VOLUME 51, NUMBER 3 269

GRICORE, M. T. & J. WINDlS. 1994. Decline of the Karner blue butterfly in the Oak Open­ ings of northwest Ohio, pp 13.5-142. In D. A. Andow, R. J. Bake r & c. P. Lane (eds. ), Karner blue butterfly: symbol of a vanishing landscape. Misc. Pub!. 84-1994, Minn. Agric. Exp. Stat., Univ. Minn. St. Pau!' HAFCRNIK, J. E., JR. 1992. Threats to inve rtebrate biodiversity: implications for conserva­ tion strategies, pp. 171- 19.5. In P. L. Fiedler & S. K. Jain (eds), Conse rvation biology: the theOlY and practice of nature conservation, preselvation, and management. Chap­ man and Hall, New York. IFTNEII, D. c., J. A. SHUEY & J. V. CALHOUN. 1992. Butte rflies and skippers of Ohio. Ohio BioI. Surv. Bull. New Scries Vo!' 9 , No.!. 212 pp. METZLEH, E. H. & V. P. LUCAS. 1990. An endangered moth in Ohio, with notes on other species of speCial concern (: Saturniidae, Sphingiidae, Notodontidae, and Arctiidae). Ohio J. Sci. 90:33- 40. OPLEn, P. A. & G. O. KRIZEK. 1984. Butterflies east of the Great Plains. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. Baltimore, Maryland. 294 pp. PANZER, R', D. STTLLWAUGH, R. GNAEDlNCEH & G. DEHKOVITZ. 199.5. Prevalence of rem­ nant dependence among the prairie- and savanna-inhabiting of the Chicago Region. Natural Areas Journal 1.5:101- 116. HJ"Ic;s, R. W. , E. H. METZLEH, F. J. AnNOLD & D. H. HAnHis. 1992. The owlet moths of Ohio: Order Lepidoptera, Family Noctuiidae. Ohio Bio!. Surv. Bull. New Series Vo!' 9, No.2. 219 pp. SH UEY, J. A. , J. V. CALHOU N & D. C. IFTNER. 1987. Butterflies that are e ndangered, threatened, and of speCial concern in Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 87:98- 106. SHUEY, J. A. , E. H. METZLER, D. C. IFTNER, J. V. CALllOUN. J. W. PEACOCK, R. A. WATKINS, J. D. HOOPER & W. F. BABCOCK. 1987. Status and habitats of potentially en­ dangered Lepidoptera in Ohio. J. Lepid. Soc. 41:1-12. SWE NGEL, A. B. 1994. Ohservations on the e ffects of fire on Karne r blue butte rflies, pp. 81-86. In D. A. Andow, R. J. Bake r & c. P. Lane (eds.), Karner blue butterfly: symbol of a vanishing landscape. Misc. Pub!. 84-1994, Minn. Agric. Exp. Stat., Univ. Minn. St. Paul. THOMAS, C. D. & S. HARRISON. 1992. SpaCial dynamics of a patchily distJibuted butte rfly spccies. J. Ecol. 61:437- 446. ZAHEMBA, R. E. & M. PICKERING. 1994. Lupine ecology and management in New York State, pp. 201-208. In D. A. Andow, R. J. Baker & c. P. Lane (eds.), Karner blue but­ terfly: symbol of a vanishing landscape. Misc. Pub!. 84-1994, Minn. Agric. Exp. Stat., Univ. Minn. St. Paul.

JOHN A. SHUEY, The Nature Conservancy, Indiana Field Office, 1330 West 38th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, USA.

Received for publication 22 August 1995; revised and an;erJted 13 July 1996. journal of the Lepidopterists' SOciety .51(3), 1997, 269-271

LIFE HISTORY NOTES FOR THE PALLID EMPEROR MOTH, CIRINA FORDA (SATURNIIDAE) IN NIGE RIA

Additional key words: phenology, hostplants, Africa.

Cirina forcZa Westwood has long been known as a serious pest of the sheanut tree, Vit­ telaria paradoxa (Sapotaceae) in Nige ria (Golding 1929). Packard (1914) desc rihed the larva, and Boorman (1970) and Leleup and Beams (1969) provided brief accounts of the biology and phenology of this moth. Lele up and Deams (1969) reported Erythropheum africanum as a larval host in northern Zaire , but that the tree does not occur in Nigeria. The dried larvae of C. forda are referred to locally as "manimani," and are of economic 270 JOU RNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY

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ASI NDJFMAMJJASONOJ FMAMJJASOND FMAMJJAS [988 1989 1990 1991 F IG, 1. Phenology of Cirina for-da in NigteJia, 1988-1991. importancc as a food item among the Nupe tribe of Nigelia, For rnany decades, wild lar­ vae have been collecte d , dried and sold to neighboring states within and outside the coun­ try, and the instect is considered a delicacy (Ande 1991, Fasoranti & Ajiboye 19(3), W e re­ port h e re on thte life histOlY and biology of C, forda in Nigeria, and its association with Vittelana paradoxa, About 900 late instar C. forda were collected from V paradoxa p lants in August 1988, between km 107 and 108 on the Mokwa-Bida road in Niger State, Nigeria (9°05'N, 5 °59'E ), Subsequently, rearings were conducted in thte laboratory at the University of Iiorin btetwee n 1989 and 1991. Egg clusters laid in the laboratory we re observed daily for hatching, Larvae from the same egg cbltch were reared separately on cut and potted twigs of V paradoxa and again on V paradoxa plants outside in an orna mental garden, Twigs were replaced as necessary to maintain freshness, and larvae were transferred carefully by hand and placed on the mid rib or leaf margin of new foliage, A wooden cage (30 crn x 30 cm x 50 cm ) with te n compartme nts was filled to a d epth of 20 cm with soil. Ten larvae were then placed in each compartment. As soon as pupation b egan , the soil was in all com­ partments examined for pre-pupae and pupae, Pre-pupa duration was defined as the pe-

FIGS, 2-6, 2, egg cluste r, 3, pre-pupa, 4, fully formed pupa, 5, late instar, 6, adults (fe­ male above, m ale below), VOLUME .51, NUMBER :3 271 riod between soil penetration and actual pupation (in days). Subsequently, 30 pre-pupae were randomly selected and placed individually in soil 10 cm deep, each in cylindrical pa­ per eclosion chambers (8 cm diam x 1.5 cm deep x 2 cm thick). The open end of the cylin­ der was covered with a nylon mesh secured by a rubber bane!. Each compartment was ex­ amined daily for emerging adults. Pupal duration was calculated as the mean number of days between pupal formation and date of adult emergence. Notes were also kept on adult longevity. Fig. 1 shows the phe nology of C. jorda for the period between 1988 and 1991. Adult moths lived for between 36 and 48 hours (mean = 39.7) and were found primarily in May, with peak oviposition at the end of the month. Figs. 2-6 show the immature stages of C. jorda. The egg (Fig. 2) hatches after an incubation period of 30 to 34 days (mean = 31.8) into an active and voraciously feeding larva, and passes through 5 to 6 instal's (Fig. 5) in 42 to 50 days (mean = 47 ..5) between June and August. By the first few days in August, most of the larvae reach the pre-pupal stage (Fig. 3) and burrow into the soil. The pre-pupa de­ velops into a pupa (Fig. 4) in 6-7 days and remains in diapause for 9 months (261 to 296 days, mean = 267.5). Adult moths (Fig. 6) emerge in May of the follOwing year. The life cycle of C. jorda is tightly linked to the biology of its host, Vittelaria paradoxa. The only savannal] species of the family Sapotaceae in Nigeria, V paradoxa blossoms fully between May and August when mature fruits become available, and sheds leaves between November and Februmy (Kaay e t al. 1964). May and August is when the majority of C. jorda larvae are developing in the field, and pupation takes place during the dry months of November and April. C. jorda is univoltine in Nigeria and the phenology reported here agrees with those given by Golding (1929) and Boorman (1978). However, Leleup and Deams (1969) indicate that the active period for C. jorda in Zaire is between June and September dUling dry months. In Nigeria, the active periods occur during the wet months of May and August. ACKNOWI.EOCMENTS We acknowledge a postgraduate fellowship and Senate Research Grant awarded by the University of liOlin, norin, Nigeria. LrTEHATUHE CITED AND\<: , A. T. 1991. Some aspects of the biology of Cirina jflrda Westwood (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Unpllhl. Ph. D. Thesis, Dept. BioI. Sciences, Univ. Ilorin, Nigeria. 327 pp. BOOHMAN , J. P. T. 1970. The emperor moths (Satllrniidae) of Nigeria. Nigerian Field :35:99-122. ---. 1978. West African Butterflies and moths. Longman Group Ltd., London. 2nd Ed. 79 pp FASOHANTI, J. O. & D. O. Ai' HOYE. 1993. Some edible insects of Kwara State, Nigeria. Amer. Entomol. 93:Jl:3-116. GOLDIN\;, F. D. 1929. Preliminary notes on the pests of sheanut tree in Northern Nigelia. Bull. Dept. Aglic. Nigelia 8:101-103. KEAY, R. W. J., ONOCHIE, C. F. A. & D. P. STANDFIELD. 1964. Nigerian trees. Dept. For­ est Research. [barlan, Nigeria. 495 pp. LELEUP, N & H. DAEMS. 1969. Les chenilles alimentaives elu kwango canses de leur rar­ efaction et mesures pre-conisees poury re medier. J. Agric. Trop. & Botany AppI.16:1-21.

A. 'l'AlWO ANOE AND J. OLANIYAN FAsonANTI Department oj Biological Sciences, Uni­ versity of llorin, PM.B. 1515, !lorin, Nigeria.

Received/or puhlication 6 Decemher 1994; revised and accepted 26 January 1997. 272 JOLIRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY

JOI/mal of the Lepidopterists' Society 51(.3 ), 1997, 272-273

SUPPLEMENT TO THE LIST OF THE Burn:RFLlES OF MICHTCAN

Additional key words: Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, NymphaJidae, faunal surveys, checklists.

The following contrihution represents an addition to the previously puhlished faunal lists for Michigan Lepidoptera (Moore 1960, Perkins 1968, Nielsen 1970). Records range from 1941 to the present time, and represent collecting by myself Two state zones (N Ll' ~ Northcrn Lower Peninsula; SLP ~ Southern Lower Peninsula) are recognizecl, and county names are given for individual records. A date with a trailing asterisk represents the earliest date captured whereas a leading aste risk represents the latest datc of capture in a zone. Nomenclature f(,llows Hodges (1983).

Erynnis icelus (Scudder & Burgess) (Hespeliidae) SLP: Barry; *June 26 Eryrmis horatius (Scudder & Burgess) (Hesperiidae) SLP: Oakland Carterocephalus palaemon mandan (Edwards) (Hesperiidae) SLP Oakland; June 20* Thymelicl1s lineola (Ochsenheirner) (Hesperiidae) NLP: Newaygo. SLP: Huron Hesperia sassacus Harris (Hesperiidae) SLP: Barry Polites cora" (Cramer) (Hespeliidae) SLP: Bany Wallengrenia egeremet (Scudde r) (Hcsperiidae) NLP: Newaygo Pompeius vema (Edwards) (Hesperiidac) SLP: *19 August Poanes hohomok (Harris) (Hesperiidae) SLP: BarlY; *July 11 El1phyes himacl1la (Grote & Robinson) (Hesperiidae) NLP: Newaygo; *July 15 Euphyes mricola metacoTnet (Harris) (Hesperiidae) SLP; *August 19 Papilio potyxenes asterius Stoll (Papilionidae) SLP: Huron Papilio tmilus Linnaeus (PapiJionidae) NLP: Newaygo Artogeia rapae (Linnaeus) (Pieridae) SLP: Lapce r, Sanilac, Tuscola Colias philodice Godart (Pieridae) NLP: Newaygo. SLP: Sanilac, Tuscola; May 4* Colias eurytheme Boisduval (Pieridae) SLP: Huron, Lapeer, Sanilac, Tuscola Lycaena ,)hlaeas americana Harris (Lycaenidae) NLP: Newaygo. SLP: *October ] Hyllolycaena hyllus (Crame r ) (Lycaenidae) SLP: Tuscola Epidemia dorcas (Kirby) (Lycaenidae) SLP: June 13, "August 19 Epidernia helloides (Boisduval) (Lycaenidae) NLP: Newaygo Harkenclenus titus (Fabricius) (Lycaenidae) NLP: N ewaygo Satyrium edwanlsii ( Grote & Robinson) (Lycaenidae) SLP: *5 August Satyril1rn caryaevorum (McDunnough) (Lycaenidae) SLP: June 26* Satyrium lipamps strigosum (Harris) (Lycaenidae) SLP: *Allgust 19 Everes cornyntas (Godart) (Lycaenidae) NLP: Newaygo. SLP: Huron Celastrina ladon (Cramer) (Lycaenidae) NLP: Newaygo Aglais mitherti (Goda/i) () SLP: Barry Vanessa virginiensis (Drury) (Nymphalidae) SLP: Barry Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) (Nymphalidae) SLP: Huron Phyciodes thams (Drury) (Nympbalidae) SLP: Lapeer; *Oct 1 Ettphydryas phaeton (Drury) (Nymphalidae) SLP: *Allgllst 7 Basilarchia an-hippus (Cramer) (Nymphalidae) SLP: Tuscola Cercyonis pegala nephele (Kirby) (Satyridae) SLP: July 3*

LITEHATUHE CITED HODCES, R. W. (eel.). ] 983. Check list of the Lepidoptera of Ameri.ca north of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and The Wedge Entomological Research FOllndation. London. 284 pp. MOORE, S. 1960. A revised annotated list of the butterflies of Michigan. Occ. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Michigan 617:1-39. VOLUME .51, NUMBER 3 273

NIELSEN, M. C. 1970. New Michigan butterHy records. J. Lepid. Soc. 24:42-47. PERKINS, O. A. 1968. Addenda to the list of the butterflies of Michigan. J. Lepid. Soc. 22:119-120.

OWEN A. PEllKINS, 2806 Linwood, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073-3023, USA.

Received for T'llhlication18 Fehruary 1997; revised and accepted .5 April 1997.

journal o{the Lepidopterists' SOCiety 51(3), 1997, 273-275

REDISCOVERY OF EUROPA TAMUNA WITH NOTES ON OTHER THREATENED BUTTEHFLIES FROM THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAH ISLANDS

Additional key words: Legal protection, status reassessment.

Drawing on data from the lUCN ConseIVation Monitoring Centre, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) (1987) listed six species of butterHies as threatened from the Indian coastal region. Four of these-one species and three subspecies-are endemic to the Andalllan and Nicobar islands (Table 1). Three of these taxa have been termed "very rare" while Graphillm eparnif/mula" Oberthur was termed "locally common" by both Evans (1932) and Ferrar (1948). Khatri (1996) necently reported that two of these taxa, Lethe europa tamuna de Niceville and Neptis "ankara nar de Niceville, were extirpated on these islands. \Ve present here new information on three of the four taxa rated "threat­ ened" from the Andaman and Nicobar islands, including biological notes on the rediscov­ ery of Lethe eur0T'a tamuna. Lethe europa tamuna de Niceville (Nymphalidae: ). This is one of the rarest butterflies from the islands, being known previously from a Single female specimen col­ lected on Little Nicobar. Fenar (1948) reported observing another female on Great Nico­ bar some time before he left the islands in 19:31. On a collecting trip to Great Nicohar Is­ land in December 1996, the senior author obse rved four females, and found two eggs and two laIVae of this butterHy at three localities in the Campbell Bay area of Great Nicohar. Botb the adults and immatures were found along roadsides where the forests had been disturbed by human activity. One of the females was seen resting on moist sand on the banks of a stream. Another female was obseIVed ovipositing on the upper surface of a leaf of the climhing hamboo, Dinochloa andamanica Kurz. Eggs were laid on leaves well \\cithin the clump, not on the fringes. The larvae (Fig. IB) were sleeved and obseIVed pe­ riodically for about two weeks. They fed and passed through several instars, and confirmed D. andamanica as a host plant tbat supports development. \Ve suspect this butterfly is not as rare as preViously thought, hut its statllS can be reliably assessed only after further stud­ ies are conducted. Doleschallia bisaltide andamana Fruhstorfer (Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae). This butt