the the rock therock 1.5 mass. pyrite mm.mass. Same usually, consistsSame pyrite pyrite the ofcan pyrite solitary,can seldom seldom consis idiomorphicts and ReactionReactionminerals, to acids:to calcite. acids: feldspar feldspar phenoc phenocryst,ryst, partially partially or totallyor totally calcified, calcified, Pyrite, in most occurrences, appears finely crystalized (0.1 mm to 0.7 mm), rarely exceeding 1.5 mm. usually, the pyrite consists argilliteminerals, minerals, calcite. calcite. appearhypidiomorphicappearof solitary, as agglomerationsas agglomerations idiomorphic crystals, of and nestsof dispersed hypidiomorphicnests not not exceeding exceeding non-uniformly crystals, dimensions dimensions dispersed within of 5of mm. 5 thenon-uniformly mm. rock mass. within Same pyritethe rock can mass. seldom Same appearpyrite can as agglomerationsseldom of nests not presentspresentsReaction a strong at ostrong acids: reacti reacti feldsparon onwith with phenoc diluted dilutedryst HCl., HCl.partially or totally calcified of solitary, idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic crystals, dispersed non-uniformly within the rock mass. Same pyrite can seldom ReactionReaction to to acids: acids: feldspar feldspar phenoc phenocryst,ryst, partially partially or totally or totally calcified DenominationexceedingDenominationappear as agglomerations dimensionsrock: rock: Rhyolite, Rhyolite, of of partially 5 nests mm.partially not mineralized exceeding mineralized anddimensions and altered. altered. of 5 mm. resents a strong reaction with diluted HCl. appear as agglomerations of nests not exceeding dimensions of 5 mm. calcified,resents a strong presents react aion strong with reactiondiluted HCl. with diluted HCl. DenominationDenomination rock: rock: Rhyolite, Rhyolite, partially partially mineralized mineralized and altered. and altered. Denomination rock: Rhyolite, partially mineralized and altered.

Rhyolite partially altered and mineralized Rhyolite partially altered and mineralized HypidiomorphicHypidiomorphic orthose orthose with with an anincipient incipient alteration alteration stage stage and and with with sub sub millimeter millimeter pyrite pyrite inclusions inclusions Rhyolite partially altered and mineralized RhyoliteRhyolite partially partially altered altered and and mineralized mineralized HypidiomorphicHypidiomorphicHypidiomorphic orthose orthose orthose with with an with incipientan anincipient incipient alteration alteration alteration stage stage and and stage with with sub and sub millimeter with millimeter sub pyrite millimeter pyrite inclusions inclusions pyrite inclusions Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 8 of 21

Table 1. Cont. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 8 of 21 Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 8 of 21 Macroscopic Analysis Microscopic Analysis Valea Căpitanului Andesite—sample number 7 Structure: hypocrystalline, porphyry vitreous. ValeaValeaSampling C ăăpitanuluipitanului location: Andesite—sample Andesite—sampleCertej–Hondol, Valea number number Căpitanului, 7 7 Hunedoara Structure:Texture: hypocrystallin unoriented (massive),e, porphyry compact. vitreous. Structure: hypocrystalline, porphyry vitreous. SamplingSamplingDistrict. location: location: Certej–Hondol, Certej–Hondol, Valea Valea Căpitanului, Căpitanului, Hunedoara Texture:Mineralogical unoriented composition: (massive), neutralcompact. plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, microlites, volcanic glass, opaque minerals, secondary Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. HunedoaraDistrict.Geologic structure: District. neogenic eruptivism of Apuseni Mountains Mineralogicalminerals. composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, microlites, volcanic glass, opaque minerals, secondary GeologicGeologic(Metaliferi). structure: structure: neogenic neogenic eruptivism eruptivism of Apuseni of Apuseni Mountains minerals.MineralogicalPlagioclase feldspar composition: (32.5%) pres neutralents mostly plagioclase idiomorphic feldspar, and hypidiomorphic hornblende, microlites, contours, rarely volcanic zoned. glass, The opaquecrystals have minerals, variable secondary minerals. Mountains(Metaliferi).Rock type: (Metaliferi). magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), neutral. PlagioclasePlagioclasedimensions, feldspar as feldspar follows: (32.5%) (32.5%) from pres 0.01ents presents mm mostly for mostlymicrolitesidiomorphic idiomorphic and and 6.1/3.9 hypidiomorphic mm and for hypidiomorphic phenocryst. contours, Within rarely contours, the zoned. rock rarelyThemass, crystals the zoned. plagioclase have The variable crystals have variable RockRockRock type: structure: magmatic, magmatic, semicrystalline effusive effusive (neovolcanic), (hypocrystalline), (neovolcanic), neutral. neutral. porphyry- dimensions,dimensions,feldspar exhibits as follows: as follows:various from stages 0.01 from mm of 0.01 alteration. for mm microlites for Crystals microlites and 6.1/3.9with andkaolinitized mm 6.1/3.9 for phenocryst. and mm sericitized for phenocryst.Within contours, the rock Within completely mass, thethe rockplagioclase affected mass, by the plagioclase feldspar RockRockvitreous. structure: semicrystalline semicrystalline (hypocrystalline), (hypocrystalline), porphyry- feldsparexhibitshydrothermal exhibits various metamorphism,various stages stages of alteration.of are alteration. also present. Crystals Crystals with with kaolinitized and and sericitized sericitized contours, contours, completely completely affected affected by the by the hydrothermal porphyry-vitreous.vitreous.Rock texture: unoriented (massive), compact. hydrothermalmetamorphism,Hornblende metamorphism, (20.5%) are appears alsopresent. are within also thepresent. rock mass as idiomorphic, hypidiomorphic and allotriomorphic crystals, with RockRockColor: texture: texture: gray, unoriented slightly unoriented dotted. (massive), (massive), compact. compact. HornblendeHornblendedimensions (20.5%) between (20.5%) appears 0.2/0.07 appears within mm within theand rock 8.1/1. the mass2 rockmm. as massCrystalsidiomo asrphic, sectioned idiomorphic, hypidiomorphic parallel hypidiomorphic with and crystallographic allotriomorphic and allotriomorphicaxis crystals, Z present with good crystals, with dimensions Color:Color:Mineralogical gray, gray, slightly slightly composition: dotted. dotted. plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, dimensionsbetweenunidirectional between 0.2/0.07 cleavage, 0.2/0.07 mm while and mm 8.1/1.2 theand ones 8.1/1. mm. sectioned2 mm. Crystals Crystals perpendicular sectioned sectioned to parallel parallelthe same with axis crystallographic crystallographichave clearly defined axis axis Z bidirectional present Z present good cleavage good unidirectional cleavage, ◦ MineralogicalMineralogicalmicrolitic paste. composition: composition: plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, unidirectionalwhile(124°). theSome ones cleavage, amphibolite sectioned while crystals perpendicularthe ones exhibit sectioned partial to perpendicular the or total same opacitization. axis to have the same clearly Opaque axis defined have minerals clearly bidirectional (8.5%) defined consist bidirectional cleavage of idiomorphic, (124 cleavage). Some amphibolite crystals microliticmicroliticReaction paste. paste. to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute (124°).exhibithypidiomorphic Some partial amphibolite or and total xenomorphic crystals opacitization. exhibit pyrite partial Opaque crystals, or total mineralsnon-uniformly opacitization. (8.5%) di Opaque consiststributed ofminerals within idiomorphic, the (8.5%) main consist hypidiomorphicrock mass of idiomorphic, (microlitic and and xenomorphic glassy, at pyrite crystals, ReactionReactionHCl. to to acids: acids: none none of the of therock rock components components reacts reactswith dilute with hypidiomorphicnon-uniformly44.5%). and distributed xenomorphic within pyrite the crystals, main non-uniformly rock mass (microlitic distributed and within glassy, the atmain 44.5%). rock mass (microlitic and glassy, at diluteHCl. HCl. 44.5%).Denomination rock: rock: Andesite Andesite with with hornblende hornblende Denomination rock: Andesite with hornblende

SustainabilitySustainabilityAndesite with 2017 2017 hornblende, 9,, 19259, 1925 9 of9 21of 21 PlagioclasePlagioclase feldspar, feldspar, idiomorphic idiomorphic with with completely completely altered altered contours contours (Kaolinitized (Kaolinitized and sericitized) and sericitized) AndesiteAndesite with with hornblende hornblende Plagioclase feldspar, idiomorphic with completely altered contours (Kaolinitized and sericitized) Structure:Structure: hypocrystallin hypocrystalline, porphyrye, porphyry vitreous. vitreous. Structure: hypocrystalline, porphyry vitreous. Texture:Texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, biot biotite,ite, microlitic microlitic paste, paste, opaque opaque minerals, minerals, kaolinite, kaolinite, sericite, sericite, Dealul Motor Andesite—sample number 8 Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, biotite, microlitic paste, opaque minerals, kaolinite, sericite, DealulDealul Motor Motor Andesite—sample Andesite—sample number number 8 8 chlorite,chlorite, limonite. limonite. Sample location: Deva, Motor Hill, Hunedoara District. chlorite, limonite. SampleSample location: location: Deva, Deva, Motor Motor Hill, Hill, Hunedoara Hunedoara District. District. PlagioclasePlagioclase feldspar feldspar (24.5%) (24.5%) presents presents most mostly idiomorphicly idiomorphic contours, contours, also also zoned. zoned. Crys Crystal taldimensions dimensions are are variable, variable, from from 0.01 0.01 mm mm in in Geologic structure: neogenic eruptivism from Mures Valley. Plagioclase feldspar (24.5%) presents mostly idiomorphic contours, also zoned. Crystal dimensions are variable, from 0.01 mm in GeologicGeologic structure: structure: neogenic neogenic eruptivism eruptivism from from Mures Mures Valley. Valley. microlitesmicrolites up up to 6.1/4.5to 6.1/4.5 mm mm for for phenocryst. phenocryst. The The cleavage cleavage appear appears distincts distinct for for crystals crystals sectio sectionedned parallel parallel to crystallographicto crystallographic axis axis Z. Z. Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), neutral. microlites up to 6.1/4.5 mm for phenocryst. The cleavage appears distinct for crystals sectioned parallel to crystallographic axis Z. RockRock type: magmatic, magmatic, effusive effusive (neovolcanic), (neovolcanic), neutral. neutral. HornblendeHornblende (12.5%), (12.5%), similar similar to theto the plag plagioclaseioclase feldspar, feldspar, appears appears predominantly predominantly idiomorphic. idiomorphic. The The hornblende hornblende crystals crystals are are Structure: semicrystalline, porphyry vitreous Hornblende (12.5%), similar to the plagioclase feldspar, appears predominantly idiomorphic. The hornblende crystals are sectioned Structure:Structure: semicrystalline, semicrystalline, porphyry porphyry vitreous vitreous sectionedsectioned perpendicular perpendicular to crystallographicto crystallographic axis axis Z (basalZ (basal sections) sections) and and parallel parallel to sameto same axis axis (elongated, (elongated, pr ismaticprismatic sections). sections). In In Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. perpendicular to crystallographic axis Z (basal sections) and parallel to same axis (elongated, prismatic sections). In both cases, good Texture:Texture: unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. bothboth cases, cases, good good cleavage cleavage appears appears distinctly, distinctly, bidirectional bidirectional (124°) (124°) at basalat basal sections sections and and unidirectional unidirectional for for sections sections parallel parallel with with Color: gray. ◦ Color:Color: gray. gray. prismaticcleavageprismatic faces. appearsfaces. Some Some distinctly,crystals crystals with with bidirectional idiomorphic idiomorphic (124contours contours) at exhibit basal exhibit sectionspartial partial or andortotal total unidirectionalopacitization. opacitization. Biotite for Biotite sections does does not parallelnot exceed exceed 0.6% with 0.6% from prismatic from faces. Some Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar, MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: neutral neutral plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, allcrystals allrock rock mass mass with components components idiomorphic and and appears contours appears generally generally exhibit fresh, partial fresh, sometimes sometimes or total with opacitization. with incipient incipient chloritization Biotitechloritization does and notand limonitization. exceedlimonitization. 0.6% Some from Some biotite all biotite rock mass components hornblende, rarely biotite lamellae and microlitic paste. hornblende,hornblende, rarely rarely biotite biotite lamellae lamellae and andmicrolitic microlitic paste. paste. lamellae,andlamellae, appears along along the generally the unidirectional unidirectional fresh, cleavage, sometimes cleavage, present present with slight incipient slight opacitization. opacitization. chloritization Opaque Opaque and and limonitization.and se condarysecondary minerals minerals Some do biotite donot not exceed lamellae,exceed 3.5% 3.5% alongof of the unidirectional Reaction to acids: slight reaction with diluted HCl, due to presence ReactionReaction to to acids: acids: slight slight reaction reaction with with diluted diluted HCl, HCl,due to due presence to allcleavage, allrock rock mass mass presentcomponents components slight and opacitization.and consis consists ofts fineof fine Opaque magnetite magnetite and crystals, secondarycrystals, either either minerals as asinclus inclusions doions notwithin within exceed phenocryst phenocryst 3.5% of or all orirregularly rockirregularly mass distrib distrib componentsuteduted and consists of of calcite formed on plagioclase and hornblende. presenceof calcite formed of calcite on formedplagioclase on and plagioclase hornblende. and hornblende. withinfinewithin magnetitethe the rock rock mass. mass. crystals, Pulverulent Pulverulent either kaolinite as kaolinite inclusions and and finely withinfinely lamellae lamellae phenocryst of sericiteof sericite or appear irregularly appear on onsome distributedsome plagioclase plagioclase within crystals crystals the or rock orwithin within mass. the the Pulverulentpaste. paste. kaolinite and ThefinelyThe finely finely lamellae crystallized crystallized of sericitecalcite calcite appears appear appears with on with somesome some plagioclase plagioclase feldspars crystals feldspars richer or richer within in anortitein anortite the paste. and and sporadically The sporadically finely with crystallized with hornblende. hornblende. calcite appears with some DenominationplagioclaseDenomination rock: feldspars rock: Andesite Andesite richer with with in hornblende anortite hornblende and and and sporadically biotite. biotite. with hornblende. Denomination rock: Andesite with hornblende and biotite.

Andesite with hornblende and biotite AndesiteAndesite with with hornblende hornblende and and biotite biotite ZonedZonedZoned plagioclase plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, feldspar, with with unaltered with unaltered unaltered peripheral peripheral peripheral zones zones and zonesand central central and zones centralzones partially partially zones sericitized-kaolinitized, partiallysericitized-kaolinitized, sericitized-kaolinitized, with with biotite biotite inclusions inclusions with biotite partially partially inclusions resorbedpartiallyresorbed resorbed Structure: hypocrystalline, porphyry-vitreous CrisciorCriscior Andesite—sample Andesite—sample number number 9 9 Structure: hypocrystalline, porphyry-vitreous Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. SamplingSampling location: location: Crisci Criscior,or, Hunedoara Hunedoara district. district. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: neutral neutral plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, hornb hornblende,lende, microlitic microlitic vitreous vitreous paste, paste, opaque opaque minerals, minerals, secondary secondary GeologicGeologic structure: structure: tardive tardive su bsequentsubsequent magmatism magmatism (neogenic), (neogenic), mineralsminerals (kaolinite, (kaolinite, sericite, sericite, limonite). limonite). Plagioclase Plagioclase feldspar feldspar (30.5%) (30.5%) is representedis represented by byidiomorphic idiomorphic and and hipidiomorphic hipidiomorphic crystal crystals s secondsecond cycle. cycle. withwith incipient incipient alteration alteration stages. stages. The The plagioclase plagioclase feldspar feldspar appear appears mostlys mostly zoned, zoned, with with crystals crystals dimensions dimensions varying varying between between 0.3/0 0.3/0.2 .2 RockRock type: type: magmatic, magmatic, effusive effusive (neovolcanic), (neovolcanic), neutral. neutral. mmmm and and 2.0/1.0 2.0/1.0 mm. mm. Central Central zones zones of theof the plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, with with higher higher anortite anortite content, content, appear appear sometimes sometimes transformed transformed into into Structure:Structure: semi-crystalline semi-crystalline (hypocrystalline), (hypocrystalline), porphyry-vitreous. porphyry-vitreous. kaolinite and sericite. For most of the cases, the microlitic plagioclase feldspar appears not-altered. Hornblende (4.5%) appears Texture:Texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. kaolinite and sericite. For most of the cases, the microlitic plagioclase feldspar appears not-altered. Hornblende (4.5%) appears with the rock mass as hipidiomorphic crystals, with dimensions below 1 mm. For most of the cases, the crystals contours are Color:Color: dark dark gray. gray. with the rock mass as hipidiomorphic crystals, with dimensions below 1 mm. For most of the cases, the crystals contours are opacitized; sometimes, the amphibole is completely transformed into a secondary product through oxy-hydration. The vitreous- MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, opacitized; sometimes, the amphibole is completely transformed into a secondary product through oxy-hydration. The vitreous- microlitic paste (55%) in this rock type consists of amorphous volcanic glass, where the feldspars microlites appear non- vitreous-microliticvitreous-microlitic paste, paste, secondary secondary minerals. minerals. microlitic paste (55%) in this rock type consists of amorphous volcanic glass, where the feldspars microlites appear non- uniformly distributed. As the feldspars, microlites are predominant, the resulting macroscopic color is dark gray. ReactionReaction to acids:to acids: none none of theof the rock rock components components reacts reacts with with dilute dilute uniformly distributed. As the feldspars, microlites are predominant, the resulting macroscopic color is dark gray. DenominationDenomination rock: rock: Vitreous-porphyry Vitreous-porphyry Andesite. Andesite. HClHCl

IdiomorphicIdiomorphic zoned zoned plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, centrally centrally altered altered and and with with non-altered, non-altered, clea clear, peripheryr, periphery contours. contours. Two Two joint joint hypidiomorphic hypidiomorphic plagioclase plagioclase Vitro-porphyry Andesite Vitro-porphyry Andesite crystalscrystals Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 9 of 21 Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 9 of 21

Structure: hypocrystalline, porphyry vitreous. Structure:Texture: hypocrystallin unoriented (massive),e, porphyry compact. vitreous. Texture:Mineralogical unoriented composition: (massive), plagioclasecompact. feldspar, hornblende, biotite, microlitic paste, opaque minerals, kaolinite, sericite, Dealul Motor Andesite—sample number 8 Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, biotite, microlitic paste, opaque minerals, kaolinite, sericite, Dealul Motor Andesite—sample number 8 chlorite, limonite. Sample location: Deva, Motor Hill, Hunedoara District. chlorite,Plagioclase limonite. feldspar (24.5%) presents mostly idiomorphic contours, also zoned. Crystal dimensions are variable, from 0.01 mm in SampleGeologic location: structure: Deva, neogenic Motor Hill, eruptivism Hunedoara from District. Mures Valley. Plagioclase feldspar (24.5%) presents mostly idiomorphic contours, also zoned. Crystal dimensions are variable, from 0.01 mm in Geologic structure: neogenic eruptivism from Mures Valley. microlites up to 6.1/4.5 mm for phenocryst. The cleavage appears distinct for crystals sectioned parallel to crystallographic axis Z. Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), neutral. microlitesHornblende up to (12.5%), 6.1/4.5 mm similar for phenocryst.to the plagioclase The cleavage feldspar, appear appearss distinct predominantly for crystals id iomorphic.sectioned parallel The hornblende to crystallographic crystals are axis Z. RockStructure: type: magmatic, semicrystalline, effusive porphyry (neovolcanic), vitreous neutral. Hornblende (12.5%), similar to the plagioclase feldspar, appears predominantly idiomorphic. The hornblende crystals are Structure: semicrystalline, porphyry vitreous sectioned perpendicular to crystallographic axis Z (basal sections) and parallel to same axis (elongated, prismatic sections). In Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. sectionedboth cases, perpendicular good cleavage to crystallographic appears distinctly, axis bidirectionalZ (basal sections) (124°) and at basalparallel sections to same and axis unidirectional (elongated, prforismatic sections sections). parallel Inw ith Texture:Color: unoriented gray. (massive), compact. both cases, good cleavage appears distinctly, bidirectional (124°) at basal sections and unidirectional for sections parallel with Color: gray. prismatic faces. Some crystals with idiomorphic contours exhibit partial or total opacitization. Biotite does not exceed 0.6% from Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar, prismaticall rock faces. mass Somecomponents crystals and with appears idiomorphic generally contours fresh, exhibitsometimes partial with or incipienttotal opacitization. chloritization Biotite and does limonitization. not exceed Some0.6% f biotiterom Mineralogicalhornblende, composition: rarely biotite neutral lamellae plagioclase and microlitic feldspar, paste. all rock mass components and appears generally fresh, sometimes with incipient chloritization and limonitization. Some biotite hornblende, rarely biotite lamellae and microlitic paste. lamellae, along the unidirectional cleavage, present slight opacitization. Opaque and secondary minerals do not exceed 3.5% of Reaction to acids: slight reaction with diluted HCl, due to presence lamellae,all rock along mass the components unidirectional and consiscleavage,ts of present fine magnetite slight opacitization. crystals, either Opaque as inclus andions secondary within phenocryst minerals do or not irregularly exceed 3.5% distrib of uted Reactionof calcite to acids:formed slight on plagioclase reaction with and diluted hornblende. HCl, due to presence all rock mass components and consists of fine magnetite crystals, either as inclusions within phenocryst or irregularly distributed of calcite formed on plagioclase and hornblende. within the rock mass. Pulverulent kaolinite and finely lamellae of sericite appear on some plagioclase crystals or within the paste. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 withinThe thefinely rock crystallized mass. Pulverulent calcite appears kaolinite with and some finely plagioclase lamellae offeldspars sericite richerappear in on anortite some plagioclase and sporadically crystals with or within hornblende. the paste. 9 of 21 TheDenomination finely crystallized rock: calcite Andesite appears with withhornblende some plagioclase and biotite. f eldspars richer in anortite and sporadically with hornblende. Denomination rock: Andesite with hornblende and biotite.

Table 1. Cont.

Andesite with hornblende and biotite Andesite with hornblendeMacroscopic and biotite Analysis Zoned plagioclase feldspar, with unaltered peripheral zones and centralMicroscopic zones partially Analysis sericitized-kaolinitized, with biotite inclusions partially Zonedresorbed plagioclase feldspar, with unaltered peripheral zones and central zones partially sericitized-kaolinitized, with biotite inclusions partially Criscior Andesite—sample number 9 resorbedStructure: hypocrystalline, porphyry-vitreous Criscior Andesite—sample number 9 Structure: hypocrystalline, porphyry-vitreous Sampling location: Criscior, Hunedoara district. Structure:Texture: hypocrystallin unorientede, (massive), porphyry-vitreous compact. CrisciorSampling Andesite—sample location: Crisci or,number Hunedoara 9 district. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. Geologic structure: tardive subsequent magmatism (neogenic), Texture:MineralogicalMineralogical unoriented composition: composition: (massive), neutralcompact. neutral plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, microlitic microlitic vitreous paste, vitreous opaque paste, minerals, opaque secondary minerals, secondary minerals SamplingGeologic location: structure: Crisci tardiveor, Hunedoara subsequent district. magmatism (neogenic), second cycle. Mineralogical(kaolinite,minerals (kaolinite, sericite,composition: sericite, limonite). neutral limonite). Plagioclaseplagioclase Plagioclase feldspar, feldspar feldspar hornb (30.5%) (30.5%)lende, is microlitic representedis represented vitreous by by idiomorphicidiomorphic paste, opaque and and minerals, hipidiomorphic hipidiomorphic secondary crystal crystalss with incipient Geologicsecond structure: cycle. tardive subsequent magmatism (neogenic), Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), neutral. mineralsalterationwith incipient (kaolinite, stages. alteration sericite, The plagioclase stages.limonite). The Plagioclase plagioclase feldspar appearsfeldsparfeldspar ( mostly30.5%)appear sis zoned,mostly represented zoned, with by crystals with idiomorphic crystals dimensions dimensions and hipidiomorphic varying varying between between crystal 0.3/0.2s 0.3/0 .2 mm and secondRock cycle. type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), neutral. Structure: semi-crystalline (hypocrystalline), with2.0/1.0mm incipient and mm.2.0/1.0 alteration Central mm. Central stages. zones zonesThe of theplagioclase of plagioclasethe plagioclase feldspar feldspar, feldspar, appear withs mostlywith higher higher zoned, anortiteanortite with crystals content, dimensions appear appear sometimes sometimes varying transformedbetween transformed 0.3/0 into.2 into kaolinite and RockStructure: type: magmatic, semi-crystalline effusive (hypocrystalline), (neovolcanic), neutral. porphyry-vitreous. porphyry-vitreous. mm and 2.0/1.0 mm. Central zones of the plagioclase feldspar, with higher anortite content, appear sometimes transformed into Structure:Texture: semi-crystalline unoriented (massive), (hypocrystalline), compact. porphyry-vitreous. sericite.kaolinite Forand mostsericite. of For the most cases, of thethe microliticcases, the microlitic plagioclase plagioclase feldspar feldspar appears appears not-altered. not-altered. Hornblende Hornblende (4.5%) (4.5%) appears appears with the rock mass as Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. kaolinite and sericite. For most of the cases, the microlitic plagioclase feldspar appears not-altered. Hornblende (4.5%) appears Texture:Color: unoriented dark gray. (massive), compact. hipidiomorphicwith the rock mass crystals, as hipidiomorphic with dimensions crystals, belowwith dimensions 1 mm. For below most 1 mm. of the For cases, most theof the crystals cases, the contours crystals are contours opacitized; are sometimes, the Color: dark gray. with the rock mass as hipidiomorphic crystals, with dimensions below 1 mm. For most of the cases, the crystals contours are Color:Mineralogical dark gray. composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, amphiboleopacitized; sometimes, is completely the amphibole transformed is completely into a secondary transformed product into a through secondary oxy-hydration. product through The oxy-hydration. vitreous-microlitic The vitreous- paste (55%) in this rock Mineralogical composition: composition: plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, opacitized;typemicrolitic consists sometimes, paste of (55%) amorphous the in amphibolethis rock volcanic type is completely consists glass, of where transformedamorphous the feldspars volcanicinto a secondary microlitesglass, where product appear the feldsparsthrough non-uniformly oxy-hydration. microlites appear distributed. The non- vitreous- As the feldspars, vitreous-microlitic paste, secondary minerals. microlitic paste (55%) in this rock type consists of amorphous volcanic glass, where the feldspars microlites appear non- vitreous-microliticvitreous-microliticReaction to acids: paste, paste,none secondary of secondary the rock minerals. components minerals. reacts with dilute microlitesuniformly distributed. are predominant, As the feldspars, the resulting microlites macroscopic are predominant, color is the dark resu gray.lting macroscopic color is dark gray. Reaction to to acids: acids: none none of the of therock rock components components reacts reactswith dilute with uniformlyDenominationDenomination distributed. rock: rock: AsVitreous-porphyry Vitreous-porphyrythe feldspars, microlites Andesite. Andesite. are predominant, the resulting macroscopic color is dark gray. HCl Denomination rock: Vitreous-porphyry Andesite. diluteHCl HCl

Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 10 of 21 SustainabilityVitro-porphyry 2017, Andesite9, 1925 IdiomorphicIdiomorphicIdiomorphic zoned zoned zoned plagioclase plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, feldspar, centrally centrally centrally altered altered and altered and with with andnon-altered, non-altered, with non-altered, clea clear, peripheryr, periphery clear, contours. peripherycontours. Two Two contours. joint joint hypidiomorphic hypidiomorphic Two joint hypidiomorphicplagioclase plagioclase10 of 21 Vitro-porphyryVitro-porphyry Andesite Andesite crystalsplagioclasecrystals crystals Structure: semicrystalline, porphyry vitreous. Săcărâmb Andesite—sample number 10 Structure: semicrystalline, porphyry vitreous. SSăăccărrâmbâmb Andesite—sample Andesite—sample number number 10 10 Structure:Texture: unoriented semicrystalline, (massive), porphyry compact. vitreous. Sample location: Săcărâmb, Hunedoara District. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. SampleSample location: location: Să Scăăcrâmb,ărâmb, Hunedoara Hunedoara District. District. Texture:Mineralogical unoriented composition: (massive), neutral compact. plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, vitreous microlitic paste, secondary and opaque minerals. Geologic structure: neogenic eruptivism of Apuseni Mountains Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, vitreous microlitic paste, secondary and opaque minerals. GeologicGeologic structure: neogenic neogenic eruptivism eruptivism of Apuseni of Apuseni Mountains Mountains MineralogicalPlagioclase feldspar composition: (25.5%) consists neutral of idiomorphic plagioclase and feldspar, hipidiom hornblende,orphic crystals vitreous exhibiting microlitic different paste, stages secondary of kaolinization and opaque and minerals. (Metaliferi), second cycle. Plagioclase feldspar (25.5%) consists of idiomorphic and hipidiomorphic crystals exhibiting different stages of kaolinization and (Metaliferi),(Metaliferi), second second cycle. cycle. Plagioclasesericitization. feldspar The anortite (25.5%) content, consists partially of idiomorphicor totally altere andd, appears hipidiomorphic more frequently crystals within exhibiting the central different zones, as stages oppose ofd kaolinization to and Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), intermediary. sericitization. The anortite content, partially or totally altered, appears more frequently within the central zones, as opposed to RockRock type: magmatic, magmatic, effusive effusive (neovolcanic), (neovolcanic), intermediary. intermediary. sericitization.the outer layer which The anortite appears content, usually fresh, partially without or totally any transformation altered, appears into morekaolinit frequentlye and sericite. within Plagioclase the central feldspar zones, cryst asal opposed to the outer Structure: hypocrystalline (semicrystalline), porphyry vitreous. the outer layer which appears usually fresh, without any transformation into kaolinite and sericite. Plagioclase feldspar crystal Structure:Structure: hypocrystalline hypocrystalline (semic (semicrystalline),rystalline), porphyry porphyry vitreous. vitreous. layerdimensions which vary appears between usually 0.2/0.1 fresh, mm and without 5.0/3.8 any mm. transformation Hornblende (8.3%) into appears kaolinite within and the sericite. rock mass Plagioclase as idiomorphic feldspar and crystal dimensions vary Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. dimensions vary between 0.2/0.1 mm and 5.0/3.8 mm. Hornblende (8.3%) appears within the rock mass as idiomorphic and Texture:Texture: unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. betweenhipidiomorphic 0.2/0.1 crystals, mm and some 5.0/3.8 unaltered, mm. so Hornblendeme partially or (8.3%) totally appears sericitized. within Good the cleavage, rock mass bidirectional as idiomorphic for basal andsections hipidiomorphic, is crystals, Color: grey, slightly dotted. hipidiomorphic crystals, some unaltered, some partially or totally sericitized. Good cleavage, bidirectional for basal sections, is Color:Color: grey, slightly slightly dotted. dotted. someobserved; unaltered, unidirectional some partiallycleavage characteristic or totally sericitized. for longitudin Goodal cleavage,sections appears bidirectional either distin for basalct or completely sections, isopacitized. observed; Th unidirectionale cleavage Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, observed; unidirectional cleavage characteristic for longitudinal sections appears either distinct or completely opacitized. The MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, characteristicmicrolitic and vitreous for longitudinal paste presents sections an advanced appears grade either of distinctalteration or into completely kaolinite and opacitized. sericite. Fresh The microliticmicrolites are and rare vitreous and paste presents an vitreous microlitic paste, secondary minerals. microlitic and vitreous paste presents an advanced grade of alteration into kaolinite and sericite. Fresh microlites are rare and vitreousvitreous microlitic paste, paste, secondary secondary minerals. minerals. advancedbelong to the grade same of type alteration of plagioclase into kaolinite feldspar. Opaque and sericite. minerals Fresh (2%) microlites consist of aresubmillim rare andeter belongcrystals toof thepyrite same and type of plagioclase feldspar. Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute belong to the same type of plagioclase feldspar. Opaque minerals (2%) consist of submillimeter crystals of pyrite and ReactionReaction to to acids: acids: none none of ofthe the rock rock components components reacts reacts with dilute with Opaquechalcopyrite, minerals not exceeding (2%) consist dimensions of submillimeter of 1.7 mm. These crystals crys oftals pyrite are non-uniformly and chalcopyrite, distributed notexceeding within the rock dimensions mass. of 1.7 mm. These crystals HCl. chalcopyrite, not exceeding dimensions of 1.7 mm. These crystals are non-uniformly distributed within the rock mass. HCl. areDenomination non-uniformly rock: Andesite distributed with within hornblende the rock partially mass. altered. Denomination rock: Andesite with hornblende partially altered. dilute HCl. Denomination rock: Andesite with hornblende partially altered.

Andesite with hornblende, partially altered PlagioclasePlagioclasePlagioclase feldspars feldspars feldspars partially partially partially altered, altered, altered, with with non with non - transformed non- transformed - transformed crystals crystals crystalscontours, contours,contours, welded welded crystals weldedcrystals of plagioclase crystalsof plagioclase of and plagioclase and opacitize opacitize andd idiomorphicd idiomorphic opacitized idiomorphic hornblende, Andesite with hornblende, partially altered Andesite with hornblende, partially altered hornblende,idiomorphichornblende, idiomorphic idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic and and hypi hypidiomorphicdiomorphic submillimeter submillimeter submillimeter pyrite pyrite pyrite Albinii-Haneș Andesite—sample number 11 Structure:Structure: semicrystalline, semicrystalline, porphyry porphyry vitreous. vitreous. Albinii-Haneș Andesite—sample number 11 Sample location: Albinii-Haneș, Alba District. Texture:Texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. Sample location: Albinii-Haneș, Alba District. Geologic structure: neogenic eruptivism of Apuseni Mountains MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: neutral neutral plagiocl plagioclasease feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, microlitic, microlitic, volcan volcanic glass,ic glass, secondary secondary and and opaque opaque minerals. minerals. Geologic structure: neogenic eruptivism of Apuseni Mountains (Metaliferi). PlagioclasePlagioclase feldspar feldspar (23.8%) (23.8%) consists consists most mostly lyof ofidiomorphic idiomorphic and and hypidiomorphic hypidiomorphic crys crystals,tals, rarely rarely zoned. zoned. Plagioclase Plagioclase feldspar feldspar (Metaliferi). Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), intermediary. crystalcrystal dimensions dimensions vary vary from from 0.01 0.01 mm mm for for microlites microlites and and 6.2/4.3 6.2/4.3 mm mm for for phenocryst. phenocryst. For For thin thin sections sections parallel parallel with with Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), intermediary. Structure: hypocrystalline (semicrystalline), porphyry vitreous. crystallographiccrystallographic axis axis Z andZ and presenting presenting poly polysyntheticsynthetic macles macles (twins), (twins), the the unidirection unidirectional cleavageal cleavage appears appears distinctly. distinctly. Hornblende Hornblende Structure: hypocrystalline (semicrystalline), porphyry vitreous. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. (12.6%)(12.6%) appears appears within within the the rock rock mass mass as asidiomorphic, idiomorphic, hypidi hypidiomorphicomorphic and and xenomorphic xenomorphic crystals crystals with with dimensions dimensions between between Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. Color: grey, slightly dotted. 0.2/0.080.2/0.08 mm mm and and 10.3/1 10.3/1 mm. mm. The The sections sections are are either either parallel parallel or orperpen perpendiculardicular on on crystallographic crystallographic axis axis Z. Z.Good Good cleavage cleavage appears appears Color: grey, slightly dotted. Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, distinctly,distinctly, as asbidirectional bidirectional (124°) (124°) or orbasal basal sections sections and and unidir unidirectionalectional for for sections sections parallel parallel with with prismatic prismatic faces. faces. Some Some of ofth eth e Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, microlitic paste. idiomorphicidiomorphic and and hypidiomorphic hypidiomorphic crystals crystals present present partial partial or ortotal total opacitization. opacitization. Microlites Microlites (50%) (50%) are are feldspathic, feldspathic, non-uniformly non-uniformly microlitic paste. Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute distributeddistributed within within the the volcanic volcanic glass. glass. Opaque Opaque minerals minerals (4.5 (4.5%)%) are are finely finely crystalized, crystalized, idio idiomorphic,morphic, hipidiomorphic hipidiomorphic and and Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute HCl. xenomorphic,xenomorphic, chaotically chaotically distributed distributed within within the the rock rock paste paste and and consisting consisting of ofpyrite pyrite and and oxidic oxidic minerals. minerals. HCl. SecondarySecondary minerals, minerals, represented represented by by ka olinite,kaolinite, affect affect partially partially some some plagioclase plagioclase phenocrysts phenocrysts and and microlites. microlites. DenominationDenomination rock: rock: Andesite Andesite with with hornblende. hornblende.

Andesite with hornblende Andesite with hornblende Millimeter idio morphic crystal of hornblende, with opacitized contour Millimeter idiomorphic crystal of hornblende, with opacitized contour SustainabilitySustainability 2017 2017, 9, ,1925 9, 1925 10 of10 21of 21

Structure:Structure: semicrystalline, semicrystalline, porphyry porphyry vitreous. vitreous. SăcSăărâmbcărâmb Andesite—sample Andesite—sample number number 10 10 Texture:Texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. SampleSample location: location: Să cSăărâmb,cărâmb, Hunedoara Hunedoara District. District. MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: neutral neutral plagiocl plagioclasease feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, vitreous vitreous microlit microlitic paste,ic paste, secondary secondary and and opaque opaque minerals. minerals. GeologicGeologic structure: structure: neogenic neogenic eruptivism eruptivism of Apuseniof Apuseni Mountains Mountains PlagioclasePlagioclase feldspar feldspar (25.5%) (25.5%) consists consists of idiomorphicof idiomorphic and and hipidiom hipidiomorphicorphic crystals crystals exhibiting exhibiting different different stages stages of kaolinizationof kaolinization and a nd (Metaliferi),(Metaliferi), second second cycle. cycle. sericitization.sericitization. The The anortite anortite content, content, partially partially or totallyor totally altere altered, appearsd, appears more more frequently frequently within within the the central central zones, zones, as opposeas opposed tod to RockRock type: type: magmatic, magmatic, effusive effusive (neovolcanic), (neovolcanic), intermediary. intermediary. thethe outer outer layer layer which which appears appears usually usually fresh, fresh, without without any any transformation transformation into into kaolinit kaolinite ande and sericite. sericite. Plagioclase Plagioclase feldspar feldspar cryst crystal al Structure:Structure: hypocrystalline hypocrystalline (semic (semicrystalline),rystalline), porphyry porphyry vitreous. vitreous. dimensionsdimensions vary vary between between 0.2/0.1 0.2/0.1 mm mm and and 5.0/3.8 5.0/3.8 mm. mm. Hornblende Hornblende (8.3%) (8.3%) appears appears within within the the rock rock mass mass as idiomorphicas idiomorphic and and Texture:Texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. hipidiomorphichipidiomorphic crystals, crystals, some some unaltered, unaltered, some some partially partially or totallyor totally sericitized. sericitized. Good Good cleavage, cleavage, bidirectional bidirectional for for basal basal sections sections, is , is Color:Color: grey, grey, slightly slightly dotted. dotted. observed;observed; unidirectional unidirectional cleavage cleavage characteristic characteristic for for longitudin longitudinal sectionsal sections appears appears either either distin distinct orct completelyor completely opacitized. opacitized. Th eTh e MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, microliticmicrolitic and and vitreous vitreous paste paste presents presents an anadvanced advanced grade grade of alterationof alteration into into kaolinit kaolinite ande and sericite. sericite. Fresh Fresh microlites microlites are are rare rare and a nd vitreousvitreous microlitic microlitic paste, paste, secondary secondary minerals. minerals. belongbelong to theto the same same type type of plagioclaseof plagioclase feldspar. feldspar. Opaque Opaque mi neralsminerals (2%) (2%) consist consist of submillimof submillimetereter crystals crystals of pyriteof pyrite and and ReactionReaction to acids:to acids: none none of theof the rock rock components components reacts reacts with with dilute dilute chalcopyrite,chalcopyrite, not not exceeding exceeding dimensions dimensions of 1.7of 1.7mm. mm. These These crys crystalstals are are non-uniformly non-uniformly distributed distributed within within the the rock rock mass. mass. SustainabilityHCl.HCl. 2017, 9, 1925 10 of 21 DenominationDenomination rock: rock: Andesite Andesite with with hornblende hornblende partially partially altered. altered.

Table 1. Cont. Plagioclase feldspars partially altered, with non - transformed crystals contours, welded crystals of plagioclase and opacitized idiomorphic AndesiteAndesite with with hor hornblende,nblende,Macroscopic partially partially altered altered Analysis Plagioclasehornblende, feldspars idiomorphic partially and altered, hypidiomorphic with non - submillimeter transformed crystals pyrite contours,Microscopic welded Analysis crystals of plagioclase and opacitized idiomorphic hornblende,Structure: idiomorphic semicrystalline, and hypi porphyrydiomorphic vitreous. submillimeter pyrite Structure: semicrystalline, porphyry vitreous. Structure:Texture: semicrystalline, unoriented (massive), porphyry compact. vitreous. Albinii-HanesAlbinii-HaneAlbinii-Haneș Andesite—sample, șAndesite—sample Andesite—sample number number number 11 1111 Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. SampleSampleSample location: location: location: Albinii-Hane Albinii-Hanes Albinii-Haneș, Albaș, ,Alba Alba District. District. District. Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, microlitic, volcanic glass, secondary and opaque minerals. MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: neutral neutral plagiocl plagioclasease feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, microlitic, volcan microlitic,ic glass, volcanic secondary glass, and secondary opaque minerals. and opaque minerals. GeologicGeologic structure: structure: structure: neogenic neogenic neogenic eruptivism eruptivism of Apuseniof of Apuseni Apuseni Mountains Mountains Mountains Plagioclase feldspar (23.8%) consists mostly of idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic crystals, rarely zoned. Plagioclase feldspar PlagioclasePlagioclase feldspar feldspar (23.8%) (23.8%) consists consists mostly mostlyof idiomorphic of idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic and hypidiomorphic crystals, rarely crystals, zoned. rarelyPlagioclase zoned. feldspar Plagioclase feldspar crystal (Metaliferi).(Metaliferi).(Metaliferi). crystal dimensions vary from 0.01 mm for microlites and 6.2/4.3 mm for phenocryst. For thin sections parallel with crystaldimensions dimensions vary vary from from 0.01 0.01 mm mm for for microlites microlites and 6.2/4.3 mm mm for for phenocryst. phenocryst. For Forthin thinsections sections parallel parallel with with crystallographic axis Z and RockRock type: type: type: magmatic, magmatic, magmatic, effusive effusive (neovolcanic), (neovolcanic), (neovolcanic), intermediary. intermediary. intermediary. crystallographic axis Z and presenting polysynthetic macles (twins), the unidirectional cleavage appears distinctly. Hornblende crystallographicpresenting polysynthetic axis Z and presenting macles poly (twins),synthetic the unidirectionalmacles (twins), the cleavage unidirection appearsal cleavage distinctly. appears Hornblende distinctly. (12.6%)Hornblende appears within the rock Structure:Structure:Structure: hypocrystalline hypocrystalline hypocrystalline (semic (semicrystalline),(semicrystalline),rystalline), porphyry porphyry porphyry vitreous. vitreous. vitreous. (12.6%) appears within the rock mass as idiomorphic, hypidiomorphic and xenomorphic crystals with dimensions between (12.6%)mass appears as idiomorphic, within the hypidiomorphicrock mass as idiomorphic, and xenomorphic hypidiomorphic crystals and withxenomorphic dimensions crystals between with dimensions 0.2/0.08 mmbetween and 10.3/1 mm. The sections Texture:Texture:Texture: unoriented unoriented unoriented (massive),(massive), (massive), compact. compact. compact. 0.2/0.08 mm and 10.3/1 mm. The sections are either parallel or perpendicular on crystallographic axis Z. Good cleavage appears ◦ 0.2/0.08are either mm and parallel 10.3/1 or mm. perpendicular The sections are on either crystallographic parallel or perpen axis Z.dicular Good on cleavage crystallographic appears axis distinctly, Z. Good as cleavage bidirectional appears (124 ) or basal sections Color:Color: grey, grey, grey, slightly slightly slightly dotted. dotted.dotted. distinctly, as bidirectional (124°) or basal sections and unidirectional for sections parallel with prismatic faces. Some of the distinctly,and unidirectional as bidirectional for (124°) sections or basal parallel sections with and prismatic unidirectional faces. for Some sections of theparallel idiomorphic with prismatic and hypidiomorphicfaces. Some of the crystals present partial or MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: composition: plagioclase plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, hornblende, idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic crystals present partial or total opacitization. Microlites (50%) are feldspathic, non-uniformly idiomorphictotal opacitization. and hypidiomorphic Microlites crystals (50%) present are feldspathic, partial or total non-uniformly opacitization. distributed Microlites (50%) within are the feldspathic, volcanic non-uniformly glass. Opaque minerals (4.5%) are microliticmicrolitic paste. paste. paste. distributed within the volcanic glass. Opaque minerals (4.5%) are finely crystalized, idiomorphic, hipidiomorphic and distributedfinely crystalized, within the volcanic idiomorphic, glass. Opaque hipidiomorphic minerals (4.5 and%) xenomorphic, are finely crystalized, chaotically idiomorphic, distributed hipidiomorphic within the rockand paste and consisting of pyrite ReactionReaction to to acids:to acids: acids: none nonenone of the of the rock rock rock components components components reacts reacts reactswith with dilute with dilute xenomorphic, chaotically distributed within the rock paste and consisting of pyrite and oxidic minerals. xenomorphic,and oxidic chaotically minerals. distributed within the rock paste and consisting of pyrite and oxidic minerals. diluteHCl.HCl. HCl. Secondary minerals, represented by kaolinite, affect partially some plagioclase phenocrysts and microlites. SecondarySecondaryDenomination minerals, minerals, rock: represented Andesite represented withby ka hornblende.olinite, by kaolinite, affect partially affect partiallysome plagioclase some plagioclase phenocrysts phenocrystsand microlites. and microlites. DenominationDenomination rock: rock: Andesite Andesite with hornblende. with hornblende.

AndesiteAndesiteSustainabilityAndesite with with with hor hornblende2017 hornblende,nblende 9, 1925 11 of 21 Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 MillimeterMillimeterMillimeter idio idiomorphic idiomorphicmorphic crystal crystal crystal of horn of horn ofblende, hornblende,blende, with with opacitized opacitized with opacitized contour contour contour 11 of 21 Roșia Poieni Andesite—sample number 12 RosRoș,ia Poieni Poieni Andesite—sample Andesite—sample number number 12 12 Sample location: Rosia Poieni, Alba District. Structure:Structure: semicrystalline semicrystalline (hypoc (hypocrystalline),rystalline), porphyry porphyry vitreous. vitreous. SampleSample location: location: Rosia Rosia Poieni, Poieni, Alba Alba District. District. Structure: semicrystalline (hypocrystalline), porphyry vitreous. Geologic structure: neogenic eruptivism (second cycle), Texture:Texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. GeologicGeologic structure: structure: neogenic neogenic eruptivism eruptivism (second (second cycle), cycle), Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. represented by rooted structures, lava flows and andesitic Mineralogical composition: composition: neutral neutral plagioclas plagioclasee feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, microlitic microlitic vitreous paste, vitreous kaolinite, paste, sericite, kaolinite, calcite, sericite, pyrite. calcite, pyrite. representedrepresented by by rooted rooted structur structures,es, lava lava flows flows and andesitic and Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, microlitic vitreous paste, kaolinite, sericite, calcite, pyrite. pyroclastics. Plagioclase feldspar feldspar (chalco-sodic) (chalco-sodic) (20.5% (20.5%)) consists consists of idiomorphic of idiomorphic and hipidiomorphic and hipidiomorphic crystals, rarely crystals, allotriomorphic, rarely allotriomorphic, with with andesiticpyroclastics. pyroclastics. Plagioclase feldspar (chalco-sodic) (20.5%) consists of idiomorphic and hipidiomorphic crystals, rarely allotriomorphic, with Rock type: magmatic, neovolcanic, neutral (intermediary). dimensions between between 0.4/0.2–6.2/3.2 0.4/0.2–6.2/3.2 mm. mm.In several In several instances, instances, the plagioclase the plagioclase feldspar appears feldspar zoned, appears with zoned, an incipient with analterati incipienton alteration stage RockRock type: type: magmatic, magmatic, neovolcanic, neovolcanic, neutral neutral (intermediary). (intermediary). dimensions between 0.4/0.2–6.2/3.2 mm. In several instances, the plagioclase feldspar appears zoned, with an incipient alteration Structure: hypocrystalline (semicrystalline), porphyry vitreous. (sercitizationstage (sercitization and and kaolinitization). kaolinitization). Structure:Structure: hypocrystalline hypocrystalline (semic (semicrystalline),rystalline), porphyry porphyry vitreous. vitreous. stage (sercitization and kaolinitization). Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. Hornblende (14.3%) (14.3%) appears appears as the as thecommon common variety variety (green) (green) and consists and consists of prismatic of prismatic crystals (idiomorphic crystals (idiomorphic and hipidiomorphic) and hipidiomorphic) with Texture:Texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. Hornblende (14.3%) appears as the common variety (green) and consists of prismatic crystals (idiomorphic and hipidiomorphic) Color: grey, dotted. dimensionswith dimensions between between 0.6/2.5–0.1/0.7 0.6/2.5–0.1/0.7 mm. mm. In In most most cases, cases, hornblende hornblende appears appears partially partially or totally or totallyopacitized. opacitized. Kaolinite Kaoliniteand and sericite, as Color:Color: grey, grey, dotted. dotted. with dimensions between 0.6/2.5–0.1/0.7 mm. In most cases, hornblende appears partially or totally opacitized. Kaolinite and Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, secondarysericite, as secondary products, products, appear inappear smaller in smaller percentages percentages in some in some plagioclase plagioclase feldspar feldspar crystals, crystals, asas well as as in in the the rock’s rock’s paste, paste, along with MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, hornblende, hornblende, sericite, as secondary products, appear in smaller percentages in some plagioclase feldspar crystals, as well as in the rock’s paste, calcite, pyrite. microcrystallinealong with microcrystalline pyrite. Calcite pyrite. wasCalcite deposited was deposited at a later at a la stageter stage along along the the micro micro fissures fissures and and contractioncontraction fissures fissures fo foundund within the rock calcite,calcite, pyrite. pyrite. along with microcrystalline pyrite. Calcite was deposited at a later stage along the micro fissures and contraction fissures found Reaction to acids: calcite deposited at a later stage along fissures mass.within Thethe rock microlitic mass. The paste microlitic (55.2%) paste is represented (55.2%) is represented by feldspar by feldspar and volcanic and volcanic glass. glass. ReactionReaction to to acids: acids: calcite calcite deposited deposited at a atlater a laterstage stagealong alongfissures within the rock mass. The microlitic paste (55.2%) is represented by feldspar and volcanic glass. reacts strongly with diluted HCl. Denomination rock: rock: Poieni Poieni hornblendic hornblendic andesite andesite fissuresreacts strongly reacts with strongly diluted with HCl. diluted HCl. Denomination rock: Poieni hornblendic andesite

Plagioclase phenocryst, zoned and with peripheral alteration Poieni hornblendic andesite PlagioclasePlagioclase phenocryst, phenocryst, zoned zonedand with and peripheral with peripheral alteration alteration PoieniPoieni hornblendic hornblendic andesite andesite Căzănești Diabase—sample number 13 Căzănești Diabase—sample number 13 Sample location: Căzănești, Drocea Mountains, Hunedoara Structure: mid-ophytic Sample location: Căzănești, Drocea Mountains, Hunedoara Structure: mid-ophytic district. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. district. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. Geologic structure: initial eruptivism Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, augite, olivine, calcite, dolomite, pyrite, chlorite, serpentine. Basic plagioclase Geologic structure: initial eruptivism Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, augite, olivine, calcite, dolomite, pyrite, chlorite, serpentine. Basic plagioclase Rock type: magmatic, effusive, paleovolcanic. feldspar (58.5%), initially basic (anortitic), in the majority of cases partially albitized, is represented by idiomorphic crystals with Rock type: magmatic, effusive, paleovolcanic. feldspar (58.5%), initially basic (anortitic), in the majority of cases partially albitized, is represented by idiomorphic crystals with Structure: devitrified, ophitic. dimensions between 0.2/0.09 mm and 0.05/0.03 mm. The plagioclase from the fundamental rock mass is completely transformed Structure: devitrified, ophitic. dimensions between 0.2/0.09 mm and 0.05/0.03 mm. The plagioclase from the fundamental rock mass is completely transformed Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. The rock presents a into kaolinite, calcite and magnesium. Augite and olivine (22%) consist of allotriomorphic submillimeter crystals, grown into the Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. The rock presents a into kaolinite, calcite and magnesium. Augite and olivine (22%) consist of allotriomorphic submillimeter crystals, grown into the system of millimeter fissures, colmated with carbonates and pyrite. interstitials between the intersected prismatic plagioclase crystals. Most of these minerals are transformed into chlorite, bastite system of millimeter fissures, colmated with carbonates and pyrite. interstitials between the intersected prismatic plagioclase crystals. Most of these minerals are transformed into chlorite, bastite Color: grey, slightly green hue. and serpentinitic minerals. Calcite, dolomite and pyrite (15%) have hydrothermal origin, with very fine crystallization, deposited Color: grey, slightly green hue. and serpentinitic minerals. Calcite, dolomite and pyrite (15%) have hydrothermal origin, with very fine crystallization, deposited Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, at a later stage on the contraction fissures of the diabasic lava. Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, at a later stage on the contraction fissures of the diabasic lava. carbonates, pyrite, secondary minerals, dolomitic limestone Denomination rock: Medio-ophitic diabase, partially altered and mineralized. carbonates, pyrite, secondary minerals, dolomitic limestone Denomination rock: Medio-ophitic diabase, partially altered and mineralized. enclaves. enclaves. Reaction to acids: calcite (CaCO3) reacts strongly with diluted HCl. Reaction to acids: calcite (CaCO3) reacts strongly with diluted HCl.

Diabase with ophitic structure, medium-crystalized and albitised plagioclase (spilitized) Diabase with ophitic structure, medium-crystalized and albitised plagioclase (spilitized) Mid-ophytic diabase partially altered and mineralized Mid-ophytic diabase partially altered and mineralized Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 11 of 21 Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 11 of 21 Roșia Poieni Andesite—sample number 12 RoșSampleia Poieni location: Andesite—sample Rosia Poieni, numberAlba District. 12 Structure: semicrystalline (hypocrystalline), porphyry vitreous. SampleGeologic location: structure: Rosia neogenic Poieni, Alba eruptivism District. (second cycle), Structure:Texture: semicrystalline unoriented (massive), (hypocrystalline), compact. porphyry vitreous. Geologicrepresented structure: by rooted neogenic structur eruptivismes, lava (second flows and cycle), andesitic Texture:Mineralogical unoriented composition: (massive), neutralcompact. plagioclas e feldspar, hornblende, microlitic vitreous paste, kaolinite, sericite, calcite, pyrite. representedpyroclastics. by rooted structures, lava flows and andesitic MineralogicalPlagioclase composition:feldspar (chalco-sodic) neutral plagioclas (20.5%) econsists feldspar, of hornblende,idiomorphic microliticand hipidiomorphic vitreous paste, crystals, kaolinite, rarely sericite, allotriomorphic, calcite, pyrite. with pyroclastics.Rock type: magmatic, neovolcanic, neutral (intermediary). Plagioclasedimensions feldspar between (chalco-sodic) 0.4/0.2–6.2/3.2 (20.5% mm.) consists In several of idiomorphicinstances, the and plagioclase hipidiomorphic feldspar crystals, appears rarely zoned, allotriomorphic, with an incipient with alterati on RockStructure: type: magmatic, hypocrystalline neovolcanic, (semic neutralrystalline), (intermediary). porphyry vitreous. dimensionsstage (sercitization between 0.4/0.2–6.2/3.2 and kaolinitization). mm. In several instances, the plagioclase feldspar appears zoned, with an incipient alteration Structure:Texture: hypocrystalline unoriented (massive), (semicrystalline), compact. porphyry vitreous. stageHornblende (sercitization (14.3%) and appearskaolinitization). as the common variety (green) and consists of prismatic crystals (idiomorphic and hipidiomorphic) Texture:Color: unoriented grey, dotted. (massive), compact. Hornblendewith dimensions (14.3%) betweenappears as0.6/2.5–0.1/0.7 the common mm. variety In most (green) cases, and hornblende consists of appearsprismatic partially crystals or (idiomorphic totally opacitized. and hipidiomorphic) Kaolinite and Color:Mineralogical grey, dotted. composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, withsericite, dimensions as secondary between products, 0.6/2.5–0.1/0.7 appear mm. in smaller In most percentages cases, hornblende in some appears plagioclase partially feldspar or totally crystals, opacitized. as well as Kaolinite in the rock’s and paste, SustainabilityMineralogicalcalcite, pyrite.2017 composition: , 9, 1925 plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, sericite,along as with secondary microcrystalline products, pyrite. appear Calcite in smaller was percentagesdeposited at in a lasometer stage plagioclase along the feld microspar crystals, fissures asand well contraction as in the fissuresrock’s paste, found 11 of 21 calcite,Reaction pyrite. to acids: calcite deposited at a later stage along fissures alongwithin with the microcrystalline rock mass. The pyrite. microlitic Calcite paste was (55.2%) deposited is represented at a later stage by feldspar along the and micro volcanic fissures glass. and contraction fissures found Reactionreacts tostrongly acids: calcitewith diluted deposited HCl. at a later stage along fissures withinDenomination the rock mass. rock: The Poieni microlitic hornblendic paste (55.2%) andesite is represented by feldspar and volcanic glass. reacts strongly with diluted HCl. Denomination rock: Poieni hornblendic andesite Table 1. Cont.

Macroscopic Analysis Microscopic Analysis Poieni hornblendic andesite Plagioclase phenocryst, zoned and with peripheral alteration Căzănes, ti Diabase—sample number 13 Căzănești Diabase—sample number 13 SamplePoieni hornblendic location: andesite Căzănes , ti, Drocea Mountains, Plagioclase phenocryst, zoned and with peripheral alteration Sample location: Căzănești, Drocea Mountains, Hunedoara HunedoaraCăzănești Diabase—sample district. number 13 Structure: mid-ophytic district. Structure: mid-ophytic GeologicSample location: structure: Căză initialnești, Drocea eruptivism Mountains, Hunedoara Structure:Texture:Texture: mid-ophytic unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. district.Geologic structure: initial eruptivism Rock type: magmatic, effusive, paleovolcanic. Texture:MineralogicalMineralogical unoriented composition: composition: (massive), plagioclasecompact. plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, augite, augite, olivine, olivine, calcite, calcite, dolomite, dolomite, pyrite, chlorite, pyrite, serpentine. chlorite, serpentine. Basic plagio Basicclase plagioclase feldspar GeologicRock type: structure: magmatic, initial effusive, eruptivism paleovolcanic. Structure: devitrified, ophitic. Mineralogical(58.5%),feldspar (58.5%), initially composition: initially basic (anortitic),plagioclase basic (anortitic feldspar, in the), in majority the augite, majority olivine, of casesof cases calcite, partially partially dolomite, albitized, albi tized,pyrite, is chlorite, represented serpentine. by by idiomorphic idiomorphic Basic plagio crysclase crystalstals with with dimensions RockStructure: type: magmatic, devitrified, effusive, ophitic. paleovolcanic. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. The rock presents a feldsparbetweendimensions (58.5%), 0.2/0.09 between initially mm 0.2/0.09 basic and (anortitic mm 0.05/0.03 and), 0.05/0.03 in mm. the majority The mm. plagioclase The of plagioclasecases partially from from the albi the fundamentaltized, fundamental is represented rock rock mass massby idiomorphic is completely crys transformedtals transformed with into kaolinite, Structure:Texture: devitrified, unoriented ophitic. (massive), compact. The rock presents a system of millimeter fissures, colmated with carbonates dimensionscalciteinto kaolinite, and between magnesium. calcite 0.2/0.09 and magnesium. mm Augite and and0.05/0.03 Augite olivine mm. and (22%) The olivine plagioclase consist (22%) of consist from allotriomorphic theof allotriomorphic fundamental submillimeter rock submillimeter mass is crystals, completely crystals, grown transformed grown into into the the interstitials between Texture:system unoriented of millimeter (massive), fissures, compact. colmated The with rock carbonates presents aand pyrite. and pyrite. intotheinterstitials kaolinite, intersected calcitebetween prismatic and the magnesium. intersected plagioclase Augiteprismatic crystals. and plagioclase olivine Most (22% ofcrysta) these consistls. Most minerals of allotriomorphic of these are minerals transformed submillimeter are transformed into chlorite, crystals, into bastitegrownchlorite, into and bas ttitehe serpentinitic minerals. systemColor: of grey,millimeter slightly fissures, green hue.colmated with carbonates and pyrite. Color: grey, slightly green hue. interstitialsCalcite,and serpentinitic dolomitebetween minerals.the and intersected pyrite Calcite, (15%) prismatic dolomite have plagioclase hydrothermal and pyrite crysta (15%) origin,ls. ha Mostve hydrothermal with of these very minerals fine origin, crystallization, are with transformed very fine deposited intocrystallization, chlorite, at a bas later depositite stage tedon the contraction Color:Mineralogical grey, slightly composition: green hue. plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, andfissuresat serpentinitic a later ofstage the minerals.on diabasic the contraction Calcite, lava. dolomite fissures ofand the pyrite diabasic (15%) lava. have hydrothermal origin, with very fine crystallization, deposited Mineralogicalcarbonates, composition:pyrite, secondary plagioclase minerals, feldspar, dolomitic pyroxene, limestone carbonates, pyrite, secondary minerals, dolomitic at aDenominationDenomination later stage on rock:the rock: contraction Medio-ophitic Medio-ophitic fissures diabase, of diabase, the partially diabasic partially altered lava. altered and mineralized. and mineralized. carbonates,enclaves. pyrite, secondary minerals, dolomitic limestone limestone enclaves. Denomination rock: Medio-ophitic diabase, partially altered and mineralized. enclaves.Reaction to acids: calcite (CaCO3) reacts strongly with diluted HCl. Reaction to acids: calcite (CaCO3) reacts strongly with dilutedReaction HCl.to acids: calcite (CaCO3) reacts strongly with diluted HCl.

Diabase with ophitic structure, medium-crystalized and albitised plagioclase (spilitized) Mid-ophytic diabase partially altered and mineralized DiabaseDiabase with with ophitic ophitic structure, structure, medium-cryst medium-crystalizedalized and and albitised albitised plagioclase plagioclase (spilitized) (spilitized) Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 12 of 21 SustainabilityMid-ophytic diabase2017 diabase, 9 ,partia 1925 partiallylly altered altered and andmineralized mineralized 12 of 21 Structure: semicrystalline, porphyry intersertal. Brănis, ca Basalt—proba 14 Structure: semicrystalline, porphyry intersertal. Structure:Texture: semicrystalline, unoriented (massive), porphyry compact intersertal. and oriented (fluidal), partially vacuolar. SampleBrăBrniășnicaș location:Basalt—probaca Basalt—proba Branisca, 14 14 Hunedoara district. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact and oriented (fluidal), partially vacuolar. Texture:Mineralogical unoriented composition: (massive), neutralcompact and an dbasic oriented plagioclase (fluidal), feldspar, partially olivine, vacuolar. pyroxene, opaque minerals, alteration minerals GeologicSampleSample location: structure:location: Branisca, Branisca, Mures Hunedoara Hunedoara valley Neogene district. district. eruptivism. Mineralogical composition: neutral and basic plagioclase feldspar, olivine, pyroxene, opaque minerals, alteration minerals Mineralogical(sericite, bowlingite). composition: neutral and basic plagioclase feldspar, olivine, pyroxene, opaque minerals, alteration minerals RockGeologicGeologic type: structure: structure: magmatic, Mures Mures effusive valley valley Neogene (neovolcanic), Neogene eruptivism. eruptivism. basic. (sericite, bowlingite). (sericite,Plagioclase bowlingite). feldspars are predominant (75.3%), represented by two types of crystals; crystal dimensions vary between 0.5/0.1 mm Structure:RockRock type: type: magmatic, hypocrystalline, magmatic, effusive effusive porphyry(neovolcanic), (neovolcanic), intersertal. basic. basic. Plagioclase feldspars are predominant (75.3%), represented by two types of crystals; crystal dimensions vary between 0.5/0.1 mm and Plagioclaseand 0.3/0.04 feldspars mm, while are predominant the predominant (75.3% microlites), represented vary betweenby two types 0.1/0.03–0.05/0.01 of crystals; crystal mm. Basicdimensions plagio clasevary (calcic)between appears 0.5/0.1 frommm Texture:Structure:Structure: compact, hypocrystalline, hypocrystalline, partially porphyry porphyry vacuolar, intersertal. intersertal. unoriented and 0.3/0.04 mm, while the predominant microlites vary between 0.1/0.03–0.05/0.01 mm. Basic plagioclase (calcic) appears from fresh to andfresh 0.3/0.04 to partially mm, while or totally the predominant replaced by microlites calcite. Olivine vary betweendoes not 0. exceed1/0.03–0.05/0.01 2% from all mm. rock Basic mass plagio components.clase (calcic) The appearsolivine from orientedTexture:Texture: compact, (fluidal). compact, partially partially vacuolar, vacuolar, unoriented unoriented and and oriented oriented partially or totally replaced by calcite. Olivine does not exceed 2% from all rock mass components. The olivine hipidiomorphic and freshhipidiomorphic to partially or and totally allotriomorphic replaced by calcite. crystals Olivine have submillimeter does not exceed dimensions, 2% from all respectively rock mass 0.components.75/0.35–0.25/0.15 The olivine mm. The olivine Color:(fluidal).(fluidal). dark grey. allotriomorphic crystals have submillimeter dimensions, respectively 0.75/0.35–0.25/0.15 mm. The olivine presents an advanced state hipidiomorphicpresents an advanced and allotriomorphic state of alteration, crystals along have with submillimeter formation dimensions,of secondary respectively minerals, such 0.75/0.35–0.25/0.15 as bowlingite and mm. asbestos. The olivine Pyroxene s MineralogicalColor:Color: dark dark grey. grey. composition: plagioclase feldspar, of alteration, along with formation of secondary minerals, such as bowlingite and asbestos. Pyroxenes are represented by idiomorphic presentsare represented an advanced by idiomorphicstate of alteration, and hipidiomorphic along with formation crystals, of co secondarynstituting minerals, less than such1% from as bowlingite the total minerals and asbestos. components. Pyroxene s pyroxene,MineralogicalMineralogical olivine. composition: composition: plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, pyroxene, pyroxene, olivine. olivine. and hipidiomorphic crystals, constituting less than 1% from the total minerals components. Pyroxene is represented by fresh augite. arePyroxene represented is represented by idiomorphic by fresh and augite.hipidiomorphic Opaque minerals, crystals, cowithnstituting submillimeter less than dimensions 1% from the (0.03–0.04 total minerals mm) are components. also found in the ReactionReactionReaction to to acids:to acids: acids: none nonenone of the of the rock rock rock components components components reacts reacts reactswith with dilute with dilute Opaque minerals, with submillimeter dimensions (0.03–0.04 mm) are also found in the rock mass (paste). Denomination rock: Dark Pyroxenerock mass is represented (paste). Denomination by fresh augite. rock: Opaque Dark gray minerals, basalt, withBranisca submillimeter type dimensions (0.03–0.04 mm) are also found in the HCl.HCl. gray basalt, Branisca type dilute HCl. rock mass (paste). Denomination rock: Dark gray basalt, Branisca type

DarkDark Grey Grey basalt, basalt, Branisca Branisca type type Dark Grey basalt, Branisca type IdiomorphicIdiomorphicIdiomorphic augite, augite, augite, non-altered non-altered non-altered and and with and with fluidal with fluidal rock fluidal rock texture texture rock texture Structure:Structure: semicrystalline semicrystalline (hipocry (hipocrystaline),staline), porphyry porphyry intersertal. intersertal. DobraDobra Basalt—sample Basalt—sample number number 15 15 Texture:Texture: compact, compact, non-oriented. non-oriented. SampleSample location: location: Dobra, Dobra, Hunedoara Hunedoara district. district. MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: basic basic and and partially partially neutral neutral plagioclas plagioclase feldspar,e feldspar, olivine, olivine, augite, augite, volc volcanicanic glass, glass, opaque opaque minerals, minerals, GeologicGeologic structure: structure: Mures Mures Valley Valley Neogenic Neogenic eruptivism eruptivism (basaltic (basaltic secondarysecondary minerals. minerals. pyroclasticspyroclastics pyroclastics pyroclastics, post, post Sarmatian Sarmatian age). age). PlagioclasePlagioclase feldspars feldspars (73.4%) (73.4%) consist, consist, according according to theirto their dimensions, dimensions, of phenocrystof phenocryst (0.6/0.2 (0.6/0.2 mm mm and and 0.4/0.05 0.4/0.05 mm) mm) and and microlites microlites RockRock type: type: magmatic, magmatic, effusive effusive (neovolcanic), (neovolcanic), basic. basic. (0.1/0.02–0.04/0.01(0.1/0.02–0.04/0.01 mm). mm). Plagioclase Plagioclase feldspars feldspars appear appear fresh, fresh, as idiomorphicas idiomorphic and and hipidiomorphic hipidiomorphic crystals, crystals, chaotically chaotically spread spread Structure:Structure: hypocrystalline, hypocrystalline, porphyry porphyry intersertal. intersertal. withinwithin the the rock rock mass. mass. Olivine Olivine does does not not exceed exceed 3.5% 3.5% of rockof rock ma mass andss and is represented is represented by bythe the va rietiesvarieties forsterite forsterite and and fayalite. fayalite. Texture:Texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact. compact. Forsterite,Forsterite, a magnesian a magnesian olivine, olivine, appears appears fresh, fresh, as idiomorphic,as idiomorphic, hipidiomorphic hipidiomorphic and and xenomorphic xenomorphic crystals, crystals, with with dimensions dimensions Color:Color: dark dark grey. grey. betweenbetween 1.5/0.8 1.5/0.8 mm mm and and 0.4/0.2 0.4/0.2 mm. mm. The The forsterite forsterite presents presents conchoidal conchoidal breakage breakage and and imperfec imperfect cleavage.t cleavage. Fayalite, Fayalite, feriferic feriferic MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, olivine, olivine, olivine,olivine, with with submillimeter submillimeter dimensions, dimensions, appear appears partiallys partially to totallyto totally altered altered (opacitized). (opacitized). secondarysecondary minerals. minerals. AugiteAugite is rarely is rarely encountered, encountered, partially partially altered, altered, with with submillim submillimetereter dimensions. dimensions. Opaque Opaque minerals minerals,, with with dimensions dimensions between between 0.03– 0.03– ReactionReaction to acids:to acids: none none of theof the rock rock components components reacts reacts with with dilute dilute 0.060.06 mm, mm, appear appear in thein the rock rock mass mass and and in somein some olivine olivine crystals. crystals. HCl.HCl. DenominationDenomination rock: rock: Olivinitic Olivinitic basalt basalt Dobra Dobra Type Type

Olivinic basalt, Dobra type Olivinic basalt, Dobra type OlivineOlivine phenocryst phenocryst (fayalite), (fayalite), strongly strongly fissured fissured SustainabilitySustainability 2017 2017, 9,, 19259, 1925 12 12of 21of 21

Structure:Structure: semicrystalline, semicrystalline, porphyry porphyry intersertal. intersertal. BrăBrniășnicaș Basalt—probaca Basalt—proba 14 14 Texture:Texture: unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive), compact compact an dan orientedd oriented (fluidal), (fluidal), partially partially vacuolar. vacuolar. SampleSample location: location: Branisca, Branisca, Hunedoara Hunedoara district. district. MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: neutral neutral and and basic basic plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, olivine, olivine, pyroxene, pyroxene, opaque opaque minerals, minerals, alteration alteration minerals minerals GeologicGeologic structure: structure: Mures Mures valley valley Neogene Neogene eruptivism. eruptivism. (sericite,(sericite, bowlingite). bowlingite). RockRock type: type: magmatic, magmatic, effusive effusive (neovolcanic), (neovolcanic), basic. basic. PlagioclasePlagioclase feldspars feldspars are are predominant predominant (75.3% (75.3%), represented), represented by bytwo two types types of crystals;of crystals; crystal crystal dimensions dimensions vary vary between between 0.5/0.1 0.5/0.1 mm mm Structure:Structure: hypocrystalline, hypocrystalline, porphyry porphyry intersertal. intersertal. andand 0.3/0.04 0.3/0.04 mm, mm, while while the the predominant predominant microlites microlites vary vary between between 0.1/0.03–0.05/0.01 0.1/0.03–0.05/0.01 mm. mm. Basic Basic plagio plagioclaseclase (calcic) (calcic) appears appears from from Texture:Texture: compact, compact, partially partially vacuolar, vacuolar, unoriented unoriented and and oriented oriented freshfresh to partiallyto partially or totallyor totally replaced replaced by bycalcite. calcite. Olivine Olivine does does not not exceed exceed 2% 2% from from all allrock rock mass mass components. components. The The olivine olivine (fluidal).(fluidal). hipidiomorphichipidiomorphic and and allotriomorphic allotriomorphic crystals crystals have have submillimeter submillimeter dimensions, dimensions, respectively respectively 0.75/0.35–0.25/0.15 0.75/0.35–0.25/0.15 mm. mm. The The olivine olivine Color:Color: dark dark grey. grey. presentspresents an anadvanced advanced state state of alteration,of alteration, along along with with formation formation of secondaryof secondary minerals, minerals, such such as bowlingiteas bowlingite and and asbestos. asbestos. Pyroxene Pyroxenes s MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: plagioclase plagioclase feldspar, feldspar, pyroxene, pyroxene, olivine. olivine. areare represented represented by byidiomorphic idiomorphic and and hipidiomorphic hipidiomorphic crystals, crystals, co nstitutingconstituting less less than than 1% 1% from from the the total total minerals minerals components. components. SustainabilityReactionReaction to acids:to2017 acids:, none9, none 1925 of theof the rock rock components components reacts reacts with with dilute dilute PyroxenePyroxene is represented is represented by byfresh fresh augite. augite. Opaque Opaque minerals, minerals, with with submillimeter submillimeter dimensions dimensions (0.03–0.04 (0.03–0.04 mm) mm) are are also also found found in thein the 12 of 21 HCl.HCl. rockrock mass mass (paste). (paste). Denomination Denomination rock: rock: Dark Dark gray gray basalt, basalt, Branisca Branisca type type

Table 1. Cont.

DarkDark Grey Grey basalt, basalt, Branisca BraniscaMacroscopic type type Analysis Microscopic Analysis IdiomIdiomorphicorphic augite, augite, non-altered non-altered and and with with fluidal fluidal rock rock texture texture Structure:Structure:Structure: semicrystalline semicrystalline semicrystalline (hipocry (hipocry (hipocrystaline),staline),staline), porphyry porphyry porphyry intersertal. intersertal. intersertal. DobraDobraDobra Basalt—sample Basalt—sample Basalt—sample number number 15 15 15 Texture:Texture:Texture: compact, compact, compact, non-oriented. non-oriented. non-oriented. SampleSampleSample location: location: location: Dobra, Dobra, Dobra, Hunedoara Hunedoara district. district. district. MineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: composition: basic basic and basic and partially andpartially partially neutral neutral plagioclas neutral plagioclas plagioclasee feldspar,e feldspar, olivine, feldspar, olivine, augite, augite, olivine, volc volcanic augite,anic glass, glass, volcanic opaque opaque minerals, glass, minerals, opaque minerals, GeologicGeologicGeologic structure: structure: structure: Mures Mures Mures Valley ValleyValley Neogenic Neogenic eruptivism eruptivism eruptivism (basaltic (basaltic (basaltic secondarysecondarysecondary minerals. minerals. minerals. pyroclasticspyroclasticspyroclastics pyroclastics pyroclastics, pyroclastics, post, post Sarmatian Sarmatian Sarmatian age). age). age). PlagioclasePlagioclase feldspars feldspars feldspars (73.4%) (73.4%) (73.4%) consist, consist, consist, according according according to theirto their dimensions, to dimensions, their dimensions, of phenocrystof phenocryst of phenocryst(0.6/0.2 (0.6/0.2 mm mm and (0.6/0.2 and 0.4/0.05 0.4/0.05 mm mm) andmm) and 0.4/0.05 and microlites microlites mm) and microlites RockRockRock type: type: magmatic, magmatic, magmatic, effusive effusive (neovolcanic), (neovolcanic), (neovolcanic), basic. basic. basic. (0.1/0.02–0.04/0.01(0.1/0.02–0.04/0.01(0.1/0.02–0.04/0.01 mm). mm). mm).Plagioclase Plagioclase Plagioclase feldspars feldspars feldspars appear appear fresh, appear fresh, as idiomorphicas fresh, idiomorphic as idiomorphic and and hipidiomorphic hipidiomorphic and hipidiomorphic crystals, crystals, chaotically chaotically crystals, spread spread chaotically spread within the Structure:Structure:Structure: hypocrystalline, hypocrystalline, hypocrystalline, porphyry porphyry porphyry intersertal. intersertal. intersertal. withinrockwithin the mass. the rock rock Olivinemass. mass. Olivine does Olivine notdoes does exceed not not exceed exceed 3.5% 3.5% of 3.5% rock of rockof mass rock ma ma andss andss isand is represented representedis represented byby thebythe the va varieties rietiesvarieties forsterite forsterite forsterite and and and fayalite. fayalite.fayalite. Forsterite, a magnesian Texture:Texture:Texture: unoriented unoriented unoriented (massive), (massive),(massive), compact. compact. compact. Forsterite,olivine,Forsterite, a appears magnesian a magnesian fresh, olivine, olivine, as idiomorphic, appears appears fresh, fresh, hipidiomorphicas idiomorphic,as idiomorphic, hipidiomorphic and hipidiomorphic xenomorphic and and xenomorphic crystals, xenomorphic with crystals, crystals, dimensions with with dimensions dimensions between 1.5/0.8 mm and Color:Color:Color: dark dark dark grey. grey. grey. between0.4/0.2between 1.5/0.8 mm.1.5/0.8 mm The mm and forsterite and 0.4/0.2 0.4/0.2 mm. presents mm. The The forsterite conchoidal forsterite presents presents breakage co nchoidalconchoidal and imperfectbreakage breakage and cleavage. and imperfec imperfec Fayalite,t cleavage.t cleavage. feriferic Fayalite, Fayalite, olivine, feriferic feriferic with submillimeter MineralogicalMineralogicalMineralogical composition: composition: composition: plagioclase pl plagioclaseagioclase feldspar, feldspar, feldspar, olivine, olivine, olivine, olivine,dimensions,olivine, with with submillimeter submillimeter appears partially dimensions, dimensions, to totally appear appear altereds partiallys partially (opacitized). to totallyto totally altered altered (opacitized). (opacitized). secondarysecondarysecondary minerals. minerals. minerals. AugiteAugiteAugite is rarely is is rarely rarely encountered, encountered, encountered, partially partially partially altered, altered, altered, with with submillim submillim with submillimeteretereter dimensions. dimensions. dimensions. Opaque Opaque minerals, minerals, Opaque with with minerals, dimensions dimensions with between dimensionsbetween 0.03– 0.03– between ReactionReactionReaction to to acids:to acids: acids: none nonenone of the of the rock rock rock components components components reacts reacts reactswith with dilute with dilute 0.060.03–0.060.06 mm, mm, appear appear mm, in appear thein the rock rock in mass the mass and rock and in mass somein some andolivine olivine in somecrystals. crystals. olivine crystals. diluteHCl.HCl. HCl. DenominationDenomination rock: rock: rock: Olivinitic Olivinitic Olivinitic basalt basalt basaltDobra Dobra Type Dobra Type Type

Olivinic basalt, Dobra type OlivinicOlivinic basal basalt,t, Dobra Dobra type type Olivine phenocryst (fayalite), strongly fissured OlivineOlivine phenocryst phenocryst (fayalite), (fayalite), strongly strongly fissured fissured

Table 2. Average values for alkali–ggregates reaction.

3 3 Rock Type Sampling Location Sc (mmol/dm )Rc (mmol/dm ) Andesite Certej Valea Căpitanului 51 19.4 Andesite Deva Dealul Motor 53.4 21.6 Andesite Cris, cior 53.5 22.7 Andesite Săcărâmb 55.4 23.4 Andesite Albinii (Hane¸s) 51.3 16.9 Andesite Ro¸siaPoieni 49.3 19.1 Basalt Brăni¸sca 6.5 19 Basalt Dobra 6.3 21 Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 13 of 21

Table 2. Average values for alkali–ggregates reaction.

Rock Type Sampling Location Sc (mmol/dm3)Rc (mmol/dm3) Andesite Certej Valea Căpitanului 51 19.4 Andesite Deva Dealul Motor 53.4 21.6 Andesite Crișcior 53.5 22.7 Andesite Săcărâmb 55.4 23.4 Andesite Albinii (Haneş) 51.3 16.9 Andesite Roşia Poieni 49.3 19.1 Basalt Brănişca 6.5 19 Basalt Dobra 6.3 21

Table 3. Rock and aggregate characterization relative to Sc.

Class Rock and Aggregate Characterization Relative to Sc (mmol/dm3) and Rc (mmol/dm3) A Unreactive B Generally unreactive C Potential significant reactivity Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 13 of 21 D Harmful

Figure 3. VerificationFigure 3. Verification of the ofreaction the reaction alkali–ggregates: alkali–ggregates: aggregates aggregates from from zone A zone are non-reactive A are non-reactive and and are recommendedare recommended for utilization; for utilization; aggregates aggregates from from zonezone B areB are generally genera unreactive;lly unreactive; aggregates aggregates from from zone C are characterized by a potentially significant reactivity; and aggregates from zone D are zone C are consideredcharacterized harmful. by a potentially significant reactivity; and aggregates from zone D are considered harmful. Table 3. Rock and aggregate characterization relative to Sc.

Based on Table 3 and Figure 3, rocks are classified into four classes,3 from A,3 as non-reactive Class Rock and Aggregate Characterization Relative to Sc (mmol/dm ) and Rc (mmol/dm ) rocks, to D, as harmfulA rocks. Unreactive B Generally unreactive C Potential significant reactivity 3.3. Physical and ResistanceD Properties of Magmatic Rocks Harmful The physical rock state enables a quantitative description as well as an estimate of resistance Based on Table3 and Figure3, rocks are classified into four classes, from A, as non-reactive rocks, characteristics.to D, asThis harmful description rocks. and estimate was accomplished by determining physical characteristics, such as specific density, apparent density, apparent porosity, compaction, natural 3.3. Physical and Resistance Properties of Magmatic Rocks moisture, and water absorption [2,3,17]. The physical and resistance properties were determined according to validThe standards, physical rock as state per enables recommendation a quantitative description of the International as well as an estimate Bureau of of resistance Rocks Mechanics characteristics. This description and estimate was accomplished by determining physical characteristics, and Internationalsuch as specificSociety density, of Rocks apparent Mechanics. density, apparent The measuring porosity, compaction, of physical natural and moisture, resistance and properties has been madewater in absorption accordance [2,3,17 ].with The physicalspecific and protocols, resistance properties recommendations were determined of according the International to valid Bureau of Rock Mechanicsstandards, and as per International recommendation Society of the International of Rock Mechanics Bureau of Rocks (see Mechanics Tables and4 and International 5). Society of Rocks Mechanics. The measuring of physical and resistance properties has been made in accordance with specific protocols, recommendations of the International Bureau of Rock Mechanics and International Society of Rock Mechanics (see Tables4 and5). Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 14 of 21

Table 4. Average values of physical characteristics of magmatic rocks from Southern Apuseni Mountains.

Physical Characteristics Sample Rock Type Number Specific Density Apparent Density Porosity n Compaction C Natural Moisture W Water Absorption at 3 3 3 3 ρ·10 (kg/m ) ρa·10 (kg/m ) (%) (%) (%) Normal Pressure, ai (%) 1 Gabbro 2.8887 2.8449 1.5162 98.4837 0.2271 0.4274 2 Diabase 2.7852 2.7499 1.2673 98.7326 0.3922 0.6951 3 Granite 2.6350 2.6195 0.5881 99.4117 0.1463 0.3193 4 Granite 2.6458 2.6240 0.8225 99.1773 0.1227 0.2988 5 Granite 2.6455 2.6254 0.7597 99.2401 0.1488 0.3144 6 Diorite 2.9648 2.9513 0.4564 99.5434 0.1867 0.3625 7 Rhyolite 2.6490 2.5667 3.1042 96.8957 1.9273 2.6834 8 Andesite 2.7712 2.6682 3.7167 96.2831 0.9595 1.6190 9 Andesite 2.7325 2.6129 4.3744 95.6254 1.0867 1.6690 10 Andesite 2.6558 2.6397 0.6061 99.3937 0.7963 1.4089 11 Andesite 2.6515 2.4574 7.3201 92.6797 2.7668 3.4895 12 Andesite 2.6931 2.6734 0.7339 99.2660 0.6404 1.1652 13 Andesite 2.7124 2.6440 2.5229 97.4769 1.1630 1.9805 14 Basalt 2.7289 2.7046 0.8916 99.1082 0.7758 1.2342 15 Basalt 2.7248 2.6994 0.9309 99.0689 0.9018 1.3361 Sampling location of rock sample was: 1, Căzăne¸sti;3, ¸Soimos(F21); 4, ¸Soimo¸s(F31); 5, Săvâr¸sin;6, ¸Soimo¸s;7, Ro¸siaMontană; 8, Certej-Valea Căpitanului; 9, Deva-Dealul Motor; 10, Brad-Cris, cior; 11, Săcărâmb; 12, Albini-Hane¸s;13, Ro¸siaPoieni-Dealul Jgheabului; 14, Brăni¸sca;15, Dobra. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 15 of 21

Table 5. Average values of resistance characteristics of magmatic rocks from Southern Apuseni Mountains.

Resistance Characteristics ID Rock Type Breaking Resistance at Uniaxial Compression (MPa) Abrasion of Shattering Caused by Freezing–Thawing Resistance Aggregate by Los Compression in Dry Freezing Sensitivity (%) Dry State After 25 Cycles Freezing–ThawingAngeles Machine (%) State (%) Gelivity Coefficient (%) 1 Gabbro 150.173 124.644 12.204 95.083 0.022 16.942 2 Diabase 161.117 129.017 15.815 93.760 0.033 19.882 3 Granite 172.189 158.055 11.15 95.855 0.005 8.142 4 Granite 212.220 192.615 11.820 96.226 0.008 9.154 5 Granite 168.488 156.272 10.161 95.799 0.011 7.237 6 Diorite 183.860 171.727 10.44 94.936 0.015 6.608 7 Rhyolite 122.997 85.731 23.907 88.797 0.110 29.919 8 Andesite 110.194 91.039 12.753 88.540 0.136 17.383 9 Andesite 131.934 105.181 16.877 90.078 0.255 20.234 10 Andesite 143.538 125.297 16.369 92.016 0.127 12.715 11 Andesite 123.674 94.235 20.052 85.367 0.270 23.819 12 Andesite 142.404 122.420 11.138 92.492 0.113 13.997 13 Andesite 129.632 103.753 15.4 91.694 0.130 19.949 14 Basalt 170.839 157.856 13.724 95.951 0.057 7.619 15 Basalt 179.586 166.613 14.825 93.111 0.075 7.187 Sampling location of rock sample was: 1, Căzăne¸sti;3, ¸Soimos(F21); 4, ¸Soimo¸s(F31); 5, Săvâr¸sin;6, ¸Soimo¸s;7, Ro¸siaMontană; 8, Certej-Valea Căpitanului; 9, Deva-Dealul Motor; 10, Brad-Cris, cior; 11, Săcărâmb; 12, Albini-Hane¸s;13, Ro¸siaPoieni-Dealul Jgheabului; 14, Brăni¸sca;15, Dobra. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 16 of 21

3.4. Admissibility Condition of Rocks Based on Provenance Rocks used for road construction should have homogeneity of their mineralogical and petrographic structure and composition, without any traces of physical or chemical alteration. Pyrite, limonite or soluble salts must not be present in the rock mass; the presence of microcrystalline or amorphous silica is also undesirable, as it can react with alkali from cements [18]. Additionally, it is not recommended to use aggregates from altered, soft, friable, porous and vacuolar rocks, with a granular content exceeding 10% in broken rocks or 5% in chippings. Based on the main physical–mechanical characteristics, the rocks employed for natural rock products are classified into five classes of admissibility, as described in Table6.

Table 6. Admissibility conditions of rocks for railroad and road construction.

Rock Class 1 Characteristics ABCDE Lab. Method Admissibility Conditions Apparent porosity at normal pressure, %, max. 1 3 5 8 10 STAS 6200/13 Compression resistance in dry state, MPa, min. 160 140 120 100 80 STAS 6200/5 Abrasion by Los Angeles machine, %, max. 16 18 22 25 30 STAS 730 Shattering caused by compression in dry state, %, min. 70 67 65 60 50 STAS 730 Freezing–thawing Gelivity coefficient (µ ), %, max. 3 25 STAS 730 resistance: Freezing sensitivity (ηd25), %, max. 25 1 According to SR 667/2001.

Shattering caused by compression in dry state and abrasion by Los Angeles machine are determined on broken rock, sort 40–63. Rocks that do not fulfill the freezing–thawing resistance cannot be used for road construction [18].

4. Assessment Methodology of Rocks For qualitative assessment of igneous rocks such as granites, rhyolites, diorites, andesites, gabbro, diabases and basalts for use in the form of aggregates, coarse stone or ornamental works, the developed and applied methodology in this case is based on the principle of assessing the conformity and the level of safety considering the requirements of the standards. The aim of conformity assessment was first to verify if the general and specific requirements of rocks used as building materials are in compliance. Conformity analysis is often used in the field of occupational health and safety [19–21]; the proposed method is practically based on definition of conformity encountered in the field of safety, so we established a mathematical model for rock assessment that considers their imposed requirements. The proposed method consists in achieving a sheet or a set of individual sheets for each rock analyzed; the sheets include the properties according to the general and specific requirements that the rocks must satisfy to be used in construction. Every characteristic of rock was considered a quantitative assessment indicator and noted by granting certain points. The grading system used in this method, namely the assessment of each characteristic, was performed as follows: 5 points, if the requirement described by indicator is totally satisfied; 4 points, if the requirement described by indicator is partly satisfied, maximum 75%; 3 points if the requirement described by indicator is partly satisfied, percentage of 50–75%; 2 points if the requirement described by indicator is partly satisfied, percentage of 25–50%; 1 point if the requirement described by indicator is unsatisfied (less than 25%); and not applicable, if the requirement described by indicator is totally unsatisfied. Each characteristic regarded as an indicator has an associated weighting coefficient with value of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 according to the requirement importance and the class in which the rocks were classified relative to the requirements or conditions of admissibility (Table6). After assessment of Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 17 of 21 all characteristics (indicators from sheets), the following were determined: conformity level (NC), safety level (NS) and unconformity degree (GC) according to the obtained points (PO) and maximum points (PM) (see Table7).

Table 7. Proposed methodology for assessing the conformity of rocks and the safety level.

Rock Class Rock Type ABCDE Points Rated N◦ Indicator (Characteristic of Rock) Points Rating Gabbro 5 4 3 2 1 1 Apparent porosity at normal pressure, % 1.516 x 4 2 Compression resistance in dry state, N/mm2 150.173 x 4 3 Abrasion by Los Angeles machine, % 12.204 x 5 4 Shattering caused by compression in dry state, % 77.326 x 5 5 Gelivity coefficient, % 0.022 x 5 6 Freezing sensitivity, % 16.942 x 4 Total points assigned to the indicators rated 5 A 15 Total points assigned to the indicators rated 4 B 12 Total points assigned to the indicators rated 3 C 0 Total points assigned to the indicators rated 2 D 0 Total points assigned to the indicators rated 1 E 0 Number of applicable indicators with percentage 5 f 3 Number of applicable indicators with percentage 4 g 3 Number of applicable indicators with percentage 3 h 0 Number of applicable indicators with percentage 2 i 0 Number of applicable indicators with percentage 1 j 0 Obtained Points: PO = A + B + C + D + E PO 27 Maximum Points: PM = 5 (f + g + h + i + j) PM 30 PO Conformity Level, % NC = ·100 NC 90.00 PM Obtained Points: PO’ = 5A + 4B + 3C + 2D + E PO’ 123 Maximum Points: PM’ = 5 (5f + 4g + 3h + 2i + j) PM’ 140 PO0 Safety Level % NS = · 100 NS 87.8571 PM0 Unconformity Degree % GC 10.00

The information obtained by this method refers to the non-conformities according to the conditions imposed by standards, which are not totally satisfied; and the conformity level according to the conditions that the rocks must satisfy and the safety level of rocks used in construction. Depending on NS and NC, the correspondence as against allowable criteria is presented in Tables8 and9.

Table 8. Correspondence between safety criterion NS and rocks’ admissibility in construction.

Level of Safety (%) Risk of Use the Rock 91–100 (very high) Very low risk 81–90 (high) Low risk 61–80 (medium) Medium risk 40–60 (low) High risk <40 (very low) Very high risk

Table 9. Classification of rocks according to NC.

Conformity Level, NC (%) Unconformity Degree (%) 80–100 (very high) Very low 60–80 (high) Low 40–60 (medium) Medium 20–40 (low) High <20 (very low) Very high Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 18 of 21

5. Results and Discussion For each type of rock considered in the study, the following have been analyzed: structure, mineralogical–petrographical composition, chemical composition and alkali–aggregates reaction. In addition, laboratory tests to establish the values of physical and mechanical characteristics of the 15 analyzed rock samples were carried out. The experimental data interpretation has lead to the following findings (Tables1–5):

• Gabbro is homogenous rock from the perspective of structure and mineralogical–petrographical composition, without visible traces of physical and chemical degradation; apparent density of 2.844 × 103 kg/m3; value of porosity (1.516%) leading to rock classification as “less porous”; a small difference between specific density and apparent density lead to significant compaction of the rock, with an average of 98.483%; water absorption is directly influenced by porosity an average of 0.427% leading to the classification of the rock as “least absorbent”; from the perspective of resistance to breakage due to monoaxial compression, the rock is classified as having “high resistance”. • Diabase is homogenous rock from the perspective of structure and mineralogical–petrographical composition, without visible traces of alteration, despite a system of millimeter fissures colmated with carbonates; volumetric density of 2.7823–2.7876 g/cm3, with an average of 2.749 g/cm3, leading to rock classification as “heavy”; 1.267% porosity, leading to rock classification as “least porous”; compaction of 98.732%; water absorption of 0.69%, leading to the classification of the rock as “least absorbent”; from the perspective of resistance to breakage due to monoaxial compression, the rock is classified as being “resistant”. • Granite is homogenous rock from the perspective of structure and mineralogical–petrographical composition, without visible traces of alteration; volumetric density of the three granite types are 2.619–2.625 g/cm3, leading to rock classification as “heavy”; porosity of 0.58–0.82% leading to rock classification as “less porous”; water absorption from 0.29% to 0.31%, leading to the classification of the rock as “less absorbent”; compaction from 99.17% to 99.41% is regarded as high; mechanical resistance is considered very high. • Diorite is homogenous rock from the point of view of structure and mineralogical–petrographical composition, without visible traces of alteration; volumetric density of 2.95 g/cm3, leading to rock classification as “heavy”; porosity of 0.45% leading to rock classification as “less porous”; rock resistance is considered high. • Rhyolite has various alteration states; following alteration, the volumetric density is relatively low, however the rock is still classified as “heavy”; porosity is high, as a result of the differences between the values of volumetric density and apparent density; water absorption leading to the rock classification as “less absorbent”; porosity influences the compaction, which is 96.89%; mechanical resistance is considered low. • There are six types of andesites, with the following properties: various alteration states, from incipient to advanced; based on the alteration states, the volumetric density varies accordingly between 2.45–2.67 g/cm3; alteration affects porosity, which presents different values; under the influence of alteration phenomenon, compaction presents values of 95.62–99.26%; rock moisture varies between 0.64–2.76%; monoaxial compressive strength is 110.19–143.53 MPa. • There are two types of basalts characterized as follows: no alteration visible, leading to a homogenous structure; volumetric density of 2.69–2.70 g/cm3; relatively low porosity, 0.89–0.93%; reduced absorption, at 1.23–1.33%; water saturation is 0.62–0.67 leading to rock classification as “moist”; based on their mechanical resistance, these are considered “very hard rocks”; based on deformation property, the rock presents an elastic behavior. For each of the 15 types of rocks analyzed, applying the methodology proposed the conformity level, safety level and unconformity degree were determined. The results are given in Table 10. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 19 of 21

Table 10. Summary of results obtained concerning the assessment of analyzed rocks.

Conformity Obtained Maximum Safety Unconformity Type of Rock Level Points Points Level Degree Gabbro (Căzăne¸sti) 90.00 123 140 87.8571 10.00 Granit (F31) 83.3333 125 150 83.3333 16.6667 Diabaz (Căzăne¸sti) 93.3333 132 140 94.2857 6.6667 Granit (F21) 96.6667 141 150 94.00 3.3333 Granit (Săvâr¸sin) 96.6667 141 150 94.00 3.3333 Diorite 96.6667 141 150 94.00 3.3333 Rhyolite (Ro¸siaMontană) 56.6667 53 150 35.3333 43.3333 Andesite (Certej) 80.00 100 150 66.6667 20.00 Andesite (Deva) 60.00 58 150 38.6667 40.00 Andesite (Brad) 86.6667 116 150 77.3333 13.3333 Andesite (Săcărâmb) 46.6667 38 150 25.3333 53.3333 Andesite (Hane¸s) 90.00 125 150 83.3333 10.00 Andesite (Ro¸siaPoieni) 76.6667 95 150 63.3333 23.3333 Basalt (Brăni¸sca) 96.6667 141 150 94.00 3.3333 Basalt (Dobra) 96.6667 141 150 94.00 3.3333

The conditions of admissibility of origin rocks and the values obtained for each type of rock are given in Table 11. Determining the shattering resistance was achieved by compression in dry state, and the abrasion by Los Angeles machine, on broken rock, size class 40–63.

Table 11. Comparison between admissibility conditions and results obtained.

Compression Shattering Freezing–Thawing Resistance Apparent Porosity Abrasion by Los Caused by Rock Resistance in Dry Gelivity Freezing Rock Type at Normal Pressure Angeles Machine Compression in Class State (min.), Coefficient (max.) Sensitivity (max.) (max.) (%) 2 (max.) (%) Dry State (min.) (N/mm ) (%) (%) (%) Gabbro B 1.516 150.17 12.204 77.326 0.022 16.942 Granite A 0.588 172.189 11.150 76.888 0.005 8.142 Diabase B 1.267 161.117 15.815 75.338 0.033 19.882 Granite A 0.822 212.220 11.820 78.176 0.008 9.154 Granite A 0.754 168.488 10.161 75.530 0.011 7.237 Diorite A 0.456 183.860 10.440 78.873 0.015 6.608 Rhyolite D 3.104 122.997 23.907 64.321 0.110 29.919 Andesite C 3.716 110.194 12.753 70.521 0.136 17.383 Andesite C 4.374 131.934 16.877 62.162 0.255 20.234 Andesite B 0.606 143.538 16.369 72.014 0.127 12.715 Andesite D 7.320 123.674 20.052 66.261 0.270 23.819 Andesite A 0.733 142.404 11.138 72.615 0.113 13.997 Andesite B 2.522 129.632 15.400 69.354 0.130 19.949 Basalt A 0.891 170.839 13.724 74.061 0.057 7.619 Basalt A 0.930 179.586 14.825 72.885 0.075 7.187

6. Conclusions The observations made on rocks collected from South Westerners Apuseni Mountains, Romania (for use in construction) and literature review performed allowed their classification as magmatic rocks associated to the Alpine orogeny. Generally, plutonic rocks presented reduced natural moisture content and low porosity. On prolonged contact with water, until saturation state, they have not lost cohesion. The proposed method has been designed to facilitate the assessment and verification of the criteria to which the rocks should comply to be used as building materials, given the admissibility conditions imposed by standards. Applying this evaluation system allows determining the specific parameters of the rock quality requirements, namely the conformity and unconformity degrees, and more specifically the safety level that these rocks can provide if they are used in the construction field, either as aggregates or as construction materials. The proposed method represents an appropriate tool for assessment and verification of the requirements regarding the quality of rocks used in construction. Concerning the proposed classification relating to the correlation between safety criterion and the risk of rock use and Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 20 of 21 their admissibility in construction, the obtained results show that, from the analyzed types of rocks, more than 80% of them fall into the class of rocks with high and very high safety level, which means that the risk of use is very low to low, and, in some cases, even nil, which means high and very high conformity level. Relative to the imposed conditions of admissibility, provenience rocks were classified into four classes, ranging from A to D, as follows: granite, diorite, basalt and a part of andesite rocks type fall in class A, as high safety degree rocks being very good for constructions; diabases and large part of andesites are included in class B, with a high level of safety and conformity; andesites from Deva–Certej area are included in class C, with a medium level of safety and conformity; and Săcărâmb andesite and Ro¸siaMontană rhyolite have been identified in class D from the viewpoint of conformity and safety level.

Author Contributions: Mihaela Toderaº conducted the systematic sampling and measurement campaign and wrote the paper. Roland Iosif Moraru supported the conception of the review, analyzed the data, revised the review results, supported the interpretation of the results. Ciprian Danciu developed and applied the methodology for assessing the conformity of rocks and the safety level, Grigore Buia performed the mineralogical and petrographical characterization of analyzed igneous rocks and Lucian—Ionel Cioca supported the conception of the review and revised the review results and drawn conclusions. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

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