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Promoting Women Empowerment for Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development in the Middle East and North Africa Region

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Promoting Women Empowerment for Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development in the Middle East and North Africa Region UNIDO TECHNICAL PAPER Promoting Women Empowerment for Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development in the Middle East and North Africa region A study on women entrepreneurship development in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine and Tunisia PROJECT DONOR PROJECT PARTNERS Acknowledgements TABLE OF CONTENTS The project “Promoting Women Empowerment for Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial development in the MENA Region” is a technical assistance funded by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (MAECI) and implement- PREFACE ........................................................................................................................ 12 ed by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 14 The technical report has been prepared by Monica Carco’, Proj- ect Manager at UNIDO’s Agri-Business Development Department PART I METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY ................................................................................. 20 (PTC/AGR/RHJ) , Alain Fayolle, Entrepreneurship Professor and Director of the Entrepreneurship Research Centre of EM LYON PART II PROFILES OF THE WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS SURVEYED, PERCEPTIONS AND Business School, Neila Amara, Economic Analyst and Interna- tional UNIDO Consultant. BUSINESS CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................... 22 The team that carried out this work is grateful for the contribu- tions and comments made by Serena Romano, International II.1. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES ........................................................................22 Gender Consultant and Thouraya Benmokrane, Programme Of- II.1.1 AGE OF RESPONDENT .............................................................................................. 22 ficer at UNIDO, as peer-reviewers. II.1.2 FAMILY STATUS ...................................................................................................... 22 We would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation all project partners and stakeholders for their collaboration and II.1.3 EDUCATION ........................................................................................................... 22 contributions to the project. II.2. THE BUSINESSES .............................................................................................23 Disclaimer II.2.1 REGISTRATION ........................................................................................................ 23 This document has been produced without formal United Na- II.2.2 TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP .................................................................................. 23 tions editing. The designations employed and the presentation II.2.3 SECTORS .............................................................................................................. 23 of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the II.2.4 OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES ......................................................................................... 23 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area II.2.5 START-UP FINANCING .............................................................................................. 24 or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its fron- tiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of devel- II.2.6 STATUS OF PREMISES .............................................................................................. 24 opment. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” II.2.7 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ........................................................................................... 24 and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached II.2.8 NUMBER OF YEARS IN THE BUSINESS .......................................................................... 25 by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not consti- II.2.9 BUSINESS CAPACITY TO PROVIDE REMUNERATION FOR ITS LEADER .................................... 25 tute an endorsement by UNIDO. All photos, figures and graphs © UNIDO 2017, unless otherwise II.3. DEGREE OF ENGAGEMENT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN THE SAMPLE AND stated. CONSEQUENCES ..............................................................................................26 II.3.1 WEEKLY WORK VOLUME ............................................................................................ 26 II.4. SUPPORT NETWORKS .......................................................................................27 II.4.1 SUPPORT IN ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................ 27 II.4.2 NETWORK AND ASSOCIATION MEMBERSHIP .................................................................. 27 II.5. BUSINESS EXPANSION, ASPIRATIONS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS .......................25 II.5.1 EXPORT................................................................................................................. 25 II.5.2 SHORT-TERM OBJECTIVES (ONE YEAR) ......................................................................... 25 II.5.3 RECRUITMENT OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................... 28 II.5.4 OBSTACLES TO STARTING A BUSINESS ........................................................................ 29 II.5.5 OBSTACLES TO GROWTH........................................................................................... 30 6 7 II.6. MOTIVATIONS FOR STARTING A BUSINESS ..........................................................31 IV.2.3 DEVELOP AND ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING ABOUT ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES. ........................................................................................ 50 II.7. FORMAL AND INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS .............................................................32 IV.2.4 TARGET PUBLIC POLICIES IN ACCORDANCE WITH SITUATIONS AND PROFILES ............................... 50 II.7.1 DESIRED IMPROVEMENT MEASURES ........................................................................... 32 IV.3 ESTABLISHING THE CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR LONG-TERM, WEALTH-CREATING II.7.2 ACCESS TO FINANCING OVER THE PAST FEW MONTHS .................................................... 32 WOMEN’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP ................................................................................. 50 II.7.3 ACCESS TO A MENTOR ............................................................................................. 33 IV.3.1 FOSTER ACCESS TO ENTREPRENEURIAL “KNOW-HOW” FOR WOMEN WHILE MAKING UNIVERSITIES MORE “ENTREPRENEURIAL” ............................................................................ 50 II.7.4 ACCESS TO ASSISTANCE, SUPPORT AND ADVICE ........................................................... 33 IV.3.2 SUPPORT DEVELOPING BUSINESSES IN SPECIFIC SETTINGS: SEED COMPANY CLUSTERS, INCUBATORS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP CENTRES FOR WOMEN ......................................................... 51 II.8. THE FEATURES SPECIFIC TO WOMEN'S ENTREPRENEURSHIP ..................................35 II.8.1 PERCEIVED GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT ........................................... 35 IV.3.3 GEAR WOMEN’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP TOWARD INDUSTRIAL SECTORS AND SECTORS WITH HIGH ADDED VALUE......... .......................................................................................... 51 II.8.2 FACTORS NEGATIVELY AFFECTING BUSINESSES ............................................................. 35 II.8.3 IS IT MORE DIFFICULT FOR WOMEN TO SECURE FINANCING? ............................................ 36 IV.3.4 BUILD OR REINFORCE ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS IN STEP WITH THE LOCAL LEVEL .................. 51 II.8.4 DIFFICULTIES RESULTING FROM GENDER ..................................................................... 36 II.8.5 LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS ..................................................................... 36 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 53 II.8.6 MAIN BARRIERS AND STUMBLING BLOCKS ................................................................... 38 II.8.7 SUCCESS FACTORS ................................................................................................. 38 PART III - DETERMINANTS OF BUSINESS SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT ............................................ 39 TABLES AND CHARTS III.1. ENTREPRENEURIAL PERFORMANCE ....................................................................39 III.1.1 BUSINESS SIZE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN EMPLOYEES ........................................ 39 TABLE 1: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ...................................... 22 III.1.2 THE ROLE OF MARITAL STATUS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE ............................. 39 TABLE 2: LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ................................................................. 22 III.1.3 PERFORMANCE ON THE EXPORT MARKET ..................................................................... 31 TABLE 3: PERCENTAGE OF BUSINESSES REGISTERED ........................................................................... 23 III.1.4
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