THE ITALIC PEOPLE of ANCIENT APULIA New Evidence from Pottery for Workshops, Markets, and Customs the Focus of This Book Is on T

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04186-8 - The Italic People of Ancient Apulia: New Evidence from Pottery for Workshops, Markets, and Customs Edited by T. H. Carpenter, K. M. Lynch and E. G. D. Robinson Frontmatter More information

THE ITALIC PEOPLE OF ANCIENT APULIA

New Evidence from Pottery for Workshops, Markets, and Customs

The focus of this book is on the Italic people of Apulia during the fourth century B.C.E., when Italic culture seems to have reached its peak of afﬂuence. Scholars have largely ignored these people and the region they inhabited. During the past several decades, archaeologists have made signiﬁcant progress in revealing the cultures of Apulia through excavations of habitation sites and un-plundered tombs, often published in Italian journals. This book makes the broad range of recent scholarship – from new excavations and contexts to archaeometric testing of production hypotheses to archaeological evidence for reconsidering painter attributions – available to English-speaking audiences. In it, thirteen scholars from Italy, the United States, Great Britain, France, and Australia present targeted essays on aspects of the cultures of the Italic people of Apulia during the fourth century B.C.E. and the surrounding decades. (Supplemental images are available at www.cambridge.org/apulia.)

T. H. Carpenter is Charles J. Ping Professor of Humanities and Distinguished Professor of Classics at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. He is author of numerous books and articles on Greek and South Italian iconography.

K. M. Lynch is Associate Professor in the Classics Department at the University of Cincinnati. She is author of TheSymposiuminContext, whichwonthe 2013 Wiseman Prize from the Archaeological Institute of America. She is a specialist in Athenian pottery and its export to the Western and Eastern Mediterranean.

E. G. D. Robinson is a senior lecturer in the Department of Archaeology at the University of Sydney. His ﬁeldwork has been conducted in Puglia (I Fani, Alezio) and Basilicata (Tolve). His principal research interest is cross-cultural contact in South Italy.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04186-8 - The Italic People of Ancient Apulia: New Evidence from Pottery for Workshops, Markets, and Customs Edited by T. H. Carpenter, K. M. Lynch and E. G. D. Robinson Frontmatter More information

Map of Apulia

THE ITALIC PEOPLE OF ANCIENT APULIA

New Evidence from Pottery for Workshops, Markets, and Customs

Edited by T. H. CARPENTER Ohio University

K. M. LYNCH University of Cincinnati

E. G. D. ROBINSON University of Sydney

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Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

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C Cambridge University Press 2014 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2014 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Italic people of ancient Apulia : new evidence from pottery for workshops, markets, and customs / [edited by] T.H. Carpenter, K.M. Lynch, E.G.D. Robinson. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-04186-8 (hardback) 1. Puglia (Italy) – Antiquities. 2. Italic peoples – Italy – Puglia – History. 3. Pottery, Italic – Italy – Puglia. 4. Vases, Red-ﬁgured – Italy – Puglia. 5. Material culture – Italy – Puglia. 6. Excavations (Archaeology) – Italy – Puglia. 7. Grave goods – Italy – Puglia. 8. Human geography – Italy – Puglia – History – To 1500. 9. Social archaeology – Italy – Puglia. I. Carpenter, Thomas H. II. Lynch, Kathleen M. III. Robinson, E. G. D. DG55.A65I83 2014 937ʹ.75–dc23 2014006690 ISBN 978-1-107-04186-8 Hardback Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/apulia Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

CONTENTS

List of Illustrations page ix List of Contributors xiii Preface xv Introduction 1

I. TIME AND PLACE: HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY 11 1. Pots, Peoples, and Places in Fourth-Century B.C.E. Apulia 13 Alastair Small Geography, Geology, and Land Use 13 Ethnography, Anthropology, and Material Culture 18 Religion 20 Political Organization: Cities and Territories 20 Social Organization 23 Burials 23 Weapons and Warfare 27 Attic Imports 28 The Ethnicity of the Artisans 32 The End of the Native Apulian Cultures 32 2. Iapygians: The Indigenous Populations of Ancient Apulia in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.E. 36 Mario Lombardo Literary Evidence for the Indigenous Populations of Apulia 37 Ethnicity and Geography 37 Myths of Origins 40 Relations between Apulians and Greeks 43 Epigraphic Evidence 46 Messapia 47 Peucetia and Daunia 50 Conclusions 51

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APPENDIX: Greek and Latin Sources 53 Ethnic Denominations and Territorial Distribution of Indigenous Populations in Apulia 53 Origins of the Different Populations 57 Political Organization 60 Society, Social Figures, and Practices 62 Presence of Greeks in Indigenous Contexts 64 Political Relations of the Iapygian Peoples with the Greeks 64

II. POTTERY PRODUCTION: RED-FIGURE WORKSHOPS 69 3. Production and Functions of Apulian Red-Figure Pottery in Taras: New Contexts and Problems of Interpretation 71 Didier Fontannaz Taranto and Apulian Red-Figure Pottery 72 Functions 74 Overview of Settlement and Sanctuary Contexts 74 The Chora 75 Tombs and Grave Goods 76 Other Contexts in the Necropolis: Pits, Dumps, and Wells 77 Functions of Pottery in Burial Deposits 79 Semata and Vessels for the Burial Ceremony 80 Production Contexts 81 Via Leonida 52 83 Via Umbria and Isolated Evidence 86 Perspectives for the Location and Identiﬁcation of Tarentine Workshops 88 4. Red-Figure Vases from Metaponto: The Evidence from the Necropoleis along the Coast Road 96 Francesca Silvestrelli 5. Hands at Work in Magna Graecia: The Amykos Painter and His Workshop 116 Martine Denoyelle

III. POTTERY IN CONTEXT: ITALIC SITES 131 Bice Peruzzi 6. Apulian and Lucanian Pottery from Coastal Peucetian Contexts 133 Ada Riccardi 7. The Diffusion of Middle and Late Apulian Vases in Peucetian Funerary Contexts: A Comparison of Several Necropoleis 152 Angela Ciancio Bitonto 153 Rutigliano 155 Conversano 156

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8. Red-Figure Vases in Fourth-Century B.C.E. Canosa: Images, Assemblages, and the Creation of a Social Hierarchy 168 Marissa Corrente The Archaeological Evidence 169 The Piccolo Vimini Tomb 169 Tomb 8/08 in via Piano S. Giovanni 175 Tomb 1/08 in via Piano S. Giovanni 178 Conclusions 180 9. Apulian Pottery in Messapian Contexts 186 Maria Teresa Giannotta Funerary Rituals in Messapia 187 Methodology and Analysis of Finds 188 Distribution Patterns and Quantitative Analysis of the Findings 189 Vase Shapes and Distribution 190 Functions and Shapes of the Vases 194 Important Sites 195 Vaste 197 Egnazia 198 Rudiae 200 Conclusions 205

IV. POTTERY INTERPRETED: APPROACHES TO POTTERY STUDIES 211 10. “Native” Vase Shapes in South Italian Red-Figure Pottery 213 Fabio Colivicchi Attic Imitations of Native (Italic) Shapes 213 History of the Kantharoid Shape in Lucania and Apulia 214 Function of Kantharoid Vessels as Wine Vases 216 Evidence of Native Wine Culture before Greek Colonization 216 Italiote Imitation of Native Shapes 217 Function 224 Imagery on Italiote Imitations of Native Shapes 226 Production Patterns 227 Selection of Shapes by Native Markets 229 Addendum 233 11. Archaeometric Analysis of Apulian and Lucanian Red-Figure Pottery 243 E. G. D. Robinson Technique and Chemical Analysis 247 New Analyses of Apulian Red-Figure (and Related) Pottery 249 Results: Lucanian Red-Figure 257 Other Techniques of Chemical Analysis 259 Petrology 260 Conclusions and Suggestions 261

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12. A Case for Greek Tragedy in Italic Settlements in Fourth-Century B.C.E. Apulia 265 T. H. Carpenter

V. POTTERY AS ART: COLLECTIONS 281 13. Apulian and Lucanian Red-Figure Pottery in Eighteenth-Century Collections 283 Maria Emilia Masci South Italian and Attic Vases in Eighteenth-Century Collections: General Overview 284 Apulian and Lucanian Vases in Some Late Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-Century Collections 286 Collections Formed in the North of Italy 287 Collections Formed in Central Italy 287 Collections Formed in Southern Italy 290 Some Possible Conclusions 296

Appendix of Types of Tombs 303 Works Cited 305 Index 339

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Frontispiece: Map of Apulia page ii I.1 Map showing Apulian peoples and drove roads of South Italy 3 1.1 Map of the physical geography of Apulia 15 1.2 Basentello valley survey showing sites of the fourth century B.C.E. 17 1.3 Apulian red-figure column krater by the Sisyphus Painter 19 1.4 Monte Sannace 21 1.5 Botromagno chamber tomb 24 1.6 Canosa, Varrese hypogeum 25 1.7 Gravina, Strada S. Stefano Tomb 25 (1993) 27 1.8 Apulian red-figure column krater by the Prisoner Painter 29 1.9 Wheel-made painted pottery 31 2.1 Inscribed bronze herald staff from Brindisi 39 2.2 Coins of Arpi, Salapia, Canusium, Rubi, Azetium, Cailia, Valesium, Ugentum 41 2.3 Hypothetical reconstruction of Tarentine anathema from the Peucetians at Delphi 43 2.4 Attic or Italiote pottery fragment with a map from Soleto 48 2.5 Inscription of Artos Atotios from Ruvo 48 2.6 Tarentine and Messapian alphabets 49 2.7 Messapic funerary inscription of a priestess of Damatra from Valesio 50 2.8 Votive inscription to Aprodita on an altar from Ceglie Messapica 51 3.1 Map of Classical Taras 75 3.2 Funerary deposit from Tomb 9, Pezza Petrosa 77 3.3 Sketch of context sheet of a pit at the corner of via D’Alo` Alfieri and via Leonida 79 3.4 Drilled skyphoi 81 3.5 Map of the structures at via Leonida 52 83 3.6 Fragments from via Leonida 52 85

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3.7 Pottery fragments from Contr. Vaccarella, at the corner of via Umbria and Medaglie d’Oro 87 3.8 Pottery fragments from the Maritime Arsenal 89 4.1 Metaponto. Schematic location of funerary areas 99 4.2 Pelike by the Meidias Painter. Tomb 428 101 4.3 Lekythos. Tomb 428 103 4.4 Pseudopanathenaic amphora by the Karneia Painter. Tomb 376 105 4.5 Hydria. Tomb 250 107 4.6 Lebes gamikos and lekythos by the Anabates Painter. Tomb 546 108 4.7 Pseudopanathenaic amphora. Tomb 549 109 4.8 Pseudopanathenaic amphora. Tomb 713 110 5.1 Hydria, Amykos Painter 119 5.2 Bell krater, Amykos Painter 120 5.3 Chous, Amykos Painter 121 5.4 Nestoris, Amykos Painter 122 5.5 Column krater, Amykos Painter 123 5.6 Volute krater, Amykos Painter 125 5.7 Pseudopanathenaic amphora, Amykos Painter 127 6.1 Bell krater by the Amykos Painter from Turi 135 6.2 Early Apulian skyphos from Turi 136 6.3 Funerary assemblage from Turi 137 6.4 Funerary assemblage from Ruvo 140 6.5 Bell krater by the Amykos Painter from Ruvo 141 6.6 Local imitation of an Attic black-ﬁgure cup from Ruvo 142 6.7 Funerary assemblage from Ruvo 143 6.8 Bell krater by the Anabates Painter from Ruvo 144 6.9 Bell krater from the Chevron Group from Ruvo 145 6.10 Volute krater by the Baltimore Painter 147 7.1 Bell krater from Conversano Tomb 5–1992 158 7.2 Conversano, Tomb 9–1992, funerary assemblage 159 7.3 Column krater from Conversano Tomb 9–1992 160 7.4 Bell krater from Conversano Tomb 1–1987 161 7.5 Conversano, Tomb 7–1992, funerary assemblage 162 7.6 Volute krater from Conversano, Tomb 1–1991 163 7.7 Volute krater from the funerary assemblage of Tomb S. Bartolomeo 164 7.8 Amphora from Conversanto Tomb 10–1958 165 8.1 Aerial view of Canosa 170 8.2 The Piccolo Vimini Tomb, Canosa 171 8.3 Apulian red-ﬁgure vases from the Piccolo Vimini Tomb 173 8.4 Tomb 8/08, Canosa 176 8.5 Plan of Tomb 8/08, Canosa 177

List of Illustrations egh xi

8.6 Plan of Tomb 1/08, Canosa 179 8.7 Bell krater, skyphos, and lekythos from Tomb 1/08, Canosa 181 9.1 Manduria, Tomb 515/1958. Funerary assemblage 188 9.2 Messapia. Map showing quantitative distribution of Apulian red-figure vases 189 9.3 Messapia. Distribution map showing chronological phases 191 9.4 Messapia. Map showing distribution of shapes 192 9.5 Messapia. Map showing distribution of shapes (420–375 B.C.E.) 193 9.6 Messapia. Map showing distribution of shapes (375–340 B.C.E.) 194 9.7 Messapia. Map showing distribution of shapes (340–300 B.C.E.) 195 9.8 Vaste. Tomb III 1959. Funerary assemblage including a bell krater by the Hoppin Painter 199 9.9 Bell krater by the Snub-nose Painter from Rudiae 203 10.1 Table of the development of the family of vases with two tall vertical handles in South Italy 215 10.2 Early Lucanian kantharoid 218 10.3 Lucanian nestoris by the Amykos Painter 219 10.4 Lucanian nestoris by the Palermo Painter 220 10.5 Lucanian nestoris by the Brooklyn-Budapest Painter 221 10.6 Typology of the red-figure nestorides 223 10.7 Apulian column krater 225 10.8 Apulian kantharos 231 11.1 Plot of the principal components analysis of results for Apulian red-figure samples 1–49 249 11.2 Plot of the elemental scores for the PCA in Figure 11.1 250 11.3 Close-up photographs of Apulian red-figure 251 11.4 Schematic geological map of southern Italy 253 11.5 PCA of samples 1–59 254 11.6 Red-figure miniature hydria 255 11.7 CVA of the groups 257 11.8 PCA of Lucanian red-figure in the Nicholson Museum 258 11.9 PCA of Apulian Group 1 and Metapontine red-figure in the Nicholson Museum 259 11.10 PCA of the data reported for Apulian and Lucanian red-figure pottery in Thorn and Glascock 2010 260 12.1 Apulian calyx krater by the Tarporley Painter from Ruvo 267 12.2 Apulian volute krater by the Painter of Lecce 3544 from Ruvo 269 12.3 Attic volute krater by the Pronomos Painter from Ruvo 271 12.4 Apulian volute krater by the Painter of the Birth of Dionysos from Ruvo 272 12.5 Apulian volute krater by the Iliupersis Painter from Ruvo 273

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12.6 Apulian volute krater by the Iliupersis Painter from Ruvo 275 12.7 Apulian volute krater by the Darius Painter from Ruvo 277 13.1 Drawing of an Apulian pelike attributed to the McDaniel Painter 289 13.2 Drawing of a lost Apulian pelike assigned to the circle of the Varrese Painter 291 13.3 Drawing of an Apulian amphora attributed to the Group of Vatican Z 16 293 13.4 Drawing of an Apulian volute krater attributed to the Helmet Painter 295 13.5 Drawing of an Apulian volute krater attributed to the Foggia Group 297 13.6 Attributions of 141 vases belonging to 27 collections dated between 1680 and 1765 299

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

T. H. Carpenter is Professor of Classics and Director of the Ping Institute for the Teaching of the Humanities at Ohio University. His recent scholarship focuses on South Italian pottery and its iconography in archaeological contexts. Angela Ciancio is a member of the office of the Soprintendenza per I Beni Archeologici della Puglia at Bari where she directs excavations and manages many sites in Peucetia. Her research is focused on pre-Roman Peucetia and vases from grave assemblages. Fabio Colivicchi is an Associate Professor of Classics at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. He is interested in pre-Roman Italy – both central and southern – with an excavation at Caere and publications on the role of wine and drinking vessels in Apulia. Marissa Corrente is a member of the office of the Soprintendenza per I Beni Archeologici della Puglia at Bari, for which she directs excavations and manages sites in Daunia. She is a specialist in the material culture of northern Apulia with a focus on tomb assemblages. Martine Denoyelle is Scientific Advisor to the Institut National d’Histoire de l’Art in Paris, and has published on both Athenian and South Italian pottery. She is particularly interested in the use of archaeological context to refine attribution studies. Didier Fontannaz is a Researcher at Université de Lausanne. He is preparing a study of early red-figure production and iconography at Taranto. Maria Teresa Giannotta is a Senior Researcher with the Consiglio Nazonale delle Ricerche, Instituto per I Beni Archeologici e Monumentali. Her research examines the use of South Italian and imported pottery in tombs as well as the decoration of the tombs themselves.

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Mario Lombardo is a Professor at the Università del Salento in Lecce, and his scholarship focuses on the political history of South Italy and cultural contact between Greek colonists and local cultures. Kathleen Lynch is an Associate Professor at the University of Cincinnati. Her research places exported Greek pottery, especially figured wares, back into their original contexts in order to understand their social function and meaning among their non-Greek users. Maria Emilia Masci is a Research Fellow at Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, LARTTE. Her research examines private collections of the seventeenth to nine- teenth centuries, and she has contributed to several programs for digital access to archaeological data. Bice Peruzzi is a Visiting Assistant Professor at Grand Valley State University. Her research focuses on burial assemblages as a mean to understand cultural exchanges and the construction of local identity in Central Apulia. Ada Riccardi is a member of the office of the Soprintendenza per I Beni Archeo- logici della Puglia at Bari where she directs excavations and manages sites in the area of Ruvo di Puglia. Her research considers burial practice and grave assemblages in Peucetia. E. G. D. Robinson is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Sydney, and his scholarship focuses on South Italian ceramics, their imagery and reception, and the use of archaeometric analysis. Francesca Silvestrelli is a Researcher at the Università del Salento in Lecce. She is best known for her publications on the production and iconography of ceramics from the Greek colonial site of Metaponto. Alastair Small is an Honorary Professorial Fellow at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. He has conducted excavations and surveys at a number of sites in Peuce- tia, including Gravina in Puglia, and his research interests include the interaction between Italic centers and their Greek and Roman neighbors.

PREFACE

On a late winter day in 2007 in Sydney Ted Robinson and Tom Carpenter sat in the sun at an outside table at the university talking about Apulian archaeology. They knew well the important and even exciting work done by archaeologists, largely Italian, in Apulia and Lucania and were frustrated that so few people in the English-speaking world are at all aware of it. Most classicists know something about the history and perhaps the archaeology of the Greek colonies in South Italy (Magna Graecia), but few know anything at all about the native people who inhabited most of the vast area of Apulia and Lucania. Likewise, few know of the recent archaeological work at Taranto and Metaponto – or the new perspectives on South Italian pottery that have been developing. Even fewer know about the advances made by archaeologists during the past three or four decades in revealing the cultures of these people – Greeks and natives – and in understanding better the interactions between them. They talked about how they might address this gap and came up with the idea of a symposium to which they would invite top scholars in the fields of Apulian and Lucanian studies to give papers on a range of subjects, which would then be followed up with a publication in English of the revised versions of the delivered papers. Grand as the idea was, the problems of financing and organizing such a conference were daunting. They approached Kathleen Lynch, whose interest in Attic pottery from archaeological contexts was moving her research toward the non-Greek cultures of Italy. Kathleen agreed that the topic had potential to be a Semple Symposium, one of a series of international symposia on developing and influential areas of Classical studies sponsored by the Classics Department of the University of Cincinnati and funded by the department’s Louise Taft Semple Fund. She proposed the topic to the Classics faculty, who graciously approved, as did the Semple Fund trustees, which made the possibility of a symposium a reality. Thus, this volume originated as the Semple Symposium, “Beyond Magna Grae- cia: New Developments in South Italian Archaeology, The Contexts of Apulian and Lucanian Pottery,” at the University of Cincinnati, November 12–14, 2009,

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organized by Kathleen Lynch (University of Cincinnati), Tom Carpenter (Ohio University), and Ted Robinson (University of Sydney). The stated objective of the conference was to introduce the American archaeological audience to important discoveries and new approaches to the study of Apulian and Lucanian pottery. During conference planning, the organizers already had in mind a vision of the complementary book that would extend the subject’s reach beyond the conference to Anglophone audiences throughout the world. As the introduction describes, we hope that this overview of new developments in the field of South Italian pottery will provide a sound introduction to the topic and its problems, and a better understanding of the evidence. The Louise Taft Semple Fund at the University of Cincinnati, Department of Classics, is intended, as its deed states, “for the sole purpose of promoting the study of the Classics, such term to be interpreted in its broadest sense.” The fund provides the resources to host periodic international symposia on topics of growing importance to the field of Classics in addition to support for the Burnam Classics Library, the single best library in North America for Classical research; a variety of research projects undertaken by faculty, including archaeological excavations; the Tytus Visiting Scholars program; and a thriving graduate program of the highest caliber. The vibrant Classics community at the University of Cincinnati contributed to the success of the conference and to the preparation of this volume in numerous ways, and we highlight only a few here. The organizers wish to thank Classics Department Heads William Johnson and Peter van Minnen and Classics faculty for their encouragement and support. We especially appreciate the advice of William Johnson and Kathryn Gutzwiller, who hosted the two most recent Semple Symposia. Former Classics coordinator Laura Deller helped with travel and catering arrangements. The conference would not have been possible without the outstanding organizational assistance of Classics graduate students Emilia Oddo and Bice Peruzzi. They contributed to the planning, logistics, and hosting of the event, not to mention translation of texts and orientation information for our Italian colleagues. Many others in the graduate student community provided welcome assistance at all stages, and here we mention only Allison Emmerson, Emilia Oddo, Bice Peruzzi, and Jed Thorn, who translated written texts for the conference and volume, and Bill Weir, who drove participants between venues. Bice Peruzzi also wrote the introduction to Section III of this book, and Chris Cloke was our first reader, reading the text from cover to cover and offering edi- torial advice. Desiree Gerner checked for accuracy all of the entries in the works cited, and Kathleen Kidder proofread the Greek in Chapter 2. Senior Research Associate John Wallrodt designed the Web site that accompanies this book (www .cambridge.org/apulia).