CORINTH

RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS

CONDUCTED BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

VOLUME VII PART I Athens at THE GEOMETRIC AND

ORIENTALIZING POTTERY Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. BY SAUL S. WEINBERG License: Classical of only. use School personal American PUBLISHED FOR For © THB AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1943

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COPYRIGHT 1943 BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE

PUBLISHED 1943

Studies ALL CC-BY-NC-ND. RIGHTS RESERVED License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE

SINCE the beginning of the American excavations at Old Corinth in 1896, the site has yielded quantities of early Greek pottery decorated in the Geometric and the Orientalizing styles. Many pieces of such pottery were found in other parts of the Corinthia, either by inhabitants who chanced upon graves or by the American expedition at in the Corinthia where which has often conducted short excavations places antiqui ties have been reported. The pottery published in this volume was found in the Corin thia, the large majority of it at the site of ancient Corinth, during the period from 1896 to the summer of 1939. It does not include the large groups of Geometric and Orientaliz Athens were ing pottery which found in the North Cemetery and in the Potters' Quarter at at Corinth. Each of these groups will be published elsewhere at a later time. During the campaign of 1940, after my return to the United States, two large and impor tant groups of pottery from wells were discovered. One group belongs to the time transitional from the Late Geometric period to the period of the Protocorinthian Studies GeometricCC-BY-NC-ND. style; the other group is of Early Corinthian date, and to a large extent it near duplicates the group from the well found Temple E. It would have been most desirable for me to see this pottery, or at least some photographs of it, before submitting this publication, but the almost complete interruption of communications between Greece and the United States since the time of these discoveries has made this

License: impos Classical sible. It seems advisable, nevertheless, to publish the material in this volume without of new further delay, even though the material, particularly that from the earlier of the

only. some two well groups, may alter of the conclusions drawn here. was In the spring of 1937 I asked by Professor Charles H. Morgan II, then Direc

use tor of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, to prepare for publication the School of at Corinth. The of a of the large group early pottery preparation complete catalogue pottery and the photographing of the vases were finished by the summer of 1939, at which time I returned to the United States. The volume was written in this country and during the preparation some minor details, particularly dimensions, were found to be missing.personal It was hoped that these could be furnished from Greece, but correspondence American was impossible and so these deficiencies in the text must remain. © For Most of this pottery, which has been accumulating slowly during more than forty of at it now a mass years excavations Corinth, until forms very impressive of evidence for the ceramic history of this ancient city, is published here for the first time. Some of the vases have been presented previously in preliminary reports and these previous pub been vase. Two of lications have noted for each separate systems numbering the pottery in the Corinth museum have been used. The vases found at Corinth before 1927, and those found in other parts of the Corinthia even after that date, have been numbered consecutively and the number is preceded by the letters CP (Corinth Pottery). Starting in 1927 an annual inventory was kept with the numbers beginning anew each year. vi PREFACE

These numbers have first the letter C (Corinth), then the last two numbers of the year ?as 31 for 1931?and finally the number of the pot for that year. A separate inventory was made for the group of Early Geometric vases found while digging a well and these numbers are preceded by the letter W. was In the four years during which this volume in preparation, I have become in debted to many people who have helped or advised me. My debt is greatest to the directors and members of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and to its Publications Committee. Professor Charles H. Morgan II and Professor Oscar Broneer, who were the directors of the excavations at the that I worked Athens Corinth during years there, have given much valuable information and have provided every facility for the at furtherance of work. For most of my my information concerning the early excavations at I am Corinth indebted to Dr. B. H. Hill and to George Kachros, guard of the museum at Corinth, who because of his accurate memory and his great knowledge of the antiqui ties of the Corinthia has been responsible for much information not found in earlier Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. records, particularly concerning finds from the Corinthia outside of Corinth. The Department of Antiquities of the Greek Government has greatly facilitated my work in the museums of Greece. I wish to thank Mrs. Semne Karousou for her very pleasant and efficient assistance at the National Museum in Athens and for permission to publish the oinochoe from Megara which is shown on Plate n. The Director and License: Classical members of the American excavations in the Athenian Agora have given me every op to the found there. To in I am in of portunity study pottery Rodney Young particular for debted much valuable information and for many suggestions. For permission to only. work with the material from Perachora I owe thanks to T. J. Dunbabin of the British School at Athens. Monsieur Robert Demangel, Director of the French School, has very use allowed me to the excavated material from Dr. K. School kindly study newly Delphi. Kubier of the German Archaeological Institute has generously discussed with me the pottery from the Kerameikos. The drawings of pottery profiles used in the text are the work of Dr. Wulf Schae fer. The majority of the photographs I have taken myself, but many are the work of H.personal Wagner and Walter Hege. American In keeping with the editorial policy maintained in the Corinth Reports, I have © For to a limited myself presentation of the pottery found at Corinth without indulging in the discussion of problems which required the consideration of material from other sites. A study of many of the problems of the last half of the eighth century and of the seventh century B.C. has already been published separately in the A.J.A., XLV, 1941, pp. 30-44. In this volume the comparative material for each vase is discussed in the catalogue description of that vase. The conclusions drawn here have been based almost on the entirely material published here. Since much pottery of this period is to be ex pected from future excavations at Corinth, and indeed two large groups are available these conclusions must be considered as already, preliminary. to My great indebtedness the work of the late Humfry Payne will be obvious to the reader. Every study of Corinthian pottery is dependent upon his work and every of such a to ~ publication pottery is tribute his memory. t S W Chicago, Illinois August jo, J?41 CONTENTS

I. The Pre-Geometric .... Pottery .... II. The Early Geometric Pottery III. The Late Geometric .... Pottery

Athens IV. The Protocorinthian Period ....

at .... V. The Early Corinthian Period VI. Middle and Late Corinthian Vases .

VII. Conclusions ...... Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Indexes ......

I. Correlation of Inventory Numbers and Catalogue II. Groups of Associated Pottery III. General Index ..... License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES IN THE TEXT FIGURE PAGE

i. Profile of No. i 3 2. Profile of No. 2 4 3. Profile of No. 3 4 4. Profile of No. 4 5 5. Profile of No. 38 13 6. Profile of No. 68 19

Athens 7. Profile of No. 75 27

at 8. Profile of No. 80 29

9. Profile of No. 83 29 10. Profile of No. 84 30

11. Profile of No. 107 36 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 12. Profile of No. 108 36

13. Profile of No. 119 38

14. Profile of No. 123 39 15. Profile of No. 126 40 License: Classical 16. Profile of No. 127 40 of 17. Profile of No. 140 43

only. 18. Profile of No. 157 46

19. Profile of No. 211 59 use

School 20. Profile of No. 246 65 21. Profile of No. 252 66

22. Profile of No. 277 67

23. Profile of No. 278 67 personal 24. Profile of No. 279 68 American 25. Profile of No. 283 68 © For 26. Profile of No. 286 68

27. Profile of No. 287 69 28. Profile of No. 342 79 29. Profile of No. 352 79 30. Profile of No. 367 81 31. Profile of No. 368 81 X ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

{The Plates are to be found at the end of the book) PLATE

i. Pre-Geometric Period, Nos. 1-12 2. Nos. 20-22 Pre-Geometric and Early Geometric Periods, 13-18, 3. Early Geometric Period, Nos. 23-26 2 4. Early Geometric Period, Nos. 7-30 5. Early Geometric Period, Nos. 31-33 6. Geometric Period, Nos. 34-36 Athens Early 7. Geometric Period, Nos. 37-42

at Early 8. Early Geometric Period, Nos. 43-50 Nos. 9. Early Geometric Period, 51-57 10. Nos. Early Geometric Period, 58-67 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. from and Nos. 11. Early Geometric Period, Oinochoe Megara 68-72 12. Late Geometric Period, Nos. 73-76 13. Late Geometric Period, Nos. 78-84 14. Late Geometric Period, Nos. 87-96 License: Classical 15. Protocorinthian Period, Nos. 98-105 Nos. of 16. Protocorinthian Period, 106-108, 110-113, 116-119 Protocorinthian Nos. only. 17. Period, 120-131

18. Protocorinthian Period, Nos. 132-140

use 19. Protocorinthian Period, No. 141 School 20. Protocorinthian Period, No. 142

21. Protocorinthian Period, No. 142

22. Protocorinthian Period, Nos. 143-158

personal 23. Protocorinthian Period, Nos. 159-164, 166-170

American 24. Protocorinthian Period, Nos. 171, 173-176, 179-181

© For 25. Protocorinthian Period, Nos. 182-187 26. Early Corinthian Period, No. 188 Nos. 27. Early Corinthian Period, 189-190 28. Corinthian Nos. Early Period, 191-204 Corinthian Nos. 29. Early Period, 205-214, 217 Corinthian Nos. 222 30. Early Period, 218-220, 31. Early Corinthian Period, Nos. 224-227 32. Early Corinthian Period, Nos. 228, 231, 233 33. Early Corinthian Period, Nos. 234-236, 238-249 ILLUSTRATIONS xi

34. Early Corinthian Period, Nos. 250-254 35. Early Corinthian Period, Nos. 256-264 Corinthian 36. Early Period, Nos. 265-266, 273, 275, 277-279, 281-283, 286-287 Nos. 37. Early Corinthian Period, 288-294, 296-299, 301-302, 307-310 38. Middle Corinthian Period, No. 312 39. Middle Corinthian Period, No. 312 40. Middle Corinthian Period, Nos. 313-323 41. Middle Corinthian Period, Nos. 325-326, 328, 330-333 42. Middle Corinthian Period, Nos. 334-342 43. Middle and Late Corinthian Nos. Athens Periods, 346-347, 352, 354-357, 359-366 44. Late Corinthian Period, Nos. 367-369, 371-376 at 45. Late Corinthian Period, Nos. 377-379 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For ABBREVIATIONS

= A J.A. The American Journal of Archaeology = Annali Annali dell'Instituto di corrispondenza archeologica = Annuario Annuario della R. Scuola Archeologica di Atene e della Missioni Italiane in Oriente = Arch. Anz. Arch?ologischer Anzeiger. Beiblatt zum Jahrbuch des deutschen arch? ologischen Instituts

= 'ApX* AcXr. 'Apxd^oXoyiKov Aekriov = Argive Heraeum C. Waldstein, The Argive Heraeum (Boston, 1902-1905) = Asine O. Fr?din and A. W. Persson, Asine. Results of the Swedish Excavations, Athens 1922-1930 (Stockholm, 1938) = at Ath. Mitt. Mitteilungen des deutschen arch?ologischen Instituts. Athenische Ab teilung = B.C.H. Bulletin de correspondance hell?nique B.S.A. = The Annual of the British School at Athens =

Studies C.V.A. Vasorum CC-BY-NC-ND. Corpus Antiquorum = D?los ?cole Fran?aise d'Ath?nes, Fouilles de D?los = Delphes ?cole Fran?aise d'Ath?nes, Fouilles de Delphes ? *E

only. = J.H.S. The Journal of Hellenic Studies = Kerameikos, I W. Kraiker and K. Kubier, Kerameikos. Ergebnisse der Ausgrab

use Erster Band. Die des 12. bis 10. School ungen. Nekropolen Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1939) = Mon. Ant. Monumenti antichi pubblicati per cura della R. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei = Necrocorinthia H. Payne, Necrocorinthia (Oxford, 1931) = Notizie Notizie degli scavi di antichit?. Atti della R. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei personal Perachora = H. Perachora. The Sanctuaries of Hera Akraia and Limenia

American Payne, (Ox ford, 1940) © For = * iv TlpaKTiKci UpaKTitca TTj? 'Adtjvcu? Kpxaio\oyiKY)s 'Erai/ocia? = Protokorinthische Vasenmalerei Bilder griechischer Vasen, herausgegeben von J. Beazley und P. Jacobsthal. Heft 7: H. Payne, Protokorinthische Vasenmalerei (Berlin, 1933) = Q.D.A.P. Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine xiv ABBREVIATIONS

= Rev. Arch. Revue Arch?ologique = S.C.E. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition (Stockholm, 1934-1937) = und . . heraus Thera, II Thera: Untersuchungen, Vermessungen, Ausgrabungen ., von H. Theraeische gegeben von F. Hiller Gaertringen. Zweiter Band. Dragendorff, Graeber (Berlin, 1903) = Erster Band. I. Tiryns, I Tiryns. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen des Instituts. ' von Die Hera von Tiryns, von A. Frickenhaus. II. Die Geometrische' Nekropole, W. M?ller und F. Oelmann (Athens, 1912) = vases Vases sicyoniens F. Johansen, Les sicyoniens (Copenhagen, 1923) Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For THE GEOMETRIC AND Athens ORIENTALIZING POTTERY at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For CHAPTER I

The Pre-Geometric Pottery

THE history of the earliest occupation of ancient Corinth begins in the Neolithic period of Greece. The site was apparently thickly populated in this period and in the subsequent Early Helladic period. The remains from these periods, approxi mately from the fourth millennium to about 2000 B.C., are abundant.1 For the next thousand years there was evidently a hiatus in the occupation of the site, for a few bits of Mycenaean pottery2 are the only remains of this period in the area of the ancient city proper. A few Middle Helladic graves and some Late Helladic sherds from the North Cemetery excavations8 just outside the city suggest that there was some light Athens occupation in this vicinity. In the period of transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron at Age, the Submycenaean period, the resettlement of the site of Corinth would seem to have begun with the arrival of small scattered groups or families. a To this period of the resettlement of Corinth belongs group of fragmentary vases found lying in bits around a large clay disc hearth4 which was part of the debris of a Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. small hut.

i. i. 1. Skyphos. Plate Fig. AJA., XLIII, 1939, Chamber Tombs at Mycenae, pi. XXXI) as well 10. m. Diame as to another from p. 598, fig. C-38-547. Height, 0.142 skyphos Mycenae published by ter of lip, 0.151 m. One handle and a few re License: body fragments Classical stored. The low flaring foot is hollowed out below. of Body has high sides, flaring sharply at the lip. Clay varies from light to reddish buff. Exterior only. glaze mottled red to black; two narrow reserved zone bands in handle are filled with zigzags painted with diluted lower and base use glaze; body unglazed. School Interior glazed except for a wide reserved band near the lip. The glaze is firm and only slightly chipped. The shape and decoration of this skyphos are best paralleled at the end of the Submycenaean The small the personal period. flaring foot, general shape and the decoration are similar to

American zigzag very sky phos 513 from the Kerameikos (Kerameikos, I, © For pi. 23), which is assigned to the end of the Sub mycenaean period (Kerameikos, I, p. 71). The of shape the body is very close to that of the sky from Tomb at phos 59 515 Mycenae (Wace, Fig. i. No. i (1:2) 1 2 Hesperia, VI, 1937, pp. 207. 8 487-524. *AJA., XL, 1936, p. AJA., XXXIV, 1930, pp. 406-409. AJA., XLIII, 1939, p. 596. 4 CORINTH

Schliemann (Mycenae, p. 67, no. 28). The clay spherical lower section. The base is a truncated and of this are identical with those of hollow glaze skyphos cone, underneath. The buff clay is well levi the skyphos from tomb P.G. 25 at Asine (Fr?din gated. Except for the base and a reserved band on and The the Persson, Asine, p. 429, fig. 277). shape interior of the lip, the vase is covered with of the two vases is for the foot. red-brown very close, except glaze, slightly darker towards the lip. a The skyphos from Asine has high foot of unusual a shape, best paralleled by skyphos from the Kera meikos (Kerameikos, I, pi. 63, inv. 532), dated in the transitional phase between the Submycenaean and the Protogeometric periods. Although the hori zontal zigzag line in the reserved handle zone is common in this period, the system used on the Corinthian skyphos?two narrow zones filled with zigzags?seems unique. Again the Asine skyphos Athens is like this one from Corinth in that the zigzag is in a narrow band delimited from the re at larger served zone by two horizontal lines.

1. 2. 2. Skyphos Fragment. Plate Fig. C-38-618. m. Preserved height, 0.068 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Less than one half of body preserved. The S curve of the body ismore accentuated than that of No. i and the flow of the curve is broken by a slight carination immediately below License:

Classical The the handles. buff clay Fig. 3. No. 3 (1:2) fabric is covered with a fine of lustrous red-brown ex The fabric is rather soft and much glaze, of the glaze has for a broad reserved han off. only. cept chipped across the center of The dle zone, rather high conical base and the hemi 2. No. 2 which there is a horizontal lower are of Fig. (1:2) spherical body typical the Protogeo use [7 The is metric bases of similar occur School zigzag. glaze badly period, though shape on the exterior. in the late chipped already Submycenaean period (Hespe The from lower to slightly angular transition ria, VI, 1937, p. 366, fig. 28) and in the earliest occurs on a upper body Submycenaean skyphos Protogeometric period (Kerameikos, I, pi. 30, inv. from the Athenian The Agora (Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 525). solidly glazed body is much more com and on a from Grave 10 in mon in the 366, fig. 28) skyphos Submycenaean period than in the Pro personal the Kerameikos inv. (Kerameikos, I, pi. 22, 425). togeometric period. These comparisons indicate American The latter pot, a skyphos from Grave 1 (Keramei that this vase is transitional in character and kos, I, 23, inv. 513), and a from should be dated to the of the © For pi. skyphos My beginning Protogeo cenae (Schliemann, Mycenae, p. 67, no. 28) also metric period. have the same reserved panel with a horizontal a 4. 1. zigzag line, motive very popular in the Submy Skyphos Fragment. Plate Fig. 4. C-38-619. cenaean Preserved 0.08 m. period. The fragment from Corinth should height, also be to the late assigned Submycenaean period, About one fourth of and one handle earlier than No. 1. body pre perhaps served. Above the handles the sides of the body are rather straight and vertical and there is a 3. Skyphos Fragment. Plate 1. 3. 0-38-552. only Fig. flare to the The fabric is occa 0.161 m. slight lip. buff with Height, sional gray spots in the core. The wide reserved Most one of the base and about third of the panel between the handles is divided into three body preserved. The profile of the body has a gen horizontal zones, of which the wider central band erous S curve which an almost hemi is a flowing gives filled with zigzag line. The vase is covered with THE PRE-GEOMETRIC POTTERY s

black for zone and a good glaze except the handle 5. Jug Fragments. Plate i. C-38-620. on reserved line the interior of the lip. small of and shoulder The shape of the body and the decoration are Only fragments body buff with The typically Protogeometric (cf. Kerameikos, I, pi. preserved. Clay light pink spots. vase is handmade and the interior is ^8, lower left corner; pi. 67, inv. 546; pi. 69, rough, but the exterior is smoothed. The a Grave 18; also Asine, p. 366, fig. 237, and p. 429, fragments indicate rather full A fig. 277; *APX. 'E^., 1914, p. 107, fig. 12; AJA., tall, body. wide shoulder zone is re served XLI, 1937, p. 179, fig. 2). The firm black glaze and is decorated with groups of at least seems to become more common in this re nine a period, superimposed chevrons, probably forming the reddish more placing glaze which had been band of large triangles, below which are two hori usual to this time. zontal lines. up The main part of the body is covered with a streaky glaze varying in color from red brown to black. Towards the base there is another reserved zone. Athens The handmade, glazed jug is unusual in this but the at context, variegated streaky glaze and the are decoration best placed in the Submycenaean period. Similar chevron decorations appear on Submycenaean jugs at the Kerameikos (Keramei kos, I, pi. 14, inv. 490 and 512), on Salamis (Ath. and at Mes Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Mitt., XXXV, 1910, p. 27, fig. 4), senian Pylos ('Ap*. *E1914, p. 107, fig. 11, 10). The latter example seems to be most like the Co Fig. 4. No. 4 (1:2) rinthian sherds.

The pottery just described is all very similar in fabric. The buff,

License: well-levigated Classical clay and the good glaze, varying in tone from red to black, are very close to the later

of local Geometric pottery, and this early ware also seems to be of local manufacture. The were on a only. fragments associated the floor of hut of which the period of occupation can not have certainly been long. The combination of the characteristics of the pottery would make a date in the transitional from the to the Proto use stage Submycenaean period School most for geometric period likely the occupation of the hut. Although this group is as yet an isolated phenomenon at Corinth, its nature is such as to make certain at least the of on beginning habitation the site in this period, roughly the second half of the eleventh B.C. century The circumstances of this find suggest that following the disturbances of

personal the early part of this century, which had destroyed many Mycenaean sites in the Corin American the thia, refugees were re-establishing themselves in the region. Some of them settled

© atFor the base of Acrocorinth, among copious springs, here to found the city of Corinth. The only other Protogeometric vase from the main excavations in Corinth is a fragmentary jug found just to the west of the present museum in disturbed late fill.5

6. Oinochoe Plate i. shoulder. Brown-black on Fragments. C-38-543. Height, glaze lip, lower body, 0.14 m. Diameter of m. and base, 0.051 base; upper half of body preserved and deco A small rated with concentric section including the handle is pre compass-drawn, semicircles, below which are three served from lip to base. Clay buff with a reddish horizontal lines. The handle Low is with tinge. flaring base, bulbous body, high neck covered horizontal bands. at the ribbon to a splaying lip; handle from lip Although only small piece of the mouth is 6 AJA., XLIII, 1939, p. 599, note 1. 6 CORINTH

at the handle the absence sis preserved attachment, jug, the Corinthian example is probably to be of neck and the mouth would indi to any splaying dated the latter part of the Protogeometric pe cate a round mouth rather than a trefoil An riod lip. (Kerameikos, I, p. 160). A jug of similar identical is no. 1081 in the Eleusis jug Museum, shape from the Athenian Agora (Hesperia, VI, illustrated in Like Eleu Keratneikos, I, pi. 48. the x937> P- 367, fig. 30) has a spout at the belly.

In the Corinth Museum there is a group of thirteen small vases of late Proto geometric type which were found in a child's grave. The grave was discovered in 1938 by natives at a place about two miles to the west of the town of Velio in the Corinthia, the of a where meandering the Asopos River had torn down part of its high east bank. The was at about a grave the midpoint of sheer scarp about six metres high. Some small bones of a child were to have been found with the Athens reported pots. at 7. Oinochoe. Plate i. m. 9. i. CP-1896. Height 0.144 Kalathos. Plate CP-1898. Height, 0.062 m. m. Greatest diameter, 0.085 Diameter of lip, 0.12 m. but for one small One Complete body fragment. small lip fragment is missing. Clay buff The is reddish-buff to red. Low truncated to red-buff. clay Small flat bottom, deep shape with

Studies conical more CC-BY-NC-ND. sides near foot, egg-shaped body, high cylindrical flaring that spread rapidly the lip, neck trefoil thick ribbon han which is near slightly concave, lip, bevelled; two holes together lip. dle. Covered with black for Sides streaky glaze except decorated with alternating black and re the handle, bottom of base and three narrow bands served bands which become wider towards the bot the are about middle. There horizontal black bars tom. The upper reserved band is filled with three on the handle. horizontal narrow black bands and the lower re License:

Classical A of similar and size was found at served zone has seven jug shape such bands. The lip is re in a Asine, also child 's grave (Asine, p. 427, fig. served and has short black bars. The of radiating Its more elabo 275). decoration, though slightly interior is solidly glazed.

only. is also limited to a narrow zone at the The Attic are one rate, belly. kalathoi like this in shape, A small trefoil oinochoe of similar but deco but are shape, again they more elaborately decorated rated with concentric occurred in a semicircles, (Kerameikos, I, pis. 71 and 72; other examples use woman's at the School Kerameikos were grave (Kerameikos, I, found in Protogeometric graves in the Athe inv. All of these small oinochoai are nian pi. 67, 755). Agora). The shape apparently was invented of late date. at Protogeometric the end of the Protogeometric period and car over ried into the Geometric period. 8. 1. Pyxis. Plate CP-1897. Height, 0.09 m. Great est 0.08 m. personal diameter, 10. Multiple Miniature Hydriai. Plate 1. CP

American 1899. of 0.067 m. Greatest di Whole. Light buff well Low Height right jug, clay, levigated. m. with rather tran ameter, 0.052 © For ring foot, egg-shaped body sharp sition to small mouth with wide shoulder, flaring Fragment of lip of each hydria missing, also two holes on sides of The at one more lip, single opposite lip. least jug. Clay pinkish-buff, well levi is covered with a thin in color pot glaze, varying gated. Two hydriai with globular bodies, crude from brown to for four narrow bands black, except ring feet, flaring mouths, joined at mid-body and about the middle. connected a at a by hole; join for least third jug The differs from Attic in hav shape examples preserved. Bottom of second jug ca. 0.007m a marked shoulder and a rather than end one. ing high belly above Exterior covered with black glaze the usual in from the Kera on egg shape examples except for shoulder panel front of each hydria meikos inv. and the which with (Kerameikos, I, pi. 73, 575) is filled crosshatched hourglass pat Athenian Agora. The decoration with reserved tern; horizontal bars on back handles. bands is much than that of other exam vase simpler The is unique, but similar multiple vases ples. are not unknown. Vase no. 12944 in the National THE PRE-GEOMETRIC POTTERY 7

at Athens is a of four 14. 2. Museum group lekythoi, Handmade Bowl. Plate CP-1903. Height, in a row. The is m. m. similarly joined hydria shape 0.055 Diameter of lip, 0.106 known in the late (Hesperia, Mycenaean period Whole. Clay brownish-buff, gritty. Flattened X, 1941, p. 8, fig. 7) and in the Protogeometric bottom, high sides, flat cut-off Un in a few examples from Attica (Keramei flaring lip. period incisions on kos, I, p. 152, pis. 45, inv. 587, and 46, inv. 195; glazed, lip. This bowl and No. 15 are similar to bowls Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 368, fig. 31) ; there are also found in tombs at Asine some early miniature hydriai from Mycenae (Ti Protogeometric (Asine, p. or 427, 275; ryns, I, p. 157, fig. 21). The hourglass butterfly fig. p. 430, fig. 282). pattern in a panel is rare until the subsequent Geometric but it does occur once at 15. 2. early period, Handmade Bowl. Plate CP-1904. Height, the Kerameikos inv. m. (Kerameikos, I, pi. 41, 596) 0.03 Diameter of lip, 0.087 m and also at Asine (Asine, p. 429, fig. 277). Whole. Clay buff, gritty. Small concave bot Athens 1. tom, sides, bevelled one 11. Miniature Jug. Plate CP-1900. Height, wide-flaring lip, suspen sion hole near m. Greatest m. pierced surface at 0.055 diameter, 0.043 lip. Unglazed, smoothed. Most of lip missing. Dark buff clay. Small rough bottom, globular body, almost no neck and 16. Handmade Miniature Jug. Plate 2. CP-1905. a wide flaring lip. Exterior covered with streaky Height, 0.06 m. Greatest diameter, 0.047 m black glaze, except for handle which is decorated Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. with horizontal bars. Whole. Clay light buff, slightly gritty. Globu no lar body, base, small neck, wide-splaying lip, 1. 12. One-handled Cup. Plate CP-1901. Height, thick band handle. Unglazed, surface smoothed. m- m 0.039 Greatest diameter, 0.063 Such small handmade jugs or aryballoi occur frequently throughout the Geometric and subse Handle and few lip fragments missing. Light

License: buff Small flat wide low with quent periods (Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 86, XVII, Classical clay. bottom, body 22). The vases from this grave are among the ear slight contraction at shoulder, offset flaring lip, one

of liest of this an from the Athenian strap handle. Wide handle zone decorated with op shape; example P same of five lines in Agora, 6843, is of the period. only. posed groups parallel oblique lines, each group; triangles between groups of lines 2. glazed solidly, as are also the lower body and the 17. Handmade Miniature Jug. Plate CP-1906.

use interior. m. m? Height, 0.052 Greatest diameter, 0.037 School This type of cup belongs to the end of the Whole. Clay pinkish-buff, slightly gritty. Like Protogeometric period and the early Geometric pe No. 16 in shape and finish. riod (cf. 21, also Kerameikos, I, pi. 33, inv. 582). The decorative motive appears at the Kerameikos 2. already in the Submycenaean period (Kerameikos, 18. Handmade Miniature Jug. Plate CP-1907. personal I, pi. 11, inv. 503), but it is most common in the Height, 0.038 m. Greatest diameter, 0.033 m.

American developed Protogeometric style (Kerameikos, I, Whole. Clay pinkish-buff, gritty. Globular pis. 51, 60, 72, and 73). © For no body, almost neck, splayed lip, small handle. Unglazed, fine incised vertical lines cut surface 13. Handmade Plate 2. CP-1902. Pyxis. Height, into melon two horizontal incised lines m- sections; 0.097 Greatest diameter, 0.091 m. just below the handle and near the bottom. of shoulder and 22 Large piece lip missing. Clay Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 86, XVII, also has light buff to pinkish, gritty. Small flat low base, incised decoration. globular body, small vertical neck, vertically bored on either side. surface lugs Unglazed, smoothed, 19. Handmade Miniature Pre incisions on Jug. CP-1908. lip. served m. vase height, 0.042 This is perhaps a coarse version of the covered "stamnoi" with one similarly bored vertical Neck, handle, and about third of body from lugs Tiryns (Tiryns, I, p. 156, fig. 19; pi. preserved. Clay greenish-buff, gritty. Shape and XVI, 12). surface like No. 16. 8 CORINTH

The grave from which these thirteen vases were taken seems to belong to the very end of the Protogeometric period, perhaps to the second half of the tenth century B.C. a The nineteen vases just catalogued, together with a Protogeometric jug found in Roman tomb at Corinth,6 form the scant evidence we have so far for the occupation of Corinth and the Corinthia during the late eleventh and the tenth centuries B.C. How ever, this group of vases is so consistent in all of its characteristics and is so much like manu the subsequent Corinthian Geometric fabric that itmust be considered as of local facture. From the evidence available, it does not appear to be more than a provincial offshoot from Attica or the Argolid at this time. Yet even at the beginning the Corin thian potters were creating a distinct local product, for which it is difficult to find exact parallels. Since this is the first group of vases of this period to be reported from this Athens region, it has been necessary to make comparisons with and to date the vases by the at better-known Attic and Argive fabrics. The consistently buff, well-levigated biscuit and the good glaze, red or mottled in the earliest examples and black in the developed Proto geometric period, are characteristic of the ware. The repertory of shapes and ornaments is limited as yet. Skyphoi and jugs appear in the earliest group; the shapes from the Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. child's grave are a faint reflection of those common in Attica at the end of the Proto geometric period. Zigzags, chevrons, concentric semicircles, horizontal bands, oblique lines and the hourglass motive, all very simple geometric patterns, complete the reper tory of designs. There are as yet no examples from Corinth of the light-ground vases common in Attica down to the late The earliest Nos.

License: Protogeometric period. skyphoi, Classical i on to 4, carry the use of body glaze or wash which was in use already at the end of the of Mycenaean period in the Corinthia.7 The group of handmade vases is important, for

only. seem the vases certainly to be of local fabric. They are very early in date and it seems probable that the so-called "monochrome Argive" vases are in part of Corinthian manu

use facture. Such vases continued to be made in quantity at Corinth for several centuries. School This small but consistent group of vases forms the basis of a Corinthian Proto geometric style; it is possible now to assign to this class a few vases found outside the Corinthia. The three vases from Tomb P.G. 25 at Asine, now in the Nauplia Mu are so much vases in are at same seum, like the Corinthian clay and glaze, and the time personal quite different from other Protogeometric vases from the Argolid, that they most prob American ably come from the Corinthian factory. A fourth vase, another oinochoe from Asine © For which is not published (Nauplia Museum no. 2913) is also of the same fabric. There is thus some evidence of a limited export of Corinthian ware to the immediate vicinity even at this early period. There is as yet no evidence of imported vases at Corinth at this time.

8 T AJA., XXXV, 1931, p. 426, fig. 3. Biegen, Korakou, p. 71, fig. 103. CHAPTER II

The Early Geometric Pottery

THE Geometric period, beginning in Greece at about the end of the tenth century so more B.C./ is far fully represented by material remains at Corinth than was the preceding period. From the Early Geometric period, which covers the ninth century B.C., there are forty-nine well-preserved vases that were found within the limits of the classical city of Corinth. A few more examples from the Corinthia belong to the same The vases all come as we no con group. from graves, and yet have information or cerning the location nature of the settlement of this period, except what can be de Athens duced from the position and contents of the graves. at At the beginning of the series of Early Geometric vases from Corinth belongs a group of two vases found in a child's grave in 1933. The grave was located in the wagon road which runs northwards from the village of Old Corinth just to the east of the Asklepieion, at the northern edge of the classical city. The grave was formed of a small Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. stone sarcophagus set into a pit and covered with a stone slab.

2. 20. Oinochoe. Plate C-33-1439. Height, 0.203 belong in the transitional stage from the Proto m. m. Greatest diameter, 0.134 geometric period to the Geometric period. One License: body fragment missing. Clay pinkish 21. One-handled 2. Classical Cup. Plate C-33-1440. Height, buff, well levigated. Low foot, biconical splaying 0.048 m. Greatest 0.086 m. with carination at thick neck diameter, of body slight middle, concave with slightly sides, trefoil lip, ribbon han Whole. Light pinkish-buff clay. Slightly con only. cave convex dle. Exterior covered with fine, lustrous red-brown bottom, low wide body with full sides, glaze, except for zone below handle with reserved low offset lip, ribbon handle. All but the handle band filled with and flanked two nar and a reserved line on the is covered with an

use zigzags by lip

School row a reserved lines on either side. Horizontal bars excellent, deep red-brown glaze which has metal on handle. lic lustre. Horizontal bars on handle. The shape and decoration of this oinochoe Two very similar cups were found in the ear are closely paralleled by one from the Kerameikos liest Geometric graves in the Kerameikos (Arch. (Kerameikos, I, pi. 73, inv. 574) which is dated to Anz., 1934, col. 241, fig. 27; Kerameikos, I, pi.

personal the very end of the Protogeometric period. An 33). The first of these cups was found together other vase same comes

American an similar, from the cemetery with oinochoe similar to No. 20. Both cups from a grave of the earliest Geometric period have a much more pronounced lip than the Corin © For (Arch. Anz., 1934, col. 240, fig. 27). A third simi thian example. These cups appear at the begin was one a lar jug found in of the Early Geometric ning of series which continues throughout the graves on the north slope of the Areiopagos Geometric period. Like the oinochoe found with (C.VA., Greece I, iii H d, pi. 2, 4). The oinochoe it, this cup would also date the grave in which it was ca. from Corinth is to be dated in the very beginning found to the earliest Geometric period, of the Early Geometric period, but it may even 900 B.C. 1 Heurtley in Q.D.A.P., IV, 1935, p. 181 ; also Kahane in AJA., XLIV, 1940, p. 481. 10 CORINTH

The largest group of Early Geometric vases found at Corinth, consisting of thirty two pots, was discovered by accident by an inhabitant of the village of Old Corinth. The pottery was revealed in the summer of 1928 while he was sinking a well shaft at a point along the northern edge of the ancient city near where the Lechaion Road, and probably earlier roads also, descended into the coastal plain. The vases, found at a depth of about five metres from the surface, were removed by the workmen and only later was the spot investigated by George Kachros, guard of the Corinth Museum, who vases seem reported that the to belong to one burial. However, it remains possible that two adjacent graves might have been disturbed in the operations. The vases are all Early Geometric and the internal evidence would not seem to preclude the possibility that come from one Geometric even num they grave. graves containing considerably larger Athens bers of vases are known, such as the Isis Grave from Eleusis. The presence in the group at of the large coarse hydria, No. 53, is a good confirmation of the fact that we have to do a with grave, for such vases have been found only in Geometric graves at Corinth and there is a large group of them from such graves.

22. 2. m. Oinochoe. Plate W-20. Height, 0.265 body to wide shoulder, thin cylindrical neck, tre Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Greatest diameter, 0.184 m. foil lip, ribbon handle. Three reserved bands at x outer edge of shoulder; panel with at top of Whole. Clay light buff with greenish tinge, some handle, horizontal lines below; rest of vase cov impurities. Low ring foot, egg-shaped body, ered with glaze varying from light red to black, rather tall cylindrical neck, trefoil lip, ribbon han much chipped, many marks. dle from lip to shoulder. Three reserved bands on firing The fabric does not seem to be License: middle band hatched with lines Corinthian, Classical upper body, but it resembles that of numerous vases in painted with dilute horizontal bars on han Argive glaze, the Museum. The in

of shown dle, rest of covered with brownish-black Nauplia jug Tiryns, I, body is to most of which has off. pi. XIV, 6, similar this jug in both fabric and

only. glaze, chipped decoration. The shape differs slightly from No. 20; the foot is a little the is rather lower, body egg-shaped 25. m. Oinochoe. Plate 3. W-8. Height, 0.267 use than biconical, the neck is somewhat taller and

School Greatest m. narrower. diameter, 0.196

Several body fragments and half of lip and 23. Oinochoe. Plate 3. W-14. 0.256 m. neck restored. Pinkish Height, buff clay, well levigated. Greatest diameter, 0.18 m. Large low ring foot, globular body, high cylindri cal trefoil ribbon handle. Decoration of Body fragments and much of base restored. neck, lip, personal and handle like No. Glaze dark red Clay light buff, pink core, well levigated. Small body 24. American low much ring foot, ovoid body, wide shoulders, high brown, chipped, large firing spots. narrow neck with concave trefoil ribbon The is characteristic of a num © For sides, lip, globular body ber of oinochoai in the Geometric series at handle. Decoration like No. 22, with zigzag in Early to which there seems to be no middle reserved band; glaze mottled dark and Corinth, good paral lel in other Geometric fabrics. rotund light red-brown, much chipped. Early Full, The forms are usual the Geometric greatest circumference comes higher on throughout period at Corinth and are not more the body of the vase than does that of No. 22 and they displaced by svelte forms until this vase has a more definite shoulder. The foot is the Orientalizing period in the lower than that of No. 22. seventh century.

24. Oinochoe. Plate 26. Oinochoe. Plate m. 3. W-26. Height, 0.26 m. 3. W-5. Height, 0.248 Greatest diameter, 0.186 m. Greatest diameter, 0.174 m. Whole. Reddish-buff Several clay, slight impurities. body fragments missing. Light buff Wide low rather transition from some ring foot, sharp clay, greenish tinge; impurities. Low ring THE EARLY GEOMETRIC POTTERY n

concave foot, globular body, high, thin neck with and bottom of the panel by short vertical bars. re sides, trefoil lip, ribbon handle. Three thin On the jug also there are now two groups of three on served lines just below handle, horizontal bars reserved lines running around the body, one below handle, rest of vase covered with black, metallic the handle and the other near the base. The han glaze, badly chipped. dle is decorated with a double-lined x near the top and horizontal lines below. The glaze is variegated m. brown to black and some of it is off. 27. Oinochoe. Plate 4. W-7. Height, 0.246 chipped use Greatest diameter, 0.175 m. The of short bars at the apices of the zig zags is typically Corinthian and is not frequent Body fragments restored. Clay light buff, elsewhere. Vertical bands of zigzags with such Foot and like No. 26, neck lower pink tinge. body apex bars occur on a of Boeotian fabric now and pyxis thicker. Decoration like No. 26. Lustrous in Berlin (Jahrbuch, III, 1888, p. 353, fig. 31). black glaze with few red spots, much chipped. The multiplication of the groups of reserved lines on the body, which begins here, continues until Athens 28. Oinochoe. Plate 4. W-21. 0.297 m. the a Height, system of banding large part of the body m. Greatest diameter, 0.228 becomes The wide-bottomed is less at popular. shape in the Corinthian fabric than in other Geo Whole. Light buff clay. Low ring foot, bulb frequent ous metric wares. A much like this one and ovoid body, very low cylindrical neck, trefoil jug very on also of local Corinthian make was found lip, ribbon handle. Reserved decorated panel probably re at in the Corinthia front of neck opposite handle consists of five Zygouries (Biegen, Zygouries, one p. 174, 171). Similar vases in other fabrics Studies served wide middle band filled with fig. CC-BY-NC-ND. bands, occur in Crete (BJSA., four parallel horizontal zigzags, two narrow un XXIX, 1927-28, pi. VII, derrated bands above and below the central 2) and in the Athenian Agora (Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 32, 31). band. Three reserved lines on body just below fig. handle, handle decorated with double-lined x near 30. Oinochoe. Plate 4. W-6. 0.23 m. top and horizontal bars below. Body glaze brown Height, Greatest m. License: much off in circle on diameter, 0.163 Classical black, chipped except large front of vase where is well One glaze very preserved. large fragment of lip missing. Fine clay, of The filled with here for buff panel zigzags appears light with pinkish tone. Shape very similar the first time in the Geometric when to No. Neck differs from No. in only. Early period, 29. panel 29 only it became it is seen on nu the number of rapidly very popular; zigzags, of which there are only merous below. The of horizontal three on this examples group example. Vase covered with grayish

use in a zigzags panel is certainly the most popular black glaze, on one side. On School considerably chipped on decorative motive the Corinthian Early Geo the handle from the top down there is first a hori metric on later Geometric wares it is a ware; much zontal line, then panel with an x, three more less common. The same motive is used on other horizontal lines, a double-lined x and six bars to Early Geometric fabrics, but not to the same extent the bottom. as at Corinth A (Kerameikos, I, pi. 73, inv. 412; very similar Attic jug is no. 808 in the

personal 1 C.VA., Greece I, iii H d, pis. and 2; Tiryns, I, Eleusis Museum.

American pi. XIV; D?los, XV, pis. XII, XXVII, XXVIII; B.S.A., XXIX, 1927-28, VII, 2; AJA., XLIV, 31. Oinochoe. Plate 5. W-2. 0.266 m. © For pi. Height, 2 For Greatest m. 1940, pi. XVII, and 3). similar shape and diameter, 0.188 decoration see Nos. 55 and 56. Piece of base missing. Clay light greenish buff, slight impurities. Shape like No. 30; decora 29. Oinochoe. Plate W-22. m. 4. Height, 0.294 tion like No. 28. Black glaze, badly chipped. Greatest diameter, 0.197 m. 32. Oinochoe. Plate 5. W-24. 0.146 m. Whole. Light pinkish-buff clay. Low, wide Height, Greatest diameter, 0.13 m. flat bottom with rounded edge; body profile flares from contraction of wide only slightly base, sharp Whole. Fine light buff clay. Very wide, low concave trefoil wide shoulder; high, slightly neck, lip, foot; low, body with sharp diminution of ribbon handle. Same decorative motive as on No. small shoulder, cylindrical neck, trefoil lip, ribbon but here the has five lines and handle. Neck 28, panel zigzag panel with five zigzags, here two re the of the outer lines are to the served vertical on apices joined top lines either side of panel as well 12 CORINTH

as lines above and below it. Very short bars at 35. Amphora. Plate 6. W-27. Height, 0.293 m. some of the which not Greatest 0.20 m. apices do touch the panel diameter, edge. Four reserved lines around middle of body. x Whole. Light greenish-buff clay, slightly im Panel with at about middle of handle, four tri pure. Small ring foot, ovoid body, high cylindrical angles thus formed in panel filled with two chev neck, rounded ribbon handles from up rons in each; horizontal bars above and below flaring lip, per neck to shoulder. Reserved zone around body Dark gray metallic one red panel. glaze; spot. below handles divided into a wide middle band The is and is not squat shape ill-proportioned and two narrow bands above and below. Middle common. The lines on the sides of the neck panel band filled with of occur in this and become a opposed groups parallel oblique frequently period regu with seven to nine lines in each Hori lar of shoulder in the later Geometric lines, group. part panels on zontal bars the handles. Black glaze, badly period. chipped. There is only one other Early Geometric am 33. Oinochoe. Plate 5. W-25. Height, 0.138 m. phora from Corinth (No. 58). One Late Geometric

Athens Greatest 0.112 m. diameter, was amphora found in the North Cemetery (Art and at Whole. but the Light buff clay with slight impurities. Archaeology, XXXI, 1931, p. 159), Low is rare at as with foot, bulbous body, low cylindrical neck, tre shape very Corinth compared foil other sites. The is that Proto lip, ribbon handle. Neck panel as in No. 32, shape like of Late but with no and the earliest Geometric four zigzags and bars at apices. Four geometric very ampho of on ras from the Kerameikos groups three reserved lines the body. Handle (Kerameikos, I, pis. 33 and Studies decorated like No. Metallic dark Arch. col. and CC-BY-NC-ND. 32. gray and 34; Anz., 1934, 241, fig. 27) brown from Eleusis glaze. (AJA., XLIV, 1940, p. 481, pi. The system of decoration is like Nos. 54, 67, XVIII, 1). Earlier uses of the decorative motive and the have been discussed under No. 12. It Corinthian oinochoe from Megara (Plate already ap 11). An oinochoe with similar decoration from pears in the Argolid also in the Early Geometric Both the Goluchow (C.VA., Poland I, iii C, pi. 6, 1) is period (Tiryns, I, pi. XIV, 7). shape and

License: called in Greek the decoration to the earliest Classical Protocorinthian, following Beazley belong Geometric Vases in 1. Poland, p. From the description of the period. of fabric and from the decoration, it is probable that this vase is of Corinthian in which 36. Krater. Plate 6. m. Diame only. manufacture, W-9. Height, 0.19 case it ter would belong to this series of Early Geo of lip, 0.229 m. metric oinochoai. The is different from the shape Few of and

use chips lip body gone. pink examples known at Corinth, but there is consider Deep School ish-buff Broad low able of these oinochoai. A clay. splayed base, cylindrical variety shape among with at similar stand large rib center, wide-flaring bowl jug from Eleusis is dated by Kahane in with shoulder, low splayed lip, horizontal rolled the early part of the ninth century (AJA., XLIV, handles on shoulder. Reserved on shoulder 1940, p. 481, pi. XVII, 3). panels between handles filled with four horizontal zigzags with short bars at a few personal very of the apices; three 34. Oinochoe. Plate 6. W-23. m. Height, 0.238 vertical lines on either side of and three American panel Greatest diameter, 0.169 m. horizontal lines below. Reserved line on outside of

© For one on Lip partly restored. Fine light buff clay. lip and inside filled with groups of short Broad low rather foot, low bulbous body, high thin vertical lines. Three reserved lines at edge of base. trefoil neck, lip, ribbon handle. Neck panel like The fabric is much deeper in color than the No. Three reserved 31. bands around body below usual Corinthian ware and it resembles more the handle. Panel with x double-lined near top of Cycladic fabrics, to one of which the vase may be handle, horizontal bars above and below. Glaze long. I know of no close parallel to this vase, but varies from dark to are vases gray red-brown, chipped. there two of somewhat similar shape and The of shape the oinochoe is closely paralleled decoration. One of these is an Early Geometric vase two by oinochoai of Early Geometric date from from the Isis Grave at Eleusis (C.V.A., Greece I, Eleusis 1 (AJA., XLIV, 1940, p. 481, pi. XVII, iii H d, pi. 6, 5) and the other is an Attic bowl and and 2) the scheme of decoration on both of from Thera (Ath. Mitt., XXVIII, 1903, Beil. the Eleusinian vases is similar to that on the jug XXV, 1). The decoration with the suggestion of from Corinth. bars at the apices is typically Corinthian, and THE EARLY GEOMETRIC POTTERY 13

a vase there remains possibility that the may be shoulder contraction, low splayed rim, horizontal of local make despite the dark fabric. A krater rolled handles. Reserved zone between handles from Delos has a base similar to the one on this consists of five reserved bands, middle band widest vase and filled with Most of (D?los, XV, pi. XIX, i). zigzag. dark brown glaze chipped off. 37. Plate 7.W-i. less cover, 0.196 The of the Pyxis. Height shape vase, with the exception of m. Greatest diameter, 0.242 m. the low ring foot, is similar to the Protogeometric The decoration is also most usual in the Several small body fragments restored. Light skyphoi. as on No. under which greenish-buff clay, some impurities. Low ring foot, Protogeometric period, 4 are cited. The vase at the bulbous body, rounded lip and ledge for cover, many parallels belongs of a series of which horizontal rolled handles rising almost vertically, beginning skyphoi probably from the or cover with high knob, two sets of two holes each in developed Protogeometric skyphoi cover cover on rather feet. The foot was re both and ledge. Reserved panels be cups high high the low foot at tween handles filled with meanders, two reserved placed by ring the end of the Pro

Athens and the low-footed form was lines above and below each panel. Three reserved togeometric period used lines on middle of cover and reserved lines around almost exclusively in the Early Geometric at The is to be dated to the of knob. Glaze red-brown, almost all chipped off. period. pot beginning vase the Geometric The is unique at Corinth, but similar period. covered vases have been found elsewhere. The 39. Plate 7. m. earliest is the late Protogeometric "Eimer" from Skyphos. W-29. Height, 0.085 the Greatest diameter, 0.142 m. Kerameikos (Kerameikos, I, pi. 50, inv. 599). Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. This Corinthian which is Geomet Fine example, Early Whole. light buff clay. Low splayed foot, ric, is next in date. Still later are an from rather full concave example high body, low rim slightly (Tiryns, I, two Theran Tiryns pi. XIX, 5), pyx offset from body, horizontal rolled handles. Re ides 1 (Ath. Mitt., XXVIII, 1903, Beil. VIII, and served line on the and three reserved lines be a lip 2), and Late Geometric example from Thebes tween the handles. Greenish-black glaze, badly (Vases This is the License: sicyoniens, p. 6, pi. Ill, 1).

Classical chipped. first, and the earliest, we have The is lower perhaps example shape in proportion to the width seen of the use of the meander at Corinth.

of The than is that of No. 38. The foot is like form is a as splayed simple hatched meander such came the latest feet of vases.

only. splayed Protogeometric into use at the very of the Geometric The a beginning decoration is simplification of that on No. inv. period (Kerameikos, I, pi. 35, 234). 38. use

School 38. Plate 0.11 Skyphos. 7. Fig. 5.W-13. Height, 40. Skyphos. Plate 7.W-4. Height, 0.10 m. Great m. Greatest diameter, 0.16 m. est diameter, 0.148 m. Rim and one handle restored. Fine fragments Few and base buff Low full with body fragments missing. Light light clay. ring foot, high body buff Small clay. ring foot, large full body, low off set rim, horizontal rolled handles. Reserved line on personal interior and exterior of lip, rest covered with well American preserved black glaze.

© For The vase is slightly lower in proportion than No. but not so low as 38, No. 39. Solidly glazed were usual in the skyphoi Submycenaean period, but became uncommon they in the Protogeometric There is a period. good series of such skyphoi from the Early Geometric period.

41. Skyphos. Plate 7. W-12. Height, 0.067 m. Greatest diameter, 0.112 m. Whole. buff Light clay. Low ring foot, low full body, offset flaring rim, horizontal rolled han dles. Reserved line around exterior and interior of :. 5. No. (1:2 rim. Glaze 38 deep brown and black, well preserved. 14 CORINTH

The shape of this example is considerably 45. Skyphos. Plate 8. W-io. Height, 0.076 m. lower than No. 39 and the width is almost twice Greatest diameter, 0.186 m. a the height, proportion which is maintained for One vertical handle and a few small body the rest of this period. fragments missing. Deep pinkish-buff clay. Low ring foot, low wide-flaring body, offset concave 42. Skyphos. Plate 7. W-15. 0.065 m. Height, rim, flat horizontal rolled handles with wide Greatest m. lip, diameter, 0.115 on band handles to rim. Groups of short bars lip, two reserved lines on with mean Whole. Light reddish-buff clay. Low ring foot, rim, large panel ders between four vertical reserved lines wide-flaring side, low offset splayed rim, horizon handles, on tal rolled handles. Reserved line on exterior and sides of panel and four horizontal lines below interior of rim, round reserved spot on bottom of panel. Horizontal handles decorated with vertical interior. Glaze lustrous dark brown-black, well bars between horizontal lines, vertical handles cov ered with three vertical lines at center and preserved. zigzag an horizontal bars above and below. On interior are Athens The body flares from base to handles in as reserved concentric circles on bottom and a almost straight line, compared with the full eight at convex curve in of three more reserved bands at about the previous examples. group middle of the bowl. m. The fabric is not Corinthian and 43. Skyphos. Plate 8. W-28. Height, 0.065 apparently m. the vase is of Attic make. This is Greatest diameter, 0.107 probably per use com haps the earliest example of the of a Whole. buff Low full Studies

CC-BY-NC-ND. foot, Light clay. ring posite handle of this type on a Geometric vase, and body with shoulder contraction, a use on a sharp splayed unique instance of its skyphos. This rim, horizontal rolled handles. Reserved line on soon on type of handle became common large three reserved lines between handles, rest cov as lip, kraters such No. 73, for which other parallels ered with black metallic are glaze. cited. This type of handle is much more com The decoration is like No. 39, but here it oc mon on Corinthian kraters than on vases of other

License: curs on a vase of much lower The rim Classical proportions. fabrics. With the exception of the handle, the vase is and has a wider flare than on is some higher previous like Early Geometric skyphoi from Attica of examples. (C.V.A., Greece I, iii H d, pi. I, 2). only. 44. Plate 8. m. m. Skyphos. W-30. Height, 0.074 46. Plate. Plate 8. W-31. Height, 0.07 Diame Greatest 0.112 m. ter diameter, at handles, 0.213 m. use

School Whole. buff with Light clay slight impurities. Whole. Light pinkish-buff clay. Low flat foot, Low bulbous low splayed foot, squat body, flaring wide-flaring body, flat rim, wide ledge handles vertical thick ribbon handles. Reserved line on lip, tapering off around sides of bowl, one handle inside horizontal bars on rest cov of lip, handles, pierced with two holes. Lines and dots on rim and ered with a metallic brownish-black very good handles; five reserved bands on lower body, middle

personal glaze. band wider and filled with three zigzag bands; The with vertical handles is rare as double-lined cross in circle on bottom with dots American skyphos with the with horizontal handles. compared type between lines, each angle around cross filled with © OneFor other which be Corinthian was example may three chevrons. Black glaze much chipped off. found in a tomb at was Zygouries (Biegen, Zygouries, The plate obviously meant to be hung A vase of similar was p. 175, fig. 172). shape with the decorated under side facing outwards. found in a of the earliest Geometric grave period The scheme of decorating the exterior of bowls is at the Kerameikos col. seen on a (Arch. Anz., 1934, 241, fig. already Protogeometric plate from the Vases of similar but with a 27). shape, high Kerameikos (Kerameikos, I, pi. 52). Such plates come from Grave 20 on splayed foot, Protogeometric decorated the exterior are very popular in Late at the Kerameikos inv. (Kerameikos, I, pi. 70, Geometric fabrics, particularly in Attica (Hespe from 730), Tiryns (Tiryns, I, p. 153, fig. 15), ria, Suppl. II, p. 205) and in the Cyclades (D?los, and from the Athenian Agora (Hesperia, II, 1933, XV, pi. XXXIII). This is the earliest example A similar of later date from are p. 553, fig. 11, 2). skyphos Corinth, but there Late Geometric plates from Thera Beil. (Ath. Mitt., XXVIII, 1903, from the North Cemetery and from the Potters' XXXIII, 7) is said to be Corinthian. Quarter at Corinth. The use of rows of dots be THE EARLY GEOMETRIC POTTERY 15

tween lines is the rest of the decoration is less coarse and the bowl more unusual; is carefully consists of common motives. formed.

m. 51. Handmade Plate 47. Plate. Plate 8. W-n. Height, 0.06 Diame Jug. 9. W-17. Height, 0.127 m. m. Greatest m. ter of lip, 0.154 diameter, 0.124 Whole. buff Complete. Light pinkish-buff clay. Low ring Coarse, light clay. Small flat small low foot, wide-flaring body, very slight contraction to bottom, globular body, cylindrical neck, band flat lip, horizontal loop handles with out-turned wide-flaring lip, handle. Unglazed, surface smoothed. ends at the lip. Handles and top of lip covered The is than similar with short bars, three reserved lines around body jug larger jugs Nos. 16 to below rest of Late date. Most it are just lip, covered with brown-black glaze, 19 Protogeometric like incised concentric circles on under side of base. Nos. 66 and 89, also a little smaller. The plate with reflex handles ismore like later 52. Handmade Plate W-16. Athens Geometric plates than is No. 46. This shape re Pyxis. 9. Height, m. Greatest m. mains standard subsequently, but the foot is un 0.109 diameter, 0.098 at usual in late which have flat examples, usually Body fragments restored, knob of cover miss bottoms. Coarse ing. greenish-buff clay. Flat base, slightly raised, bulbous wide low 48. Plate 8. 0.116 m. body, neck, wide-flaring Jug. W-3. Height, Greatest horizontal mouth, rolled handles rising vertically diameter, 0.10 m. from shoulder, flat cover with knob.

Studies Unglazed, CC-BY-NC-ND. Most of surface somewhat smoothed. lip and piece of neck gone. Light buff some A somewhat similar handmade but hav clay, impurities. Broad low ring foot, globu jug, also a third handle and breast-like lar body, high narrow cylindrical neck, wide flat ing pellets like band the No. was found at Eleusis lip, handle. Neck striped horizontally, three hydria 53, ('E

School mid-body, 20, 1932, 5 p. 276, fig. middle). dle from lip to shoulder. Two small breast-like pellets on front of shoulder. surface 49. Miniature Plate 8. Unglazed, Jug. W-19. Height, 0.058 smoothed. m. m. Greatest diameter, 0.051 Such handmade occur hydriai often just out Small side Corinthian Geometric Nos. lip fragment missing. Clay light green graves. 77, 82, personal ish-buff. Low and 86 were all found in the western of the ring foot, globular body, low cylin part American drical at Corinth. are like this but neck, vertical band handle. Vase glazed Agora They hydria, all of them are from ten to twelve centimetres

© For above mid-body, glaze badly chipped. than it. There are numerous higher similar hydriai 50. Handmade from the Geometric graves in the North Bowl. Plate 8. W-18. Height, Cemetery at Corinth Art 0.042 m. Diameter of m (AJA., XXXIV, 1930, p. 411; lip, 0.089 and Archaeology, XXIX, 1930, p. 199, fig. 4). Whole. Rather buff Hemi All coarse, light clay. of these examples seem to be of Late Geometric surface somewhat smoothed on ex while this one spherical bowl, date, must be Early Geometric. The terior. Two holes near of this vase pierced lip. Unglazed. body is more globular than the later The bowl is similar to No. 15, but the fabric hydriai.

The vases from this all to the thirty-two group belong Early Geometric period; most of those that are datable can be to the assigned early part of this period. The date for the if it is one is the first half of suggested grave, just grave, the ninth century B.C. i6 CORINTH

The second large group of Early Geometric pottery from Corinth was found in 1898 and 1899 in the excavation to the north of the Fountain of Peirene.2 Of the sixteen vases which comprised this group, four were found in 1898 and the rest in the following year. From the account of the discovery it is not clear whether the vases were from one was or two burials, but only one sarcophagus ismentioned. The first group of four vases found to the northeast of the sarcophagus, the second group of twelve vases was found to the southwest of the sarcophagus, apparently very close to it.8 It seems most prob able, both from the report and from the evidence of the vases themselves, that we have to do with vases from a single burial. Of the original sixteen vases, thirteen have been located and re-photographed and are catalogued below. Athens 54. Oinochoe. Plate 9. AJA., IX, 1905, pi. XII, horizontal bars on handle. Vase covered with gray Bi. m- Greatest ish-black most of which has off. at CP-859. Height, 0.33s diameter, glaze, chipped Q.266m. The filling of the neck panel is exactly like that on the oinochoe from Plate n. The Few small restored. Buff Megara, body fragments clay seen lines at the apices of the zigzags have been with greenish-gray cast, slight Low impurities. on Nos. 29, 30, 32, and and bulbous small low 36 they appear again ring foot, body, cylindrical in the Geometric on No. 61. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. on Early period neck, trefoil lip, ribbon handle. Reserved panel front of neck filled with three horizontal zigzags 56. Oinochoe. Plate 9. AJA., IX, 1905, pi. XIII, and framed by reserved lines; three groups of B2; Necrocorinthia, p. 3, iA; Protokorin three reserved lines around body, horizontal bars fig. thische Vasenmalerei, I, 1. CP-863. on handle. Rest of vase covered with black glaze, pi. Height, m. Greatest m. much of which has off. As on No. 28, there 0.322 diameter, 0.232

License: chipped Classical is a circle of this time large well-preserved glaze, Complete. Fine light buff clay, slightly pink at on the side of the of the vase rather than on core. of body Low ring foot, ovoid body, rather high cylin the front. These circles are due to a difference of drical neck, trefoil lip, band handle. Reserved only. most contact with another on firing caused likely by panel front of neck filled with five zigzag lines, vase in kiln. the two reserved lines above and below panel, group of The trefoil oinochoai are char four reserved lines around below use large globular body handle, School acteristic of the Corinthian Early Geometric pe horizontal bars on handle. Glaze dark reddish and seem to be a local after the riod development brown to black, somewhat chipped. Geometric had become established. Early period The body is more ovoid than globular; it is The fine Corinthian oinochoe from Megara shown taller and thinner than Nos. 54 and 55. Such a on Plate 11 is of same and has simi the type very tendency is noticeable in the Megara oinochoe, but

personal lar decoration. Such globular oinochoai are not it is carried farther here. The neck is taller too, as found in other Geometric wares. American in the Megara oinochoe. The single group of four reserved bands is seen on No. 32 also, but it is © For unusual. 55. Oinochoe. Plate 9. AJA., IX, 1905, pi. XII, m. A2. CP-862. Height, 0.294 Greatest diameter, m. 0.236 57. Oinochoe. Plate 9. AJA., IX, 1905, pi. XV, B3. CP-858. Height, 0.29 m. Greatest diameter, Numerous fragments of body and lip restored. 0.195 m. Light buff clay. Shape like No. 54, but slightly more Reserved neck filled with four squat. panel Complete. Light greenish-buff clay, some im of outer lines to and zigzag lines, apices joined top purities. Broad low ring foot, little flare to body, bottom of short vertical two hori panel by lines, slight carination at shoulder, high cylindrical neck, zontal lines above and below of three panel, group trefoil lip, band handle. Reserved panel on front lines around of vase below reserved body handle, of neck filled with hatched key pattern, border of 2 8 AJA., IX, 1905, pp. 411-421. Ibid., p. 413, fig. 1. THE EARLY GEOMETRIC POTTERY i7

two reserved lines around panel, three groups of The decoration of the skyphos is still reminis x cent three reserved bands around body, double-lined of the early skyphoi, such as Nos. 38, 39, and horizontal bars above and below. on handle with 43, while the shape is most like No. 43. Black glaze, badly chipped. The shape is similar to the broad-bottomed 60. Plate 10. Skyphos. AJA., IX, 1905, pi. XIV, oinochoai Nos. 29 to 31, but the sides of this ex B7; Necrocorinthia, p. 3, iB. CP-867. are more vertical than in the earlier fig. Height, ample nearly m. 0.059 Greatest diameter, 0.103 m. examples. The slight carination at the shoulder is Few Fine buff also absent in the other examples. This is the only chips missing. clay. Shape like No. Decoration like No. oinochoe which has the neck panel decorated with 59. 59, but only middle reserved band between a key pattern rather than the usual zigzags, and it handles is filled with verti cal lines. is the only instance of the use of the key or simple Glaze red-brown and black. meander on Early Geometric ware from Corinth. For the use of the in a minor zone on key pattern 61. Plate 10. AJA., 1905, Athens Skyphos. IX, pi. XII, a Late Geometric krater from Corinth see A.J.A., A4. CP-865. Height, 0.067 m- Greatest diameter, at XXXIV, 1930, p. 411, fig. 5. 0.131 m.

Large body fragment and one handle restored. 58. Plate 10. AJA., IX, 1905, XI, Amphora. pi. Reddish-buff Low Ai. CP-860. 0.547 m. clay, slight impurities. ring foot, Height, offset on flaring lip wide-flaring body, horizontal Few small neck and body chips missing. rolled handles. Reserved line inside two lines Studies

CC-BY-NC-ND. lip, Rather Low tall reserved on deep pinkish-buff clay. ring foot, exterior of lip, wide reserved band at ovoid neck towards echinus body, high flaring lip, handles with broad panel on either side bordered band handles from mid-neck to shoulders. Re of five vertical lines lip, by groups and two oblique served on neck filled with hatched mean lines towards panels handles, panel filled with three zig two reserved lines above and below short vertical ders, panels, zag lines, bars from the apices of two of three reserved lines around License: groups body, the outer to the and bottom of the

Classical zigzags top horizontal bars on handles. Rest covered with fine panel, two reserved lines below handles, handles in from red to of glaze varying color light brown and decorated with two horizontal lines and short ver black. tical bars between them. to dark reddish only. This is much taller and more Light amphora slender brown than No. the am glaze. 35, only other Early Geometric This is the first example at Corinth of the from Corinth. in 3, use phora Necrocorinthia, p. Payne use of a new system of decoration of which School has indicated an Geometric date for skyphoi already Early becomes standard hereafter at Corinth and else the The is similar to Attic am amphora. amphora where. The decoration of skyphoi and oinochoai phoras of the Black Dipylon class, such as 'E

on is are 2-5)? The zigzag this Corinthian example probably from the Argolid, shown in Jahrbuch, drawn with unusual carelessness. A similar sky XV, 1900, p. 53, figs, in and 112. was phos from Eleusis fE^. 'Ap*, ^98, pi. 3, 5) found in the mouth of an as was this 10. amphora, 64. Oinochoe. Plate AJA., IX, 1905, pi. XII, one. A3. CP-1733. Height, 0.121 m. Greatest diameter, 0.093 m. 10. 62. Skyphos. Plate A J.A., IX, 1905, pi. XIV, Lip and body fragments missing. Fine light B5; Necrocorinthia, p. 3, fig. iC. CP-864. Height, buff Low clay. ring foot, bulbous body, high thin 0.073 m. Greatest diameter, 0.148 m. cylindrical neck, trefoil lip, band handle. Neck with seven reserved of which the mid Few small chips missing. Light buff clay with panel lines, dle two are filled a in diluted greenish tinge. Shape similar to No. 61, but bowl by zigzag glaze, more of three reserved bands below hori flares sharply from the base. Decoration like group handle, zontal bars on handle. Lustrous black much No. 61 except for filling of panel; here hatched glaze, Athens off. meanders are used instead of zigzags. On each side chipped of the there are three vertical and three The decoration on the neck is different from at panel else at but the use of a oblique lines. The glaze is a dark brownish-black anything Corinth, large two reserved bands is seen on No. color and it is badly chipped. zigzag covering No. 45 is the only other Early Geometric sky 59. phos from Corinth that has hatched meander deco 10. ration. Nos. 80 and 82 of the Late Geometric series 65. Stand. Plate AJA., IX, 1905, pi. XV, Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. no. Bio. CP-861. 0.12 m. Diameter at have similar decoration. A similar skyphos is Height, top, 0.172 m. Diameter at m. 988 in the Eleusis Museum. bottom, 0.184 Complete. Light buff clay with greenish tinge. 10. 63. Aryballos. Plate A.J.A., IX, 1905, pi. Hourglass-shaped stand, widely flaring at top, loop m. handle at XIV, B4. CP-868. Height, 0.088 Greatest di middle. Three reserved bands around License:

Classical ameter, 0.08 m. middle, horizontal bars on handles. Dark brown and of and neck buff gray-black glaze. of Fragment lip missing. Light The was found an Broad flat biconical with cari object supporting oinochoe, clay. bottom, body as shown in only. thus its use nation at small wide flat AJA., IX, 1905, pi. XV; middle, cylindrical neck, seems even unquestionable, if it is unparalleled. disc lip, band handle. Black line around top of The shape of the stand is similar to various late four on neck, five cross-hatched tri use lip, stripes tankards

School Mycenaean (Hesperia, VIII, 1939, pp. angles in reserved shoulder zone, two reserved 372?375), but its use is different. There is a lines below, horizontal bars on handles. Fine quite just Rhodian stand of date now in lustrous black and dark brown Mycenaean Copen glaze. iii The neck and mouth are similar to those of hagen (C.VA., Copenhagen II, A, pi. 62, 3). No. 48, but the neck is lower here and even more 66. Handmade 10. like that of later The on the Aryballos. Plate AJA., IX, personal aryballoi. stripe Bu. m. mouth is also used and later. 1905, pi. XVI, CP-1732. Height, 0.107 American multiplied Except Greatest diameter, 0.103 m. for the absence of a foot, this vase is very much

© For like the earliest Protocorinthian-Geometric arybal Whole. Buff clay with reddish tint, some im loi of about a later. An almost identical century purities. Small flat bottom, globular body, small vase from no. is not Aigina, 1747, yet published; cylindrical neck, round splayed mouth, band han it is also of Corinthian fabric. There are two simi dle. Unglazed, burnished surface. lar from both of which have the cari jugs Thera, This is another in the group of handmade nation like the Corinthian are to jug. These said aryballoi which were first seen in the Late Proto be made of "similar to the Protocorin Nos. 16 to light clay geometric examples 19. This example thian" a and Three is most (Thera, II, p. 71, fig. 243 b). like No. 51, of Early Geometric date, and vases other similar from Thera (Ath. Mitt., No. 89 which is Late Geometric. There are two Beil. and XXVIII, 1903, XIX, 2, XXXVIII, 7 similar vases in the Eleusis Museum, nos. 791 and and are all another similar 8) perhaps Cretan; 792. A second and smaller aryballos, which I have Cretan aryballos is in the Ashmolean Museum not seen, was found with this one at Corinth Oxford ii Other such (C.V.A., II, A, pi. 1, 2). jugs, (AJA., IX, 1905, pi. XVI, B12). THE EARLY GEOMETRIC POTTERY 19

The vases of this second large group at Corinth are similar to those of the first 22 group, Nos. to 53, in their main characteristics. However, certain features, such as the new system of decorating skyphoi, seen inNos. 61 and 62, and the absence of the earlier types of oinochoai and skyphoi, suggest a slightly later date for this second can group. It best be dated in the second half of the ninth century B.C. To same a more vases this period belong few found at Corinth. The provenience of one, the oinochoe No. 67, is not known. The other, a skyphos, was found in 1930 in the region of the Baths of Aphrodite on the east side of the Lechaion Road, some dis tance to the north of the place where the group Nos. 54 to 66 was found.

67. io. Oinochoe. Plate CP-1909. Height, 0.216 c?es of well-preserved glaze similar to the circle on

Athens m. Greatest diameter, 0.258 m. this example.

at 68. Plate n. 6. Few body and lip fragments restored. Fine Skyphos. Fig. C-30-87. Height, m. 0.063 Greatest diameter, 0.112 m. light buff clay, pink at the core. Broad low ring foot, globular body, low cylindrical neck, trefoil Whole. Light buff clay. Small lip, band handle. Reserved neck panel filled with ring foot, flaring body, low offset hori three zigzags, panel framed by two reserved lines, splayed lip, Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. x zontal rolled handles. Re four groups of three reserved lines on body, in served line on interior and on handle with horizontal bars above rectangle exterior of reserved round and below. Glaze red and red-brown with a lip, large on bottom of interior. on one spot red circle side, much of glaze chipped off. Excellent dark brown glaze. This to the class of oi jug belongs globular The skyphos is almost License:

Classical nochoai so at Corinth. It is much like typical very identical with No. 42 in shape Nos. 28, 54, and 55, as well as the oinochoe from and decoration. Both have the of Both No. 28 and No. have cir 6. No. 68 Megara. 54 large Fig. (1:2) reserved spot on the bottom. only. The last of vases at group Early Geometric Corinth, comprising four vases, was

use found in 1934 at the village of Athikia in the Corinthia, near the site of ancient School very Tenea.4 The vases are said to have come from a which was single grave discovered by accident and was cleared out, after which the contents were brought to the Corinth Museum. The must to the later group belong part of the Early Geometric period and it should be dated late in the second half of the ninth century B.C. personal

American 69. Oinochoe. Plate ii. the other a CP-1894. Height, 0.238 57, oinochoe with meander panel which m. Greatest m. © For we have seen so diameter, 0.178 far, is of the broad-bottomed type. No. 70 is also a much more ovoid and broad-bot Whole. Fine buff Small foot with clay. ring tomed The of this vase is most simi to under shape. shape deep concavity side, globular bottom, lar to Nos. 25 and 27, the early globular oinochoai rather high neck with concave sides, trefoil lip, in the first group. band handle. Reserved neck panel filled with hatched two reserved lines above and meanders, 70. Oinochoe. Plate 11. m. of three reserved lines below CP-1892. Height, 0.31 below, group handle, Greatest m. x diameter, 0.218 in rectangle near top of handle, horizontal bars below. Glaze somewhat and of black, chipped. Lip large pieces neck, body, and base This is the at Corinth of a only example very restored. Fine light buff clay. Low broad foot, oinochoe with a meander decoration. No. ovoid thin globular body, high cylindrical neck, trefoil lip, 4 Corinth, I, i, p. 96. 20 CORINTH

triple-rolled handle. Reserved neck panel filled zontal lines below. Group of four reserved lines re with interlocking hatched meander-hooks, two below handle, two groups of three reserved lines on five reserved bands be x on served bands above panel, lower body. Large and small double-lined low with middle one filled four panel by dots, handle with horizontal bars covering rest of han of three reserved bands around chev groups body, dle. Good brown-black glaze. rons on handle. Glaze brown to some new black, chipped. Here again elements in design ap This vase several new features in presents pear. The use of a definite minor zone of decora both and decoration. The neck is shape unusually tion anticipates the development of the later Geo the handle is in the Corinthian col high, unique metric style. A somewhat similar use of a second lection. The meander-hooks are also unique in the zone of decoration is seen on an oinochoe from Corinthian The use of dots in a reserved vase group. Tiryns (Tiryns, I, pi. XIV, 8). The is unique band below the main is on an panel paralleled in having both three and four reserved bands to a from (Tiryns, I, 316, 8), amphora Mycenae p. fig. group. The two x's on the handle are also seen while an Attic has a similar example secondary In and in the main Athens here for the first time. band filled with a shape zigzag (AJ.A., XLIV, 1940, pi. elements of the the vase is on design, paralleled by at as No. XVII, 4) 71. an Attic oinochoe in Copenhagen (C.VA., Copen 11. hagen II, iii H, pi. 69, 6). 71. Oinochoe. Plate CP-1893. Height, 0.288 m. Greatest diameter, 0.195 m. 11. m. 72. Skyphos. Plate CP-1895. Height, 0.068 Small and restored. Fine 0.11 m. lip body fragments Greatest diameter, Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. buff clay. Broad low foot, ovoid body, high cylin Whole. buff Small foot with drical neck, trefoil lip, band handle. Major re Light clay. ring on to rather served panel neck filled by four zigzags, three deep concavity bottom, high flaring body, on low offset horizontal rolled handles. Decora reserved lines above and side of major panel, rim, one 60. reserved line below separating it from minor tion like No. Black glaze, badly chipped. which is a like and but it is panel, filled by single zigzag with three The skyphos is Nos. 59 60, License:

Classical short vertical bars at the end, three reserved hori of slightly higher proportions than either of these. of The of group fifty-three Early Geometric vases just catalogued belongs approxi only. to mately the ninth century B.C. In comparison with the vases of the previous period this seems a rich and varied collection. Although this is all that is known of Corinth in use this it is clear that the was in size and that its of ceram School period, city growing production ics was in increasing quantity and in quality. The considerable variety in this limited vases group of is evidence of the transitional character of this period. That pottery in styles both shapes and decoration were changing constantly can be shown in this group. personal Almost all of the Corinthian Geometric vases were made of American Early well-levigated which was baked hard. The color of the fabric is buff or buff and fre

© For clay usually light quently it has a slight pink or green tint. In some cases the biscuit is reddish or green at core. ish-gray the The firing is usually uniform and good. The fabric with a greenish gray color is softer than the others and it does not hold the glaze well. On the other hand, those vases a are with reddish color hard and usually have very well-preserved glaze. The glaze is of good quality and it is frequently lustrous when well baked. It varies in color from to or red black, but black, dark brown, is more common than in the previous period. Some diluted glaze was used for decoration in reserved bands. With the excep tion of the few handmade vases, the pots are very well formed. The handmade vases are are made of gritty clay, but they well modelled and the surface is smoothed by burnish ing or polishing. THE EARLY GEOMETRIC POTTERY 21

By far the predominant shape of the Early Geometric ware from Corinth is the are oinochoe with trefoil lip, for there twenty-three examples of this shape out of a total of fifty-three vases from the period. There was only one vase of this type, No. 7, from the very end of the Protogeometric period at Corinth and none before, but the material from this early period is scant as yet. Elsewhere the shape occurs frequently in both the Submycenaean and the Protogeometric periods.5 The earliest Geometric oi Nos. 20 22 to are in and decoration to earlier Proto nochoai, and 27, similar shape the geometric oinochoe No. 7 and to other Protogeometric oinochoai. They have ovoid bodies and rather small feet. The decoration is limited to a band around the body just below the handle and it consists of three reserved lines, of which the middle one is filled with a in three In some cases, such as No. 26, there is a

Athens zigzag examples. tendency towards more fullness in the body, which leads to the second or globular type of oi at nochoe. There is a group of these globular oinochoai from Corinth, and I know of no good an parallel for them in other Geometric fabrics. No. 67 has almost spherical body, but others?Nos. 28 and 54 to 56 for example?still retain an ovoid body, but a very swollen same one. The fine Corinthian oinochoe from Megara (Plate 11) belongs to this class. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. These globular oinochoai have a more elaborate scheme of decoration than the first class. On the front of the neck of the jugs there is a small reserved panel which in every case but one (No. 70) is filled with from three to five zigzag lines. On the body of the vase are from one to four groups of three reserved bands. A third type of oinochoe has

License: an ovoid similar to some of those of the second but this is truncated a Classical body group, by broad base which the vase a rather appearance. The decoration is similar to of gives squat that of the second group, and again only one vase (No. 57) has a meander in place of only. the zigzags in the neck panel. The next most popular shape in the Early Geometric period at Corinth is the sky use

School phos, the main shape of the preceding period. There are fourteen skyphoi in this group. There is apparently a definite evolution in the skyphos shape, beginning with the deep so bowled type No. 38 which is much like the Protogeometric skyphoi. Payne in Pera chora, p. 56, suggests that the shallow bowl may be earlier at Corinth, with the deep bowl common later in the and as the of the personal becoming period acting prototype kotyle.

American new from not to seems However, the evidence of this material Corinth, available Payne,

© For to indicate rather an earlier type with a deep bowl, perhaps continuing throughout the Geometric period or else being evolved again out of the skyphos with shallow bowl, which seems to predominate during most of the Geometric period. The development of the kotyle from the deep skyphos of the Late Geometric period is discussed in connection with skyphos No. 80. The skyphoi steadily get lower in proportion to their width and the flare of the bowl from the base becomes nearer a straight line, until the shape such as 68 no save a that of Nos. 42 and is attained. These skyphoi have decoration reserved on a line the interior and exterior of the lip in most cases; few examples have three reserved lines between the handles, with the middle line sometimes filled with a zigzag 6 Kerameikos, I, pis. 24, 25, 46, 65, 68, and 75. 22 CORINTH

or with short vertical bars. Three other skyphoi have even wider and shallower bowls and these are more richly decorated. No. 45 has panels filled with meanders between the which are a form common on handles, of composite kraters of the subsequent period. a Skyphoi Nos. 61 and 62 differ from the other skyphoi of the period in having broad zone on of decoration continuing around the vase instead of isolated reserved panels either side. One skyphos only (No. 44) has vertical loop handles instead of the usual a horizontal rolled handles. No. 21, cup from the beginning of the Early Geometric pe one riod, has just vertical loop handle. Related in shape to the skyphoi are the two plates Nos. 46 and 47. These have wide shallow bowls and the lip is replaced by a wide flat rim. The handles project horizontally from the rim and are arranged so that the plate may be hung with the exterior facing outwards. The decoration of No. 46 is arranged Athens to best advantage for such a hanging position.

at vases are a Five of the small jugs of shape which must properly be called an ary ballos. Of these, two aryballoi (Nos. 51 and 56) are of the handmade, unglazed variety as such occurred in the Late Protogeometric grave (Nos. 16-19). The partly glazed ary ballos No. 49 is like the handmade examples in the shape of the neck and the mouth, Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. a a which has flaring lip rather than flat disc lip. It also has a low ring foot. No. 48 is more carefully made, has a high neck and a round disc mouth. Its bulbous body rests on a broad low ring foot. The neck of No. 63 is lower and the body has a biconical shape no are and base. Only the last two decorated, No. 48 with striping on the neck and reserved bands around the body, No. 63 with similar neck and a broad shoulder

License: stripes Classical zone filled with hatched triangles. The essential characteristics of the shape are the of small cylindrical neck, the round mouth, and the band handle from lip to shoulder.

only. These features are all present in later aryballoi. However, they are equally characteris a tic of large class of earlier vases, the lekythoi so common in the Protogeometric and even the These have a bulbous a rather use Submycenaean period. lekythoi body, usually School high flaring foot, a high cylindrical neck which is often striped, round flaring mouth, and band handle.6 As in all shapes, the high flaring foot gave way to the low ring foot in seen the Early Geometric period. The round flaring mouth is in No. 49 and in all of the handmade In the matter of on aryballoi. decoration, the striping the neck of lekythoi

personal has been noted. The decoration of a as already fragmentary Protogeometric lekythos American signed to the very end of that period7 is identical with that of the aryballos No. 63. It © mustFor be remembered that there is another aryballos identical with No. 63 and also of Corinthian fabric at Aigina. These strong similarities in shape and decoration suggest the possibility that these Early Geometric aryballoi, and also the handmade examples of are a Late Protogeometric date, development from the earlier lekythos shape, which was so popular in the Submycenaean and Protogeometric periods and which does not con tinue into the Early Geometric period.8 Other derivations have already been suggested for the aryballos. Johansen9 derives the earliest globular aryballoi, among which he includes No. 63, from the stirrup vase 6 7 Kerameikos, I, 14 and 37, for example. Ibid., p. 124 and pi. 47 bottom. pis. 8 9 Ibid., p. 124. Vases sicyoniens, p. 19. THE EARLY GEOMETRIC POTTERY 23

in its late Submycenaean form. Payne10 rejects this theory in favor of a development from the Cypriote and Cretan lekythoi, which have a long history going back into the Bronze Age. From them developed a small jug very much like No. 63, and several of have been cited as to are the Cretan examples already parallels No. 63. There similar jugs in other island fabrics. Payne says that these jugs were the direct predecessors of the aryballos, a shape which was first introduced into Corinth about the middle of the eighth century B.C.11 Thus Payne's suggested derivation is from a shape which is like the lekythos of the mainland in the Protogeometric period12 except that like No. 63 it a has a flat base rather than foot. On the islands this type of lekythos continued to be made for a few centuries after it had been discontinued on the mainland and it existed alongside the small jugs or proto-aryballoi like No. 63. However, the Corinthian exam Athens a ples, including the handmade jugs, existed at Corinth fully century before Payne at would introduce the first aryballoi to Corinth. There is as yet an insufficient amount of material to show whether or not the aryballos continued to exist at Corinth during this of one century, but the presence these early aryballoi necessitates either of two conclu sions: (1) the aryballos was the product of a development from the lekythos which oc Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. curred along parallel lines in several places and the Corinthian aryballos is an indige or nous product; (2) the aryballos is, as Payne would have it, a development from the Cretan and Cypriote lekythos, but some early forms were already introduced into Corinth as early as the latter part of the ninth century; the form may not have taken root at once and it was introduced in the after which it became

License: again eighth century, Classical the chief shape of the Corinthian manufactory. of There are only two amphoras among the Early Geometric pottery at Corinth. No.

only. 35 is of the very early type, the shape of which is best paralleled by Protogeometric amphoras. No. 58 has much thinner proportions and resembles the Early Geometric from Attica. The decoration of No. is like that of Wide's first class of use amphoras 58 School Attic Geometric ware.13 There are also two covered pyxides in this group, one of which is the small handmade vase No. 52. The krater No. 36 is perhaps a predecessor of the large kraters on stands of the Late Geometric period. The stand No. 65 is unique. Among vases a exam the handmade there is small bowl, No. 50, similar to the Protogeometric personal ples Nos. 14 and 15, and the large hydria No. 53. The latter is the earliest one of a series American of hydriai which were commonly found standing outside of Geometric graves at Corinth. © For The decoration of Corinthian Early Geometric pottery is very simple. Many of the early oinochoai have only a group of three reserved bands about the body below the handle. On some examples the middle reserved band is filled with a zigzag. Some of the skyphoi are solidly glazed while others have groups of reserved bands between the as on handles, sometimes with the middle band filled the oinochoai. The amphora No. 35 has five reserved bands around the body and the wider middle band is filled with was on opposed groups of oblique parallel lines. This motive used the Protogeometric 12 cup No. and it was common in the earlier period. The most usual decorative element 10 n p. 6. Ibid., p. 5. 12Necrocorinthia, 13 jB.5^4., XXIX, 1927-28, p. 254. Jahrbuch, XV, 1900, p. 56. 24 CORINTH

on the Corinthian Early Geometric pottery is a reserved panel on the neck of jugs and on the shoulder of bowls of various sorts. On a large majority of Corinthian vases this panel is filled with groups of from three to five horizontal parallel zigzag lines. Often a these lines completely fill the panel, but it is particularly Corinthian method to have the zigzags away from the top and bottom of the panel and then to connect the apices of the outer zigzags with the border by means of short vertical bars. In only a few exam never seems ples are the panels filled with meanders of various kinds, for the meander to have been a very common decorative motive at Corinth. The panels usually have horizontal reserved lines above and below them and frequently they are completely framed the addition of vertical reserved bands on the sides also. The oinochoai and

Athens by on amphora which have such panels the neck always have from one to four groups of at reserved lines around the body of the vase. There are usually three lines to a group, but a few vases have groups of four reserved lines. The hatched triangles on the shoulder of No. 63 are a common motive later. The skyphoi Nos. 61 and 62, while using common introduce a new scheme of decoration which the decorative motives, replaces panel sys Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. tem by a broad reserved and decorated zone about the shoulder of the vase. The panel system is still simulated in the border of vertical stripes and in the oblique lines which are some reminiscent of the oblique sides of earlier reserved panels. Besides the horizontal bands, which were common already in the Protogeometric are License: at Corinth, there four decorative motives in this of Classical period only represented group Early Geometric pottery. Two of these, the band of opposed oblique lines and the of hatched triangles, occur in only one instance and both have been seen in the Proto only. geometric period. The other two motives, the horizontal zigzag and the meander, occur first in this period and both of them continue in use in later periods. The zigzags are

use more than the meanders. the of and of School always popular Certainly repertory designs decorative schemes on Corinthian pottery of the Early Geometric period is poor when with most wares. compared contemporary However, the execution of the decoration is in cases. very carefully done almost all For this period there is as yet little evidence of any considerable export of Corin personal thian The small like No. from and the fine oinochoe from American pottery. jug 63 Aigina Megara 11 shown on Plate are the two certain exports of the period and both of them were found © For not far from Corinth. The two vases from a grave at Zygouries may also be Corinthian. In some this period, however, there is evidence of reciprocal trade furnished by a few imports into Corinth.14 It has been suggested already that the oinochoe No. 24 may be Argive, that the krater No. 36 is probably Cycladic, and that the skyphos No. 45 is apparently Attic. 14 Evidence of the same situation in the late sanctuary at Perachora is given by Payne in Pera? ninth and the eighth centuries at the Corinthian chora, pp. 32-34. CHAPTER III

The Late Geometric Pottery

THE later Geometric period, covering the first half of the eighth century B.C., is represented by only a small group of pottery from the area of the Corinthian Agora. The vases were offerings in graves which were scattered in the southern were and western parts of the classical Agora. Many of the graves well preserved, but others were badly destroyed by later constructions. The main cemetery at Corinth had probably been established already to the north of the city in the coastal plain, and excavations in the North Cemetery have produced a collection of fine Late Geometric Athens pottery, which will be separately published elsewhere. at The best group of later Geometric pottery from the Agora at Corinth consists of area. five vases found in 19371 standing outside a grave in the Agora South-Central The vases Nos. 73, 74, 75, and 77 were in a group at the southwest corner of the cover slab was of the sarcophagus, and the skyphos No. 75 in the mouth of the hydria No. 77. The Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. oinochoe No. 76 was found in a niche cut into the hardpan along the south side of the grave shaft and then closed by a large stone slab. However, both the shaft and the niche same ?and the objects in them?must be of the date, the early part of the eighth century.

License: 73. Krater. Plate 12. 1937, 544, below the handles there is a reserved Classical AJA., XLI, p. groups just ia. zone filled with of short vertical fig. s; XLV, 1941, p. 31, % C-37-1. Height, alternating groups of m. outer 0.495 lines and vertical zigzags. At the edge of the splayed foot there are two more groups of reserved only. Few small of base restored. pieces Very light lines with a filled zone between them. buff with tint. similarly clay slight pinkish Wide-splayed The horizontal handles are decorated with a series base with cylindrical ribbed stem, large full-bodied use of short vertical lines delimited by heavy black School bowl, offset rim, horizontal rolled handles splayed lines along the upper and lower edges of the han with wide band handles set from rolled vertically dle; the vertical handles have a double-lined cross handles to knobs on at either side of at a lip, lip in rectangle at the center with four horizontal tachment of vertical handles. of twelve Groups bars on either side. The glaze varies from light to short strokes on of rows of dots on exterior top lip, dark red on the side illustrated, while it is black of between handles. on shoulder personal lip Large panel on the other side; the red glaze is very well pre between handles consists of central filled but the black is American panel served, glaze somewhat chipped. with hatched below this three vase an meanders, stripes The is excellent example of a type of © For and then a minor zone filled with vertical zigzags. krater which was first made at this time and which verti At sides are vertical panels formed of three appears now in very similar form in several differ a zone ent cal stripes, vertical filled with horizontal fabrics. Kraters are rare in the Early Geo more a zone zigzags, three stripes, filled with hori metric period. The krater No. 36 is one of the few a zontal chevrons, and then final group of three examples of earlier date; others have been cited this are three reserved stripes. Below five groups of in discussing this vase. It is possible that from bands about the between the first two such forms the was body; present krater developed. The 1AJA.,XLI, 1937, p. 543. 36 CORINTH

seen form of the composite handles we have in the were introduced here and some new means of com on were Early Geometric period the skyphos No. 45. position used. The vertical border of the same The fragmentary krater No. 78 had the main panel on the shoulder is made up of groups as one was shape this and similarly decorated. of vertical stripes alternating with vertical filled most for this krater Among the notable parallels bands, possibly suggested by the triglyph and met on a high ribbed foot and with composite handles ope system used on other Geometric wares. The is North first the very similar krater from the chevrons and horizontal zigzags used here and the Cemetery at Corinth (AJA., XXXIV, 1930, p. vertical zigzags used in the minor zones are new in 412, fig. 6). The fragments from Delphi shown motives which rapidly became popular at Corinth. Vases sicyoniens, pi. Ill, 3 and in Delphes, V, p. The filled bands just below the handles and on the A front are new 134, figs. 504 and 505, may also be Corinthian. also part of the system. The groups at of fragmentary krater of this type found Vrokastro reserved bands about the body, the panel filled in Crete (Museum Anthropological Publications, with meanders and the decoration on the handles to are all over U. of Penn., Ill, p. 173, fig. 106) is said be of carried from the previous period. The Athens Attic fabric. There is a large fragment from Eleusis short zigzags and the chevrons used to fill narrow ^98, 3, 3) which has dots around panels were known on Attic Geometric ware of the at ?E. 'Apx-, pi. on late ninth 20 the lip like those this Corinthian example. century (AJA., XLIV, 1940, pis. a and There is fine Attic krater of this type in the 22), while the groups of alternating vertical Kerameikos Museum. Another similar fragment lines and filled bands at the sides of the main occur was found at Eretria ('E

School shown in 11 has Jahrbuch, 1899, p. 34, fig. open between handles divided into three parts; ends cut into the as does another krater ings stand, made up of two groups of seven vertical lines on found in Melos which may be of Argive origin either side of vertical band filled with horizontal The krater from (Tiryns, I, p. 147, fig. 13). large chevrons, central part divided into two unequal not have Thera (Vases sicyoniens, pi. I, 2) does horizontal bands which are separated by three on the foot. Similar han personal ribbing high composite stripes, upper band filled by vertical zigzags, lower dles are common on kraters on low bases as band filled vertical chevrons. Thick black line American large by well. A of such kraters comes from the large group along edges of handles with filling of vertical lines © For North at Corinth between. of vase Cemetery (AJA., XXXIV, Body decorated with three triple Art and Ar reserved 1930, p. 411, fig. 5; p. 413, fig. 7; bands. The well-preserved glaze is red and The dish-brown in color a chaeology, XXXI, 1931, pp. 156 157). except for few light spots krater from Delphi shown in Rev. Arch., XII, and some small black areas. is also Corinthian. There are 1938, pi. Ill, bottom, The shape of the bowl of this krater is like several of kraters of similar on that of the krater on examples shape the high foot. The strap or low feet from the band handle is less common Argolid (Tiryns, I, p. 145, fig. 9, than the composite pis. XIX, XX), one from Delphi (Vases sicyo handle, but it is seen on other Corinthian kraters and one from Thera which of as niens, pi. I, 1), is such the fragment No. 81, a krater from the local fabric Beil. (Ath. Mitt., XXVIII, 1903, X). North Cemetery (Art and Archaeology, XXIX, The of decoration used on this krater a system 1930, p. 199, fig. 5), and fragmentary krater is an elaboration of that which had in from developed Delphi (AJA., XLV, 1941, p. 33, fig. 4). the new Early Geometric period. A few motives Such handles are common in island fabrics (Atk. THE LATE GEOMETRIC POTTERY 27

Mitt., XXVIII, 1903, Beil. VII, XXI, one filled band rather than two. An XX, identical sky and on kraters also found in the mouth a XXXI, XXXVII) Argive (Tiryns, phos, of hydria outside I, XX), but this of handle is a comes from the North pi. type certainly grave, Cemetery at Cor much less common than the rolled horizontal han inth and (Art Archaeology, XXIX, 1930, p. 199, dles or the handles on kraters. The A similar said composite fig. 4). skyphos, to be Corinthian, scheme of decoration on this krater is similar to comes from a on grave Thera (Ath. Mitt., that on No. in and on No. The 78 particular 79. XXVIII, 1903, Beil. XXXIII, 4), and there are decoration consists of the new motives two Corinthian from entirely examples Asine (Asine, p. which we have seen on No. 16 and already 73?horizontal 320, 17, fig. 219, 7). There are a number and vertical bands of chevrons and the horizontal of of similar skyphoi shape and with the same band filled with vertical The and decoration from zigzags. triglyph Crete (B.S.A., XXXI, 1930-31, is used here. The deco of which are metope arrangement again pi. XVIII, 6), many not yet pub rative scheme is best on a Corinthian lished. Such are common paralleled skyphoi among the Cy krater from (AJA., XLV, 1941, 33, cladic vases from D?los Delphi p. fig. (D?los, XV, pi. XXVII). Athens 4) and on the Corinthian also from This same of decoration large skyphos system remains popular Delphi (Rev. Arch., XII, 1938, pi. Ill top). on Corinthian until the end of the at kotylai eighth century. 75. Skyphos. Plate 12. Fig. 7. A JA., XLV, 1941, ic. m. Greatest 76. Conical 12. p. 31, fig. C-37-4. Height, 0.09 Oinochoe. Plate AJA., XLV, m. id. diameter, 0.164 1941, p. 31, fig. C-37-5. Height, 0.125 m. Greatest diameter, 0.114 m.

Studies Few small restored. buff CC-BY-NC-ND. body chips Light Small low rather Whole. Fine clay. ring foot, wide-flaring body, light buff clay. Broad base, offset horizontal rolled handles with ends concave high lip, slightly below, squat bulbous body con to tracting sharply high thin cylindrical neck, tre foil band lip, handle. Stripes around neck, shoul der zone filled with five cross-hatched triangles, License:

Classical three stripes below, horizontal stripes on handle. Good black with a glaze few reddish spots. of This is the earliest example of the conical oi nochoe at only. Corinth, but there are many identical or similar examples (Vases sicyoniens, p. 23, note 4). The oinochoe from Athens now at Copenhagen use (C.V.A., iii School Copenhagen II, H, pi. 70, 1) is iden tical with the vase. Corinthian The system of deco ration on this oinochoe is the same as that already seen on the Early Geometric aryballos No. 63. The conical oinochoe is Fig. 7. No. 75 (1:2) probably derived from such Geometric oinochoai as No. D 32 and Tiryns, I, personal pi. 4. It became a turned out. of short strokes inside XIV, rapidly popular shape and it American Groups eight was common the two on broad reserved handle zone throughout Protocorinthian pe lip, stripes lip, riod and even into the © For Corinthian with panel between handles divided into three Early period. parts; group of eight vertical lines at either side, 77. Handmade central section with horizontal band filled with Hydria. C-37-2. Height, 0.486 m. Greatest chevrons at and two diameter, 0.392 m. top horizontal stripes below. Handles decorated two horizontal bands with Buff by Complete. gritty clay. Small thick base three groups of vertical strokes between. In with flat eight bottom, bulbous body, cylindrical neck, terior and exterior below handles covered with wide flat lip to circular mouth, horizontal rolled metallic dark reddish-brown which is handles on band glaze very sides, handle at back of neck, two well preserved. breast-like knobs on front of shoulder. Unglazed, The has lower than those surface skyphos proportions burnished vertically and smoothed. usual in the preceding period; the lip is The is like Nos. 82 and it higher hydria 86; is larger than before. The decoration is similar to that and more ovoid very in shape than the Geometric on the krater No. but the Early 74, skyphos has only hydria No. 53. 28 CORINTH

A few fragments of kraters similar to those from grave D have been found in the were Agora excavations, and they probably offerings at graves which have been de were stroyed. The fragments of the krater No. 78 found scattered over an area of about twenty metres square, roughly in the vicinity of the geometric graves in the Agora exact of South-Central area.2 The provenience the fragment No. 79 is not known.

78. Krater Fragments. Plate 13. 79. Krater Fragment. Plate 13. CP-1910. Pre served height, 0.188 m. Only small fragments preserved. Buff clay. The was similar to that of No. shape probably very Large fragment of upper body preserved. of short strokes on of 73. Groups edge lip; panel Red-buff clay, slight impurities. Full body, offset in shoulder zone between handles has horizontal high rim, horizontal band handles. Group of short bands filled with vertical four horizontal on on zigzags; bars lip, two stripes rim, wide reserved han one at Athens below and then second band like the stripes dle band with panel between handles bordered by the below this are three of three re top; groups of three vertical lines at either of at groups end; top served around the stem of base stripes body; has a horizontal band filled vertical are panel by zig ribbed, at outer edge of splayed base two zags, rest of panel filled by four horizontal stripes, groups of three reserved bands with a reserved body decorated with groups of three reserved hori zone between filled with groups of ver alternating zontal horizontal on handles. Glaze tical and lines. Good reddish-brown to lines, stripes zigzags red to black. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. black glaze, well preserved. This krater with horizontal handles was The general scheme of decoration is similar to prob like No. in The decoration of the that of No. 73. The decoration differs from that of ably 74 shape. shoulder zone and the horizontal of the all of the other kraters in the absence of the triple striping division of the shoulder zone. Here the horizontal handles is best paralleled on the krater fragment bands run from handle to handle and are bordered from Delphi (AJA., XLV, 1941, p. 33, fig. 4) License:

Classical and the of the decoration is also by the glazed section at the handle rather than by scheme shoulder vertically disposed The decoration of the like the large from Delphi (Rev. Arch.,

of panels. skyphos same base is the as that on No. 73. XII, 1938, pi. Ill top). only. The two of A-B and in area at Cor pairs graves, F-G, the Agora South-Central inth8 two one of which was found in each of the smaller The use yielded only vases, graves. School skyphos No. 80 came from grave G and the kantharos No. 81 from grave A. Just at the corner northwest of the piece of hardpan left between the pairs of graves was found the handmade hydria No. 82, in the mouth of which was a bronze phiale. The contempo of the seems their raneity graves proven by orientation and arrangement, and it is thus personal possible to date the handmade vases by the skyphos No. 80, which belongs roughly to American the middle of the eighth century. © For

80. Skyphos. Plate 13. Fig. 8. AJA., XLV, 1941, at either side and then three oblique lines at han 2- m. filled with P- 33> ?g- C-37-21. Height, 0.097 Greatest dles, panel hatched meanders, two black m. lines diameter, 0.164 along handles, group of three reserved lines around below handles. Glaze dark reddish some body Whole. Clay light buff to pink, impuri some or brown with lighter darker spots. ties. Small base, wide bowl with shoulder ring high The shape of this skyphos is deeper than the to a very low and thin usual contracting very slightly skyphos of the later Geometric period, such horizontal rolled handles. on exterior of as No. lip, Stripe 75. Also, the lip, which is usually high in broad reserved band on shoulder with this lip, panel period, has practically disappeared in this ex between handles bordered three vertical lines The by ample. whole shape may well be the proto 2 2. ? A JA., XLI, 1937, pi. XIII, AJA., XLI, 1937, p. 544, pi. XIII, 2. THE LATE GEOMETRIC POTTERY 29

of the low wide or rimless Flat full type kotyle skyphos bottom, body, high rim flaring slightly, which in the second half vertical (Nos. 107-115) develops high band handles. Unglazed, surface of the The decoration is similar to burnished and eighth century. polished; vertical burnishing strokes are visible. is This the only kantharos in this group of Geometric pottery from Corinth. It can be dated with some to certainty the middle of the eighth its century by relation to No. 80. This is just about the time that the kantharos reappears in the Geometric repertory in Attica and elsewhere (Hes peria, Suppl. II, p. 204). However, from the re mains known so far, the shape seems to play a very small part in Corinthian ceramics. An un glazed kantharos of about the same date was Athens found in grave No. 64 at Thera (Thera, II, p. 51,

at fig. 166).

82? Handmade Plate Fig. 8. No. 80 (1:2) Hydria. 13. C-37-115. Height, 0.505 m. Greatest diameter, 0.362 m. v that of No. 62 of the earlier Geometric Few skyphos lip fragments missing. Gritty buff clay period in the use of both the meander and with reddish tint. Studies panel Small flat bulbous CC-BY-NC-ND. base, the lines at the handles. body, oblique cylindrical neck, thick round mouth, horizontal rolled handles at sides, thick band handle at back, 81. Handmade Kantharos. Plate 13. C-36-824. two knobs on front of shoulder. m. Unglazed, surface Height, 0.073 Greatest diameter, 0.10 m. heavily burnished, and strokes are visible. Whole. buff with Light clay slight impurities. The hydria is like Nos. 77 and 86. License: Classical The No. and the Nos. were skyphos 83 fragments 84 and 85 found together in the of St. area at the western end of the Corinthian are John's Agora and they probably the only. remains of a which has been The grave destroyed. group, and particularly No. 84, seems to be later in date than the later Geometric vases which have been catalogued so far; use to the last half of the The No. 86 School they probably belong eighth century. large hydria was also found in the same area and to same general may belong the grave.

83. Plate The wide band handles are not on Skyphos. 13. Fig. 9. C-38-409. Height, usual skyphoi; m- m. are 0.083 Greatest diameter, 0.173 they similar to those on the krater No. 74. The meander panel with the personal Few restored. Buff vertically disposed panels fragments clay, slightly at the sides is similar to that on the krater No. 73. American Low impure. ring foot, wide-flaring body, high A skyphos from the Isis Grave at Eleusis (C.V.A., concave rim, horizontal band handles. of

© For Groups on vertical strokes interior of lip, horizontal bands on exterior of rim, wide reserved band at handle level with panel between handles filled with hatched meanders at center and vertical zone of two groups of three vertical lines with band be tween filled with horizontal chevrons, two stripes about x body below handles, in panel at center of handle and vertical lines at either side. Glaze light red on the exterior and dark red-brown on the interior. The has shape lower proportions than any Corinthian skyphos which we have seen so far. Fig. 9. No. 83 (1:2) 30 CORINTH

vase Greece I, iii H d, pi. 6, 4) is similar to this in The shape was apparently very much like one shape and decoration and it is apparently of that of No. 83. The decoration is done in the the later vases in the grave. Linear or Protocorinthian-Geometric manner of the second half of the eighth century and does not 84, Plate 10. A Skyphos Fragments. 13. Fig. JA., properly belong in this group. XLV, 1941, p. 38, fig. 15. C-38-411. Height, 0.077 m. 85. Skyphos Fragments. C-38-410. Preserved height, 0.058 m. Diameter of base, 0.063 m. About one fourth preserved. Fine buff clay, core con reddish in spots. Low base, flaring body, Only base and lower body preserved. Fine dark buff clay with brownish tint. Small ring foot, wide flaring body, horizontal rolled handles. The wide band at handle level has the panel between the handles divided into the usual three parts;

Athens groups of vertical lines at the sides and a central part with horizontal bands in the lower half. The at motive in the upper part is not preserved. Glaze red to black. a The skyphos seems to have been of type similar to No. 75. It is not of Corinthian fabric and the brownish buff clay may be Argive. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Fig. 10. No. 84 (1:2) 86. Handmade Hydria. AJA., XL, 1936, p. 43, 21. D fig. C-35-35. Height, 0.475 m. Greatest diame cave splayed rim. Group of vertical strokes in ter, 0.392 m. narrow reserved band on interior of lip, stripes about rim, wide shoulder band filled with wavy Complete. Gritty buff clay with reddish core.

License: line with rosettes or stars the hollows, four The and surface treatment are identical with Classical filling shape narrow zone stripes below handles, glazed at base. No. 82. of Two were found in in the stoa in front of the and

only. graves 1936 twenty-second twenty-third shops from the east end of the South Stoa in the Corinthian Agora. In one of these graves were found the vases Nos. 87 and 88 and in the other, a child 's

use grave, School there were the vases Nos. 89 to 97/ All of the vases are handmade and undecorated and it is therefore difficult to date them. However, these graves lie about twenty metres to the south of the geometric grave complex in the Agora South-Central area. Since the latter graves are all Late Geometric in date, it is probable that the two graves in the stoa

personal belong to the same period. American 87. Handmade Plate Cup. 14. A.J.A., XLI, 1937, Whole. Buff clay with pinkish tinge, some im © For 2. m. Greatest p. 137, fig. C-36-825. Height, 0.076 purities. Flat bottom, globular body, short thick 0.103 m. trefoil diameter, neck, lip, band handle. Unglazed, roughly at base of handle. Whole. Light buff clay, slight impurities. burnished, finger impression Small flat bottom, bulbous body, slightly flaring rounded small handle at lip, loop lip, body mis 89. Handmade Aryballos. Plate 14. C-36-827. and shapen. Unglazed, burnished, lightly polished Height, 0.103 m. Greatest diameter, 0.099 m? surface. Whole. Light buff coarse clay with greenish 88. Handmade Oinochoe. Plate 14. A.J.A., XLI, tinge. Small flat bottom, bulbous body, small neck, 1. 0.212 m. 1937, p. 137, fig. C-36-826. Height, flaring mouth, band handle. Unglazed, surface Greatest diameter, 0.177 m. coarse. 4 A JA., XU, 1937, p. 137. THE LATE GEOMETRIC POTTERY 31

This aryballos is like the large aryballoi Nos. circles, four circles at points of a diamond on front 51 and 66 of the Early Geometric period. of shoulder, row of circles down handle, at base of handle a rosette of six circles with a seventh circle at center. 90. Handmade Feeding Bottle. Plate 14. C-36 the This coarse 828. Height, 0.072 m. Greatest diameter, 0.067 m example differs from the other aryballoi only in the of the incised of application Fragment lip and end of spout missing. ornament. common on Such ornament is a large Coarse reddish-buff clay, gray at core. Concave class of unglazed vases of the Geometric and Sub bottom, globular body, short thick neck, trefoil geometric periods (Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 189, fig. band handle, spout on shoulder at lip, right angle 139; 'E

The of Corinthian Late vases group Geometric which have just been catalogued is License:

Classical too small to afford a good idea of the repertory of the period. However, there are a few features which are we of clearly indicated by what have. The fabric remains essentially the same as in the Geometric the is but it is notable that red only. Early period; glaze similar, and mottled are more glazes common than in the earlier period; the decoration is done with the same care as before. The main in the of is the use change repertory shapes disap School of the oinochoe and the pearance great popularity of the krater. Even though this group is limited in there is but one quantity, handmade oinochoe in it, whereas in the previous more one period than third of all the vases were oinochoai. On the other hand, of the nine vases in this four are kraters. The same glazed catalogued group, proportions personal to be true of other of Corinthian Late Geometric ware. appear groups The high percent American of undecorated handmade vases in this to age group is due the accidents of discovery, © butFor it is that Corinth was significant obviously producing quantities of such pottery at this time. There is also considerable in change the scheme of decoration of vases in this pe riod. With the exception of the krater No. 73, the decoration, other than horizontal reserved is still limited to the shoulder zone. lines, The decoration in panels between the handles is divided into three a wide central band usually parts, horizontally disposed and two side sections with vertical disposition. In most instances the wide central zone is further divided into two or three horizontal bands. Three of the vases have meander decoration in the main zone and the No. have a new others, except 84, group of decora tive motives. These new motives consist of short zigzag lines and chevrons, used to fill 32 CORINTH

narrow long bands in which they are placed at right angles to the axis of the band. These new motives remain common the throughout subsequent period. The fragmentary skyphos No. 85 is the only imported piece in the collection of this period. However, the export of Corinthian pottery in the first half of the eighth century had increased greatly and several examples of Corinthian vases found outside of Corinth have been mentioned in the catalogue. The largest number of exported pieces of Corin are thian pottery of this period known from the Delphic shrine; scattered pieces occur in the Argolid, in Attica, and in the Cyclades. Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For CHAPTER IV

The Protocorinthian Period

THE second half of the eighth century B.C. was a period of rapid change and of development in ceramic industries in Corinth as well as elsewhere in Greece. The change at Corinth was marked by two major developments, each of which occu a pied roughly quarter of a century. The first stage in this process, falling in the third quarter of the eighth century, gave rise to what has been called the Linear Geometric or Protocorinthian-Geometric style of pottery decoration. This style of pottery is not well represented in the collection being published here and only a few fragments, such as

Athens can Nos. 98,99, 103, and 117, be assigned to this quarter century. However, the group

at case is in this not at all representative of Corinth, for the North Cemetery at Corinth has yielded large quantities of excellent pottery from just this period and the pottery of this class is abundantly represented in the exports to Delphi in particular and to many as other parts of Greece well. This period has recently been discussed in detail by the Studies

CC-BY-NC-ND. can author.1 The change in ceramics be characterised briefly as a tendency to lighten vases the appearance of by using wide striped or banded zones rather than large areas of dark glaze. The main band of decoration is still limited to the shoulder or handle zone are and the decorative motives largely those adopted from the previous period. are new Some of these motives used in schemes of composition and some new Linear License: Classical are Geometric motives introduced. This change we have described in the separate study of mentioned an just is indigenous development resulting from the rapidly changing order

only. in the political and economic life of Corinth at the time. It is coincident with the rise of the Bacchiads, the opening of the colonies, and the increase of trade.2 The second in use period, already evidence by 725 B.C., is different from the first in School that the occurs the fact change which at this time is due to external factors. A strong wave on of oriental influence the culture and particularly on the art of Greece was felt at this time. This a influence brought about revolution in the methods of decorating Corinthian which in pottery resulted the first Protocorinthian style. There now ap personal some new of a new peared shapes pottery and great variety of decorative motives and new American of at same an styles composition. There is, the time, element of continuity in the preser © For vation of the Linear Geometric style of the previous period. Also, a large class of vases new. combines the old style with the This second period, covering the last quarter of the eighth century, is well represented in the present collection. There are two groups of several pottery and single pieces which belong here. The catalogue which follows is 1 AJA., 1941, pp. 30-44. Corinth in this and in the Geo 2 XLV, period previous For the contrast between external relations of metric period see Payne, Perachora, pp. 32-34. 34 CORINTH

arranged chronologically, and we continue the practice of the previous chapters in some arranging groups according to the date of the latest objects in them. Since groups a cover long period of time, it will be necessary often to date some of the objects in them individually rather than dating the whole group collectively. The vases belonging to the last half of the eighth century were found largely in the Agora in the region of the Late Geometric graves and on the terrace to the west of the on which the museum now 116 to comes Agora stands. The large group Nos. 134 from a well in the South-Central No. 102 was in a Agora area, the aryballos found grave in the Agora South-West area and the fragment No. 100 comes from the South Stoa was a new West. The group Nos. 103 to 115 found in pithos in the area dug for the museum, the fragment No. 101 was from the same area, and No. 98 was found a little Athens to area. was the west of this No. 99 found in excavating the Stoa to the north of the at Temple of Apollo.

98. Oinochoe Fragment. Plate 15. C-31-344. Pre tinuous lines around the neck was found at Syra served 0.116 m. cuse height, (Notizie, 1925, p. 318, fig. 73).

Small of shoulder and neck 100. Oinochoe Plate

Studies piece preserved. CC-BY-NC-ND. Fragment. 15. C-38-544. buff Wide Light clay. shoulder, high cylindrical Preserved height, 0.079 m. neck, trefoil Horizontal on neck with lip. stripes of and neck Fine band at about middle of neck filled with Fragment lip preserved. groups buff neck with trefoil of vertical continued on shoulder light clay. High cylindrical strokes, striping Horizontal on neck with wide central with one wide reserved band left at level of handle lip. stripes zone divided into triglyph and metope panels. License: attachment and decorated with of vertical Classical groups Glaze dull brown-black. zigzags. The neck contained some sim of The is from an oinochoe of the panel probably fragment type such as is shown on common in the third of the ple representational design

only. quarter eighth century, Vases sicyoniens, VI, 1, an oinochoe from on which the neck and about the two-thirds pi. upper Cumae. The to the are fragment apparently belongs of the body striped and the lip and lower body last quarter of the eighth century.

use are covered with black glaze (AJA., XLV, 1941, School p. 33,% 6; Asine, p. 331, fig. 224, 3; 'APX. AcAr., 101. Oinochoe Fragment. Plate 15. C-31-345. The decoration is limited m. II, 1916, p. 40, fig. 39). Preserved height, 0.055 to such narrow bands as are seen on this example, Small of neck Reddish but more elaborate decoration is used fragment preserved. occasionally buff of neck on the middle neck band clay. Only part high cylindrical pre (Vases sicyoniens, pi. served. Neck ornamented with at and personal striping top VII, 1-2). bottom and wide band in middle; middle zone American apparently divided into three sections, groups of

© For vertical lines at the ends and a wide central 99. Oinochoe Fragment. Plate 15. C-30-105. Pre panel which is further divided into two served height, 0.088 m. horizontal bands, a wide upper one filled with contiguous filled tri Fragment of and neck Fine a lip preserved. angles or rays and lower narrow band filled with reddish-buff clay. neck, trefoil S's. High cylindrical lip. angular Horizontal on neck are not continuous stripes The fragment is noteworthy for the two new around, but break at back; at middle of neck wide decorative motives which we see here for the first zone with short vertical lines. Glaze red-brown. time. The rays and the S's are part of the group The fragment is from an oinochoe similar to of new motives which were introduced into Greece No. 98, but here there may have been a zone of with the wave of oriental influence in the last decoration on the neck similar to Vases sicyoniens, quarter of the eighth century. Both of these mo but the vertical lines at the end are are seen on pi. VII, 2, only tives other examples of the period, A similar as preserved. very fragment with discon such Nos. 116, 118, 124, 125, and 133. THE PROTOCORINTHIAN PERIOD 35

102. Aryballos. Plate 15. AJA., XXXVII, 1933, tion between the body and the neck, and the thick p. 567, fig. 12; XLV, 1941, p. 36, fig. 9- C-33-1. neck are all features of the earliest Protocorinthian m. Greatest m Height, 0.053 diameter, 0.049 aryballoi. The zone of rays becomes common on the earliest (Protokorinthische Vasen Whole. Light buff clay, slightly impure. Low aryballoi malerei, 5, i; Mon. ring foot, bulbous body curving into low thick pi. Ant., XXII, 1913, pi. as does also the use of two decorated neck, flat round lip, band handle. Two black lines XLIII, 8) bands on the shoulder on lip, three stripes on neck, band of rays on upper (Mon. Ant., XXII, 1913, shoulder with base of rays at neck, second band pi. XLIII, 9-10). The decorative motive in the on lower zone on this common on lower shoulder filled by two horizontal zigzags aryballos is not but it a on with outer apices joined by short lines to edge of Orientalizing pottery, is popular motive band and dots placed in resulting pentagons, body Corinthian Geometric ware. Very similar to this vase in striped except for band at bottom which is glazed. shape and decoration is an aryballos from Glaze brown-black, somewhat chipped. Ithaka (Illustrated London News, Feb. 20, 1932, The very globular body, the lack of d?fini p. 276, fig. 5 left). Athens The Nos. was found in a which had set a at group 103-115 pithos been in cutting in in the area to the west of now hardpan the Corinthian Agora which is occupied by the museum. This and other area groups from this show that the region was inhabited in the late and eighth century throughout the seventh century B.C. The pottery in the almost to Studies the last of the CC-BY-NC-ND. present group belongs entirely quarter eighth century. The No. to the fragment 103 may belong previous quarter century.

103. Krater Plate Pre Ill which an Fragment. 15. C-31-41. bottom) is also excellent example of served m. the of height, 0.15 application the triglyph and metope scheme of decoration. About one fourth of upper body and one han License: Classical dle preserved. Clay grayish-buff, rather sandy. 104. Oinochoe Full rim inset to receive cover, hori Fragment. Plate 15. AJA., XLV, of body, sharply 1941, 33, 7a. Preserved zontal band handle. Horizontal bands on lip, wide p. fig. C-31-42. height, m. only. shoulder zone with meanders at center and tri 0.152 and at glyph metope arrangement sides, triglyphs About one half of base and of vertical lines at sides and in body preserved. metope middle Fine buff Low use light clay. ring base, ovoid body.

School divided cross lines into four of which by triangles, Wide glazed band at base, rest of covered the two side are and the body triangles glazed solidly with stripes except for a narrow band at about the and bottom are filled with chevrons. top triangles level of the handle attachment which is filled with Five horizontal bands below handle, then narrow a zigzag line. Streaky brown-black zone filled with a horizontal below this rest glaze. zigzag, The oinochoe is of the similar to of simple type preserved body covered with horizontal stripes. personal Nos. and and the 98 99 oinochoai from Delphi Horizontal lines at ends of handles, group of ver American (A.J.A., XLV, 1941, p. 33, 6) and Phaleron tical lines towards center of handle. fig. ('Apx- AcAt., II, 1916, p. 40, fig. 39). The simple © For Because of the rim to receive a shaped cover, decoration on the shoulder is like the band this vase be classed as a such as those just may pyxis seen on the krater No. 1 103. shown in Vases sicyoniens, pi. Ill, and pi. XI. However, the general shape and the handles are 105. Oinochoe Plate 15. AJA., XLV, more like a krater, such as No. 74 or No. 79. The Fragment. 1941, Preserved decoration one new p. 33, fig. 7b. C-31-43. height, presents motive and a new 0.117 m. decorative scheme which soon became very popu this is the and with Part of lar; triglyph metope system shoulder, neck, and handle preserved. the divided into four two of Fine buff Bulbous metope triangles, clay. body, high cylindrical which are filled to form an or a hourglass butter neck, trefoil lip, band handle. Neck and shoulder The use of fly pattern. chevrons in two of the tri striped except for band at middle of neck which is is on the Corinthian krater decorated with a double angles paralleled large horizontal zigzag at the from Delphi (Rev. Arch., XII, 1938, p. 210, pi. center and groups of vertical bars at the sides. 36 CORINTH

of on in so 12. The system decoration the neck, 108. Kotyle. Plate 16. Fig. C-31-338. Height, as on the oi m. Greatest m. far it is preserved, resembles that 0.113 diameter, 0.173 nochoai in Vases sicyoniens, VII, 1-2, but the pi. restored. Fine motive in the center zone is different. The double Large body fragments light buff Low occurs on clay. ring foot, high open bowl, simple zigzag used here also the aryballos No. 102.

106. Oinochoe Fragment. Plate 16. C-31-166. m. Preserved height, 0.112

Fragments of body and neck preserved. Dark buff clay, some impurities. Globular body, high vertical neck, wide mouth, part of one vertical zone band handle preserved. Wide neck with four Athens vertical bands at handle, five horizontal stripes on band filled with chevrons at bottom of

at neck, neck, upper body striped. Corinthian The shape is unusual in the reper tory, but there is a similar jug among the Early Corinthian pottery from Perachora (Perachora, pi. The elements of decoration are common.

Studies 12,

CC-BY-NC-ND. 4). Fig. 12. No. 108 (1:2) 11. 107. Kotyle. Plate 16. Fig. AJA., XLV, m. rounded horizontal band handles. Handle zone 1941, p. 38, fig. 16. C-31-159. Height, v 0.067 lip, with Greatest diameter, 0.124 m. triple division, group of vertical lines at sides, central section has horizontal band of chevrons at body fragments restored. Fine light License: Large and horizontal vertical strokes

Classical top stripes below, buff clay, pink in spots. Small low ring foot, wide on handles, rest covered with rich brown full contrac glaze. of body, slight The is a further of No. tion to horizontal shape development lip, 107; the bowl is now somewhat but it still only. rolled handles. Wide re deeper, has a very wide mouth and there is almost no con served band at handle traction at the lip. There is a very similar Corin level with groups of verti

use thian kotyle from Asine (Asine, p. 321, fig. 219, School cal lines at the sides and 6). The scheme of decoration is like that on Nos. the central zone filled 75 and 79 and the from with vertical ver skyphos Delphi (Rev. zigzags, Ill of the Late Geo tical strokes on handles. Arch., XII, 1938, pi. top) metric and it is common on Lower and interior period early kotylai body such as Nos. and from Pera covered with fine red 109, no, examples personal chora (Perachora, 11, 3 and Asine Fig. ii. No. 107 (i :2) brown pi. pi. 13), glaze. V American (Asine, p. 321, fig. 219, 7), Prosymna (Biegen, The shape is similar Prosymna, II, 319, no. 1120), Aetos on Ith © For to the Late Geometric No. but the rim fig. skyphos 80, Crete has now been eliminated and the mouth has a aka, Delphi, (B.S.A., XXXI, 1930-31, pi. only and no. 18, 6), Cyprus (S.C.E., II, p. 57, 19, pi. simple rounded lip. This is the beginning of a long CXXXIX, 10). series of vases known as kotylai which were ap parently invented at Corinth and became one of 109. m. Great the most vase in Kotyle. C-31-160. Height, 0.105 popular shapes subsequent peri est m. ods. The decoration consists of the usual handle diameter, 0.159 zone divided into three sections; the vertical zig Large body fragments and handles gone. Fine in are common zags the central part at this time. light buff clay. Shape and decoration as No. 108. Similar have been found at Glaze dark early kotylai Perachora brown-black, much chipped off. (Perachora, pi. 11, 8), at Anabysos (?paicn/c?, in at 1911, p. 120, fig. 17), grave 19 Phaleron and 110. Kotyle Fragment. Plate 16. C-31-40. Pre at Asine m (Asine, p. 321, fig. 219, 7). served height, 0.089 THE PROTOCORINTHIAN PERIOD 37

Large fragment of upper body preserved. of decoration is entirely new, but it is repeated in on Fine buff clay, reddish tint. Shape and decoration this group Nos. 113-115 and 126-128. Simi as No. 108. Glaze rich red-brown to brown-black. lar examples from other sites are numerous and most of them are Corinthian. Among the best of 111. Plate 16. Kotyle. C-31-164. Height, 0.074 these are the kotyle from grave 45 at Phaleron m. Greatest 0.12 m. an diameter, ?APX. AcXr., II, 1916, p. 32, fig. 22, 3), exam from Large body fragments restored. Fine light ple Anabysos (?I/muctwcc?,1911, p. 120, fig. one from buff clay, pink in spots. Small ring foot, medium 16), Syracuse (Mon. Ant., XXV, 1919, col. and one from Eleusis. There high open bowl, horizontal rolled handles. Re 539, fig. 122), are of such from and served line at edge of lip, rest covered with glaze fragments kotylai Aigina from the Heraeum. The use of varying in color from red to black. Argive applied white for decoration over dark first The shape of this kotyle is squatter than No. paint glaze in the last 108, but it is still taller than No. 107. Undeco appears quarter of the eighth century rated are not common, but there is (Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 197) and thenceforth it

Athens glazed kotylai remains for or decora no indication that any applied white ornament had popular primary secondary tion on Corinthian at been used on this vase. pottery.

0.112 112. Kotyle. Plate 16. C-31-161. Height, 113. Kotyle. Plate 16. C-31-163. Height, 0.098 m. m. m. Greatest diameter, 0.17 Greatest diameter, 0.148 m. restored. Fine Large body fragments light Large body fragments restored. Fine buff Studies

CC-BY-NC-ND. buff small full wide clay. Very ring foot, body, clay, yellow tint. Shape and decoration as No. 112, horizontal rolled handles. Vase all no glazed except but spirals in upper zone of handle panel. Glaze for reserved area of at center of hourglass shape dark brown-black on exterior and light red-brown handle zone on either side. Glaze of handle zone on interior. vase a lighter than rest of and bordered by band of thick white Vertical lines of same applied paint. 114. Kotyle. C-31-165. Height, 0.079 m. License:

Classical occur paint at sides of hourglass, horizontal white About one half of buff lines begin at these vertical lines and extend across body gone. Very light of and decoration as No. 113. Glaze middle of handle zone up to handles, short vertical clay. Shape white lines in band near center form small black, mostly chipped off. only. upper are or squares in which there spirals concentric 115. Kotyle. C-31-162. Preserved 0.077 m circles in white paint. height,

use The of this are the same About one third of

School proportions kotyle upper body preserved. as those of No. but the sides of the bowl are and as 108, Shape decoration No. 113. Good glaze, red more convex than those of No. 108. The method to black.

A second of vases large group pottery, comprising the Nos. 116-134, belongs to the same as the last but it is in quarter century group, later date than this group and personal should be at the end of the The No. American placed very eighth century. fragment 117 may to possibly belong the third quarter of the eighth century. This pottery was found in © For 1936 in a well in the Agora South-Central area.8

116. Krater. Plate 16. filled with AJA., XL, 1936, p. 475, part five large rays ending in spirals, 10. fig. 12; XLV, 1941, p. 36, fig. C-36-557. triglyph and metope arrangement at sides with 0.232 m. Greatest m. in Height, diameter, 0.251 metope middle filled with butterfly pattern, of and lower One handle, rim and body fragments restored. upper part body striped body glazed, Fine core. reserved line about at middle of hori buff clay, reddish Large ring foot, high glazed zone, convex zontal lines on flaring body with shoulder, high offset rim, handles. Glaze red-brown. The is a horizontal band handles. Groups of strokes on lip, shape apparently development from on band rim filled with angular S's, two lines the Late Geometric krater such as No. 74; the pro above and wide shoulder band with central are now below, portions considerably higher, the sides *AJA., XL, 1936, p. 475 38 CORINTH

more straighter, the shoulder pronounced and the large bowl from Aigina (Vases sicyoniens, pi. an rim higher. The decoration of the vase is excel XIII, i). lent example of the combination of the old Geo new 119. Krater. Plate 16. Pre metric system with Orientalizing motives. The Fig. 13. C-36-570. seen on No. 101. The served 0.20 m. S's have been already spi height, hooks first late in the cen raliform appear eighth one About third of body preserved. Buff clay tury; they rapidly become very popular and per with greenish tinge, very gritty. High flaring body, sist on various Orientalizing fabrics. Johansen rounded shoulder, very high splayed rim, horizon (Vases sicyoniens, p. 49) has discussed the motive tal rolled handles rising almost vertically from and to the list of examples which he gives should shoulder. All covered with reddish-brown glaze, be added the fine large kotyle from the Keramei mostly chipped off. kos (AJA., XL, 1936, p. 545, fig. 5). Both the on an spirals and the S's appear early aryballos from Cumae (Mon. Ant., XIII, 1903, col. 279, fig. Athens 65). An aryballos with spiral hooks from Phaleron was found in datable to ca. B.C. at grave 8^, 700

117. Krater Fragment. Plate 16. C-36-568. Pre m. served height, 0.227

Large body fragment preserved. Fine buff Studies

CC-BY-NC-ND. core. was clay, reddish The shape probably simi lar to No. 116. The decorative scheme is like No. 116, but the decoration in the central part of the shoulder zone consists of three horizontal bands, was the central one of which filled by horizontal stripes and the lower one with small groups of License: Classical vertical zigzags. The triglyph and metope panels at the sides are the same as on No. 116. Good of red-brown glaze.

only. The division of the central shoulder triple Fig. 13. No. 119 (1:3) panel is similar to that on the Late Geometric krater No. and on the from 78 fragment Delphi The shape with the very high rim and the use (AJA., XLV, 1941, p. 33, 4). The use of handles from the shoulder is un School fig. rising vertically small of instead of a continuous as groups zigzags usual, is also the solid glaze at this time. A bowl series is at this (Vases with a similar rim comes popular period sicyoniens, high from Aigina (Vases pi. VII, 1-2). sicyoniens, pi. XIII, 1), but its handles have been incorrectly restored as vertical band handles. Han 118. Krater Plate Fragment. 16. C-36-567. Pre dles such as those on No. are found on a 119 pyxis personal served 0.135 m. from height, Thebes (Vases sicyoniens, pi. Ill, 1). American of lower red Fragment body preserved. Clay 120. Plate Preserved © For dish-buff. similar to No. 116. Pyxis. 17. C-36-561. height, Shape apparently m. on 0.087 Upper body striped; lower body a broad re served band with tall from the base. About one rays rising third preserved. Fine buff clay. Fine red glaze. Wide-flaring body, inset rim shaped to receive This is the earliest instance we have seen in cover, horizontal rolled handles. Horizontal bands this collection from Corinth of the use of a band on handle with rim, panel crosshatched lozenges of at the base of a vase. The use of rays large at center and vertical lines at sides, horizontal this motive at the end of the is seen on third of eighth century stripes upper body, brown-black glaze on vases from other such as the oinochoe below with one reserved at sites, line middle of glazed from Cumae (Protokorinthiscke Vasenmalerei, pi. field. 7> a from 11 at Phaleron The vase a 3), pyxis grave (Vases might be called pyxis, but the sicyoniens, 2; is much from the pi. XII, Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 232; shape different series of pyxides AJA., no. and the of this XLVI, 1942, p. 33, 11, 8), period (Vases sicyoniens, pi. XII) and it THE PROTOCORINTHIAN PERIOD 39

is much like the Corinthian with lines at very Early kotylai sides, upper third of body below handles inset rim and rest the later lekanides (Necrocorinthia, striped, covered with red-brown glaze, except The vase the same p. 295). No. 153 has shape, for reserved line at middle of glazed field, interior but its decoration shows it to be later in red-brown slightly glaze except for reserved line at lip. date. A very similar vase comes from Asine (Asine, p. 321, fig. 219, 3), and there are other similar pyxides from the Phaleron graves 56 and 48 nos. ?APX. AcXr., II, 1916, p. 36, 44 and 45, fig. 30, 2; AJA., XLVI, 1942, p. 28, no. 56, 2, and p. no. 38, 48, 7). The crosshatched lozenges are com mon in this period (Vases sicyoniens, pis. VII, 2; VIII, 5; XI, 3i XII, 2-3).

121. Skyphos. Plate 17. C-36-562. Preserved m- Greatest m. Athens height, 0.037 diameter, 0.105 and at Handles, lip, body fragments missing. Fine buff light clay. Very small ring foot, low flaring body, sharp shoulder contraction, offset lip, horizontal rolled handles. Covered solidly with metallic brown-black glaze. The vase is as an of the

Studies interesting example CC-BY-NC-ND. use continued of skyphoi with offset rim alongside No. 123 the new rimless kotylai, as well as another instance Fig. 14. (1:2) use of the of solidly glazed vases at this time. The is similar to the with offset rim of the The shape of this kotyle is much taller than shape cups V any of the of the It is early seventh century (Vases sicyoniens, pi. XIX, kotylai previous group. about the same as the kotyle from grave 103 bis License: 2). Classical at Cumae (Vases sicyoniens, pi. IX, 7) which is 122. Plate Preserved dated about 725 B.C. of Skyphos. 17. C-36-563. (Mnemosyne, IV, 1936-37, A similar and height, 0.065 m p. 223). shape decorative scheme

only. are seen on the kotyle from grave 47 at Phaleron About one third preserved. Fine clay, fired (Vases sicyoniens, pi. IX, 6) which Young dates red and buff. Wide-flaring body, high splayed lip, ca. 700 B.C. (Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 232; AJA., use horizontal rolled handles. Bands on rim, shoulder School XLVI, 1942, p. 26, no. 47, 1), as well as on zone with groups of vertical lines and alternating kotylai from the Athenian Kerameikos (Arch. metopes filled by two horizontal zigzags, lower Anz., 1940, col. 345, fig. 24), from Antissa body covered with red-brown red glaze, bright (B.S.A., XXXII, 1931-32, 24, 1), from Eleusis on interior. Horizontal white line be pi. glaze applied ^98, 2, and from low handles and on inside of rim. (*E

and Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 142, fig. 100, C18), 127. Kotyle. Plate 17. Fig. 16. C-36-556. Height, m. many fragments from Aigina (Ath. Mitt., XXII, 0.098 Greatest diameter, 0.113 m. 1897, p. 277, no. 5, fig. 10) and Ithaka. A band Small body fragments restored. Fine light of similar birds occurs on one of the pyxides from buff clay. Small foot, horizontal Thera (Vases sicyoniens, XI, 2). ring high body, pi. rolled handles. All cov m. ered with dark red-brown 124. Kotyle. Plate 17. C-36-554. Height, 0.13 white lines Greatest diameter, 0.146 m. glaze. Applied around body on interior One handle and restored. large body fragment of lip and on exterior be Fine buff Small light clay. ring foot, high flaring low handles, white hour horizontal rolled handles. Handle with body, panel glass framed by vertical angular S's at center, one vertical line at either lines at center between side, then metope with butterfly pattern followed handles. vertical lines to handles. around Athens by Stripes body The kotyle is tall for short below below this space handles, glazed and thin like No. 124. at zone with reserved line at its center. Glaze red to The decoration is like No. brown-black. 126, but the hourglass is The is a little taller than No. 123 and shape filled with white paint in the sides are The handle zone with the straighten this example. There is a is common (Vases sicyoniens, Fig. 16. No. 127 (1:2) butterfly metope pi. very similar kotyle from Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. IX, 3 and 7), but the execution of it here is very Eleusis (*E

of Large body fragment preserved. 128. Kotyle. Plate 17. C-36-560. Height, 0.077 m. clay. Shape and decoration like No. 125. Bright

only. red One handle and glaze. large body fragments miss Fine reddish-buff ing. clay. Small ring foot, high 126. Kotyle. Plate 17. 15. C-36-555. horizontal Fig. Height, body, rolled handles. Exterior rough use m. 0.092 Greatest diameter, 0.122 m. School and horizontal ridges unsmoothed. Decoration like No. but Body fragments restored. Buff clay. Small 127, hourglass reserved and second white line ring foot, medium high body, horizontal rolled painted around middle of handle zone. Red brown handles. All covered with glaze, rough and much chipped off. The light red to brown-black proportions of this kotyle are about the white line same as No. 127. With the addition of the white personal glaze. Applied on interior below one line in the middle of the handle zone, the decora American lip, on exterior below tion is handles, very much like that of the earlier kotylai

© For and two vertical at lines Nos. 112-115. A similar kotyle was found in grave center of handle zone 11 at Phaleron ('Apx- AcAt., II, 1916, p. 33, no. crossed forming rectangle, 29; A.J.A., XLVI, 1942, p. 33, no. 11, 7). white lines in rectangles. The shape is wider 129. Oinochoe Fragment. Plate 17. A JA., XLV, than No. 123, but taller 1941, p. 36, 11. Preserved than No. 108. The deco fig. C-36-565. width, m. a 0.154 ration is simplification of the on Piece of shoulder system used and neck and separate piece Fig. 15. No. 126 (1:2) Nos. of lower 112-115. The hour body preserved. Fine clay, inner part red is not and outer glass reserved here, half buff. High cylindrical neck, wide u but it is imitated the crossed white lines in a convex shoulder. on by Stripes lower neck, probably rectangle. triglyph and metope arrangement on middle neck, THE PROTOCORINTHIAN PERIOD 41

of which bottom of some of vertical lines of tri 132. Olpe Fragment. Plate 18. C-36-569. Pre are on m- m. glyphs preserved, upper body large curvi served height, 0.093 Diameter of lip, 0.098 linear ribbon delimited at bottom three designs by Neck for handle attachment. horizontal wide band of at base. preserved except lines, rays buff neck to The of the oinochoe was like Light clay. High flaring top, angular shape probably with handle. Reserved line that of the oinochoe from Cumae join shoulder, single (Vases sicyo at of and one at between neck and and like the oinochoe edge lip angle niens, pi. VI) especially shoulder. Rest covered with black metallic from Axkades in Crete glaze. (Annuario, X-XII, 1927 The is the neck of a and it This oinochoe from Crete fragment large jug 29, p. 369, fig. 485). is like later are known in the third on olpai. Olpai offers the closest for the ribbon design no parallel quarter of the seventh century, but I know of the body of the vase, and the fragment from Cor other examples as early as the end of the eighth inth should probably be restored with its main century. decoration just like that of the Arkades oinochoe.

Athens 133. Conical Oinochoe. Plate 18. C-36-564. Pre 130. Oinochoe. Plate 17. C-36-553. 0.122 m. Height, served height, 0.066 m. Diameter of base, 0.082 at m. Greatest diameter, 0.117 m. Body, lower neck, and mouth preserved. Buff Small body restored. Fine buff fragments clay with greenish tinge. Conical body, slightly clay. Rather broad foot, bulbous body, broad ring convex, tall neck diminishing to top, small round shoulder, thick low neck, trefoil band handle lip, mouth and disc lip, vertical band handle. Black rising high above lip. Three reserved lines around on band on

Studies dots wide reserved CC-BY-NC-ND. lip, upper body horizontal bars on handles. Rest covered body, with rays radiating from base of neck, three hori with fine rich red glaze. zontal lines at tip of rays. Rest covered with The of this oinochoe is but shape unusual, brown-black glaze. not The thick low neck and the han unique. high The conical oinochoe is another very popular dle that this of is the suggest type jug predecessor shape in the last quarter of the eighth century, which License: of the broad-bottomed oinochoe becomes and we have seen it before in the of the Classical early part in the second of the seventh cen popular quarter century (No. 76). However, this oinochoe is of (No. 141 and Vases sicyoniens, XIX, 3 a tury pi. unique in having round mouth rather than the and 5). Very similar oinochoai occur in graves 65 usual The neck has been the only. trefoil lip. restored, and 11 at Phaleron II, 1916, p. 40, ('A^x- Ac?t., height being governed by the rate of diminution nos. 72 and 73; AJA., XLVI, 1942, p. 32, no. 11, of the preserved part and the diameter of the

use and a variant comes 3), of the shape from grave mouth. The decoration is also for this School unique 78 at Phaleron (ibid., p. 40, no. 78, 1, 24). a fig. shape at this time. There are, however, few was at Another somewhat similar jug found other vases in this collection from Corinth on Knossos (B.S.A., XXIX, 1927-28, IX, 3). The pi. which the only decoration is a band of rays, viz., decoration is reminiscent of the Geometric Early the krater No. 135 and the oinochoe No. 166. oinochoe, such as Nos. 24-27. personal 134. Handmade Fragment. Plate 18. C

American Amphora 131. Oinochoe Plate 17. Pre Fragment. C-36-566. 36-2419. Preserved height, 0.185 m. served m. Diameter of m. © For height, 0.059 base, 0.107 Piece of neck with handle and bit of lip pre Base and lower Fine buff body preserved. served. Gritty buff clay, gray at core. High cylin Broad low full All covered with clay. base, body. drical neck of amphora, wide round mouth, heavy fine brown-black white line at base glaze, applied vertical handle very wide and with double cord and another line about m. above base. 0.03 down center. Unglazed, surface burnished rather The fragment is apparently the base of a smooth. broad-bottomed which as we have same oinochoe, just A very similar amphora neck with the a suggested may be derived from shape such as kind of handles was found in a Late Protocorin No. The of the a 130. appearance shape here is thian group at Corinth (No. 172). Handles with few decades earlier than the of occur on an suspected period double cording amphora from grave of the The decoration is unusual for origin shape. 70 at Phaleron ('Apx- AcA.r., II, 1916, p. 27, fig. broad-bottomed oinochoai. 10; AJA., XLVI, 1942, p. 30, no. 70, 3). 42 CORINTH

There are three more groups of pottery and several single pieces which belong to the Protocorinthian period. However, all three groups are dated by the latest pieces in them to the Late Protocorinthian period in the third quarter of the seventh century B.C., some and of the single pieces belong to the same time. There are only a few vases, among these groups and among the single pieces, which can be dated in the first half of the seventh century. Here again this gap in the material from this collection is due to the accidents of discovery, for the Early and Middle Protocorinthian periods are well represented in both the North Cemetery and the Potters' Quarter at Corinth. The krater No. 135 was found outside a grave in a rifled cemetery which was in was vestigated in 1938. The cemetery situated about a mile to the east of the village of Hexamilia and about four miles east of Corinth. Although there are no good parallels Athens for the krater, the type should be dated about the middle of the seventh century. at 135. Krater. Plate 18. AJA., XLIII, 1939, p. large rays, two lines above rays. Glaze mottled red m. to black. 266, fig. 8. C-38-274. Height, 0.247 Greatest m. The is somewhat similar to the diameter, 0.286 shape krater No. 116, but it has lower the rim and Few small Fine proportions; body fragments missing. light handles are similar. The decoration is like that on Studies

CC-BY-NC-ND. buff clay, greenish tinge. Slightly flaring ring foot, the oinochoai Nos. 133 and 166. A krater with a rim offset high flaring body, high splayed sharply similar band of rays at the base was found in the from wide convex band handles with dromos of one shoulder, of the chamber tombs at Mycenae broad rounded ends. Reserved lines at and at lip (Wace, Chamber Tombs, p. 117, pi. LVI, Hi) reserved band on lower with offset, large body and is dated in the seventh century. License: Classical The Nos. was found in a group 136-143 well at the northwest corner of the present

of museum at Corinth. The is dated the group by Late Protocorinthian olpe to the third of the seventh but the vases only. quarter century, Nos. 136, 137, 139, and 141 probably to the or belong previous quarter century earlier.

use 136. Oinochoe. Plate 18. Preserved Cover convex on knob at center. School C-31-285. slightly top, The m. Greatest m. center height, 0.183 diameter, 0.164 decoration from to edge comprises two lines around bottom of broad band with Base and and knob, rays lip body fragments missing. from three bands with Bulbous neck radiating knob, lines, groups Light pinkish-buff clay. body, high of five line to near second band to vertical band handle. Horizontal zigzag lines, edge, flaring top, with of groups zigzags, three lines at edge. personal on all of wider band at stripes preserved part, The cover is from a level of handle on probably cylindrical pyxis American attachment shoulder is filled of the usual in the first half of with of vertical and Subgeometric type alternating groups straight the © For seventh century (Vases sicyoniens, pi. XVIII, zigzag lines, horizontal bars on handles. Glaze red 1-4). similar covers come from 18 brown. Very graves and at 78 Phaleron (*Apx. AcXt., II, 1916, p. 34, The oinochoe is of the same type as Nos. 98, fig. 25; AJA., XLVI, 1942, 35, no. 3, and 99, 104, and 105. The decoration on the shoulder p. 18, p. 40, no. 78, 2) which are dated ca. B.C. and is usual from the end of the and 675 eighth century B.C. 650 respectively. later. Although such oinochoai were first made in the last quarter of the con 138. Plate eighth century, they Skyphos. 18. C-31-219. Height, 0.046 tinued to be made much of the seventh m. during Greatest diameter, 0.10 m. and this be a late century may example. About half preserved, less handles. Light buff Small low 137. Pyxis Cover. Plate 18. C-31-218. Preserved clay, pink tinge. ring foot, wide-flaring offset horizontal rolled diameter, 0.117 m. body, high splayed rim, handles. on Three lines rim, band of rays at base, Half of cover Fine buff rest covered with red-brown to preserved. light clay. dark brown glaze. THE PROTOCORINTHIAN PERIOD 43

a This is typical Late Protocorinthian skyphos upper body of the kotyle is new at this time, but it or cup with offset rim (Necrocorinthia, p. 23, fig. becomes popular very soon and remains the stand a of the same 9B). No. 152 is similar cup period. ard decoration of kotylai for a century.

139. Plate 18. C-31-228. 0.107 m. Kotyle. Height, 141. Oinochoe. Plate 19. AJA., XLV, 1941, p. About one half Fine buff Low 21. m. preserved. clay. 41, fig. C-31-317. Height, 0.125 Greatest ring foot, high body. Handle band with group of diameter, 0.125 m. vertical horizontal around half lines, stripes upper and restored. Fine of wide band of on lower half. Glaze Lip body fragments light body, rays buff Broad raised red-brown. clay. base, slightly foot, body swells slightly from base, broad shoulder, low wide The is similar to No. 127 of the end of shape trefoil band handle the The of decoration is cylindrical neck, lip, rising eighth century. system above in band on usual in the first half of the seventh and high lip. Key pattern neck, century broad shoulder zone with scene of rabbit hunt there are numerous datable There are examples. of two hounds a three several from a well of the first half of the consisting chasing rabbit,

Athens examples horizontal bands below this, then a minor zone seventh century in the Athenian Agora (Hesperia, with groups of five vertical on at zigzags, stripes Suppl. II, pp. 143-144, C8-C12) as well as other upper half of body, broad band of rays on lower from the (Hesperia, 1933, fragments Agora II, p. Horizontal lines on and lower thirds nos. body. upper 567, fig. 26, 106-108). Other examples come of handle, vertical bars in middle third. Glaze from 19 and 48 at Phaleron graves ('Apx- AcXt., brown to black. II, 1916, p. 32, fig. 22, 2; AJA., XLVI, 1942, p. The of the broad-bottomed oinochoe

Studies no. shape CC-BY-NC-ND. 27, 19, 8B, and no. 5; now add also p. 36, 48, and its vase no. possible derivation from Geometric oi 27, 3 of the first quarter of the seventh nochoai through such a form as the oinochoe No. century, ibid., p. 28) which date from the first have been mentioned The and second 130 already (p. 41). quarters of the seventh century re fragment No. 131 is an form of the (Hesperia, II, possibly early spectively Suppl. pp. 232-233). broad-bottomed Such oinochoe dating from the end of kotylai have been found in Italy at Syracuse

License: the The form became in

Classical eighth century. (Notizie, 1893, p. 474), at Narce (Mon. Ant., popular the second quarter of the seventh century, from IV, 1894, col. 277, fig. 133), Motya (Whitaker, of which period this example probably dates. The Motya, p. 313, fig. 87), and the ceme Esquiline decoration of this of vase is

only. type tery at Rome (Mon. Ant., XV, 1905, IX, 9). usually Subgeo pi. metric and often there is a shoulder band with Similar vases continue to be made to the end of representational The rabbit hunt is the the seventh century, such as Nos. 245 and 246. designs.

use most popular motive. The largest group of these School 140. Plate 18. oinochoai comes Kotyle. Fig. 17. C-31-227. Height, from the graves at Syracuse 0.108 m. Greatest diameter, 0.137 m. (Notizie, 1893, pp. 468, 477; 189S, p. 153, fig 38), but there are other from the About one half preserved. Fine buff examples Argive light Heraeum clay, green and pink tints. Low ring foot, high (Argive Heraeum, II, p. 128, fig. 56), Aigina (Ath. Mitt., XXII, 1897, pp. 301-2, flaring body, horizon fig. personal and Ithaka. The tal rolled handles. Re 26), elongated thin animals in sil

American the features out a served band with tall houette, picked with minimum on of incision, are characteristic of the Middle Proto © For rays lower third of corinthian 1; Proto body, horizontal line style (Necrocorinthia, pi. korinthische Vasenmalerei, 20, 22). at tip of rays, above pis. this narrow reserved 142. Plates 20 and 21. Restored line and then rest of Olpe. C-31-316. 0.32 m. Greatest 0.21 m. body covered with red height, diameter, to brown-black some glaze. Lip, handle, base, and body fragments The is the restored. Fine buff shape light clay. Body flares sharply same as No. 139. The from base and then rises in full convex curve con band of at the rays tracting towards neck, ridge at juncture of shoul base and the der and strip neck, high splayed neck flaring sharply at above the are rays the lip. Low band of rays at base, three zones with same as on No. on 139. animal figures body with wide black band be Fig. 17. No. 140 (1:2) The solid on low glaze the each zone, wide glazed band with incised u 44 CORINTH

round on shoulder. In animal rays the top frieze thian oinochoe in the Vatican (NecrocorintMa, pi. there are panthers, lions, boars, and hounds; in ii, 3). Incision is still used sparingly and in gen the second band are panthers, lions, a goat, a eral the figures are drawn much as are those shown a row in 10. boar, and charging bull; the third has pan Necrocorinthia, pi. The fill ornaments also a an are are of the and can on thers, lions, boar, and owl. All the figures typical period be paralleled in silhouette with some incision for the lines of numerous Late Protocorinthian vases (Necrocorin the body and face. The fill ornaments consist of thia, pis. 8-11). The chevrons and the spiral hook are reminiscent of earlier vases. two types of dot rosettes, one with the dots joined Protocorinthian The ornament a to the center by lines and the other with the dots large formed of group of lozenges a is on Middle Protocorinthian vases unjoined, chevrons, lozenges, spiral hook, and a paralleled 2 and large composite design made up of lozenges. There (Protokorinthische Vasenmalerei, pi. 19, 5). are no traces or of red white overpaint, such as is 143. Plate 22. Preserved usual in the round rays on the shoulder and in the Aryballos. C-31-347. m. broad bands between the zones of animal decora height, 0.063

Athens tion on such vases. Lower half preserved. Fine greenish-buff clay. The of this wide-bellied and not at shape olpe, Very small flat base, ovoid body. Reserved band is characteristic of the Late Protocorin at elongated, mid-body with wide glazed band above and thian nos. period (Necrocorinthia, Catalogue, 39 below, reserved band filled with rosettes of circle 48). The base zone of and the on the rays tongues with dots around, one squiggle between rosettes, shoulder are usual on Late Protocorinthian olpai. band of rays at base, horizontal line at tip of rays. The of the animal is of Studies Glaze much off. CC-BY-NC-ND. style drawing distinctly green-brown, chipped this some of the is care period, although drawing The aryballos is the pointed type of the end less. The hounds in the first zone are and thin long of the Protocorinthian period. The decoration is like those of the Middle Protocorinthian period, carelessly drawn and the system of decoration is are but they also paralleled on a Late Protocorin unusual. License:

Classical The nine listed single pieces below all belong to the same period as the previous The Nos. and were in the of group. pieces 144, 146, 151 found Agora South-Central area; Nos. 145 and 147 come from Hill, Nos. 148 and 149 were found in the Stoa and only. Temple Roman Market on the north slope of Temple Hill, No. 150 was found in the Per?bolos of Apollo, and No. 152 comes from the market north of the Basilica. use School 144. Lid. Plate 22. Diameter of Pyxis C-37-2484. glazed band, band filled with checker pattern, wide 0.061 m. lid, red band at edge. same Center The lid is of the shape and size as No. knob missing, rest whole. Light buff 144. The decoration with and clay. Top slightly convex, inner rim on bottom. tongues alternating on personal solid and checkered bands is seen vases Two concentric circles around knob, band with many of the Late Protocorinthian and American five rays formed of three lines of dots, two more period (No. 147 Vases and The use of circles, second band with nine similar three sicyoniens, pi. XLII, 3 5). © For rays, circles to red in wide bands becomes edge. Dull brown-black glaze. applied paint popular The lid a at this time. is from small cylindrical pyxis of Late Protocorinthian type. A very similar lid is shown on such a in Vases 146. Conical Oinochoe. Plate 22. Pre pyxis sicyoniens, pi. C-37-2482. The same occurs on a served 0.035 m. XLII, 4. design pyxis cover height, from Rhodes (Clara Rhodos, III, p. 46, fig. 33). About one half of body preserved. Light buff Flat bottom, conical with con 145. Lid. Plate 22. Diameter clay. body slightly Pyxis C-37-2486. vex sides. Shoulder band with of m groups of vertical lid, 0.063 on zigzags, stripes body with wide red band at Knob and of fragment lid missing. Fine buff middle, band of rays at base. Lid convex on low inner a clay. top, rim. Small radi This is late Subgeometric form of the coni around two wide cal ating tongues knob, circles, oinochoe. The shape is not very common at this THE PROTOCORINTHIAN PERIOD 45

but it is revived in the time, subsequent Early high, straight, flaring sides, lip very irregular. Dots Corinthian on two double on period. lip, lines exterior, red glaze on bottom of interior. 147. Conical Oinochoe. Plate 22. C-39-2. Pre served height, 0.05 m. Diameter of base, 0.081 m. 150. 22. Kalathos. Plate C-31-306. Height, 0.033 Neck and m. Diameter of 0.05 m. handle missing. Light buff clay, lip, greenish tinge. Flat bottom, conical with con body Whole. Fine light buff clay. Flat bottom, vex sides. Incised on shoulder tongues radiating straight flaring sides. Three double lines around from base of neck, white fills exterior and two on paint alternating interior. Red glaze. tongues, wide horizontal bands alternate with checked bands on bands are red or black body, 151. Plate 22. with white lines at Kotyle. C-36-116. Height, 0.049 edges. m. Diameter of lip, 0.068 m. The rays with white overpaint and the red or black and are one

Athens of white bands usual on larger vases Fragment handle missing. Small ring of the Late Protocorinthian period (Necrocorin foot, high body, horizontal rolled handles. Re at The served at thia, pi. 11, 3). badly drawn checkered bands band handle level with glazed square at are a common feature on Corinthian Subgeometric middle and reserved hourglass in square. Black vases. glaze, badly chipped. vase a The is miniature of the usual kotylai 148. Kalathos. Plate 22. C-30-107. Height, 0.058 such as Nos. 126 and 127, but the reserved band

Studies m. of m

CC-BY-NC-ND. Diameter lip, 0.064 in the handle zone is not usual. There is a re Whole. served but without the at the Light buff clay. Flat base, high body band, glazed square on a small from at Pha with concave sides, wide flare at mouth, bevelled middle, kotyle grave 32 leron lip. Groups of horizontal lines on exterior and in Capx. AcAt., II, 1916, p. 32, fig. 23, 6; no. terior, one triple line and rest double lines. AJA., XLVI, 1942, p. 39, 32, 2). These small kalathoi derive from the Geomet License: Classical ric 152. Plate 22. kalathoi (Art and Archaeology, XXXI, 1931, Skyphos. CP-1584. Height, 0.06 m. of Diameter of m. p. 225, figure). The decoration on the Protocorin lip, 0.131 thian examples is always made up of simple double only. and restored. as on Lip body fragments Light green and triple lines this example (Vases sicyo ish-buff clay. Low ring foot, niens, 43; Such wide-flaring body, pp. 66-68, fig. Perachora, pi. 30). shoulder offset vases are made the but the sharp contraction, high splaying use throughout period, horizontal band handles. Black lines on ex School rim, later such as this one and Nos. 149, 150, examples terior of band of at base with three lines and are often made and decorated. lip, rays 169 carelessly above rest rays, covered with black glaze. The 22. shape and the decoration are the same as 149. Kalathos. Plate C-29-200. Height, 0.038 m. on No. 138. The is discussed Diameter of lip, 0.048 m. shape by Payne (Necrocorinthia, p. 296) who calls this the

personal "cup Whole. Buff clay, rather impure. Flat bottom, with offset rim." American

© For The large group Nos. 153-173 was found in a well in the South-Central area of the Corinthian The well is dated in the third of the seventh Agora.4 quarter century by such vases as Nos. the Nos. are earlier 159-161. However, pieces 153-156 certainly than this date.

153. Plate 22. middle of handle zone a Pyxis. AJA., XLI, 1937, p. 548, there is band of contigu 9; XLV, 1941, 38, 19. Great ous crosshatched at are fig. p. fig. C-37-618. lozenges, the sides triglyph est diameter, 0.238 m. and metope groups with a butterfly pattern in the Lower and base half body restored. Fine light buff metopes, upper of body striped, wide band of inset rim on clay. Wide-flaring body, for cover, hori rays lower body. zontal rolled handles with out-turned In ends. The shape, like that of No. 120, is not usual 4 AJA., XLI, 1937, p. 547, fig- 9, pi- XIII, 2. 46 CORINTH

it most ment and differs from pyxides of the period. is very good and the piece should be dated The decoration is typical of vases of the late about 700 B.C. eighth century and the beginning of the seventh 157. 22. century (Vases sicyoniens, pis. VII, 2; XI, 3; Skyphos. Plate Fig. 18. AJA., XLI, m. XII, 2-3). The workmanship of the vase is very 1937, P- 548, fig. 9- C-37-620. Height, 0.074 on Greatest 0.118 m. careful, and the drawing is certainly the best diameter, of the vases in this collection. any Subgeometric Rim and restored. Fine vase which body fragments light The should be dated about 700 B.C., buff clay. Small ring foot, wide-flaring body, offset is earlier than the time of the filling considerably vertical rim, horizontal rolled handles. Five stripes of the well in which it was found. A of a fragment around rim, shoulder similar Corinthian was found in the Athe panel pyxis with group of short verti nian Agora (Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 564, fig. 23, cal strokes at center and no. 80). vertical lines at the sides. Glaze red-brown to black. Athens 154. Plate 22. C-37-926. Skyphos Fragment. The shape is similar to Preserved m. at 0.041 height, the skyphoi Nos. 138 and 152, but in this Small rim fragment preserved. Reddish clay, example and in No. the rim is rather impure. High offset rim. Band of stylized 158 vertical rather than birds on rim, horizontal lines above and below. splayed. The was introduced Red glaze. shape

Studies at CC-BY-NC-ND. The is from the rim of a the beginning of the sev fragment large sky Fig. 18. No. 157 (1:2) or enth and was com phos perhaps a krater similar to No. 116. The century are mon V that cen birds like those on the kotyle No. 123 and the throughout with but little in and less in fragment should be dated to about the same time tury, change shape decoration. The vases occur both with and without as that kotyle. a band of rays about the lower body. Among the License:

Classical earliest are from and 155. Broad-bottomed Oinochoe. Plate 22. C-3 7 examples skyphoi graves 64 at Preserved m. 83 Phaleron, dated about 700 B.C. (*Apx- AcAt., of 634. height, 0.056 II, 1916, p. 36, fig. 30, 1; Vases sicyoniens, pi. About one fourth Dark only. preserved. grayish IX, 4; Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 232; AJA., XLVI, buff Wide flat sides con no. an clay. base, high slightly 1942, p. 26, 83, 6), example of about vex. on lower checker band on same Stripes body, upper the date in the Yale Gallery of Fine Arts

use on body, rays shoulder. (AJA., 1941, another ex School XLV, p. 38, fig. 17), The was the broad shape apparently regular ample from Corinth, found in the Potters' Quar bottomed oinochoe such as No. 141. The decora ter (AJA., XXXV, 1931, p. 11, fig. 6), and one tion is drawn and is done in the in carelessly Subgeo Oxford (C.V.A., Oxford II, iii C, pi. I, 28). metric manner of the middle of the seventh cen Later examples from Italy come from Gela (Mon. tury. Ant., XVII, 1906, col. no, fig. 76; col. 186, fig. personal 141, which are Early Corinthian), Narce (Mon.

American 156. Conical Oinochoe. Plate 22. Pre C-37-633. Ant., IV, 1894, col. 277, fig. 134), Motya (Whita served width, 0.072 m. and © For ker, Motya, p. 310, fig. 84), Pitigliano (Jahr buch, XV, 1900, 178, 21, 9). The short Fragment of body and handle preserved. Fine p. fig. strokes or blobs at the center of the shoulder reddish-buff clay. Shoulder zone apparently with panel of the later such as Nos. 157, and representational design, perhaps tail and rear leg examples, 158, of an 175, and Nos. 212 and 213 of the Corin animal preserved, three stripes just below Early thian are a form of the vertical handle, band filled with groups of vertical zig period, degenerate used on the earlier and zags, rest of body striped, snake on handle with zigzags kotylai skyphoi as fill ornaments. (Vases sicyoniens, IX, 4-6). lozenges Red-brown glaze. pi. was The shape probably the usual conical oi 158. Plate 2 2. 7-621. m. nochoe of the late eighth century (Vases sicyo Skyphos. C-3 Height, 0.084 The elements of the niens, pis. VII, 3; VIII, 5-6). One handle and most of upper body gone. decoration are all on the oinochoai from present Light buff clay. Shape and decoration as No. 157. Cumae cited. The just workmanship of this frag Glaze brown-black. THE PROTOCORINTHIAN PERIOD 47

corinthian vases 159. Kotyle. Plate 23. A.J.A., XLI, 1937, p. 548, (Vases sicyoniens, pis. XX, 2; m. Greatest diame on fig. 9. C-3 7-631. Height, 0.069 XXV; XXVIII, 1) and also Early Corinthian m. vases 2 ter, 0.082 (Necrocorinthia, pi. 22, and 6). Fre quently spiral hooks or occur between the Handles and body fragments restored. Light lozenges large rays. buff clay. Small ring foot, high flaring body, hori zontal rolled handles. Band with dot rosettes at 162. Plate Preserved handle wide checkered zone third Kotyle. 23. C-37-619. level, below, 0.10 m. height, band with animals in silhouette, band of rays at bottom. Brown-black About one glaze, badly chipped. half preserved. Fine light buff is a combination of late Sub The decoration clay. High flaring body, horizontal rolled handles. ornament and debased animal Wide band of on geometric figure rays lower body, three stripes There is no incision on the animal above rest style. figures, rays, covered with brown-black glaze, but the is better than that white line below drawing considerably applied handles, white hourglass on as Nos. 160 161 and most at center Athens late kotylai such and between handles, white line on interior other similar kotylai of the period. The band with of lip. at rosettes at is not common dot the lip (Necrocorin This type of kotyle is common in the second no. of the seventh as thia, p. 279, 192; Notizie, 1925, p. 203, fig. quarter century, shown by sev eral 39; Perachora, pi. 23, 6). fragments from the Athenian Agora (Hes peria, Suppl. II, pp. 145-146, nos. C15-C18; Hes 160. Plate 23. AJA., XLI, 1937, p. 548, Kotyle. peria, II, 1933, p. 567, fig. 26, no. 105), but it

Studies m- Greatest diame CC-BY-NC-ND. 9. C-37-590. 0.045 continues in use in fig. Height, the last half of the century, as ter, 0.059 m shown here and an in example from Syracuse One handle restored. Fine buff clay. Small (Notizie, 1925, p. 203, fig. 39). The hourglass either in white as on ring foot, wide-flaring bowl, horizontal rolled han pattern, applied paint this or as on dles. Handle band with groups of vertical zigzags, example reserved No. 163, was common from the narrow zone with animal band of rays at late eighth century and occurred on Nos.

License: figures, Classical bottom. Red glaze. 112-115, 126-128, and 151. The is of a common in the last of kotyle type 163. Plate Preserved half of the seventh century. The very crude figures Kotyle. 23. C-37-607. only. 0.058 m. Diameter of m. are probably meant to be coursing hounds; there height, lip, 0.104 is no incised detail on them. The type is discussed half Upper preserved. Fine light buff clay. Necrocorinthia, p. 279, no. 191. Other

use by Payne, and as Shape decoration No. 162, but hourglass is

School are examples in this collection Nos. 184, 208, 210, reserved rather than done with applied white paint. and 249. There are several similar kotylai from There are only two bands at the of the rays in Perachora tip (Perachora, pi. 23). stead of three as on No. 162.

161. Plate 23. C-37-632. Pre Kotyle Fragment. 164. Plate 23. served m. Kotyle. AJA., XLI, 1937, p. 548, height, 0.065 m- personal fig. 9. C-37-606. Height, 0.069 Greatest diame Small buff 0.101 m. American body fragment preserved. Light ter, Handle band with clay. High flaring body. group One © For handle and of vertical lines and at the sides body fragments restored. butterfly metopes buff Light clay. Low ring foot, and very crude lozenges at the center, frieze of wide-flaring body, horizontal rolled handles. Wide band of rays at animals below, band of high rays at bottom with base, single line at of rays, rest covered with second band of smaller rays up with rays tip higher dark red-brown placed between the large rays. glaze. The is similar to Nos. 162 and The is careless, but it is kotyle 163, drawing extremely but it is more in obvious that the decoration in the handle zone is squat proportions and it has no applied decoration. A very similar comes supposed to be made up of three sections, with a kotyle from Antissa (B.S.A., XXXII, 1931-32, 24, 2). triglyph and metope arrangement at the sides, but pi. terfly patterns in the metopes, and lozenges at the 165. Plate 23. Preserved center?the common on earlier vases such Aryballos. C-37-629. system m. as are height, 0.042 No. 153. The animals unrecognizable. The double at the base occur on Middle Proto Lower rays body preserved. Light grayish-buff 48 CORINTH

small ovoid at clay. Very base, body. Rays base, bottom, flaring sides. Double lines at top, middle, wide horizontal black bands on and bottom of body. exterior, large daubs of glaze on is that the The shape of Late Protocorinthian lip, wide single lines on interior, and three concen pointed aryballos, similar to No. 143. The arybal tric circles on the interior and exterior of the base. loi with linear decorations were made throughout The vase is similar to No. 150, but the sides the last half of the seventh are curved century (Necrocorin rather than straight. The decoration is more thia, p. 286). elaborate than that on any of the other ex amples in this collection. 166. Oinochoe. Plate 23. C-37-608. Restored height, 0.20 m. Restored greatest diameter, 0.16 m. 170. Handmade Oinochoe. Plate 23. C-37-934. one m. About third preserved. Fine buff clay. Height, 0.337 Greatest diameter, 0.253 m. Wide low foot, ovoid body, low wide cylindrical Large body and restored. Buff neck, trefoil vertical band handle. Wide re lip fragments lip, Small flat bulbous served bands on shoulder and on lower filled clay, very gritty. bottom, body, body wide trefoil thick rolled han Athens cylindrical neck, with rays from neck and base re lip, large radiating dle. surface Rest of and neck covered with Unglazed, rough. at spectively. body The shape is similar to the oinochoe No. 166 red to black glaze. except for the base. The small solid base with a The shape of this oinochoe, with its rather flat bottom is common to all of the hand full ovoid wide low and without the large body, neck, made such as Nos. or vases, 53, 82, 86, and 171. high handle a sharply marked shoulder, is more like Late Geometric oinochoai than it is like the Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 171. Handmade Plate usual oinochoai of the Late Protocorinthian Amphora. 24. C-37-935. period, 0.51 m. Greatest m. such as Nos. 181 and 186. The neck is like that Height, diameter, 0.38 of the oinochoe No. The decoration of bands One handle and 130. large body fragments re of is on the vases Nos. stored. rays only paralleled 133 Gritty clay, light buff to red in color. Small and The vase would seem to in the flat 135. belong base, bulbous body, high cylindrical neck, first of the seventh rather than at the round mouth with License: part century wide flat rim, vertical rolled Classical time of the of the in was filling well which it found. handles. Unglazed, surface smoothed.

of This is one of the earliest in the long series 167. Olpe. Plate 23. C-37-594. Preserved height, of coarse large amphoras which were made at Cor only. 0.127 m. Greatest diameter, 0.105 m. inth. The fragment No. 134 is perhaps the oldest and of a coarse Upper body mouth preserved. Long ovoid fragment amphora from Corinth, dat narrow vertical from the end of the use body, neck, wide-flaring mouth, ing eighth century. The large School band handle. All covered with brown-black glaze, hydriai which were common before this time were much off. chipped probably replaced by the amphora at the end of The shape of this olpe is unusual; the low the eighth century. splayed mouth and the gentle transition from body to mouth are not common. The No. 172. Handmade fragment 132 Amphora. C-3 7-930. Preserved

whichpersonal is much earlier in date has shown 0.16 m. that the height, Diameter of lip, 0.195 m. neck occurred in the of the American high early development of vase buff form. Top preserved. Gritty clay. Wide

© For shoulder, high cylindrical neck, round mouth with 168. wide flat wide band with Jug. Plate 23. C-37-628. Preserved height, rim, heavy handles dou 0.068 m. ble corded bands down center of each handle. Un surface smoothed. Part of base and buff glazed, body preserved. Light The was amphora probably similar to No. 171 clay. Flat bottom, ovoid body. All covered with except for the heavy corded handles, which are the brown-black glaze, white line at shoulder applied same as those on No. and near base. 134. The small jug was probably an oinochoe. The 173. Handmade Jar. Plate 24. C-37-909. Pre applied white lines on a black vase were seen on served m. No. as well as on width, 0.17 131 the numerous kotylai. of shoulder and neck and one han 169. m. Fragment Kalathos.Plate23. C-37-592.Height,0.042 dle preserved. Buff clay, rather well levigated. Large body fragment missing. Buff clay. Flat Wide shoulder, small round mouth with low ver THE PROTOCORINTHIAN PERIOD 49

tical rim, heavy horizontal handles rising almost The shape is probably like the large storage a vertically from shoulder, four small holes pierced jar from sixth-century well at Corinth (Hes no. through handle. Unglazed, surface smoothed. peria, VII, 1938, p. 600, 174, fig. 23).

The last group, Nos. 174-182, which was found in a well at the northwest corner of the present museum at Corinth, is also dated to the third quarter of the seventh century by the oinochoe No. 181 in particular, and also by the kotylai Nos. 176-179. However, the fragment No. 174 is earlier than this and belongs in the first half of the century.

on 174. Kotyle. Plate 24. AJA., XLV, 1941, p. 38, and the interior of the lip. Glaze red to brown m. fig. 20. C-31-132. Preserved height, 0.065 black. There are several similar one from one third kotylai, Athens About of upper body preserved. 32 at Phaleron 32, Fine horizontal grave ('Apx- Ac?t., II, 1916, p. gray-buff clay. Wide-flaring body, 23, no. at fig. 6; AJA., XLVI, 1942, p. 39, 32, 2) rolled handles. Handle zone with central part filled which dates ca. 650 B.C. (Hesperia, crosshatched and Suppl. II, p. by lozenges, triglyph metope an 233), example from Antissa (B.S.A., XXXII, friezes at sides with butterfly designs in metopes, 1931-32, pi. 24, 2), and another from Syracuse narrow checkered band just below handles, hori (Notizie, 1925, p. 203, fig. 39). zontal striping on upper body, and reserved band Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. below with one hook only spiral remaining. m. 177. Kotyle. C-31-134. Height, 0.098 The decoration is entirely Subgeometric and one is similar to that of the pyxis No. 153. The same About half preserved. Buff clay. Shape handle zone and the checkered zone occur on the and decoration like No. 176. Light red glaze. pyxis from Phaleron (Vases sicyoniens, pi. XII, m. 3). The spiral hook probably occurred between 178. Kotyle. C-31-135. Height, 0.075 License:

Classical a common feature on vases of the large rays, early one About third preserved. Light buff clay. seventh century (Vases sicyoniens, pis. XXI, 3; of Shape and decoration like No. 176. Glaze red XXIII, 1; XXVII, 2), to which this period frag brown.

mentonly. must are some belong. There similar kotylai from Italian sites such as Rome (Mon. Ant., XV, 179. Kotyle. Plate 24. C-31-136. 0.074 1905, no. 18), and Veio (Notizie, Height, pi. IX, 1930, m. m. use Greatest diameter, 0.096

School Pi.i,h). Large body fragments missing. Light buff to 175. Plate 24. 0.043 Skyphos. C-31-139. Height, red-buff clay. Shape like No. 176. Undecorated m. Greatest m. diameter, 0.096 reserved handle zone, wide glazed band and then band of Glaze to black. About one third preserved. Buff to red-buff high rays. purplish Small offset ver The reserved handle zone is unusual (cf. personal clay. ring foot, wide-flaring body, tical horizontal rolled handles. around *A/oX.A*Ar., II, 1916, p. 32, fig. 23, 6; AJA., American rim, Stripes XLVI, 1942, 39, no. 32, The line at the rim, shoulder panel with group of vertical lines at p. 2). top

© For of the is on this sides and short strokes at center. Glaze greenish rays missing kotyle. gray on outside and red to black on interior. 180. Krater. Plate 24. C-31-184. 0.216 The skyphos is similar to Nos. 157 and 158 Height, m. Greatest 0.266 m. and is another late example of the type. It is par diameter, like the Nos. 212 and 213 from one ticularly skyphoi About third missing. Buff, powdery clay. the Corinthian for the is low Small Early period, shape ring foot, bulbous body, splayed rim, hori and wide like those later examples. zontal band handles. Wide reserved band at han dle narrow reserved band at little rest 176. Plate level, below, Kotyle. 24. C-31-133. Height, 0.095 covered with dark red glaze. m. Greatest diameter, 0.132 m. The shape is similar to that of the earlier Some restored. Fine buff kraters Nos. 116 and body fragments light 135. These kraters, together clay. Shape and decoration like No. 164, with the with the Late Geometric kraters, form a continuous addition of a white line below the handles just series through the eighth century and the first 5o CORINTH

three quarters of the seventh century and show Around middle of stand, between upper and lower that a of is a the shape remained part the Corinthian cuttings, band of rouletted triangles, five rows was repertory and finally succeeded by the Early in height. as This is an Corinthian column krater, such No. 188. early example of a large class of terra-cotta vases on high stands which have been 181. Oinochoe. Plate 0.20 as 24. C-31-185. Height, identified Trcptppavrrjpia(see Pauly-Wissowa, s.v., m. Greatest m. for name diameter, 0.185 and references). A large number of stone basins of are similar shape also grouped under the Large body fragments missing. Fine pinkish same name (D?los, XVIII, XXI ft.). Such buff Small foot, wide pis. clay. ring wide-flaring body, basins are on on flat portrayed black-figured and red shoulder, low cylindrical neck, trefoil lip, high figured vases (Graef, Ak. Vas., I, 54, 887; triple-rolled handle. Reserved band with rays at pi. Baumeister, Denkm?ler, 757, 808). There base, rest Incised on p. fig. glazed. tongues shoulder, are several later examples of the same shape from groups of applied red and white lines just below Corinth (Hesperia, VI, 1937, handle, at and above P? 20A fig. 28; VII, Athens mid-body rays. nos. 1938, p. 602, 184-186, 25-26). Miss The shape is that of the Late Protocorinthian figs. Pease that these basins were used at trefoil oinochoai suggests large (Necrocorinthia, p. 33, fig. 10, for or A-B). Both the incised and the colored mixing kneading clay (Hesperia, VI, 1937, tongues She cites other from the Athe are common in this p. 297). examples stripes period. nian Agora, from Olympia, and from Naukratis. some of the coarser have 182. Perirranterion (?). Plate 25. C-31-186. Pre Although examples may a m. served such purpose, the group of Studies served of m. large finely CC-BY-NC-ND. height, 0.405 Height base, 0.30 decorated which were found in Restored diameter of 0.51 m. examples, Sicily lip, and which or mostly date to the late sixth the early About one half of bowl and one third of stand fifth are century, not suitable for such purposes Reddish-buff preserved. clay. Wide shallow bowl and they may have been basins for lustral water with flat low vertical contracts in Die von lip, rim; body (Kekul?, Terrakotten Sicilien, p. 50, fig. line to stand, base LV and License: straight high cylindrical large 108, pis. LVI; Whitaker, Motya, p. 323, Classical of stand Three sets of vertical missing. rectangular fig. 103; Notizie, 1894, p. 219, fig. 20; Hulot and are cut in the stand. All of bowl and of openings Foug?res, Selinonte, p. no; C.V.A., Copenhagen stand covered with a fine buff to red-buff slip. V, pi. 225, 4 and 5). only. The five remaining single pieces which belong in the third quarter of the seventh

use century can all be classed as Transitional from Late Protocorinthian to Corin

School Early thian. The kotyle No. 183 and the alabastron No. 187 are both said to have been found in the excavations of the Basilica on the east side of the Temple Hill. The fragment No. was found in the excavations for the museum. 185 present The provenience of the other two is unknown. pieces personal

American 183. Plate 25. careful of Kotyle. AJA., XLV, 1941, p. 41, very drawing the linear designs con fig. 22. CP-873. Height, 0.062 m. Greatest diame trasts with the carelessness of the © For sharply drawing ter, 0.086 m. of the handle zone. One handle and small re body fragments 184. stored. buff Kotyle. Plate 25. AJA., XLV, 1941, p. 41, Light clay, reddish spots. Small ring fig. 22. CP-874. Restored m. Great foot, convex sides, horizontal rolled han height, 0.056 flaring est m. dles. and at diameter, 0.076 Triglyph metope band top with zigzag lines for the and drawn Handles and base triglyphs very crudely restored. Light buff clay. in the below are four of four of dogs metopes, groups High-flaring body. Groups vertical zigzags at red with broad stripes purple bands between the top, frieze with three animals and a dot rosette reserved band at bottom groups, with two red below, band of rays at bottom. at foot. The vase stripes belongs to the large group of small The vase is no. in of with 196 Payne's catalogue kotylai crudely drawn animal figures and Transitional vases (Necrocorinthia, p. 279). The Subgeometric linear decorations (cf. No. 160^. THE PROTOCORINTHIAN PERIOD 51

are 10 The bodies of the animals very elongated and corinthia, p. 33, fig. B). The glaze is very fine no curving and there is detail in the silhouette. and all of the drawing is done with great care. The drawing of the animal figures is close to the well 185. Conical Oinochoe Plate C Fragment. 25. drawn figures of the Transitional style (Necro 31-110. Preserved 0.039 m. 1 height, corint?tia, pis. n, and 11 bis; Welter, Aigina, p. 37? fig- 35)- The use of incision for anatomical Small fragment of base and body preserved. details is scant and the are rather and Fine light buff clay. Flat bottom, convex conical figures long on thin. The manner in which the nose of the body. Incised tongues shoulder, alternately red panther is drawn is of the Transitional and black, narrow checkered band below these, typical period rather than of the Late Protocorinthian (cf. wide figured frieze in miniature style?two war period a Necrocorintkia, 10 and There is a riors right and warrior left, all with shield and pi. pis. 11-14). similar vase in the Mus?e Scheurleer spear, helmets with high plumes on the crest? very (C.VA., iii which calls Late checkered band below and band of rays at base. Pays-bas I, C, pi. 2, 4) Payne The is from a conical oinochoe of Protocorinthian (Necrocorintkia, p. 271, no. 33).

Athens fragment It also has a animal frieze and no fill orna the type normal in the Late Protocorinthian and single as does the oinochoe no. in the Vatican at Transitional ments, 70 periods (Necrocorinthia, Catalogue, nos. Vasi anticM del 36-38, 141-143; pi. 12, 4). The long thin (Albizzati, dipinti Vaticano, pi. An oinochoe from Camirus on Rhodes human figures also belong to the end of the Proto 4). (Clara corinthian has period. The drawing of the faces is Rhodos, VI-VII, 1932-33, p. 93, % 5) and the are a few dot rosettes in the one animal frieze. primitive features large and heavy. only

Studies The half shield held the CC-BY-NC-ND. by middle figure and 187. Plate meant to represent a shield seen from the side is Alabastron. 25. CP-876. Height, 0.078 m. paralleled on the aryballos from Berlin shown in Greatest diameter, 0.041 m. Vases sicyoniens, pi. XXXII. Whole. Buff clay. Long ovoid body, narrow neck, disc lip, small handle under All 186. Oinochoe. Plate 25. CP-879. Restored pierced lip. height, covered with red to black double incised

License: 0.202 m. Greatest 0.182 m. glaze;

Classical diameter, vertical lines divide body into melon sections; About one half of and neck red line in second of upper body pre applied every section, radiating served. Fine buff and red-buff on clay. Wide-flaring double incised lines lip.

only. and broad body shoulder, high neck flaring The shape is long and thin like the alabastra trefoil Incised on of the slightly, lip. tongues shoulder Transitional period (Necrocorintkia, pi. with other every tongue filled alternately with red 12). The provenience for this vase is the use given or School divided into zones same as yellow paint, body by broad that for the kotyle No. 183 and the two red bands bordered white middle zone of vases by lines, may have been found together, which would reserved and decorated with to to a body procession again point date in the Transitional period. of lions and no fill right panthers, ornaments. Rest The decoration is unusual on alabastra, but incised covered with fine black glaze. tongues on glazed alabastra are common in the The shape of the oinochoe is still and Late Protocorinthian personal squat period (Necrocorintkia, p. wide-bellied, but less so than No. 181 (Necro 271, 116).

American fig.

© For The Protocorinthian period, covering the hundred years from about 725 B.C. to 625 is in this collection B.C., represented by ninety pieces from Corinth. Thirty-three of these vases to the last of belong quarter the eighth century, the period of the Proto corinthian-Geometric ware and the first wares. Orientalizing Only fourteen of the pieces can be dated with to the first half of any probability the seventh century, the time of the first and second Protocorinthian figure styles. The rest belong to the several groups of the third of quarter the seventh century, the Late Protocorinthian and Transitional periods. the entire at about Throughout period, beginning 725 B.C., the kotyle was the most of the vases are popular shape; thirty-one ninety of this shape. The form is gener 52 CORINTH

ally considered to be a Corinthian invention, made in the second half of the eighth cen tury.5 Certainly, in the last quarter of the eighth century there were two distinct series of kotylai, the low wide type (Nos. 107-115) and the tall thin shape (Nos. 123-128). The first type might well have developed from the Late Geometric skyphoi with almost no as so rim, such No. 80. Indeed, the decoration of such low kotylai as Nos. 107-110 is similar to that on Late Geometric vases as to suggest some definite continuity between the two con groups. The first form seems limited to the eighth century and it does not use tinue in later. The tall kotyle is the more usual form, and it too first appears in the late eighth century. Payne suggested that this shape "took its characteristic form under the influence of metal originals."6 From the evidence of the groups at Corinth, the low to be earlier than the tall and the latter have from Athens kotyle appears form, may developed the former. their first is so that However, appearance usually nearly contemporaneous at it is difficult to give precedence to either form. It is the tall kotyle, however, which be comes very popular and which remains one of the chief shapes of repertory of the Co narrow rinthian potters for several centuries. The shape quickly took a very light, form, seen which is already in the kotyle No. 127 of the late eighth century group. In the Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. seventh century the form evidently became wider and lower, and such shapes as Nos. were common 164 and 176 in the Late Protocorinthian period. Although this seems to be the general trend of the development, there is considerable variety in the shape of a kotylai in all periods, for their use as drinking cups could be satisfied equally well by License: Classical great number of variations on the same shape. As the later Corinthian kotylai of the late seventh and the sixth are studied it will be seen that there is a of century century constant fluctuation between tall and low proportions of the general shape in different only. periods. Beside the kotylai, there are a few skyphoi or cups with offset rims from this pe use

School 122 riod. The skyphos No. is geometric in shape and decoration. A new form is repre sented vases a by the Nos. 157, 158, and 175. It usually has very small foot, a wide a bowl with almost straight flaring sides, and rather high vertical rim. The shape occurs ca. to first at 700 B.C. and continues be made throughout the seventh century. No. 175

personal is typical of the late examples, which are very low and wide open and which are care American lessly executed. There are similar vases from Early Corinthian groups at Corinth. The

© For a a other form, represented by Nos. 138 and 152, also has low, wide bowl, but it has at rather angular transition the shoulder and the rim is splayed. This form appears first in the second half of the seventh century, and it continues to be made in the following century also. are two 120 are There pyxides, Nos. and 153, which shaped like the skyphoi, but which have rims made to receive covers. The shape is not a common one, but there are a few examples from the end of the eighth century and the first half of the seventh century. In this collection at Corinth there is a good series of kraters, which furnish valu 6 ? Necrocorinthia, p. 294; Perachora, p. 56. Necrocorintkia, p. 294. THE PROTOCORINTHIAN PERIOD S3

able evidence for the continuation of this large shape throughout this period. The krater No. 116 of the late eighth century is tall and thin, like the kotylai of the period. The a tendency toward wider and fuller form is illustrated by the kraters Nos. 119 and 135 of the late eighth century and the early seventh century. The Late Protocorinthian krater No. 180 is close to the Early Corinthian kraters in the shape of the body and the foot. All of these kraters have high rims; in none is there any form of the wide flat rim or the ledge handles which are usual on the Early Corinthian kraters. Oinochoai of different types are common throughout this period. The oinochoe with ovoid body, high cylindrical neck, and trefoil lip ismade in the late eighth century and a into the seventh century. However, already at the end of the eighth century there is with a a form low, wide neck and handle rising high about the lip (No. 130), both Athens common features in later oinochoai. The oinochoe No. 166 has the ovoid body and small at handle of the earlier form, but its neck is low and wide. A new type of oinochoe, the broad-bottomed form, probably appeared as early as the end of the eighth century, if the fragment No. 131 is really from such a vase. The shape is common at the middle of the seventh are century and thereafter in the form such as No. 141. Conical oinochoai Studies madeCC-BY-NC-ND. all through this period in a form very similar to the Late Geometric conical oino choai. The neck becomes longer in the later periods and a form with a round mouth a rather than trefoil lip is evidenced by the example No. 133. The olpe, another form seems of oinochoe, to have existed already in the late eighth century (No. 132) and it was made all the seventh

License: during century. Classical Two new shapes typical of the Corinthian ceramic industry are not well repre of in common sented this collection. The aryballos is very throughout this period, but

only. one there is only very early example (No. 102) and two fragmentary vases of the Late Protocorinthian Nos. one type, 143 and 165. There is only alabastron, No. 187, but this

use shape first appears in the third quarter of the seventh Both of these are School century. shapes well represented in this collection in subsequent periods, and there are also numerous early examples from the other two large collections at Corinth, the vases from the Potters' Quarter and those from the North Cemetery. The of the Protocorinthian vases are large majority small cups and containers of personal but there are some vases as various sorts, large such kraters and oinochoai. American Very large vases were made of coarse Most of the vases of are clay. this period very well made of © For well-purified clay. The clay generally fires a light buff color, but some reddish and greenish clays appear here also. The fabric is hard and the fine glaze is well baked. Most the on of decoration the Protocorinthian pottery is Subgeometric in nature and it derived from the Late Linear Geometric pottery of the middle of the eighth cen This decoration is tury. usually very simple and consists largely of wide striped bands and narrow zones filled short or by vertical bars zigzags in continuous bands or in sepa rated and bands of groups contiguous crosshatched lozenges. A triglyph and metope common arrangement became very in the late eighth century and continued in use the seventh are throughout century. The metopes often filled with butterfly or hour motives. To these elements glass inherited from the repertory of Geometric ornament, 54 CORINTH

were new there added several motives, most of them derived from Orientalizing wares. Among these the most important is the band of rays or contiguous filled triangles. Large on ribbon designs, seen No. 129, appear at the same time. The frieze of stylized birds, as on No. 123, appears in the late eighth century, and the band of S's is probably a degeneration of this motive. Checkered bands are popular throughout the Subgeometric period. new A system of decoration began in the late eighth century with the use of applied white paint.7 Such paint was first used for simple linear decorations on kotylai and on vases were jugs, usually which solidly glazed or which had only a band of rays at the base. Later white paint and then red and yellow paint were applied as secondary orna ment on vases. figured Athens Vases decorated with representational designs are limited to a few fine pieces in at this group. The early fragments Nos. 100 and 156 may have been so decorated, but the oinochoe No. 141 is the earliest well-preserved vase in this collection with animal deco an ration. The large olpe No. 142 is excellent example of the animal-frieze style of the Late Protocorinthian of another Late period. Fragments Protocorinthian olpe, No. 218, Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. an found in Early Corinthian group, will be reported together with that group. The finest piece of figured ware is the Transitional oinochoe No. 186. Of the series of vases in decorated the Protocorinthian figure style there is only the small fragment No. 185. These four are too few to pieces add much to what is already known of the history of the Protocorinthian figure and of the animal-frieze but assume some License: style style, they Classical importance due to the fact that they were excavated at Corinth itself. Few other Proto of vases with corinthian figured decoration of either style have been reported so far from

only. the at are excavations Corinth, but there many fine pieces to be published.8 7 Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 197.

use "AJA., XXXIV, 1930, P- 417, % ?; XXXV, I93I.P- ". School personal American © For CHAPTER V

The Early Corinthian Period

was THE last quarter of the seventh century, the Early Corinthian period, evi dently a time of great activity and of flourishing trade at Corinth. The ceramic ex industry in the city was producing large quantities of pottery, much of it of were more cellent quality. These products of the Corinthian potters exported widely than any earlier Corinthian pottery had been and they were widely imitated.1 The finds in from Corinth itself attest the increased production of the potters in this period, for this collection alone there are one hundred and twenty-five pieces, and both the North Athens vases Cemetery and the Potters' Quarter have also yielded large quantities of of the at Early Corinthian period. excava The vases Nos. 188 to 201 were found singly in various parts of the main tions at Corinth and they indicate a widespread occupation of the site at this time. The groups Nos. 202-211 and Nos. 212-217 were found in the Agora South-West and the Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. a South Stoa Middle sections respectively. The two vases Nos. 197 and 198 form small group found in a grave in the Agora South-Central area. The largest group of Early Corinthian pottery, Nos. 218-311, was found in a well to the north of Temple E, on the this terrace at the were terrace west of the Agora. On also, the site of museum, found the Nos. 190, 191, and 194. Nos. 189 and 196 come from the Stoa north of License: pieces early Classical the Temple of Apollo; No. 199 is from the vicinity of the Church of St. John at the of western end of the Agora; No. 201 was found in the excavations of the Per?bolos of

only. a a Apollo. No. 193 was found in grave located few miles east of Corinth, near the pre was historic site of Gonia. The large krater No. 188 found in a well located just to the

use north of the present town square of Old Corinth which was dug during the first season School at the in This was of the American excavations site, 1896. piece, when reconstructed, turned over to the National Museum at Athens.

on on 188, Krater. Plate 26. AJA., II, 1898, pp. 195 mettes ledge handles, rays rim, large re VI-VII. National no. served on either side swan personal 205, pis. Athens, Museum, panel between handles, 12432. Restored 0.34 m. Greatest diameter, flanked cocks in one and and American height, by panel panther m. 0.40 boar in other, incised rosettes for fill ornaments in © For both wide reserved band with rays at base. Foot and large body fragments restored. Light panels, on Rest covered with black wide buff clay, greenish tinge exterior. Full body glaze; applied pur band and three white lines around below with small base, low wide cylindrical neck, wide ple body reserved and band above zone horizontal rim with ledge handles; horizontal panels purple just at rolled handles rise almost vertically from the of rays base. no. shoulder and join the ledge handles. Double pal The krater is 776 in Payne's catalogue 1 Necrocorinthia, pp. 181-209. S6 CORINTH

where it is first buff (Necrocorintkia, p. 301), placed clay. Conical cover, convex sides. Rays radi in the list of Early Corinthian column-kraters. ating from knob; checkered band outlined with calls this a new one in Greek ceram band Payne shape heavy lines, filled with alternating groups of there has ics. However, appeared subsequently three zigzags and dot rosettes, wide animal frieze a handle of an Attic column-krater which is Late with and panther, deer, lion, sphinx, filling of large and which dates to the of the Geometric beginning incised rosettes with single or double circles at seventh century (Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 173, centers and small incised and blob rosettes, check and The of the ered zone at Glaze on Cm, figs. 115 121). shape body edge. brown, deep red paint of this krater is very similar to that of the Late part of animals. Protocorinthian krater No. 180. The on palmettes The fragment is from a cover of a bowl of the handles are discussed the same by Payne (Necrocorin shape as No. 189. The ornament of dot note The of rosettes tkia, p. 152, 2, fig. 58D). drawing and zigzags is identical to that on Necro the and of the boar is close to that on panther corinthia, pi. 22, 5. The drawing of the animals is Transitional vases and there is much less incised the line work is excellent; careful and meaningful. Athens detail than is usual on Corinthian vases The Early (cf. style of the animal figures is close to the 16 are Necrocorintkia, pis. and 17). The cocks Transitional (cf. Necrocorinthia, 12, 10, at style pi. Corinthian and the typically Early (Necrocorintkia, pis. pi. 16), piece belongs at the beginning of The standard orna the 17, 11; 22, 2; 26, 9). filling Early Corinthian series. Payne (Necrocorin ment of the is the incised period rosette, varying thia, p. 296) suggests that nos. 700-703 of his in It is used here. There are from one greatly shape. sparingly catalogue workshop, and it is prob are of similar kraters from Gela able that fragments very this piece is to be connected with that Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. (Mon. Ant., XVII, 1906, p. 622, fig. 430; p. 623, group. figs. 431 and 434). 191. Plate 28. Kotyle. C-30-06. Preserved height, 189. Kotyle with inset rim. Plate 27. C-30-104. 0.16 m. Preserved 0.12 m. height. one Handle and quarter of body preserved.

License: About one third of red Fine buff horizontal Classical body preserved. Clay light clay. High flaring body, on dish-buff exterior, light buff on interior. Wide rolled handle. Wide handle band filled with verti of inset rim for horizontal rolled cal flaring body, cover, wavy lines, three stripes below, animal frieze handles with ends turned out. Rim ornament at with bird with and only. outspread wings, panther part handles consists of and a with a of triglyphs metope another animal, filling of incised rosettes, three checkered band below the han more butterfly motive; stripes and then tall rays at base.

use wide animal frieze an animal to The a dles, containing shape is large like Necrocorin

School kotyle a lion and a left, right, sphinx right, heavy filling thia, pi. 22, 2. The wavy lines on the handle zone of incised rosettes and checkered band be are blobs, degenerate zigzags, such as those on Necro low wide band then band filled frieze, glazed next, corinthia, pi. 22, 2, 4, and 6. The panther is of a with dot rosettes and vertical alternating zigzags, good Early Corinthian type and is well drawn. at rays bottom. Glaze deep red, details painted on

personal animals with purple color. 192. Aryballos. Plate 28. CP-1890. Preserved The is m. American that of shape Necrocorintkia, Cata height, 0.057 Greatest diameter, 0.058 m. nos. logue, 700-706. The Subgeometric decoration © For and handle buff and the dot rosettes in the minor zones are usual Lip missing. Light clay. on Spherical body, flattened bottom. Radiat the early vases of this (Necrocorintkia, slightly shape on scene on The ing tongues bottom, body without pi. 22, 4-5). drawing of the sphinx closely lines and no rays on lotus resembles that on Transitional vases (Necrocorin bounding shoulder, large 2 and-palmette motive in center flanked tkia, pi. 10, and 4, pi. 11). The use of incision by sphinxes of incised rosettes. is rather scant. The of rosettes wearing high poloi, light filling very heavy filling Black no and glaze, overpaint. blobs is paralleled on a similar vase in the The is the Louvre shape usual round aryballos type (Necrocorintkia, pi. 22, 4). Bi (Necrocorinthia, p. 288). Payne's group E 190. (Necrocorinthia, consists of Cover of Kotyle with inset rim. Plate 27. p. 290) aryballoi without lines to the scenes. The C-31-03. Preserved width, 0.10 m. bounding large floral ornament is of the Corinthian one Early type. About third of cover Fine The of the is archaic preserved. light drawing sphinxes and closely THE EARLY CORINTHIAN PERIOD S7

resembles Transitional examples (Necrocorintkia, lar alabastron with the same decoration is in the The is usual in this Mus?e Scheurleer pi. 15, 1). polos period (Nec (C.VA., Pays-Bas I, iii C, pi. 4, and it The rocorintkia, p. 89; Perachora, pi. 27, 4), 10). drawing of the siren is very careful and occurs on alabastron No. The the are again 195. composi filling ornaments carefully formed and tion with the lotus and flanked palmette by figures neatly arranged. The face of the siren is less archaic is on the oinochoe No. on a lid than repeated 225, pyxis looking that of the sphinx on No. 192. Vase from Perachora and on an no. in (Perachora, pi. 27, 12), 1170 the Eleusis museum is very similar to olpe in Rome (Collezione Castellani, pi. XXII, this one. 7), while on an alabastron from Munich (Sieve the flank a snake. 196. Alabastron. 28. king-Hackl, fig. 27) sphinxes Plate C-30-108. Height 0.08 m. Greatest diameter, 0.044 m. 193. Plate 28. AJA., XLIII, 1939, Aryballos. p. Whole. buff Light clay. Shape like No. 195. 600, fig. 15. C-39-346. Height, 0.051 m. Greatest Minor decoration as on No. 195. Cock with diameter, 0.051 m. spread

Athens details wings, incised, red overpaint, irregularly Complete. Light buff clay. Slightly flattened shaped incised rosettes, dot rosette on bottom. at Small on mouth The cock is globular body. radiating tongues much less developed in form than and two circles at of dots on shoulder, edge mouth, those the krater No. 188. The tail is very on crescents on bottom with double rim, radiating stumpy and is indicated by short incised lines; circle male to there is no border, large winged figure running indication of the long feathers of the red on right, overpaint garment with white dots tail. Similar alabastra are nos. 985 and 987 in the Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. on edges of garment. National Museum at Athens and no. 112 5 in the The aryballos is of Payne's shape B2 and it Eleusis museum. belongs to his "Lion Group" (Necrocorintkia, p. 289, 125). All of the minor decoration is iden 197. Alabastron. Plate 28. fig. C-36-822. Height, tical with that of his The 0.086 m. figure 125. single figure Greatest diameter, 0.042 m. on the a a body is Boread, figure common on Co License: Whole. Classical buff thin rinthian vases (Necrocorintkia, p. 78). The Bo Light clay. Very long body. Minor decoration as on No. on bot read is very similar to that on the 803 195, tongues of aryballos of tom also. Griffin with on front, swan Payne's catalogue, but the latter has his wings spread wings on red for blob rosettes. only. turned down. back, overpaint details, Much of black glaze chipped off. taller and thinner than Nos. 195 and 194. Aryballos. Plate 28. C-31-109. Greatest di Shape

use The is common on m. 196. griffin Early Corinthian School ameter, 0.058 vases in much this same form (Necrocorinthia, p. Neck and mouth gone. Light buff clay. Shape 90, note 4). There is a similar alabastron from Bi. swan on Large with spread wings body. Red Perachora in Athens. on overpaint breast and wings, few incised rosettes. The vase to the of in belongs group 585 198. Broad-bottomed Oinochoe. Plate 28. C-36 personal add m- Payne's catalogue (Necrocorintkia, p. 290; 823. Height, 0.087 Greatest diameter, 0.088 m.

American The are a com Perachora, pi. 31, 4). spread wings mon device a Few lip Fine buff for filling large space with a single fragments missing. clay. © For Broad almost raised figure and they are used on No. 193 and Nos. bottom, hemispherical body, on narrow tre 196-198. ring shoulder, high cylindrical neck, foil lip, vertical band handle. All glazed except 195. narrow reserved band at base filled with rays, in Alabastron. Plate 28. CP-875. Height, 0.086 m. cised on shoulder, wide band Greatest diameter, 0.045 m tongues purple edged with white above the just rays. Almost all of glaze Whole. buff ovoid Light clay. Long body, chipped off. small round mouth. on mouth and The is similar to neck, Tongues shape Transitional and Early dots on on front a neck, rim, of body large female Corinthian broad-bottomed oinochoai (Necrocorin siren with 1 upturned spread wings, wearing polos, thia, pis. 13, and 24, 2), and the tongues on the water bird at red on back, overpaint wings. shoulder and band of rays at the base are usual. The alabastron is of the usual Early Corin However, oinochoai without animal-frieze decora thian A simi tion are shape (Necrocorintkia, pi. 17). very unusual in this period. 58 CORINTH

199. Neck of Conical Oinochoe. Plate 28. AJA., About one half of body preserved. Buff clay, XLV, 1941, p. 41, fig. 23. C-35-27. Preserved slight impurities. Shape Bi. Large figure of lion m. on on height, 0.095 front, other figure back not preserved. Ap on plied red paint shoulder, belly and ribs of lion; Neck and part of lip preserved. Buff clay. few incised rosettes, tongues on bottom. Tall cylindrical neck, slight diminution to top, The vase belongs to Payne's group E. The trefoil lip. Four horizontal bands divided by triple lion is very similar to those on aryballos no. 288 lines, vertical in top and bottom bands, zigzags in the National Museum at Athens (Necrocorin key pattern in second band from top, animal frieze tkia, p. 290, no. 564). in third band with female sirens heraldically op incised rosettes and blobs, red on posed, overpaint 203. Plate 28. Greatest di The sirens wear Aryballos. C-33-217. figures. poloi. m a vase see ameter, 0.055 For the shape of such Necrocorin The ornament on the thia, pi. 24, 3. geometric About one half of body preserved. Buff clay. neck and is usual on such vases. The Bi. on red on Athens body figures Shape Large panther front, paint in the animal frieze are very small, but the draw shoulder and nose, incised circles on mane; small at are ing is careful. The wings of the sirens open tongues on shoulder of vase. but not and do not turn as on vase outspread they up The belongs to the same group as No. No. The of the face is more archaic 202. 195. drawing The drawing of the panther is poor, the ribs than that of the sirens on No. are 195. quite out of place. The use of circles to indi mane cate the of the panther is paralleled on the Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 200. Conical Oinochoe. Plate 28. CP-878. Height, kotylai of Necrocorintkia, pis. 17, 9-10; 22, 4, m. m. on an 0.09 Diameter of base, 0.07 and aryballos in the Louvre (C.V.A., Louvre, iiiCa, pi. 34, 4). Lip restored. Light buff clay. Wide flat bot tom, conical body with convex sides, tall cylindri 204. Oinochoe. Plate 28. C-33-218. Height, 0.185 cal neck, vertical band handle. All covered with m. Greatest diameter, 0.171 m.

License: fine reddish-brown for reserved band

Classical glaze except at base which is filled with five red lines rays, Handle and lip and body fragments gone. of over on painted glaze body. Buff clay. Splayed ring foot, full ovoid body with same as The shape is the No. 199 and Necro wide shoulder, concave neck, trefoil Wide re only. lip. a corinthia, p. 299, fig. 136. There is group of served band on shoulder with animal decoration conical oinochoai in the black-polychrome style including a goat, a panther, and a water bird, red which to this Other similar vases use belongs period. overpaint, filling of ring rosettes and incised ro School come from Gela (Mon. Ant., XVII, 1906, p. 620, settes, reserved band with rays at base, rest cov Rhodes ered fig. 429), (Clara Rhodos, III, p. 58, fig. with brown-black glaze, purple bands bor and Eleusis dered 49), (no. n54). with white lines encircle vase at top, middle, and bottom of wide glazed band on body. 201. Kotyle Fragment. Plate 28. C-30-72. Pre The full-bodied shape is like that of Necro

personal m. served height, 0.04 corintkia, p. 33, fig. 10C, which is Transitional in

American date. The rosettes are also carried over from Small of base and ring fragment body preserved. the earlier period, for they are a debased form of © For buff Reserved band with at Light clay. rays base, the dot rosette (see Necrocorintkia, pis. 10, 2; 12, rest brown glaze with red band edged in white 1; 13, 2; 18, 1 and 5). This oinochoe and Nos. above rays. scratched in Inscription glaze just 205 and 206 to the of Corin above red band. belong group Early thian oinochoai with a band of animal deco The is from a Corin single fragment typical Early ration on the shoulder thian such as or (Necrocorintkia, p. 298, kotyle Nos. 207 214. The inscrip nos. 725-728). tion is not sufficiently preserved to be read, but a there is Corinthian epsilon at the left of the 205. Oinochoe. Plate 29. C-33-219. Preserved preserved part. Other inscribed kotylai in this 0.165 m. Greatest 0.173 m. collection are Nos. 321-323. height, diameter, Lower body and base gone. Light buff clay. 202. Plate 28. Preserved Ovoid with Aryballos. C-33-216. body wide shoulder, low wide cylindri m. height, 0.083 cal neck, trefoil lip, double-rolled vertical handle. THE EARLY CORINTHIAN PERIOD S9

with Reserved shoulder band animal decoration? 210. Kotyle. Plate 29. C-33-224. Height, 0.043 m? incised rest of goat, bird, panther, rosettes; pre About one half Buff served covered with black preserved. clay. Shape part glaze. and decoration like No. 208, but vertical lines in The shape is less full than No. 204 and it is zones are more handle carefully drawn and are more like the Corinthian shape of Necro Early grouped. corinthia, p. 33, fig. 10D. The drawing is not very careful. 211. Two-handled Cup. Plate 29. Fig. 19. C-33 221. m. Height, 0.05 Diameter of lip, 0.116 m. 206. Oinochoe. Plate 29. C-33-220. Preserved Handle and body gone. Small m. fragments ring height, 0.127 foot, low wide bowl, horizontal rolled handles. Re served band with About one fourth of body preserved. Reddish large at rest covered buff clay. Shape like No. 204. Decoration like No. rays base, with dark red-brown 204, bird and goat in shoulder zone, circle rosettes. glaze. The is more drawn than on No. white line and Athens goat carefully Applied a as on two lines un 204. The large bird is not water bird the purple just at an der handle and above other examples and it is probably meant to be just white line on inte eagle (Necrocorinthia,^. 76). rays, rior of lip. The first 207. Plate m shape ap Kotyle. 29. C-33-213. Height, 0.097 No. 211 pears at this time, and we Fig. 19. (i:a) About two thirds buff Studies see it in CC-BY-NC-ND. preserved. Light clay. again Nos. 288 Small horizontal ring foot, wide-flaring body, and 289 (Necrocorintkia, p. 297, nos. 709-714). rolled handles. Reserved band with at rays base, The system of decoration is the same as on kotyle rest covered with black glaze, applied white line No. 207 and similar vases, and it is common in below double line in white handle, purple edged this period. on just above rays, double white line interior at 212. License: Skyphos. Plate 29. C-36-742. 0.064 Classical ?p. Height, m. Diameter of 0.108 m. The shape is similar to that of Late Proto lip, of corinthian Nos. 176 and 177, but the foot Buff kotylai Body fragments restored. clay, slight is a little heavier and the sides are more convex. small only. impurities. Very splayed foot, wide-flaring The addition of the red or band is offset edged purple body, rim, horizontal rolled handles. Stripes Corinthian. Other similar on typically Early kotylai rim, handle zone with group of vertical lines

use of this are Nos. and one period 214-216, 261-273, at sides and short vertical daubs at center; rest of School from Antissa 1931-32, 24, 2). vase (B.SA., XXXII, pi. covered with reddish-brown glaze. The shape and decoration are similar to the m. Late 208. Kotyle. Plate 29. C-33-222. Height, 0.05 Protocorinthian examples Nos. 157, 158, and m. but Greatest diameter, 0.065 175, here the foot is much smaller. Very simi lar Corinthian come from Gela Handles and buff Early examples personal body fragments gone. Light (Mon. Ant., XVII, 1906, col. no, 76; col. Small foot, low Handle fig. American clay. ring flaring body. 186, fig. 141). zone filled with short vertical daubs of glaze, dou

© For ble line below and then animal frieze with four 213. Skyphos. Plate 29. A.J.A., XLV, 1941, p. (?), another double line and band of rays at dogs 41, fig. 24. C-36-743. Height, 0.07 m. Diameter of base. m. lip, 0.114 The vase is a late of the small variety kotylai Handle and which were common in the Late Protocorinthian body fragments restored. Buff clay. Shape and decoration like No. 212, red and Transitional periods (Nos. 160 and 184; good glaze. Perachora, pi. 33, 2). 214. Kotyle. Plate 29. C-36-745. Height, 0.101 209. Plate 29. Preserved m. m. Kotyle. C-33-223. Greatest diameter, 0.133 m. height, 0.041 Body fragments restored. Light buff clay. buff Upper body gone. Light clay. Shape and Shape and decoration same as No. 207, black decoration like No. 208. glaze. 6o CORINTH

215. Kotyle. C-36-731. Height, 0.065 m. 217. Kothon. Plate 29. C-36-744. Preserved height, 0.041 m. Greatest diameter, 0.173 m. About one third preserved. Light buff clay. like No. Decoration similar to No. Lower and Shape 207. body base gone. Buff clay. Broad but white line on of and white and reserved band on with 207, edge lip body animal frieze?pan line below handles. and on purple ther, lion, panther?red overpaint figures, incised rosettes; wide black band below animal m. 216. Kotyle. C-36-737. Height, 0.117 frieze and band of rays below this; incurved lip covered with black and decorated with About one third preserved. Red clay. Low glaze ap bands in white above ring foot, high flaring body. Reserved band with plied purple edged placed animal frieze and white circle rosettes near rays at base, rest covered with fine red glaze, white applied the and purple applied lines under handles, above rays lip. The and midway between first two, white line on in shape, misnamed kothon, appears in the terior near lip. Early Corinthian period (Necrocorintkia, p. 298,

Athens nos. The shape is larger and taller and has a wider 722-724). Other examples of the same period foot and sides than Nos. 214 and 215; are Nos. 296-298. The reflex handle is usual in at straighter it is more this like No. 177 of the previous period. period. The careless animal drawing is done are There three edged purple bands used instead in the Early Corinthian style. The circle rosettes of the usual two. are like those on Nos. 204 and 206.

The of vases Nos. 218 to was found in a well the north side

Studies group 311 CC-BY-NC-ND. large along of E at Corinth in vases Temple 1932. Most of the in this group have already been a published by Cedric Boulter in separate article in AJ.A., XLI, 1937, pp. 217-236. several However, subsequently baskets of sherds from the pit at the top of the well2 were found and mended and the inventoried pieces have been added to the present License:

Classical of this Wherever the vases have catalogue group. been included in Boulter's catalogue, the number in that the letter B will be added in after of catalogue preceded by parentheses the present catalogue number. Boulter has the of the vases in this only. placed majority group in the last of the seventh I quarter century, and would alter this only to say that further and the added material now study available would make a date at the very end of the use

School ca. 600 more suitable for most of the There are some in century, B.C., group. pieces the which are in a group earlier date and few pieces may even be a little later in date. The is here in a full form not group re-published catalogue only for the sake of the complete ness of this on report the early pottery from the main excavations at Corinth, but also of personal because the added interest and of importance this group when it becomes part of a

American continuous series of vases of Corinthian manufacture. Most of the vases have been re

© For and in we photographed, many instances have attempted to show different views of the vases from those in published Boulter's report.

218 Plate row (Bi). Olpe Fragments. 30. C-32-139. black bands separate the friezes; wide black band below bottom frieze and band of at Three small fragments preserved. Remains of rays at least base. three animal friezes: in top row the hind a The quarter of horse at the end of the frieze, field of shape is probably similar to No. 142. black The glaze with white dot rosette painted on black decoration must have consisted of four friezes in second frieze a deer and feet of a as shown on 1 field; bird Necrocorintkia, pi. 11, and 4, for or siren and three in a the animals; bottom frieze is top frieze preserved must come at the level scene of hounds a rabbit into a net; nar of the handle chasing attachment; witness the ending of 2 A.JA., XLI, 1937, p. 217. THE EARLY CORINTHIAN PERIOD 61

and the white dot for which Part the frieze rosette, of shoulder, neck, and one handle pre there is a the handle on No. served. Buff with parallel alongside 142. clay greenish tinge. Broad shoul To fill the vase there would be three necessarily der, high cylindrical neck, thick lip with wide rim, other friezes. The extremely delicate drawing of vertical triple-rolled handles. All covered with the animals these fin places fragments among the brown-black glaze, incised tongues on shoulder. est Late Protocorinthian vases. There are no fill Payne reports the neck amphora first in the ornaments on the ing preserved pieces. Early Corinthian period (Necrocorinthia, p. 300, fig. 137). The decoration may have included ani 219 Plate Restored mal (B49). Olpe. 30. C-32-135. friezes, but it probably was done in the black m. Greatest m. height, 0.25 diameter, 0.136 polychrome style, seen on the oinochoe No. 227. Base, body fragments, and handle restored. 222 (B45). Broad-bottomed Oinochoe. Plate 30. Buff clay. Tall ovoid body, high neck flaring on C-32-140. Preserved 0.112 m. Diameter of widely at the mouth. Black glaze interior and height, exterior of band on interior base, 0.169 m. Athens mouth, edged purple of mouth, letter scratched on exterior, About one half epsilon preserved. Light buff clay. at three animal friezes on first frieze at level body: Wide flat bottom, high sides, wide shoulder. Shoul of handle attachment has a flanked der and panther by glazed then decorated with incised tongues, rams, the second frieze has a siren in front flanked third every tongue filled with purple or white by panthers and an owl and a at the back, goat paint, edged purple line at tip of tongues, wide re in the third frieze there is a deer in front flanked served band on body with animal frieze of goats, Studies

CC-BY-NC-ND. a by lions and deer a at a and facing panther protome swan, panthers, filling of incised rosettes and the back. There is a of incised ro heavy filling blobs, broad glazed band below and band of rays settes in the animal friezes. The friezes are sepa at base, edged white lines above and below animal rated by black bands with alternating red and frieze. white lines over the black bands; below vase painted The is of the type shown in C.V.A., Ox the third frieze is a wide black band with edged ford II, iii C, V, 17, which dates at the License: pi. Payne

Classical red bands at and bottom of re applied top it; end of the first quarter of the sixth B.C. served band with at base. century rays and classes with nos. The of Necrocorinthia, 1130-3. The is taller and thinner than the body olpe animal style is careless, the and thin, No. and the mouth is figures long only. also 142, higher, and it but there is much similar work from the Co more Boulter has out the Early splays rapidly. pointed rinthian (cf. Necrocorinthia, 23, on period pi. 4-5). varying quality of the drawing the front and

use back of the vase. The is on the whole. School drawing good 223 (B46). Broad-bottomed Oinochoe. The mane C-32-236. crosshatched of the panther in the Preserved height, 0.134m. Diameter of second frieze is not unusual in but the base, itself, sys 0.207 m. tem of the crosshatching seems unique. The area has been divided zones About one half into which have been cross preserved. Light buff clay. hatched so like No. 222. separately that the lines do not carry Shape Decoration similar to No. 222, personal in the usual more made and through way (cf. Necrocorintkia, pi. tongues carefully with rounded

American and animal frieze has swan 17, 1, 7 12). ends; with spread wings flanked a and a © For by cocks, padded dancer, lion; 220. Plate incised rosettes. Olpe Fragment. 30. C-32-268. Pre Most of glaze chipped off. served m. height, 0.095 The drawing is better than that on No. 222 and is Corinthian. The cocks are Small buff typically Early body fragment preserved. Light more than that on the Parts of two developed alabastron No. clay. animal friezes preserved; lion in second 196. frieze, heavy filling of incised rosettes and blobs. 224 (B47). Broad-bottomed Oinochoe. Plate The is from an such 31. fragment probably olpe 0.08 m. as one C-32-125. Height, Greatest diameter, No. 219. The figure preserved is well drawn 0.079 m in the Early Corinthian manner. Lip fragment missing. Buff clay. Broad flat 221. Preserved convex Amphora Fragment. C-32-276. base, sides, broad shoulder, low cylindrical 0.10 m. height, neck, trefoil lip, vertical band handle. All covered 62 CORINTH

with red-brown poor glaze, applied red-edged The shape is more bulbous than the oinochoai bands below handle and near base. Nos. and just 225 226, and the foot is wider in pro The is similar to No. but the shape 198, neck portion to the body. For similar vases see Necro is shorter and there is no round at the base ring of corinthia, p. 299, no. 745 and C.VA., Oxford II, the neck. The decoration is of the black iii The simplest C, pi. 5, 15. incision and the polychrome polychrome type. lines are carefully executed.

228 Oinochoe. 225 (B39). Oinochoe. Plate 31. C-32-233. Re (B44). Plate 32. C-32-124. Height, m. Greatest m. stored height, 0.265 m. Greatest diameter, 0.182 m. 0.156 diameter, 0.115 Few Lower body and base restored. Buff clay. body fragments restored. Light buff clay. similar to No. even Shape of body like Necrocorintkia, p. 33, fig. 10D, Shape 227, shoulder flatter, neck ex foot. All black concave, double-rolled handle. All glazed splayed ring glaze, incised tongues a on most of or cept for wide shoulder panel in which there is a shoulder, them filled with red yellow

Athens lotus-and-palmette motive flanked by swans with paint, double red line with white border lines at end of their wings spread, red dots on neck and breast of tongues, broad red line on foot. at The vase is swans, incised rosettes and blobs for filling, red much smaller than the preceding oinochoai edged band just below animal frieze. and the body is wide and squat. There is no band Boulter has correctly assigned the vase to the of rays at the base. The tongues are not as group of the "Sphinx Painter" (Necrocorintkia, carefully executed as those on No. 227. note p. 31, 1). The lotus-and-palmette motive is Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 229 Oinochoe. Preserved similar to that on the aryballos No. 192. The com (B43). C-32-126. height, m. Greatest m. position and the drawing are excellent and the 0.165 diameter, 0.175 vase is one of the better of the Co pieces Early Lower and rinthian body, handle, neck, body frag period. ments missing. Light buff clay. Shape like No. Preserved 227. part all covered with good orange 226 (B40). Oinochoe. Plate 31. C-32-234. Pre to License: red black incised on Classical served m. glaze, tongues shoulder, height, 0.145 Greatest diameter, 0.183 m. third every tongue filled with red paint, group of of two or three red lines with white lines on outside Handle, neck, and mouth missing. Light buff like No. Wide re applied just below tongues, at and on only. clay, greenish tinge. Shape 225. mid-body lower served zone on shoulder decorated with animal body, probably just above a band of rays. frieze a swan a There was a band of at the containing and perhaps second probably rays as on use swan with No. A similar vase is wings spread. Filling of rosettes base, 227. published

School ring in and incised rosettes. Wide glazed band and then Albania, IV, 1932, p. 12, fig. 7. high reserved band at base filled with tall rays. red band at 230 (B42). Oinochoe. Preserved Edged top and bottom of black glazed C-32-127. height, m. zone. 0.237 Greatest diameter, 0.183 m. The is a little less careful than that drawing Base and much of body gone. Buff

personal clay. on No. 225. The rosettes are ring paralleled by Shape like No. 227. Decoration like No. 229, but

American those on the oinochoai Nos. 204 and 206. third filled or every tongue with red white paint. © For 227 Oinochoe. Plate Re 231 (B41). 31. C-32-128. (B48). Round-mouthed Oinochoe. Plate 32. stored m. Greatest 0.18 m. 0.222 height, 0.254 diameter, C-32-134. Height, m. Greatest diameter, m. Base and 0.17 body fragments restored. Buff clay, greenish like No. 204, vertical dou tinge. Shape Body fragments restored. Light buff clay, ble-rolled handle. Reserved band with at bot Broad low rays greenish tinge. ring foot, bulbous body, tom, rest covered with black incised rather flat good glaze, high flaring neck, lip, vertical high band on second one filled alter handle. Wide zone on tongues shoulders, every upper body reserved and with red or of two decorated with scene nately orange paint, group of five padded dancers, one white lines, three red and then two more rosette in two lines, ring field, broad glazed bands below white lines at end of and another similar reserved tongues zone, foot, neck, and handle glazed. Glaze but with two red lines group, instead of three, just almost all worn off. above the rays. This vase is the earliest a example of shape THE EARLY CORINTHIAN PERIOD 63

cen which became popular at Corinth in the sixth 234 (B26). Alabastron. Plate 33. C-32-79. are a m. tury. There two good examples from Middle Height, 0.181 Greatest diameter, 0.095 m Corinthian well group (Nos. 332 and 333) and a Small neck fragment restored. Light buff clay. group of late sixth come from century examples Tongues on mouth, neck, and bottom, dots on rim, another well at Corinth (Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. double lines above and below figured zone; wide 596, nos. 145-149). The shape continued in use zone on body has large cock with spread wings; at Corinth in the fifth century (Hesperia, VI, filling of incised and blob rosettes and one nos. when it is found in large 1937, p. 294, 148-150), floral ornament between the neck and tail of the Attica also (Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 343, fig. 10, cock. This Corinthian is taller P5154). Early example The cock is similar to the Corinthian and less bulbous than the Middle Corinthian ex Early cocks on the krater No. 188, but the neck has the amples Nos. 332 and 333. The latter already have usual hatching rather than the less common cross the tall neck and the broad flat cylindrical lip hatching. Boulter that this vase may which are characteristic of later The suggested

Athens examples. belong to the "Gorgon-bird (Necrocorin of the obese are well group" padded dancers, early type, thia, p. 285). at more drawn. They are dancing energetically than is usual and their feet are kicked Necro high (see 235 (B25). Alabastron. Plate 33. C-32-76. Re for references and corintkia, p. 118, discussion). stored height, 0.087 m- Greatest diameter, 0.043 m Mouth and handle restored. Light buff clay. 232. Krater. C-32-257. Preserved 0.182 height, Shape like No. 197, small depression on bottom. Studies m.CC-BY-NC-ND. Preserved 0.236 m. on width, Tongues neck and bottom, panther-bird with one on front of incised rosettes and About fourth preserved. Light buff clay. spread wings body, a few dots for Shape of body like No. 188. Shoulder panel with filling. swan ro The is The is one head of goat and preserved, few incised drawing good. panther-bird of the creatures common in the settes, band of rays at base, edged red band below mythical Early Corinthian note License: handles and above period (Necrocorinthia, p. 91, Classical rays. 13). of 233. Krater. Plate 32. Restored C-32-277. height, 236 (B24). Alabastron. Plate 33. C-32-78. Re m. Greatest m. only. 0.235 diameter, 0.313 stored height, 0.084 m. Greatest diameter, 0.041 m. Base and restored. Buff Mouth body fragments clay. and handle restored. Light buff clay. full low wide wide like No. rather flattened bottom with Highuse body, cylindrical neck, Shape 235,

School flat horizontal rolled handles rise al lip, square depression and boss at center. Tongues on bottom, most from shoulder and extend above on vertically large amorphous bull's head front, two large lip, small ledges extend lip to meet handle. All incised rosettes and a few small ones at the sides good black glaze, wide edged red band below han of the head. on dles, red band interior at lip. This picture of the front of a bull's head is The of the personal is similar to No. shape body 188, very peculiar and oddly shaped. The line draw but the neck is a little The of is American higher. arrangement ing, however, careful. Parallels for this head, the is handles different, for the vertical handles beside the duplicate alabastron No. 237, are on an © For rise above the no high lip and there is ledge over Early Corinthian aryballos in the Louvre (C.VA., them. This is an a iii on again early example of type of Louvre, C a, pi. 18, 21), an aryballos in krater which is common Oxford black-glazed in the sixth (C.V.A., Oxford II, iii C, pi. II, 3) which and fifth centuries at to a has the same a Corinth, developing arrangement with large rosette on taller form with a taller neck and either side of with handles set the bull's head, and on the aryballoi closer to the rim in (Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 583, nos. Necrocorinthia, Catalogue, nos. 541-2 and 59-62; VI, 1937, p. 292, fig. 24, no. 146). The 563B. polychrome decoration, typical of this period, does not occur on 237. Alabastron. m. Great the later examples. A very similar C-32-77. Height, 0.084 krater est 0.041 m. of the Early Corinthian period, but with a diameter, handle zone decorated with an animal was frieze, Body fragment missing. Light buff clay. found in the North at Corinth and and Cemetery (Art Shape decoration like No. 236, tongues on Archaeology, XXIX, 1930, p. 201, fig. 8). mouth and neck, dots on rim. 64 CORINTH

more one 238 (B28). Aryballos. Plate 33. C-32-81. Re Small aryballoi with than animal m- m. on are rare. zone stored height. 0.075 Greatest diameter, 0.07 frieze the body The secondary with the of water birds is reminiscent and handle restored. Buff procession Neck, mouth, clay. of ornament of the seventh flattened Short on Subgeometric early Slightly spherical body. tongues but the motive in this same dot rosette on bottom. octafoil century, appears group shoulder, Large on the kotyle fragment No. 248. The drawing is floral ornament on the front, incised details and careful, although the figures are minute. applied red paint, two blobs. The unusual floral ornament, which is care 242. Aryballos. Plate 33. C-32-273. Preserved fully drawn, has no good parallel. Boulter points height, 0.042 m. out the similarity to tie Late Corinthian ornament in H. The centers one Necrocorintkia, p. 147, fig. 54 About third of body preserved. Tongues are similar and the of on zone quite system alternating shoulder, body bordered by horizontal and round leaves occurs in but the two on long both, bands, body two men with arms outstretched,

Athens kinds of leaves are much more even in size on this on heavy filling of incised rosettes, red paint gar earlier example. ments of men. at The men are probably padded dancers, but are their are those of the 239 (B27). Aryballos. Plate 33. C-32-80. Re they very thin; gestures m. dancers. The is not stored height, 0.065 m. Greatest diameter, 0.062 padded drawing very good.

Mouth, neck, and handle restored. Light buff 243. Plate 33. Preserved

Studies C-32-272.

CC-BY-NC-ND. Aryballos. clay. Flattened spherical body, small depression height, 0.034 m. on bottom. Tongues on base; two padded dancers on and left hands be front clasp right hands hold About one third preserved. Shape like No. hind them; filling of incised rosettes. 240. Decoration like No. 240, lion and bird with not The dancers The drawing is very careful. spread wings in animal frieze, blob rosettes. are and vase squat very obese. The is better formed and the drawing is License: Classical more careful than on No. 240. 240 Plate of (B29). Aryballos. 33. C-32-82. Height, m. m 0.05 Greatest diameter, 0.053 244. Aryballos. Plate 33. C-32-271. Preserved only. height, 0.038 m. Fragment of lip missing. Light buff clay. one Squat, wide-bellied shape, conical top, low wide About third preserved. Light buff clay. use neck. on the mouth, shoulder, and bottom, on shoulder, broad bands around School Tongues Heavy tongues two vertical lines with a zigzag between on the body, alternately black and red, narrow reserved handle, zone on body delimited by lines above and space between bands. an a below, frieze of eight warriors with large shields This is early example of type of banded on cen the body. aryballos which became popular in the sixth The vase is poorly formed and the design is tury. For a similar aryballos from Megara Hy personal badly drawn. The vase is probably a poor example blaea see Necrocorinthia, p. 291, no. 641. American of the "warrior group" (Necrocorintkia, p. 288). For a similar vase see Oxford iii © For C.V.A., II, C, pi. 245. Kotyle. Plate 33. C-32-84. Restored height, m. 11,6. 0.098 Greatest diameter, 0.126 m.

Base and body fragments restored. Buff clay. 241. Aryballos Fragment. Plate 33. C-32-274. Rather wide-flaring body, horizontal band han Preserved height, 0.046 m. dles. Handle zone with group of vertical lines at Small piece of lower body preserved. Light either side and group of short vertical strokes in buff Main frieze on the on clay. animal body with hind center, horizontal stripes upper body, tall end of animal on facing left, incised rosettes; small rays lower body with heavy horizontal band at zone below has procession of water birds to right, tip of rays. Glaze brown to black. small blob two rosettes, horizontal lines below, The decoration is similar to a common type then a narrow band with a row of two more of ornament on dots, skyphoi and kotylai of the early lines and crescents or on the bot seventh radiating whirls century, of which No. 139 is a good ex tom. ample. However, the shape is clearly Early Corin THE EARLY CORINTHIAN PERIOD 65

thian this is another instance of the vase and the survival of is decorated in the black-polychrome of Subgeometric ornament in much the same form style. down to the end of the 249 Plate seventh century. (B18). Kotyle. 33. C-32-83a. Height, m. 0.048 Greatest diameter, 0.061 m. 246 (B6). Kotyle. Plate Body fragment restored. Light buff clay. 33. Fig. 20. AJA., XLV, Small ring root, high body, horizontal rolled 1941, 41, 25. flaring p. fig. C-32 handles. of vertical in handle m. Great Group zigzags zone, 85. Height, 0.091 second zone with hounds running to right, band of est diameter, 0.127 m. rays at base. This is a Handle and body late variety of the typical small Sub fragments restored. Buff geometric kotylai such as Nos. 160, 184, and 208 210. There were seven clay, greenish tinge. Shape other similar kotylai in this and decoration like No. Early Corinthian well, which indicate the Athens popu 245, heavy band below larity of the type to the end of the seventh cen at handles also on this ex Fig. 20. No. 246 (1:2) tury. ample. 250 (B7). Kotyle. Plate 34. C-32-137. Restored height, 0.162 m. Greatest diameter, 0.206 m. 247. Kotyle Fragment. Plate 33. C-32-263. Pre Lower served height, 0.076 m. body and base restored. Light buff Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Double line at wide zone with swan Small clay. lip, body fragment of upper body preserved. flanked on by lions front; boar, panther, and swan Light buff clay. Reserved handle with snake, panel with spread wings on the back, details in red, in rosettes in curves of double at snake, vertical lines cised rosettes. Two broad black bands come below handles, wide reserved band at with red the animal over mid-body frieze, and each band are painted band in the middle of rest covered with black it, three red lines; band of rays at base. Most of the License: Classical numerous red horizontal lines on the has come off glaze, painted glaze the upper body. glazed parts. This vase and the Nos. form of kotylai 251-257 The snake in the handle is similar to a of which are panel group kotylai peculiar in that they

only. those on Protocorinthian-Geometric vases have a or Early only line two at the lip instead of a (No. but the motives in the curves 84), geometric broad decorated handle zone. This leaves a very of the snake are now Corinthian wide on replaced by Early animal frieze the body. The very careful use rosettes. The rest of the vase is decorated School in the drawing of the figures, the fine incised and painted of the Corin details black-polychrome technique Early and the excellent composition make the thian No. period. kotyle 250 one of the finest products of the Early Corinthian potters. 248. Kotyle Fragment. Plate 33. C-32-264. Pre 251 Plate served 0.074 m. (B8). Kotyle. 34. C-32-136. Height,

personal height, m. 0.141 Greatest diameter, 0.165 m. American Small fragments of upper body preserved. Few buff Reserved zone at handle level is body fragments restored. Light buff clay. © For Light clay. Wide decorated with a of water splayed base, high bowl with little flare, procession birds to right, horizontal rolled handles. Double line at ani rest covered with fine black wide red lip, glaze, edged mal frieze with band below handles. lion and boar facing on one side; swan The of with lifted wings and lion, both to procession birds is again reminiscent moving a left, occupy other side ; incised rosettes ; two black of common late motive (cf. No. eighth-century bands below and band of at base. 123). However, the birds on this later are rays example The and are are drawing design excellent, but carefully drawn and not stylized in the manner are not to No. The care taken in usual in the earlier There is a similar they equal 250. period. pro the feathers of the swan is cession of water birds on the No. in depicting wing typical aryballos 241 of the best work of the this period. group and the same type of bird occurs on a a fragment of kotyle from also of 252 21. Perachora, Early (B9). Kotyle. Plate 34. Fig. C-32-108. Corinthian date The rest (Perachora, pi. 32, 2). Height, 0.098 m. Greatest diameter, 0.131 m. 66 CORINTH

Few body fragments restored. Light buff clay. 257 (Bi3). Kotyle. Plate 35. C-32-106. Restored Very small splayed foot, high-flaring body, hori height, 0.091 m. Greatest diameter, 0.123 m. zontal rolled handles. Sin Base and restored. Buff swan body fragments clay. gle line at lip, with Shape and decoration like No. 253. spread wings on each side, incised rosettes, broad 258 Plate Pre band at tip of rays, band (B17). Kotyle. 35. C-32-110. served m. Diameter of m. of rays at base. height, 0.072 lip, 0.115 The narrow-footed one About half preserved. Light buff clay. shape is of the typical Shape like No. 253. Handle zone filled with verti Early Corinthian period cal zigzags, animal frieze with double band above (cf. Nos. 252-259 and a and below, two panthers and goat in frieze, red 263-266 of this group, on incised rosettes, at also Nos. and overpaint figures, tongues 207 214). base. Athens The use of a single figure The of the on this vase is with to cover quality drawing at wings spread better than that on Nos. 253-257, but it is still Fig. 2i. No. 252 (i :2) a is common large space not there is more use of inci on and alabas very good. However, aryballoi sion on these and the rosettes are also in V on vases. figures tra, but it is unusual larger The drawing cised. The band of zigzags at the rim is usual, but is good, but it cannot compare with Nos. 250 and the use of tongues instead of rays at the base is 251. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. very unusual and is repeated on No. 259 only.

253 (Bu). Kotyle. Plate 34. C-32-112. Height, 259 (B16). Plate 35. C-32-111. 0.087 m. Greatest diameter, 0.118 m. Kotyle. Height, m. Diameter of m. 0.087 lip, 0.117 Body fragments restored. Buff clay. Shape restored. like No. 252. Animal frieze with goat between two Body fragment Light greenish-buff License:

Classical clay. and decoration like No. 258, panthers, large blob rosettes without incision, wide Shape drawing band with line at either side, rays at base. poorer. of glazed on vase The drawing is very careless this and only. on the kotylai Nos. 254-259. The contrast with 260 (Bio). Kotyle. Plate 35. C-32-138. Height, m. m. the preceding kotylai shows the great divergence 0.114 Greatest diameter, 0.148 in the quality of the work being produced by the use About one half preserved. Light buff clay. School Corinthian potters even at this time. Broad splayed foot, high body with slight flare, horizontal rolled handles. Handle zone with verti 254 (B12). Kotyle. Plate 34. C-32-105. Height, cal zigzags, checkered band above and below main 0.091 m. Greatest diameter, 0.123 m. frieze, which has procession of ten warriors to all Body fragments restored. Buff clay. Shape right, carrying round shields painted half black personal and decoration like No. 253. and half purple and with white dots on the edge, American poor incised rosettes, band of rays at base. 255 The broad-footed with almost vertical © For (B14). Kotyle. C-32-109. Preserved height, shape and set at are 0.067 m. sides the closely thin rays the base features characteristic of the Middle Corinthian About one half buff preserved. Light clay. (see Nos. The warriors are care and decoration like No. no red period 337-342). Shape 253, paint drawn and the rosettes in size on lessly vary greatly figures. and shape. The vase is certainly the latest piece in this deposit and it might be dated later than ca. 256 (B15). Plate 35. C-32-107. Kotyle. Height, 600 B.C. However, since the rest of the datable m- 0.102 m. 0.083 Greatest diameter, vases all belong to the period before 600 B.C., it seems that the whole should be Handle restored. Light buff clay. Shape and unlikely deposit so more decoration like No. 253, but bird flanked by lions dated late. It is probable that the typical in no or on was animal frieze, red incised details figures Middle Corinthian shape beginning to develop or on rosettes. at the end of the previous period. The kotylai Nos. THE EARLY CORINTHIAN PERIOD 67

2 and which the of No. 275. Plate 51 275-276 approach shape Kotyle. 36. C-32-94. Height, 0.069 m 260 lend strength to this supposition. Greatest diameter, 0.097 m.

Body fragments restored. Light buff clay. 261 Plate Rather broad (B4). Kotyle. 35. C-32-98. Height, splayed foot, high-flaring body, hori m. m. 0.07 Greatest diameter, 0.09 zontal rolled handles. Decoration like No. 263, but thinner and more numerous. red small restored. Reddish-buff rays Glaze Very fragment brown to black. Small foot, convex bowl, clay. splayed high flaring The vase is as a variant of the horizontal rolled handles. Reserved band of important rays usual and shape type of decoration which here ap at base, one among the rest covered squiggle rays, the Middle Corinthian This with fine red to black white proaches kotyle type. light glaze, applied evolution is carried farther in No. of line below handles and vertical lines at sides of kotyle 277 this group. handles, white bird at center of handle panel, edged white band above rays, white line on inte

Athens 276. m. rior at Kotyle. C-32-251. Height, 0.067 Greatest lip. m. The a diameter, 0.096 at shape is little straighter than No. 253. The water birds are similar to those on the Handle and frag body fragments missing. Light ment occur buff and No. 248. White painted birds on vases clay. Shape decoration like No. 275. of this period from Anabysos (npaKTuca, 1911, p. 120, no. 15), (Ath. Mitt., XXII, 1897, 277. Plate 22. Aigina P Kotyle. 36. Fig. C-32-96. Height,

Studies and Perachora.

CC-BY-NC-ND. m. 296, fig. 21), 0.068 Greatest diameter, 0.106 m.

Body fragments re 262. Kotyle. Plate 35. C-32-100. Height, 0.075 m. stored. Light buff clay. Broad one sides with Handles and third of body gone. Red splayed foot, high little horizontal han dish-buff clay. Shape and decoration like No. 261. flare, dles. Decoration like No. License: Classical 275, but still thinner 263. Plate m. rays Kotyle. 35. C-32-86. Height, 0.096 and more numerous. of Greatest diameter, 0.126 m. This vase, which carries only. Few farther the new features ob body fragments restored. Buff clay. served in No. has al Shape like No. 253. Band of rays at base, rest 275, most the same as

use covered with brown-black glaze, edged red band proportions Fig.22.No.277(i:2) School such Middle Corinthian ko below handles and above rays, white line on inte as Nos. 342 and and the band of at rior at lip. tylai 346 rays are the base is like that on later There similar kotylai in Early Corinthian kotylai. groups at Gela (Mon. Ant., XVII, 1906, col. 109, and at 278 fig. 76) Antissa (B.S.A., XXXII, 1931-32, (B21). Skyphos. Plate 36. Fig. 23. C-32

personal 102. m. pi. 24, 2). Height, 0.067 Greatest diameter, 0.109 m. American Lip fragment restored.

© 264-274.For Buff small Kotylai. Plates 35 and 36. Height, clay. Very splayed to 0.10 m. Greatest 0.088 off 0.064 diameter, to 0.138 foot, wide-flaring body, m. set vertical rim, horizontal rolled handles. Reserved han These most of which have a few kotylai, body dle zone, rest covered with are similar in fragments restored, very shape and red-brown decoration to No. On one there is a glaze. 263. squiggle The is like that on some shape among the rays, there is a red line of triple late skyphoi with Subgeo the broad band above the on replacing edged rays, metric decoration, such as one there is a white line rather than the Fig.23.No.278 (i:2) triple Nos. 212 and 213. The sim red band below the handles. edged The glaze ple undecorated handle zone varied from red to black, with red-brown and is similar to that on a new type of cup with offset brown-black predominant. splayed rim, Nos. 281-283. 68 CORINTH

279 (B5). Skyphos. Plate 36. Fig. 24. C-32-97. for reserved handle zone, broad red band below m. Height, 0.084 m. Greatest diameter, 0.123 handles. _ Body fragment re i stored. Buff clay. Small I ring foot, high-flaring body, ? high rim very slightly off m set, horizontal rolled han ? dies. All covered with red M brown glaze except for rim W which is reserved and has four horizontal on it. f stripes This too is a late vari ^F etv ?* the ^th wti^E skypho^

Athens ^^^^* ornament, Subgeometric Fig. 25. No. 283 (1:2) such as No. 157, but here No. (1:2) at 24. 279 Fig. rim remainsP only^striped 284. Skyphos. C-32-265. Preserved height, 0.057 m. and the shoulder is glazed. Small piece preserved. Red and dark gray like 280. Skyphos. C-32-252. Preserved height, 0.072 clay. Shape No. 283. Decoration similar to m. m. No. but has Greatest diameter, 0.123 283, edged red band below handles Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. and on and similar at lip bands corresponding Base and lower body gone. Light buff clay. heights on the interior. Shape and decoration like No. 279. Glaze brown black. 285. Skyphos. C-32-270. Height, 0.064 m. About one half buff 281 (B22). Skyphos. Plate 36. C-32-103. Height, preserved. Light clay.

License: like 0.079 m' Greatest 0.137 m. Shape No. 282, but rim is vertical. All black Classical diameter, glaze except reserved handle zones. restored. Greenish-buff of Body fragments clay. similar to No. 278, but foot is a little 286. Plate 26. Shape larger, Skyphos. 36. Fig. C-32-256. Height, only. the is lower and wider and the rim is body splayed. 0.13 m. Decoration like No. 278, glaze all chipped off, ap About one third white lines on interior and exterior of rim. preserved. Heavy splayed

use plied rim with little flare. School foot, high-flaring bowl, high All black glaze except for wide reserved handle 282 (B23). Skyphos. Plate 36. C-32-104. Height, 0.065 m. Greatest diameter, 0.135 m.

Handle and body fragments restored. Light buff clay. Small ring foot, wide-flaring bowl, personal splayed rim, horizontal rolled handles. Reserved

American handle zone, reserved band with rays at base, rest black, much of off, red © For glazed glaze chipped edged band above rays and on inside of rim, solid red circle on the bottom of the interior. This cup is lower and wider than No. 281 and has at the rays the base. It is a late variety of the common Late Protocorinthian cup with splayed Nos. and and there some rim, 138 152, is change in shape and decoration.

283. Skyphos. Plate 36. Fig. 25. C-32-266. Pre served m. height, 0.07 Small fragment preserved. Light buff clay. similar to No. 282. All black Shape glaze except Fig. 26. No. 286 (1:2)

V THE EARLY CORINTHIAN PERIOD 69

handles and near little zone, edged red bands below deeper. Fine red to black glaze except for on of at base, white band lower part of rim. band rays base, red edged band below han dles and above on near rays exterior, below lip and 287. Plate bottom of Skyphos. 36. Fig. 27. C-32-258. Height, interior, large red edged circle on bot 0.078 m. tom of interior. The and decoration are similar to About one fourth Reddish-buff shape very preserved. the No. 211 cup from another Early Corinthian clay. Shape like No. 282. Rim, upper shoulder, on group. and base glazed exterior, interior all glazed.

290 (B33). Tripod Bowl. Plate 37. C-32-117. Restored height, 0.05 m. Diameter of rim, 0.121 m.

Feet largely restored. Light buff clay. Rather bowl deep supported by three wide rectangular

Athens wide flat feet, lip and rim. Large quadruple lotus in black with red overpaint fills interior of bowl; at few incised on rosettes, red paint lip and rim, red on edged line interior at lip, white line on lower incised rim, line around edge of feet, incised verti cal lines down of middle feet and zigzags between lines, red paint over left half of each foot. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. The tripod bowl is not usual in this Fig. 27. No. 287 (1:2) period and Payne lists just one (Necrocorinthia, p. 293, V no. 671). However, the lotus is of the usual The decoration of the vase is unusual, for design Early Corinthian type and the decora there is a narrow glazed zone at top and bottom polychrome tion is also of this period. and the rest of the exterior is unglazed and un

License: decorated. A Rhodian with similar decoration Classical cup 291 Bowl. Plate was found at Mersin in Cilicia (Liverpool Annals (B34). Tripod 37. C-32-118.

of m. Diameter of m. of Archaeology and Anthropology, XXVI, 1939 Height, 0.048 lip, 0.127 40, 8). only. LXXIX, Buff pi. Complete. clay, reddish tinge. Shape like No. two 290, holes for suspension pierced in one 288 (B19). Two-handled Cup. Plate 37. C-32 foot. Good red glaze on the interior of the bowl

use m. Greatest m. 113. Height, 0.047 diameter, 0.125 and on the outside of the rest red School feet, unglazed, bands on and down center of Small body fragments restored. Light buff edged lip, rim, feet, white line around of white down clay, greenish tinge. Very small splayed foot, low edge feet, zigzags side of red band around middle and wide-flaring bowl, horizontal rolled handles. Han feet, edged bottom of interior of bowl. dle zone with dot rosettes, animal frieze with goat and each on in panther facing other either side, personal cised and blob rosettes, broad black band with red 292 (B30). Dish. Plate 37. C-32-119. Restored American m- 0.112 and white bands over it, rays at base. Interior height, 0.043 Diameter of lip, m.

© For covered with black glaze, red edged bands near lip, Base and large body fragment restored. Small at middle and around large white solid circle on foot, wide-flaring body, heavy ridged rim, flat lip. bottom. All covered with good black glaze, red applied Cups without offset rims are not often deco on rim, red bands below rim and near rated in the animal frieze Necrocorin paint edged style (cf. base on exterior and below and near bottom on nos. The band of dot rosettes is lip thia, 709-714). interior. similar to those used to decorate and cov kotylai This dish and the other three dishes in this ered and kotylai (Necrocorinthia, pi. 22, 4 6). Nos. to are in group, 293 295, unusual this period and I know of no for them. Their 289 (B20). Two-handled Plate 37. good parallel Cup. C-32 date must be that of the of vases in the m. majority 91. Height, 0.057 Greatest diameter, 0.128 m. group, for the black-polychrome decoration is like Handle and body fragments restored. Red that used on so many of the vases found with dish-buff clay. Shape similar to No. 288, bowl a them. 70 CORINTH

293 (B31). Dish. Plate 37. C-32-115. Height, edged red bands at edge of lip, on shoulder, below m- Diameter of m. handle and at around the are 0.037 lip, 0.115 base; top there triple in white from the center. Small restored. Buff Wide zigzags paint radiating fragments clay. see For the triple zigzags No. 190. The kothon foot, shallow bowl, vertical rim, and flat splayed No. 217 has white rosettes in a similar Solid black double incised line on ring posi lip. glaze, lip, tion. red on lip and rim, red edged bands as on No. 292.

299 (B38). Plate 37. 294 (B32). Dish. Plate 37. C-32-116. Height, Pyxis. C-32-120. Height, m. m. 0.07 m. Diameter of 0.105 m. 0.042 Diameter of lip, 0.129 base, Handle and restored. Buff Body fragments restored. Light buff clay. body fragments to Broad flat concave reflex Shape similar No. 293, bowl deeper, thick clay. bottom, high sides, on handles at Reserved band with horizontal rounded rim. Dark brown-black glaze, red lip, lip. line at sides covered with horizontal red edged bands below lip and at base. wavy top, bands in Athens black and red, one checkered band, short at base. Glaze off. 295. Dish. C-32-267. Height, 0.04 m. Diameter rays black, mostly chipped at m. The is the usual concave-sided of of lip, 0.095 shape pyxis the Early Corinthian period (NecrocorintMa, p. About one half buff preserved. Light clay. 292, fig. 129) and the decoration is common. Shape like No. 293. All red to black. are glazed, There several similar pyxides from late seventh century graves at Phaleron 296 Kothon. Plate (*Apx- AcXr., II, 1916, Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. (B35). 37. C-32-121. Height, PP-34-35, figs. 25 and 27). 0.06 m. Greatest diameter, 0.167 m.

Body fragments restored. Light buff clay. 300. Pyxis Cover Knobs. C-32-259 to C-32-262. Wide round band han splayed foot, heavy body, A group of knobs for pyxis covers indicate dle. Wide reserved band on upper body contains other of the from this Most dot rosettes, reserved zone at base with two black examples shape period. License: of Classical these knobs are decorated with black and red bands, rest covered with black red glaze, edged bands and some have bands at and bottom of zone on checkered bands also; the of top glazed body, same is seen on on system the pyxis No. 299. double incised lines shoulder, red edged bands

only. at top and bottom of incurved lip. 301 (B50). Handmade Plate The Early Corinthian kothon has already Jug. 37. C-32-133. 0.108 m. Greatest m. been discussed (No. 217). The band handles seem Height, diameter, 0.078 use

School to less common be than the reflex handles, but all and handle Lip fragments restored. Buff clay, three examples in this group have band handles. reddish tinge. Globular body, flattened The dot rosettes have almost become rosettes slightly ring bottom, high cylindrical neck and trefoil dou due to the lip, merging of the dots. ble band handle. Unglazed, fine buff slip on sur face. 297 (B36). Kothon. Plate 37. C-32-122. personal Height, Such are common in the late seventh cen m. jugs 0.048 Greatest diameter, 0.14 m. and in American tury the sixth century (see Nos. 356 and but similar occur as as Body fragments restored. Buff clay, reddish 357), very jugs early the © For of the tinge. Shape like No. 296. Decoration similar to beginning seventh century in graves at Pha No. but dot rosettes leron no. 296, alternate with zigzags in (AJA., XLVI, 1942, p. 28, 27, 6, and p. the on are 30, no. There is one similar in an body zone; tongues shoulder alternately 70, 1). jug Early filled with red Corinthian from the paint. Glaze red-brown. grave North Cemetery at Cor The band of dot rosettes inth and zigzags is com (A.J.A., XXXIII, 1929, p. 541, fig. 21). mon on Early Corinthian vases (Nos. 189 and 302 190). (B51). Handmade Ladle. Plate 37. C-32 131. Height, 0.168 m. Diameter of bowl, 0.08 m. 298 Kothon. Plate (B37). 37. C-32-123. Height, m- Few restored. Buff Rather 0.057 Greatest diameter, 0.152 m. fragments clay. flat-bottomed, straight-sided bowl, broad band Handle and restored. handle rises from bowl and ends in body fragments Light loop. Unglazed, buff like No. All clay. Shape 296. black glaze, surface smoothed. THE EARLY CORINTHIAN PERIOD 71

m. 303. Handmade Ladle. C-32-132. Height, 0.16 308 (B53). Two-handled Bowl. Plate 37. C-32 Diameter of m. 222. bowl, 0.08 Restored height, 0.073 m. Greatest diameter, 0.162 m. Body fragment restored. Buff clay, reddish Base tinge. Shape like No. 302, but with bowl more and body fragments restored. Buff clay. a more of bowl like No. zone rounded and with definite lip. Unglazed, Shape 307. Broad handle surface well smoothed. with water bird at center and dot rosette on either side of on bird, striping upper body, band of out m. 304. Jug. C-32-254. Preserved height, 0.094 lined rays at base. Greatest m. diameter, 0.069 Boulter has suggested that the vase may be a local imitation of the common East Greek "Bird Part of upper and body lip preserved. Clay and I believe that this is so. The fabric on on Bowls," gray exterior, brick red interior, gritty. looks typically Corinthian and the wide Wide flare from base, sides, han striped high splayed lip, zone is not of the Ionian fabrics. dle from to typical upper body lip. Black horizontal stripe Athens at edge of on neck, below handle and on lip, just 309 (B56). Plate Restored rest Olpe. 37. C-32-235. at mid-body; unglazed. m. height, 0.205 Greatest diameter, 0.133 m. 305. About one half Jug. C-32-255. Preserved height, 0.092 m. preserved. Reddish-brown Greatest diameter, 0.076 m. clay. Ovoid body, trefoil lip, double-rolled handle. reserved on one side contains a bull half Large panel Upper preserved. Buff clay. High-flaring facing right; details incised and red overpaint; Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. shoulder flare at mouth. body, contraction, slight line of hooks from of reserved of red-brown at bottom of spiral suspended top Stripes glaze lip, neck, and dot rosettes for reserved three around panel, zigzags filling, stripes body. line above thin black spiral hooks, line along right side and bottom of reserved line around 306. m. Greatest panel, Jug. C-32-269. Height, 0.069 a little below m. body panel. diameter, 0.063 This Attic has the License: Early olpe very early squat Classical Large body fragment restored. Buff clay. shape usual in the late seventh century. The fill Small flat ornaments are of bottom, globular body, very small neck, typical of Proto-Attic ware. The small vase a flaring mouth, vertical handle. Unglazed, belongs to group of late seventh century only. surface smoothed. olpai, many of which are listed in J.H.S., XLIX, 1929, p. 254. 307 (B52). Two-handled Bowl. Plate 37. C-32 use

School m- 310 Kantharos. Plate 114. Height, 0.067 Greatest diameter, 0.151 m. (B54). 37. C-32-130. 0.112 m. m. Height, Diameter of bowl, 0.119 Handles and body fragments restored. Red Small restored. micaceous dish-brown, sandy clay. Small base with sharp fragments Black, Wide short bottom of bowl inset at top, wide open bowl, horizontal rolled han clay. foot, stem, splays dles. Line at lip on exterior, handle zone with sharply, high sides, high band handles. Fine black

personal three dot rosettes on burnished at offset on each side, four triple bands surface, arcading bowl,

American around interior A on either side near handle. body, covered with black glaze graffito The bowl is a common except for reserved circle at bottom in which there Etruscan bucchero © For is an of the late seventh octafoil rosette, three-edged red bands on in type century. terior. Between circle on bottom and first edged red band is a 311 (B55). Kantharos. C-32-129. 0.108 graffito, the preserved part of which Height, m. Diameter of 0.118 m. reads:-op. vo^ elfxi Graffito E under foot. bowl, The bowl is an East Greek of a product type Base, handle and body fragments restored. common in Rhodes. particularly The graffito is Black clay. Shape and decoration like No. 310, of a name and Boulter has out that surface less well part pointed burnished and arcading less care the alphabet is Rhodian or Milesian. ful. From the large group of Early Corinthian vases it is evident that the fabric of Co rinthian of this was Most of the vases are pottery period uniformly good. of light buff or buff which is clay, very well levigated. Gritty fabrics are rare even in the few hand 72 CORINTH

made vases of the period. The firing of the vases was well controlled and most of the on it is pots are baked evenly and are hard. The fine glaze adheres well and the whole run well preserved. The color of the baked glaze varies from light red to black, often the whole on one as No. and a effect. ning range vase, such 261, producing very pleasant With the exception of the aryballos No. 240, all of the wheel-made vases are well formed and have retained their shape in firing. some Most of the shapes of the period continue from previous types, but there is change in proportions. The most common shape is still the kotyle. The typical kotyle of a convex. the period is tall, has very narrow foot and the flaring sides are slightly The narrower are a At foot is than in the preceding period and the proportions little taller. the end of the Corinthian there is a trend in the other direction and some

Athens Early period vases from the large well group illustrate the development from the tall, narrow-footed at Early Corinthian kotyle to the broad-based, more squat Middle Corinthian type. are There many skyphoi or cups with offset rim in this period also and they carry on shapes established in the earlier part of the seventh century. The common Sub geometric skyphos is represented in a late form by the vases Nos. 212 and 213. The Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. skyphoi of this period are higher and have narrower bases than those of the Proto corinthian period, thus exhibiting the same tendency that has been seen in the kotylai in and that appears many other shapes. Another type of skyphos or cup, represented by Nos. 281 and 287, is developed in this period and is decorated in a manner similar to

License: East Greek

Classical cups.3 and are now Aryballoi alabastra better represented than in the previous period, of but they are still few in number. Oinochoai are common both in the narrow-footed and only. the broad-bottomed types. Again, the first type is taller and thinner and has a smaller foot than in the previous period. There are only a few conical oinochoai in this group. use Kraters become more common than are School before and there two types represented here. The column-krater with ledge handles is the most usual type, but there is also another in shape which the vertical handles rise above the lip and in which there are no ledge handles over them. Some new at this such as the the two-handled personal shapes appear time, kothon, bowl, the American the dishes and tripod bowl, the round-mouthed oinochoe. All of these new shapes continue into the sixth and some are used even later. © For century of the vases of Many the Early Corinthian period are decorated wholly or partially in the of Subgeometric style the early seventh century. The kotylai Nos. 245 and 246, and the Nos. 208-210 and are the latest of skyphoi 212-213 type Subgeometric vases, seem for the style does not to have continued into the sixth century. Minor decoration in the manner seen on Subgeometric is the covered kotylai Nos. 189 and 190, on the conical oinochoe No. 199 and on the kotylai Nos. 247 and 248. The of the vases are majority of this period decorated in the black-polychrome style, with bands of red paint edged with white as the main element of the decoration. 3 Most were Kinch, Vroulia, pis. 18, 27, 32, 34, 37-45. of these cups found together with Late Proto corinthian and Early Corinthian vases. THE EARLY CORINTHIAN PERIOD 73

Incised tongues filled with red, white or yellow color are common on such vases. On both the black-polychrome vases and on those with figured decoration, the band of rays at the base of the vase are numerous vases al is usual. There with figured decoration, most all decorated in the animal-frieze of the such as Nos. style. Many vases, 190, 219, and are the finest vases of the Several other vases are of 225, 250, 251, among period. vases only slightly less excellent workmanship. On the other hand, there are several are which show the poorest kind of workmanship, on which the animals portrayed hardly recognizable. There is much more of this very poor work on vases from other groups at Corinth and it is apparent that in this Early Corinthian period a good propor were tion of the figured vases which made at Corinth were very inferior products. There was much mediocre work, too, but the period can best be judged by the very consider Athens able quantity of excellent work that it produced. at In comparison with the Late Protocorinthian figured style, there ismuch more use on of incision for delineation the solid glazed figures, and red paint is more freely used to pick out parts of the bodies. Incised rosettes are the usual filling ornaments, but there are also many blobs of glaze and small dots in the field. Ring rosettes are less common Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. and they represent the dot rosettes of the previous period in which the dots have merged a to form ring. Some dot rosettes continue to be used, but they are not common. The on vases only human figures portrayed of this period in this group are the padded which are seen on the oinochoe No. and on the dancers, 231 aryballoi Nos. 239 and 242. The human-headed and siren are common.

License: sphinx Classical are or There four five imported pieces in the large well group; one Attic vase, one of or possibly two East Greek cups, and two Italian bucchero bowls. The number is very

only. in with the small comparison tremendous quantity of Corinthian pottery of this period which has been found all over the ancient world. use School personal American © For CHAPTER VI

Middle and Late Corinthian Vases

THE first half of the sixth century B.C., the end of the Orientalizing period at Corinth, is represented in the collection catalogued here by only sixty-eight pieces of pottery. Of these, forty-nine vases belong to the Middle Corinthian are style and nineteen pieces of the Late Corinthian period. At the end of this period, the by middle of the sixth century, the Orientalizing style had practically disappeared,1 Athens a new vase and style of decoration, called the Conventionalizing style, had begun to at new develop. This style is represented by a few vases in the following catalogue. There are also large groups of late Orientalizing and of Conventionalizing pottery from the North Cemetery and from the Potters' Quarter at Corinth. one The large group of pottery from the Middle Corinthian period, comprising Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. the vases Nos. 331 to 360, was found in 1915 in a well located in the Julian Basilica at the eastern end of the Agora at Corinth. The large krater No. 312 was found in the Stoa built on the north slope of the Temple Hill; the vases Nos. 313,315,318, and 330 were recent on all found during excavations Temple Hill. From the Agora South-East section came the Nos. and No. is from the License: pieces 317 328; 320 South Basilica, No. 322 Classical from the Agora North-East section, No. 321 from the Per?bolos of Apollo, No. 325 from of area a the of the museum, and No. 323 from well near Temple E. only. 312. Krater. Plates and 38 39. AJA., XXXV, human bodies in front joined on to equine bodies. 1931, p. 413, fig. 7. C-30-103. Restored height, Short incised strokes all over the human bodies use m. Greatest m School 0.37 diameter, 0.457 represent hair; otherwise incision is used spar No red on re ingly. overpaint is used any of the Base, handles, rim, and body fragments fig ures. A black band separates the main frieze from stored. Light buff clay, greenish tinge. Very small a narrow animal frieze in which there are four base, body almost biconical with wide-flaring three deer between the lower part, pronounced curve at greatest diameter panthers, grazing panthers and a dancer. Details of the animals are personal and wide shoulder, low cylindrical neck, wide hori padded zontal chain on incised, but no red is used. There is a wide American lip. Lotus-and-palmette lip, neck paint black band below this animal frieze and then a covered with black glaze. Wide frieze on upper © For band with at the base. Good black body decorated by a scene of Herakles and the rays glaze, Centaurs?two centaurs on either side of the vase much chipped off. a a The which is the carry pine branches, siren and figure of Hera krater, usual column-krater kles a bow with is one drawing occupy the space under one of ledge handles, of the largest of the the two handles; wounded centaurs flee before series. The shape is unusually wide-bellied, but Herakles and two others under the the the small pursue him; tapering body, foot, and the height other handle there an in is eagle flight carrying a of the neck are all similar to characteristic fea snake and to the of are left the eagle two male tures of Middle Corinthian kraters (Necrocorin each other. The centaurs have full The figures facing thia, p. 316). lotus-and-palmette design on the 1 Necrocorinthia, p. 59. MIDDLE AND LATE CORINTHIAN VASES 75

rim to same also belongs the period. The long thin of which part of an animal moving to left is pre animal figures and the drawing of the minor de served. tails, particularly the simple circles for the eyes, The fragment is from a krater such as No. on are these figures also typically Middle Corin 312, and the general scheme of decoration with a thian. The spirited padded dancer in the minor major scene and a minor animal frieze is the same. frieze is similar to the fat Corinthian Early figures The drawing of the horses and of the eagle in the of this The numerous thin at type. rays the base field is closely paralleled on a krater fragment in are of the Middle Corinthian again typical period. New York (Necrocorinthia, pis. 33, 6, and 34, 7). The subject of the scene in the main frieze is the adventure of Herakles with the centaurs at 314. Krater Fragment. Plate 40. C-31-294. Pholo?. Of the four centaurs, all of whom carry two flee before large pine branches, Herakles, Small body fragment preserved. Light buff wounded his arrows. The air is full of by flying clay. Battle scene with warrior at left throwing arrows and have struck their many victims; spear, large eagle facing warrior at right. This is Athens streams of blood flow from the wounds. The first probably part of the main scene of a krater simi of the centaurs is much than the one be lar to No. at larger 312. hind him or are the two who pursuing Herakles. Whether or not this size indicate a large might 315. Krater Handle. Plate character such as Pholos cannot be certain. 40. C-37-2487. Width, special 0.121 m. The pine branches are the common weapon of the centaurs. The bodies are indi Most of one handle Studies hairy CC-BY-NC-ND. frequently flange preserved. Light cated. The centaurs all have rather beards. long buff clay. Siren standing to right, head turned The siren and the do not form a on flying eagle part back, wings spread, red paint wings and body, of the main the two human under scene; figures details incised, incised rosette in field, vertical zig one of the handles are too much to know destroyed zags along side of flange. how enter into the scene. The numer they might The drawing is careful, the composition is ous for this scene have License: parallels already been pre well suited to the field. The work is Classical rectangular sented Baur in his Centaurs in Ancient by study, characteristic of fine vases of the early Middle

of Art the krater from (Berlin, 1912). Certainly, Corinthian period. one Corinth is of the finest portrayals of the event. only. All of the on this krater is figure drawing 316. Krater Handle. Plate 40. done with care and the human bodies of the cen C-30-08. Width, m. taurs are well formed. The is 0.096 use particularly incision School scant and The meaningful. action of the figures is One flange partly preserved. Light buff clay. spirited and the confusion and movement of the Bull's head in front view, details incised, a little heated contest are in caught the simply arranged red paint on the nose, incised rosettes at side of frieze. The whole vase, which seems to date from head. about 600 B.C. or one shortly thereafter, is of the The shape of the bull's head and the drawing most personal interesting products of the Corinthian pot of the incised details are excellent, and this small ters. It is for the in must American exceptionally good period fragment be placed among the best work of which it was but the work cannot made, equal the the period. For similar bulls' heads see Eleusis no. © For best of products the last half of the seventh cen 1132 and Clara Rhodos, IV, p. 365. tury B.C.

317. Krater Handle. Plate 40. C-34-424. Width, 313. Krater Fragment. Plate 40. C-38-545. Pre 0.089 m served height, 0.104 m. one Most of flange preserved. Light buff to Small of buff fragment body preserved. Light red clay. Eagle standing right, head turned back Main zone on has two horsemen to on clay. body riding left, red paint wings and neck, incised de to left, each carrying in his left hand a shield tails. decorated with whirl and in his hand design right The drawing of this fragment and that of the a seated to to left spear, sphinx right, eagle flying handle No. 318 cannot compare with the two pre in field, of incised narrow black vious filling rosettes; examples. The drawing of the eagle is good, band between zone and lower upper animal frieze, but that of the swan on No. 318 is careless. 76 CORINTH

318. Krater Handle. Plate 40. C-37-2488. Width, Greenish-buff clay. Reserved band at base, rest m. 0.093 glazed, four incised lines around middle of body, above lines one graffito reads-Liravrj-. Most of flange preserved. Light buff clay. Swan left, a little red on the facing paint wing, 324. CP-98. 0.08 m. Greatest di details incised. Kotyle. Height, ameter, 0.123 m. Krater 319. Rim. Plate 40. CP-514. Handles and body fragments restored. Light buff Rather wide Most of rim and handles buff clay. splayed foot, high-flaring preserved. Light horizontal rolled handles. Reserved band on to with head body, clay. Zigzags rim, eagle right filled with linear at rest covered with turned back on handle details in rays base, flanges, incised, dull black double red line below handles and cised rosettes. glaze, above rays. The kotyle is similar to No. 352 in both shape 320. Kotyle Fragment. Plate 40. C-36-204. and decoration. Athens Small fragment of upper body preserved. at Light buff clay. Double line at lip, scene on body 325. Cup with Offset Rim. Plate 41. C-31-292. m. with horse and rider at left side of preserved part, Preserved height, 0.123 warrior, facing left in front of horse, carrying large Small fragment of body preserved. Light buff shield decorated with whirl pattern; a second war clay. like Necrocorinthia, p. 310, 152. rior, whirls on shield filled Shape fig. facing right; alternately chain on narrow Lotus-and-palmette rim, animal Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. with red red on helmet also. paint, on a frieze upper body has figures of lion, a winged The fragment is from a kotyle such as the one and one animal; dou shown in Necrocorinthia, 33, 11, which Typhon, partially preserved pi. belongs ble band this from wider animal frieze to the Samos The separates group (Necrocorinthia, p. 309). a in which there is griffin-bird with raised wings, drawing is not very careful. below this is a third animal zone with parts of a boar and a lion at fill License: 321. Pre preserved, rays base, heavy Classical Kotyle Fragment. Plate 40. CP-988. of incised rosettes and dots in all of the animal served height, 0.032 m. ing

of no friezes, red overpaint. Small of fragment upper body preserved. Light The drawing and the incision are careless. The only. buff Line at heads of two horses clay. rim, facing lotus-and-palmette chain is of the Middle Corin at left side of Point of car right fragment. spear thian type (Necrocorinthia, p. 149, fig. 55E). The ried rider is visible; warrior at is seen on another Middle Corin use by facing right winged Typhon

School side of between horses right fragment, inscription thian cup in Munich (Necrocorinthia, p. 311, no. and warrior in Corinthian reads alphabet TON$OM, 985). The very heavy filling of rosettes and dots is horses' manes and on crest of design helmet typical of the Middle Corinthian period. painted red. The fragment is from a kotyle of the same 326. Fragment of a Cup with Offset Rim. Plate as No. and it to personal shape 320 probably belongs the 41. C-29-70. same The is not listed

American group. inscription by Payne small of shoulder and he did not see this Very fragment preserved. probably fragment. buff to left in head © For Light clay. Eagle flying field, of horse left, of carried rider. 322. Kotyle Fragment. Plate 40. C-38-153. Pre facing tip spear by The is from a such as Necro served 0.048 m. fragment cup height, 2 corinthia, pi. 32, or 4. The drawing of the head Small of lower Buff fragment body preserved. of the horse is good. clay. Vertical lines in reserved band at base, rest covered with red-brown 327. glaze. Inscription incised Bowl with Offset Rim. CP-516. Height, in within a reads m. glaze rectangle frTEf- The frag 0.071 ment is from a similar to No. 352. kotyle About one third preserved. Light buff clay. Wide shallow bowl, wide rim 323. Kotyle Fragment. Plate 40. C-32-278. Pre extending beyond bowl on exterior, reflex handles. reserved served height, 0.072 m. Large circle on interior has figure of lioness facing right, Small of front on fragment upper body preserved. left paw raised, red paint body, incised MIDDLE AND LATE CORINTHIAN VASES 77

on rosettes; edged red band near rim, red paint developed Middle Corinthian type (Necrocorin rim; reserved handle zone on exterior, edged red thia, p. 75, fig. 20F). band below handles and near base. 331. Oinochoe. Plate 41. The vase is no. ioio in Payne's catalogue Ure, Origin of Tyranny, 22. m. Greatest (Necrocorinthia, p. 312) and he attributed the p. 185, fig. CP-140. Height, 0.32 m. piece to the Chimaera Painter. The exterior is diameter, 0.137 decorated in the usual tech black-polychrome Small body fragments restored. Light buff nique. clay, greenish tinge. Shape like Necrocorinthia, p. on 33, fig. 10F. Three animal friezes body sepa 328. Lid. Plate Pyxis 41. C-33-457. Diameter, rated by wide black bands, rays at base, rest cov m. 0.136 ered with black glaze, much chipped off. Narrow one animal frieze on shoulder with of siren at About fourth preserved. Buff clay. Round figure center, and wide frieze on flat knob; cover flares down from knob and panthers birds; upper a a out near rim. Knob has solid circle at body filled by panthers, lions, grazing stag,

Athens straightens and narrow lower frieze carries center with circle around it and then whirls, check goat, birds; pro cession of water some with at birds, raised; ered band at side of knob, rays on cover radiating wings of incised rosettes and blobs in all from base of knob, animal frieze with lion facing heavy filling friezes. left and sphinx wearing polos facing right, filling The oinochoe is no. in cata of incised rosettes and dots, checkered band on 1096 Payne's either side of animal frieze. logue (Necrocorinthia, p. 315). It has the typical Middle Corinthian oinochoe The is

Studies The cover with low round knob shape. drawing CC-BY-NC-ND. the is of the common on better in the main frieze than in the minor zones, type Middle Corinthian pyxides but all of it is rather careless. There is a similar (Necrocorinthia, pi. 28, 5). The drawing is rather oinochoe from Rhodes (Clara Rhodos, IV, 55, good for the period. p. fig. 26). 329. Preserved Pyxis Fragment. C-39-26. height, 332. Round-mouthed Oinochoe. Plate 41. CP License:

Classical 0.084 m 145. Height, 0.189 m. Greatest diameter, 0.183 m. of Small of side buff Handle fragment preserved. Light and body fragments restored. Light clay. Concave-sided pyxis. Wide animal frieze on buff Broad bulbous only. clay. ring foot, body, high with left, blob rosettes, nar narrow body panther facing neck with slight flare, flat lip, high verti row line above frieze and then two bands and small cal band handle. Lip and foot glazed and wide vertical at Wide band at

use black band on zigzags lip. glazed lip lower body with applied white line School and near bottom on interior. near either of on vase edge band; front of standing Payne mentions two on the wide a only possible examples glazed band is large female siren of this shape in the Middle Corinthian period with to some wings spread, facing right; purple (Necrocorinthia, 305). From the it on p. drawing paint wings and breast, no fill ornaments. seems that this should be likely fragment placed The shape has already been discussed for the in the sixth as personal century well. earlier example No. 231. The drawing of the siren American is excellent, and the incised details are very care 330. Plate 41. Preserved Aryballos. C-38-540. fully executed. The face is well drawn, © For particularly 0.148 m. height, and it is very similar to the face of Necrocorinthia, About one pi. 31, 6. third preserved. Light buff clay. For shape see Necrocorinthia, p. 304, 140. fig. 333. Round-mouthed Oinochoe. Plate 41. CP Tongues on mouth and shoulder, dots on rim, dou 144. Height, 0.189 m- Greatest diameter, 0.187 m. ble line below handle, central floral pattern (?), cock at swan ro Handle and restored. left, under handle, large incised body fragments Light buff settes. clay, greenish tinge. Shape and decoration like No. but This aryballos belongs to a group of flat-bot 332, siren's head is turned back to left. tomed aryballoi with a central floral motive flanked 334. Column-Krater. Plate 42. Greatest by figures (Necrocorinthia, p. 305, nos. 835-840), CP-172. for I assume that there was another cock to the diameter, 0.172 m. of the central motive. The cock is of the Base and right large body fragments restored. Light 78 CORINTH

buff clay, greenish tinge. Small base, bulbous is not as wide or as broad-footed as the usual rather body, high cylindrical neck, rolled handles Middle Corinthian kotylai, such as No. 342. The from wide rim with rising obliquely shoulders, decorative scheme is very similar to that on Early handles. on on handle ledge Zigzags rim, eagles Corinthian kotylai (cf. No. 191), but the rays are reserved on of more numerous. care flanges, panel upper part body thinner and The drawing is decorated with heraldic of male arrangement less and the style is very similar to that of the bearded sirens on one side with an incised rosette amphoriskoi. There are similar kotylai from Ta at the center; on the other side are three padded ranto (Notizie, 1936, p. 133, fig. 21). dancers to facing right, loin cloths painted red; rest of vase covered with dark greenish-gray glaze, 338. Kotyle. Plate 42. CP-150. Height, 0.134 m. much chipped off. Small restored. buff The vase is Payne's no. 1177 (Necrocorin body fragments Light like No. in thia, p. 317). The shape differs from the earlier clay. Shape 337, badly warped firing. in Decoration like No. but two and kraters the increased height of the neck, the 337, panthers Athens two in animal over oblique handles rising from the shoulder, the wider goats frieze, reddish-purple handles. The is but at ledge drawing carefully done, paint. the whole vase is ordinary. 339. Kotyle. Plate 42. CP-165. Height, 0.058 m. Greatest 0.102 m. 335. Amphoriskos. Plate 42. CP-173. Height, diameter, m. 0.113 Greatest diameter, 0.071m. Handle and body fragments restored. Light Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. buff hori Whole. Light buff clay. Shape like Necro clay. Splayed foot, wide-flaring body, zontal rolled corinthia, p. 314, fig. 158. Two black bands handles. Vertical zigzags in handle on around mouth, zigzag neck, tongues on shoul zone, animal frieze with very crude animals, heavy der, four horizontal lines below shoulder, wide ani filling of ring rosettes and dots, wide band above a a mal frieze with panther and goat, filling of in and below animal frieze, horizontal lines at base. cised rosettes and line under dots, triple animal The shape is unusually squat. The vase, as License: Classical frieze and on lower wide black band on foot. as body, well the equally poor kotylai Nos. 340 and 341, Such are common in the Middle to of amphoriskoi belongs Payne's "Subgeometric Style" (Necro Corinthian and lists several of period Payne them corinthia, p. 309).

only. (Necrocorinthia, p. 314, nos. 1075-1089), and there are a more from Middle Corin great many 340. Kotyle. Plate 42. CP-159. Height, 0.069 m. thian tombs in and The rather Sicily Italy. rough Greatest diameter, 0.105 m. use of this is of the School drawing example typical group. Handle restored. Light buff clay. Shape like No. 337, base smaller. Decoration like No. 337, 336. Amphoriskos. Plate 42. CP-174. Greatest line above and below animal diameter, 0.071 m. triple frieze, drawing of animals extremely crude. Base and mouth restored. Light buff clay. personal Shape and decoration like No. 335, bird in frieze 341. Kotyle. Plate 42. CP-152. Height, 0.087 m.

American beside and panther goat. Greatest diameter, 0.126 m.

© For 337. Handle and restored. Kotyle. Plate 42. CP-151. Height, 0.117 m. body fragments Light buff Greatest diameter, 0.182 m. clay. Shape like No. 337. Decoration identical with Necrocorinthia, p. 309, fig. 150; very heavy Handle and small body fragments restored. bands in thin glaze above and below animal frieze, Light pinkish-buff clay. Splayed foot, high-flaring dots used for filling. body, horizontal rolled handles. Handle zone filled with vertical zigzags, two bands above and below 342. Plate 42. 28. CP-149. animal frieze; in frieze is flanked Kotyle. Fig. Height, goat by pan m. Greatest 0.188 m. details in 0.129 diameter, thers; orange-red paint, filling of in cised blobs and thin at base. dots, rays Handle restored. Light buff clay. Wide splayed The is a little lower and wider shape and has foot, wide-flaring body, horizontal rolled handles. a heavier foot than the slightly typical Early Co Reserved band with rays at base, rest covered rinthian but it with kotyle (Necrocorinthia, pi. 22, 2), good brown-black glaze, three white lines MIDDLE AND LATE CORINTHIAN VASES 79

with bands between them under Bowl. purple handle, 355. Plate 43. CP-171. Height, 0.058 m. at middle of two red lines body. Diameter of lip, 0.168 m. The is close to that of the shape very kotyle Handle missing. Light buff clay. Wide ring No. 277 from the Early Corinthian well group, but foot, wide shallow bowl, flat lip, reflex handles. black Solid glaze, red edged band on exterior be low handles and at on base, interior below lip and at mid-body, red edged circle at bottom of bowl. The shape is like that of the bowl No. 327. Payne may be referring to this bowl in no. 715 of his catalogue (Necrocorinthia, p. 297), but the context shows that the bowl is of Middle Corin thian date rather than Early Corinthian.

356. Jug. Plate 43. CP-143. 0.127 m. Athens Height, Greatest diameter, 0.113 m.

at Handle and body fragments restored. Red dish-buff clay. Globular body with flattened bot thin tom, high cylindrical neck, trefoil lip, high band handle. Handmade, unglazed, surface smoothly burnished. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. There is a similar jug, No. 301, in the Early Fig. 28. No. 342 (1:2) Corinthian well group.

the 357. Plate 43. CP-142. o.inm. foot is more widely splayed. The rays are simi Jug. Height, lar and vase Greatest diameter, 0.083 m U the probably belongs at the begin of the Middle Corinthian series. and restored. Greenish License: ning Lip body fragments Classical buff clay, gritty. Shape like No. 356, neck much 343-353. Plate thicker. of Kotylai. Handmade, unglazed, rather well bur 43. Fig. 29. Height, 0.061 nished. only. to 0.133 m. Greatest di m ameter, 0.095 t? ?-x93 358. Jug. CP-141. Height, 0.08 m. less handle. Greatest diameter, 0.077 m use These eleven kotylai School are Handle and all very similar in body fragments missing. Buff like shape and decoration. clay. Shape No. 357, but irregular. Hand They have a reserved made, unglazed, coarsely burnished. band at the base filled 359. Plate either by thin rays or by Aryballos. 43. CP-146. Height, 0.15 m. Greatest m. personal vertical lines. Most of diameter, 0.144

American these have a dou kotylai Body fragments restored. Light buff clay. ble red line below the 20. No. Small small © For Fig. 352 (1:2) ring foot, globular body, cylindrical handles and a red band neck, round mouth, vertical band handle. u Large on the interior at the lip; circle of on glaze front of mouth, neck, and upper some have bands above the and on the exte rays body, rest unglazed, wheel made, surface smooth. rior at the On some there is a band lip. examples The shape is like that of the No. of red on the foot. aryballos paint 330.

354. Plate 43. CP-162. m. 360. Bottle. Plate Kotyle. Height, 0.069 43. CP-168. Height, 0.089 m. Greatest m. diameter, 0.109 Greatest diameter, 0.064 ni. Few restored. Buff Handle fragments clay. Sharply missing. Light buff clay. Flat bottom, horizontal rolled ovoid neck splayed foot, high-flaring body, body, high diminishing slightly to the handles. covered with black wide vertical band handle. Solidly glaze, lip, Handmade, unglazed, red band under handle, at base and on foot. rather well burnished. 8o CORINTH

are a The shape is similar to bottles common in such bottles. There few examples from grave CXXXIX in the Middle Corinthian period (Necrocorinthia, p. the North Cemetery at Corinth are rare on 313, nos. 1067-1072), but handles (AJA., XXXIII, 1929, p. 541, fig. 21).

The eighteen vases of the Late Corinthian period were all found singly. Many of them come from recent excavations on Temple Hill: Nos. 364-366, 369, 373-374, and 377. No. 363 is from the Stoa north of Temple Hill, Nos. 367 and 372 come from the area west of the museum, No. 368 was found in the Agora South-West section, No. 371 comes from the South Basilica, No. 370 from the Per?bolos of Apollo, No. 378 from the site on which the Tourismos hostel is built and No. 375 from a small plundered ceme tery which was located to the east of the village of Hexamilia in the Corinthia.

Athens Restored rare. 361. Aryballos. Plate 43- CP-871. very I would date this example in the middle m. m. or third height, 0.077 Greatest diameter, 0.081 early quarter of the sixth century (see at Hesperia, VIII, 1939, p. 194). Mouth and handle restored. Light buff clay. narrow Slightly flattened spherical body, cylindri 365. Aryballos. Plate 43. Hesperia, VIII, 1939, cal neck. Tongues on shoulder, four horizontal p. 195, fig. 4B. C-38-541. Height, 0.047 m. Great lines below handle, wide frieze with procession of est diameter, 0.047 m*

Studies to shields which CC-BY-NC-ND. five hoplites right carrying large a border of white of black have dots, heavy filling Fragment of lip missing. Buff clay. Concen in lines around the bot dots the frieze, horizontal tric circles on mouth, tongues on shoulder, hori tom. zontal bands on body, all black but the second vase a The is carefully made example of the band from the bottom which is red, rosette on late "warrior group" (Necrocorinthia, p. 320). bottom.

License: The is for this Classical drawing good period. This type of aryballos is common in the Late Corinthian period. There are numerous examples of 362. Plate 43. Greatest di from Aryballos. CP-877. the graves at Rhitsona in particular. ameter, 0.056 m. only. 366. Plate 43. Mouth, neck, and handle restored. Light buff Aryballos. Hesperia, VIII, 1939, 197, 7. m. Great clay. Shape like No. 361. Decoration like No. 361, p. fig. C-37-2309. Height, 0.043 use est 0.04 m. School but figures are more coarsely drawn, center of diameter, shield is reserved and has an x in the middle. Lip fragment missing. Light buff clay. Shape and decoration like No. 365, 363. Plate body misshapen, Aryballos. 43. C-30-106. Height, 0.05 bands all done with black m. glaze. Greatest diameter, 0.053 m.

personal Whole. Light buff clay. Shape like No. 361. 367. Kotyle. Plate 44. Fig. 30. AJA., XLIII, on on American Concentric circles mouth, tongues shoulder 1939, P- 597, fig. 7- C-39-23. Height, 0.109 m. and on bottom, double line above and below main Greatest diameter, 0.166 m. © For frieze, between lions in animal stag frieze, very Handle and restored. coarse body fragments Light style. buff clay. Rather small high splayed foot, wide flaring bowl, horizontal rolled handles. Handle 364. Aryballos. Plate 43. Hesperia, VIII, 1939, zone with and at either side p. 195, 4A. C-38-542. Preserved 0.08 triglyph metope group fig. height, of m. m. handle, octafoil rosette in center, three vertical Greatest diameter, 0.09 lines at sides, two bands below handles with check About two thirds Buff Small preserved. clay. ered band between, band of rays at base with on rosette on double at tongues shoulder, large septafoil line tip of rays, foot glazed. On under dot rosette in alternate foils are an front, center, side of base is inner ring decorated with a filled with red cross on back below handle. checkered re paint, band; the circle within this ring is The number of decorated with ro has a aryballoi served, wide band around the edge and in settes is but the rosette is the circle is a siren very large, septafoil with spread wings facing right; MIDDLE AND LATE CORINTHIAN VASES 81

and throat covered with red incised Griffin-bird at wings paint, clay. left, eagle to right, red paint rosettes, and blobs in the field. on figures. Glaze red to black. The is nearer to that of the Co The shape Early poor style of the drawing is typical of rinthian than that of Middle Corinthian the Late Corinthian kotylai period (cf. Necrocorinthia, pi. The 36). griffin-bird is particularly common in this and occurs on period frequently such cups (Necro corinthia, p. 324, nos. 1342-48).

370. with Offset Rim. Cup C-31-169. Height, 0.071 m.

About one fourth preserved. Light buff clay. Birds to facing left and right in body zone, details in red. Style similar to No. 369. Athens 371. Oinochoe. Plate 44. C-36-708. Height to

at m. mouth, 0.207 Greatest diameter, 0.156 m. Small fragments restored. Buff clay. Broad splayed foot, ovoid body, narrow neck with con cave sides, trefoil lip, high double-rolled handle. Fig. 30. No. 367 (1:2) Reserved band with rays at base, rest covered with Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. brown-black glaze, incised tongues on shoulder, but the foot is late. The vase third one kotylai, wide-splayed every filled with red paint, three white is decorated in the "White (see Necrocorin lines with red Style" bands between at end of tongues, some of the elements of the thia, pp. 322-3); edged purple band on lower broad red band are body, decoration Subgeometric. The figure decora on foot. tion on the bottom of the vase is unusual; the The is the same as License: shape Necrocorinthia, p. Classical is tall and thin and is of the figure very typical 33, fig. 10H. The decoration is the same as that Late Corinthian on the of period Early Corinthian oinochoai, such as No. (Necrocorinthia, p. 37), 227.

only. but the incised details are drawn. 372. carefully Oinochoe. Plate 44. AJA., XLIII, 1939, p. 597, fig. 8. C-39-25. Preserved o.n m. use height, 368. Plate School Kotyle. 44 About one half bulb Fig. 31. C-33-242. preserved. Splayed foot, 0.111 m. Great ous on alter Height, body. Tongues painted shoulder, red and checkered band at end of est diameter, 0.135 m. nately black, tongues, main band on filled with lotus-and About two thirds body palmette chain, three horizontal bands below this,

personal Broad at preserved. ring rays base, base glazed. sides American foot, high body, The decoration is very similar to that on a almost horizon straight, Late Corinthian from Thebes

© For pyxis (Necrocorin tal rolled handles. Upper thia, pi. 35, 6). The chain is of lotus-and-palmette part body glazed, typically Late Corinthian. lower part reserved and has very tall rays, dou 373. Broad-bottomed Oinochoe. Plate Hes Fig. 31. No. 368 (1:2) 44. ble red line below just peria, VIII, 1939, p. 193, fig. 3B. C-39-1. Height, handles and above o.iom. 0.112 rays. Greatest diameter, m. ? For the same shape and decoration see Necro About one half Buff Broad corinthia, p. 335, fig. 182. preserved. clay. low foot, high sides slightly convex, wide shoulder, 369. with low cylindrical neck, trefoil Mouth and neck Cup Offset Rim. Plate 44. C-37-2490. lip. red on broad band between Preserved height, 0.043 m glazed, paint neck, narrow black at lines shoulder edge and at base. Small buff The vase is decorated in body fragment preserved. Light the "White Style." 82 CORINTH

see near For similar oinochoai Necrocorinthia, p. 325, line lip. Reserved rosette at center, checkered no. 1382 ;C.V.A., U. of California I, iii C, pi. X, 3. band around circle at center and around outer edge of bottom of plate, red band outside each 374. Broad-bottomed Oinochoe. Plate 44. Hes checkered band, red band inside incised line at and black band at peria, VIII, 1939, P. 193, fig. 3A. C-38-550. Pre lip edge of lip. The served height, 0.069 m. shape is common at the middle of the sixth (AJA., XXXV, 1931, 17 and About one fourth century p. fig. preserved. Grayish-buff 15). The decoration is done in the Late Corin like No. Incised on shoul clay. Shape 373. tongues thian "White on Style." der, broad black and red bands edge of shoul on der and at base, wide band body decorated with 378. Bowl. Plate 45. C-30-47. Restored repeating group of double vertical squiggles with height, 0.118 m. Diameter of 0.465 m. the space between them filled with a dot rosette lip, above and a small bird below. Base and body fragments restored. Light buff Athens The vase is decorated in the "Conventionaliz clay, slightly gritty. Wide shallow bowl, thick flat ing Style," but the work is more careful than is handles of reflex hole in each at lip, ledge type, large usual in this There are similar birds on a handle. a style. Unglazed, covered with greenish-yellow of the same found at pyxis period D?los (D?los, slip, three incised branches on each handle. no. X, pi. XXXII, 507). Similar bowls with reflex handles, decorated in the or figure the polychrome styles, were known 375. Kothon. Plate 44. C-38-275. 0.062 in the and Middle Corinthian This Studies Early

CC-BY-NC-ND. Height, periods. m. Greatest m. is more diameter, 0.154 example like the large bowls or mortars of the second half of the sixth but it is more About one half Buff For the century, preserved. clay. made than the later bowls. see no. carefully shape Necrocorinthia, p. 335, 1520-26, fig. 184. The decoration consists of glazed bands and zones on 379. Fikellura Plate 45. B.S.A., checkered the buff clay, done in the Olpe. XXXIV, License:

Classical I933~34> 4a, b. m. "White Style." pl. CP-872. Height, 0.278 Small of fragments restored. Reddish-brown 376. Lid. Plate 44. Pyxis CP-1891. Diameter, sandy clay. Wide-splayed foot, ovoid body, splayed only. 0.086 m. (?). low rim, vertical double-rolled handle. Chain of one lotus and buds on rim and at base, band with thick About third preserved. Light buff clay. vertical lines below handle zone with ani

use cover just rim, Flat with flat-topped knob. Rosette with re School on mal frieze?hound, hare, hound, hare, and served leaves top of knob, procession of swans goat to dot rosette below each animal. on cover, blob rosettes. running right, Two wide bands filled with The rosette on the knob is similar to the one vertical crescents, di at rection of crescents different in two narrow the center of the plate No. 377. Such rosettes bands, band with vertical lines and are common on the mouths of Late Corinthian above below the bands

personal of crescents. Glaze reddish-brown. aryballoi. In his American comprehensive study of Fikellura pot in 377. Plate. Plate tery B.S.A., XXXIV, 1933-34, Cook includes © For 45. Hesperia, VIII, 1939, p. this in his B II or 8. 0.021 olpe group "Lion 198, fig. C-37-2308. m. Group," Height, Diameter, coarser Cook dates this ca. 0.192 m. style. group 550-540 B.C. The Corinthian olpe is one of the most com About two thirds Buff Low preserved. clay. plete examples of the early Fikellura style. It is flat ring foot, bottom, wide-flaring rim, incised unique among the finds at Corinth.

the Middle Corinthian vases are as as Technically about good those of the preced The fine ing period. white Corinthian clay is used, the vases are well made and well baked. The No. is the first in this of a warped kotyle 338 example collection misshapen vase. The used is not of as as in glaze always good quality the Early Corinthian period; it is often a thin brown but black glaze, good glaze is still used. The red paint used for MIDDLE AND LATE CORINTHIAN VASES 83

details on figures is sometimes a poor orange-red color rather than the good deep red or purple-red known in the Early Corinthian period. The shapes of the Middle Corinthian period are taken over from the previous period, with the exception of the amphoriskos and the bottle, which are new in this period. The kotyle, which is still the most popular shape, has changed somewhat in pro a portions and has wider and heavier foot and straighter sides than the typical Early Corinthian kotyle. Cups with offset rims are popular now. The krater with taller neck common and smaller base than before is in the Middle Corinthian period. Artistically the vases of the Middle Corinthian period are poorer than those of the previous period. There is still some very good work done, such as the bull's head on the on handle-flange No. 316, the siren No. 332 and the figured frieze on the krater No. Athens 312. On the whole, however, the work is mediocre and some of it is very bad. Scenes at with human figures, particularly battle scenes, are more popular now than before. The on adventure of Herakles and the centaurs the krater No. 312 is a fine example of the figure style of this period. The figures are in silhouette and details are incised, but there no use is of other colors for details. The action is lively and there are realistic touches. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. The difference in size of the centaurs is very unusual. The Late Corinthian period, the second quarter of the sixth century, is a period of further degeneration of the Corinthian figured pottery. The pottery is still well made, but figured decoration is disappearing and most of what there is is poorly done. A new of linear and floral re License: style decoration, using Subgeometric designs stylized motives, Classical the decoration. areas are places figured Vases with large glazed much less frequent; of instead the "White becomes vases are Style" popular and only small sections of glazed

only. narrow as in bands, such Nos. 373 and 377. At the very end of the period, in the middle of the sixth century, there arises another style, and decoration with degenerate Sub

use geometric ornaments combined with stylized floral is common and is known as

School designs the "Conventionalizing" style. This last style continues in use at Corinth for over two this time the centuries, but during Corinthian potters yield their position of prominence in Greece to the potters of Attica. personal American © For CHAPTER VII

Conclusions

THE five hundred years of Corinthian history from the eleventh century to the rose a middle of the sixth century B.C. is the period during which Corinth from group of huts, built by refugees from plundered villages, to a great city which in the seventh and early sixth centuries was the commercial center of Greece. Few remains of the city of this early period have been found, but large numbers of graves of the Athens period have been uncovered. These graves, found both within the limits of the city at proper and in the large cemetery outside the city, have yielded quantities of pottery. The numerous wells and storage pithoi, the only remains of the dwellings of the period, have yielded more pottery and still more has been found in scattered pieces in the large excavated area. This pottery forms the greatest part of the material remains from this can Studies half and the of this we must learn what we of the CC-BY-NC-ND. millennium, by study pottery material culture of the time. Although pottery-making and decorating was certainly but a minor art and largely a commercial art, it must reflect major arts of which little re mains. In a city which rapidly became a great commercial center, the pottery which was one of the important items of trade is a good indication of the importance and pros License: Classical perity of the city in any period. of The most important element of continuity throughout these five centuries of Co rinthian ceramic is the use of the well-known fabric. The only. history light-colored copious supply of fine whitish clay at Corinth was evidently used by the first settlers who occu the abandoned site. Even the earliest vases, those from the ruined hut

use pied previously

School to west were were found the of the museum, made of well-levigated clay, well thrown, hard baked, and covered with a good glaze. At this time as well as in the ninth and eighth centuries the fabric was usually buff in color, but sometimes the clay fired to a reddish-buff or a greenish-buff color. The fine light-buff fabric, sometimes almost white

personal in color, which has always been considered the characteristic fabric of Corinthian pot American tery, first became common in the second half of the eighth century B.C., and it was

© For used almost invariably in the seventh century and the early sixth century. With the exception of the small amount of handmade pottery which was produced in all of these was was periods, the clay very well levigated, the pottery thin-walled and carefully so baked that warped pots are unusual. Only at the very end of the Orientalizing period, was some in the middle of the sixth century, there decline in the technical quality of the Corinthian pottery. The good lustrous glaze, common on Corinthian pottery, appears on the earliest examples. The color of the glaze in the Protogeometric period was often red or reddish some was even brown, but black glaze used in the earliest period. In the Geometric CONCLUSIONS 85

more period black glaze became common, but throughout the ninth and eighth centuries was much of the glaze mottled, varying in color from light red to reddish-brown and black. The glaze sometimes has a metallic lustre. On Protocorinthian and Corinthian even vases the glaze is usually black, but at this time mottled glaze or solid red glaze occurs. Poor, thin glaze begins to appear in the sixth century and the glaze on Late Corinthian and on Conventionalizing pottery is often dull and streaky. vases The shapes of the Corinthian vary considerably throughout the long period under consideration here. From the earliest period we have as yet only small vases? skyphoi, cups, small oinochoai, and jugs. In the Geometric period of the ninth and eighth centuries the proportion of large vases such as oinochoai, kraters, and the few amphoras is considerable, but the small skyphoi, conical oinochoai, aryballoi, bowls, and Athens are small jugs still in the majority. In the last quarter of the eighth century and in the at first half of the seventh century large vases were again few in number and the newly invented kotylai, the conical oinochoai, aryballoi, and skyphoi are in the great majority. Oinochoai and olpai again became popular in the Late Protocorinthian period and kraters from the last quarter of the seventh century are common. The number of large Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. vases increased still further in the sixth century. The oinochoe with a small foot and trefoil lip is perhaps the only shape which was in use continuously throughout the half millennium represented in this study. The shape, which was common in Greece in the Submycenaean period, so far appears at Corinth first in the The oinochoai of this and of the License: Protogeometric Classical period. period or Early Geometric period have full ovoid bodies even globular bodies, but some of the of oinochoai of the latter period have developed a more elongated ovoid form and a higher only. neck. This tendency is accentuated in the late eighth century and the typical Proto on corinthian-Geometric oinochoe has a tall body a small foot and a high wide cylindri use cal neck. This form continues with in the same the School slight changes direction through early seventh century, but at about the middle of the century there was a reversion to the full-bodied form with a low wide cylindrical neck and a large trefoil lip. This new form has a vertical handle which rises high above the lip. The rest of the history of this has been told in 10 of Necrocorinthia; the material personal shape graphically figure Payne's here substantiates the outlined American published development by Payne. In all the of the of Corinthian manufacture were trefoil

© For periods majority large jugs are oinochoai. From the Early Geometric period there only two amphoras. The only other amphora comes from the large Early Corinthian well group. The shape was cer tainly not popular at Corinth. The large handmade hydriai were made throughout the Geometric period, but in the seventh century their place was probably taken by the large handmade amphoras, of which there are a few examples of late Protocorinthian are date. These early amphoras the predecessors of the Corinthian wine amphoras of somewhat later date. handmade oinochoai also occur in Large seventh-century groups. one From the beginning of the eighth century, the krater is of the popular large on a shapes. The large bowl stand, No. 36, from the Early Geometric group suggests the first use of the shape at that time. In the following period both kraters on high stands 86 CORINTH

and those on low bases were very popular, and they remained common throughout the eighth century. Kraters from the first three quarters of the seventh century are few, but there are kraters from this period which in shape are like the earlier ones. In the last new quarter of the seventh century, at the beginning of the Early Corinthian period, a came use type of krater, the column-krater, into and it rapidly became very popular. The first column-kraters have very full bodies and low necks, but soon the form ac a more quired higher neck and it became taller and tapered sharply to the small base. was Of the smaller shapes, the skyphos the most popular throughout the Geo was metric period, at the end of which it replaced to a large extent by the newly in vented kotyle. The earliest skyphoi were deep bowls with a sinuous profile, very similar to those of the Late Mycenaean period. These earliest skyphoi have low ring feet, but Athens in the Protogeometric period the high conical foot was developed. At the beginning of

at was the Early Geometric period this high foot discontinued, and a rather deep skyphos a was common. on low ring foot During the Early Geometric period there was a tend ency to make skyphoi shallower and with straighter sides. The rather shallow skyphos common was the type in the Late Geometric period. With the invention of the kotyle Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. in the third quarter of the eighth century, the skyphos was almost entirely displaced, some but late skyphoi similar in shape to those of the Late Geometric period were made in the late eighth century. A shape developed from the skyphos, commonly called a cup with offset rim, was popular in the seventh and sixth centuries. The kotyle first appeared at Corinth in two different forms, one of which was very License: Classical short-lived. The shape differed from the skyphos in having a simple curved profile of of the bowl from base to no were lip with offset rim; the handles set horizontally at the

only. and did not lip rise obliquely from the shoulder. The shape has been called an imitation of metal prototypes, and, indeed, metal kotylai have been found, but none of these

use antedates the first kotylai of clay. The possibility of a direct development from a School in skyphos which the offset lip has almost disappeared is strongly suggested by the Late Geometric skyphos No. 80. One type of early kotyle has a rather low, wide-mouthed bowl which is to very similar that of the skyphos No. 80, but the handles of the kotyle are set closer to the and are almost horizontal. This of lip they type kotyle lasted only to the personal end of the The tall as a form as as ca. eighth century. kotyle appears separate early 725 American then on it a B.C.1 and from has long history, during which there is a steady fluctuation © For in the proportions of the shape. In the eighth century such kotylai were tall and narrow and had small ring feet. In the early seventh century the kotyle remained tall, but the mouth was was a more wider and there decided flare of the body from the small base. the and By middle third quarter of the seventh century the kotyle was shorter and wider and had a wide base and less flare to the In body. the Early Corinthian period the proportion of height to greatest width remained about the same, but the base was smaller and was more to there flare the body. By the end of the seventh century the was even more was form becoming squat and the base very wide and heavy, so that the sides of the vase rose almost At the vertically. end of the Orientalizing period, in the

XAJA., XLV, i94i,p. 35. CONCLUSIONS 87

middle of the sixth century, the kotyle had a narrower, but still heavy, base and there more was flare to the sides of the vase, which was still low and wide. After this period the Attic kotyle was imported into Corinth and was imitated there. Small handmade jugs, of a type later known as aryballoi, were made at Corinth in the Protogeometric period and throughout the Geometric period. The fine wheel made jug No. 63 of Early Geometric date is also of this same shape, and another jug of same the period, No. 48, is very similar in shape to some of the later aryballoi. All of these vases have small cylindrical necks, round mouths, and small vertical handles, bulbous bodies and, with the exception of No. 48, flat bottoms. There are as yet not enough of these vases, particularly of the wheel-made type, to establish a connection so between them and the aryballos which became popular after the middle of the eighth Athens century, but it is certain that aryballoi were being made at Corinth in the ninth century at even are so and earlier. There few Protocorinthian aryballoi preserved in this collection that to they add nothing what is already known of the development of this shape. The conical was oinochoe is another type of small jug which popular in the eighth and seventh centuries. The first example at Corinth, No. 76, is from the later Geometric Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. The conical a period. early oinochoe has very wide, squat body, flaring slightly from the base and then to a contracting sharply form wide shoulder; the high neck is slightly concave. The Protocorinthian have conical bodies a examples which contract in slightly convex curve from base to the neck is neck; cylindrical. The Early Corinthian examples are similar in to those of the Protocorinthian but some of the later exam License: shape period, Classical ples have thicker necks. of There are other many shapes which appear sporadically or in single periods. The

only. one-handled is known in the cup Protogeometric period and in the Early and Late Geometric There is one periods. example from each period and the shape seems never

use to have been popular. The appears first in a No. 8. School pyxis Protogeometric example, There is also the covered No. of large jar 37 the Early Geometric period. Small pyxides were numerous in the Protocorinthian and Corinthian periods, but there are only a few in this collection. one fragments preserved There is only Protogeometric kalathos, but the was in shape again popular the seventh century, when numerous small and often personal crudely made kalathoi were used. There is one made kantharos and it be American just locally in the Late Geometric longs period. The Protogeometric multiple vase No. 10 and the © For Geometric stand No. are There are a Early 65 unique examples. few plates from the Geometric and none until Early period appears again the Middle Corinthian period. the which in Among shapes appear first the Early Corinthian period are the kothon, the round-mouthed and the an oinochoe, tripod pyxis. There is angular kothon from the Late Corinthian The round-mouthed occurs period. oinochoe again in two examples in the Middle Corinthian a period and it is popular shape at Corinth after the middle of the sixth The occurs in century. amphoriskos only two examples from the Middle Co rinthian period, but later examples are known elsewhere. The decoration of Corinthian pottery during these five centuries is divided into two the Geometric and the large groups, style Orientalizing style. The repertory of Co 88 CORINTH

rinthian Geometric motives grew slowly from very simple beginnings, but it never be came was very large and it always made up largely of very simple motives. In the ear liest period reserved panels filled with zigzags and groups of parallel chevrons forming a are so large triangle all that is known far. In the developed Protogeometric period groups of reserved lines became common, and there are a few instances of the use of concentric seihicircles, opposed groups of oblique lines and crosshatched triangles. The potters of the Early Geometric period made use of all of these motives except the semi are circles. The triple reserved lines very common on pottery of this period. Soon panels were filled with groups of parallel zigzags, usually with from three to five lines to a a group. Parallel zigzags remain popular motive throughout the Geometric period. At were Corinth the apices of the outer zigzags frequently joined to the top and bottom of Athens the reserved panel by short vertical bars, a feature rare in other Geometric fabrics. at The hatched meander first appears in the Early Geometric period and it occurs a on then in simple form five vases. There is one example of a hooked meander and one simple key meander. The same type of simple meander occurs on four vases of the Late on one Geometric period and krater of the Protocorinthian-Geometric type. The me Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. ander does not appear after the eighth century. It was never one of the popular Geo metric decorative motives at Corinth, as it was in most of the other Geometric fabrics. The and on composition decoration Corinthian Early Geometric pottery were as as were the motives On simple employed. the earliest oinochoai there was often only a band of decoration below the a of reserved one of which License: just handle, usually group lines, Classical be filled with a A might zigzag line. reserved panel filled with zigzags was commonly of on added the front of the neck at a slightly later date and the number of groups of only. reserved lines around the body was increased at the same time to two, three, or even four. On other of vases the reserved on was types panel the shoulder often the only

use decoration. Towards the end of the Geometric some of the were

School Early period skyphoi a at decorated with band handle level continuing right around the vase and filled with or in a zigzags meanders panel formed by vertical lines, thus following the earlier sys tem. On a few late oinochoai of this period, Nos. 70 and 71, there are minor zones of on decoration below the panel the neck. personal The decoration on later Geometric is a direct from the earlier

American pottery development system, but a few new motives are added. The main decoration on almost all of the © For vases limited to the or is shoulder handle zone; below the handle the body of the vase is decorated with triple reserved bands. The krater No. 73 is an exception, for it has a minor zone of decoration between the first two triple reserved bands just below the new handles. The decorative motives added to the repertory of Geometric ornament at this time are short parallel chevrons, zigzags, and short straight lines. These motives were narrow used in bands and at right angles to the direction of the band. Of the nine vases decorated presented from this period, these new motives appear on five; three vases have meanders in their shoulder zones and on one vase there is a band of hatched The of the shoulder or zone more triangles. composition panel handle is complicated in on this period than earlier Geometric vases. The large krater No. 73 has the most CONCLUSIONS 89

complex decoration in the shoulder panel. A central panel with a meander pattern is on bordered the sides and bottom by bands filled with chevrons and zigzags. The two vertical bands at the sides of the main panel alternate with three vertical triple reserved lines, offering the earliest example at Corinth of the use of the triglyph and metope sys a tem of composition, system popular in Attica since the Protogeometric period. The on on same scheme is repeated the krater No. 74 and the skyphos No. 83. The division of the central shoulder panel into two or three horizontal sections is now common. On vases the Nos. 73, 74, and 75 the horizontally oriented central section flanked by ver zone tical side sections gives the whole shoulder the appearance of a triglyph and metope arrangement. In the was a the last half of eighth century there quickening of the development of Athens on a decoration Corinthian pottery and great change took place, occurring in two stages. at In the first period, occupying roughly the third quarter of the eighth century, a few new motives were added to the repertory of Corinthian Geometric ornament. Chief was an or among these additions the metope filled with hourglass a butterfly pattern. was This pattern formed by first dividing the metope into four triangles by means of Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. corners lines joining the and then filling two opposite triangles with solid glaze. The unglazed triangles were often decorated with chevrons or with various fill ornaments. two was The butterfly pattern with the side triangles glazed most popular on Corinthian pottery. Both the hourglass and the butterfly were popular on the earliest Attic Geo metric but do not at Corinth before the middle of License: pottery,2 they appear the Classical eighth B.C. The same and century simple zigzags chevrons which appeared in the previous of are still now are period very common, but they frequently placed in small groups with only. from three to seven zigzags or chevrons in a group. The groups are in bands and are a reserved zone and a separated, leaving between suggesting again triglyph and metope

use frieze. The of the handle zone is similar to that on Late Geometric

School arrangement very but the of the vases is vases, appearance changed considerably by covering much of the of vase zone body the below the handle with horizontal stripes. The lower third of the sometimes a little more or is or a vase, less, always glazed solid has just single reserved at about of zone. line the middle the glazed This wide striped area was a growth out of personal and the groups of reserved bands which decorated the of American replaced triple previously body the vase. first on The representational design appeared Corinthian pottery at this time; © For itwas a water bird in as portrayed Geometric style and used a filling for metopes. There is no of this motive in the example present collection, but there are examples on other pottery from Corinth.8 The fine large krater from Thebes, now in the Toronto Museum, has the finest on Corinthian representational designs Linear Geometric pottery.4 The second in the stage development of Corinthian pottery took place at the end of the third and the quarter during last quarter of the eighth century. It was more a due to the an new change introduction of entirely style of decoration, which was continued with the old than was a along style, it development from the earlier local 2 8 35 and Art and 4Kerameikos, I, pis. 73. Archaeology, XXXI, 1931, p. 156. Protokorinthische Vasenmalerei, pi. 3. 90 CORINTH

style. The Orientalizing style of vase decoration was introduced into Corinth at ca. 725 or a B.C., little before, and from the available evidence it seems that the adoption of new this style and its incorporation into the Corinthian repertory was a rapid process, for numerous new motives and new schemes of decoration appear simultaneously. There was a wholesale of a vases adoption fully developed style, and decorated entirely in the new style appear in quantity from the first. At the same time, the old local Geometric style continued to be popular, often without change, but frequently combined with motives selected from the repertory of Orientalizing ornament. the new motives combined with Of the Linear Geometric designs, the most impor tant is the band of contiguous filled triangles or rays. These rays were used first on the shoulder of globular aryballoi, radiating from the neck, and in bands on the neck of Athens oinochoai or on the bodies of aryballoi. Soon these rays were used as a band at the base at of vases of all shapes, and this remained their standard use on both Geometric and Orientalizing vases throughout the Orientalizing period. rows Bands of angular S's, of contiguous crosshatched lozenges and checkered all at bands became popular the beginning of this period and continued in use through Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. out the seventh century. The first curvilinear motives appeared on Corinthian pottery are at this time. Most popular the hooked spirals and various large ribbon patterns which covered the bodies of oinochoai. The representational designs which became popular at this time appear on only a few small fragments from this collection. The first vases decorated with white to the last License: solidly glazed applied paint belong Classical of the was quarter eighth century. The white paint used for very simple decoration, of common usually with motives in the Linear Geometric repertory. Much of the decoration

only. was same as with applied paint the that which previously had been reserved and the effect was much same. produced the White paint was used occasionally at Corinth for

use such decoration as the snake on the fine Late Geometric krater from the

School large painted North In the seventh and sixth Cemetery.6 centuries both red and white applied paint were used on vases. were Orientalizing White birds frequently painted on glazed vases of Early Corinthian date. In the first half of the seventh the on century decoration Protocorinthian pottery, personal with the exception of the representational designs which are not included in this col American much the same as lection, remained they had been in the late eighth century. The same © For were in motives used repeatedly similar schemes of composition. After the middle of the seventh century less Subgeometric pottery was made and what was made at this time was in and was poor quality carelessly decorated. Orientalizing pottery now formed a much larger part of the Corinthian manufacture. There are several fine exam of ware from third ples Orientalizing the quarter of the seventh century in this collec tion. Most of the decoration was in the animal-frieze and one style, there is only frag a ment of vase decorated in the miniature figure style. The oinochoe No. 141 illustrates well the combination of the Subgeometric ornament with the Orientalizing animal-frieze The scene with hounds a hare had been at Corinth style. chasing popular since the early ? AJA., XXXIV, 1930, p. 411, fig. s. CONCLUSIONS 91

part of the seventh century. The fully developed Orientalizing style, with but a few fill ornaments of Subgeometric type, is illustrated by the fine olpe No. 142. The friezes of animals in silhouette with incised details, the dot rosettes, the polychrome decoration in the minor zones are all typical of the style. The small vases with Subgeometric decoration of the early part of the seventh cen tury were replaced at this time by vases which were glazed, except for a band of rays at the base, and which often had decoration over the glaze added in white paint. This type of kotyle was made for about a century, until it was replaced by the Attic type of was solidly glazed kotyle which introduced into Corinth at about the middle of the sixth century. Oinochoai and other types of jugs were also glazed except for the reserved band of rays at the base, and this type of decoration became even more common in the Athens Early Corinthian period. at A much larger proportion of the Early Corinthian pottery is decorated in the figure style than had been the case in earlier periods. There is great variation in the quality of the execution of this decoration. Some of the finest pieces of pottery with figured decoration belong to this period, but at the same time there is a large group of vases Studies withCC-BY-NC-ND. extremely poor decoration in the figure style. There are many vases without any figured decoration; most of these have simple polychrome decoration applied over the glaze. Almost all of the figured decoration is of the animal-frieze style, and there are very few scenes with human figures in this group. Some mythical creatures which are such as the Boread and the human-headed and are License: part human, sphinx siren, frequent Classical are in the animal friezes. The padded dancers the most common type of human figure of at used this time. All of the figures, both human and animal, are painted in silhouette only. and have incised details, while many have areas picked out with applied red or purple are paint. The figures usually longer and thinner than those of the previous period, more

use incision is used than and often the use of incision is careless. The dot the

School before, rosette, favorite filling ornament of the previous period, is infrequent now and the incised ro sette has taken its place. Small dots and blobs of glaze of all shapes occur together with more the carefully formed rosettes. Minor zones filled with Subgeometric ornament still on conical oinochoai and on the occur, particularly large covered kotylai. personal The in decoration of the animal-frieze which was al

American degeneration style apparent ready in the Early Corinthian period is carried further in the Middle Corinthian

© For period. There are few vases which have decoration that can compare with the fine work of the more a previous period. This is probably due to change of interest on the part of the than to a lack of for of vases on potters ability, the number which human or legendary events are is portrayed much greater in the Middle Corinthian period than before and these scenes are very well drawn. Finest of these is the portrayal of the encounter of Herakles and the centaurs on the krater No. scenes large 312. Battle and groups of mounted warriors are Padded dancers remain a frequent. favorite subject. In the Late Corinthian period the degeneration of the animal-frieze style is com and this of decoration pleted, finally type disappears entirely. The technique of por scenes of various became more traying types highly developed, probably under the 92 CORINTH

influence of the rapidly developing Attic black-figured style, which eventually displaced the Corinthian type of decoration. Before the middle of the sixth century a new style was of decoration with stylized floral ornaments became popular at Corinth and used on a for centuries poor kind of pottery which was produced at Corinth. Most of the pottery made at Corinth after the middle of the sixth century was in imitation of Attic pottery. The site of ancient Corinth, occupied in the Neolithic and Early Helladic periods and not settled in apparently the Middle and Late Helladic periods, was re-occupied by at least a small group of people in the eleventh century B.C. These first settlers were and competent potters they used the local clay to make good vases which were simply In decorated. the tenth and ninth centuries the settlement must have grown consider Athens and was in ably, pottery produced quantity. This pottery was apparently a provincial at modelled after was product Attic wares, but it made locally. It was simply decorated with a limited number of Geometric motives. In the early part of the eighth century the still on Attica for potters, largely dependent their artistic inspiration, began to find a market for their products outside the Corinthia. By the latter part of the century Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Corinthian trade had expanded greatly under the Bacchiad rule and the impetus given to the resulted in a on potters' industry rapid development based the old Atticizing but now an decoration, creating original local style. This development had hardly begun when contacts with the East to Corinth the brought strong influence of Orientalizing art. Corinth this new of art soon License: adopted style and became the center

Classical wholeheartedly for the of in production Orientalizing pottery Greece and the agent responsible for the of transmission of this new to style other parts of Greece and the Magna Graecia. For

only. over a and under century, particularly the rule of the Cypselids, Corinth retained its as one of the centers of position great pottery production and export and its products

use have been found over a of the ancient Mediterranean world. Corinth was at

School large part its in the last of the seventh height quarter century B.C., during the reign of Periander, and the a potters' industry flourished, but decline in pottery-making seems to have fol lowed the fall of the and Tyranny the establishment of the Oligarchy. Corinth's place as the chief and of was taken producer exporter pottery rapidly by Athens, and for the personal first time in its Corinth of for local

American history imported large quantities pottery consump tion. Pottery alone bears eloquent witness to the prominent position to which Athens had © For risen the reforms of Solon and following particularly during the reign of Peisistratos, and at the same time of the decline of Corinth to secondary rank among the cities of Greece. Athens at INDEXES Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For INDEX I

CORRELATION OF INVENTORY NUMBERS AND CATALOGUE NUMBERS

inv.no. cat.no. inv.no. cat.no. INV.NO. CAT. NO. inv.no. cat.no.

CP-98 324 CP-874 184 C-31-03 190 C-32-82 240 CP-140 331 CP-875 195 C-31-40 no C-32-83a 249 CP-141 358 CP-876 187 C-31-41 103 C-32-84 245 CP-142 357 CP-877 362 C-31-42 104 C-32-85 246 CP-143 356 CP-878 200 C-31-43 105 C-32-86 263 CP-144 333 CP-879 186 C-31-109 194 C-32-87 264 CP-145 332 CP-988 321 C-31-110 185 C-32-88 265 CP-146 359 CP-1584 152 C-31-132 174 C-32-89 266 Athens CP-147 343 CP-1732 66 C-31-133 176 C-32-90 267

at CP-148 344 CP-1733 64 C-31-134 177 C-32-91 289 CP-149 342 CP-1890 192 C-31-135 178 C-32-92 273 CP-150 338 CP-1891 376 C-31-136 179 C-32-93 271 CP-151 337 CP-1892 70 C-31-139 175 C-32-94 27s CP-152 341 CP-1893 71 C-31-159 107 C-32-95 272 CP-153 346 CP-1894 69 C-31-160 109 C-32-96 277 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. CP-154 345 CP-1895 72 C-31-161 112 C-32-97 279 CP-155 353 CP-1896 7 C-31-162 115 C-32-98 261 CP-156 352 CP-1897 8 C-31-163 113 C-32-100 262 CP-157 348 CP-1898 9 C-31-164 in C-32-101 274 CP-1S8 349 CP-1899 10 C-31-165 114 C-32 02 278 11 CP-159 340 CP-1900 C-31-166 106 C-32 :o3 281 CP-160 CP-1901 12 C-32 [04 282 License: 351 C-31-169 370 Classical CP-162 354 CP-1902 13 C-31-184 180 c-32 ^05 254 CP-163 350 CP-1903 14 181 c-32 [06 257 of C-31-185 CP-164 347 CP-1904 15 C-31-186 182 c-32 07 256

only. CP-165 339 CP-1905 16 C-31-218 137 c-32 :o8 252 CP-168 360 CP-1906 17 C-31-219 138 c-32 09 255 2 CP-171 355 CP-1907 18 C-31-2 7 140 c-32 10 258

use 11 CP-172 334 CP-1908 19 C-31-228 139 c-32 259 School CP-173 335 CP-1909 67 C-31-292 325 c-32 12 253 CP-174 336 CP-1910 79 C-31-294 314 c-32 13 288 CP-514 319 C-31-285 136 c-32 14 307 CP-516 327 C-29-70 326 C-31-306 150 c-32 15 293 CP-858 57 C-29-200 149 C-31-316 142 c-32 16 294 CP-850 54 C-31-317 141 c-32 17 290 personal CP-860 58 C-30-06 191 C-31-338 108 c-32 18 291 American CP-861 65 C-30-08 316 C-31-344 98 c-32 19 292 CP-862 55 C-30-47 378 C-31-345 101 c-32 20 299 © For CP-863 56 C-30-72 201 C-31-347 143 C-32-121 296 CP-864 62 C-30-87 68 C-32 22 297 61 CP-865 C-30-103 312 C-32-76 235 C-32 23 298 CP-866 59 C-30-104 189 C-32-77 237 C-32 .24 228 CP-867 60 C-30-105 99 C-32-78 236 C-32 25 224 CP-868 63 C-30-106 363 C-3 2-79 234 C-32 26 229 CP-871 361 C-30-107 148 C-32-80 239 C-32 27 230 CP-873 183 C-30-108 196 C-32-81 238 C-32 28 227 96 INDEX I

INV. NO. CAT. NO. INV. NO. CAT. NO. INV. NO. CAT. NO. INV. NO. CAT. NO.

C-32-129 311 C-33-219 205 C-36-831 93 C-38-541 36S C-32-130 310 C-33-220 206 C-36-832 94 C-38-542 364 211 C-32-131 302 C-33-221 C-36-833 95 C-38-543 6 C-32-132 303 C-33-222 208 C-36-834 9? C-38-S44 100 C-32-133 301 C-33-223 209 C-36-835 97 C-38-S4S 313 C-32-134 231 C-33-224 210 C-36-2419 134 C-38-S47 1 C-32-135 219 C-33-242 368 C-38-5SO 374 C-32-136 251 C-33-4S7 328 C-38-SS2 3 C-37-I 73 C-32-137 250 C-33-1439 20 C-38-618 2 C-37-2 77 C-32-138 260 C-33-1440 21 C-38-619 4 218 C-37-3 74 C-32-139 C-38-620 S 222 C-37-4 75 C-32-140 C-34-424 317 C-37-5 76 C-32-222 308 C-37-21 80 C-39-1 373 C-32-233 225 C-35-27 199 Athens 82 226 86 C-37-115 C-39-2 147 C-32-234 C-35-35 160 C-3 7-590 C-39-23 367 at C-32-235 309 C-37-592 169 C-39-2 5 372 C-32-236 223 C-36-116 151 C-37-594 167 C-39-26 329 C-32-249 268 C-3 6-2 04 320 C-3 7-606 164 C-39-346 193 C-32-250 269 C-36-553 130 C-3 7-607 163 C-32-251 276 C-36-554 124 166 280 C-3 7-608 C-32-252 C-36-55S 126 W-i 37 153 Studies C-37-618

CC-BY-NC-ND. 2 -2 C-3 53 270 C-36-556 127 162 W-2 31 2-2 116 C-37-619 C-3 54 304 C-36-557 W-3 48 C-3 7-620 157 C-32-255 305 C-36-558 123 W-4 40 C-3 7-621 158 C-32-256 286 C-36-559 125 26 C-37-628 168 W-s C-32-257 232 C-36-560 128 W-6 30 120 C-37-629 165 C-32-258 287 C-36-561 27 C-3 7-631 159 W-7 C-32-259 300 C-3 6-562 121 W-8 License: 161 25 Classical 2-2 60 122 C-37-632 C-3 300 C-36-563 W-9 36 C-37-633 *56 C-32-261 300 C-36-564 133 W-io 45 of C-37-634 155 C-32-262 300 C-36-565 129 W-11 47 C-3 7-909 173 only. C-32-263 247 C-36-566 131 W-12 41 C-3 7-92 6 154 C-32-264 248 C-36-567 118 C-37-930 172 W-13 38 C-32-265 284 C-3 6-568 117 W-14 23 2-2 C-3 7-934 170 use 66 C-3 283 C-36-569 132 W-15 42 School C-3 7-93 5 171 C-32-267 295 C-36-570 119 W-16 52 220 C-37-2308 377 C-32-268 C-36-708 371 W-17 51 2-2 C-37-2309 366 C-3 69 306 C-36-731 215 W-18 50 C-37-2482 146 C-32-270 285 C-36-737 216 W-19 49 C-37-2484 144 C-32-271 244 C-3 6-742 212 W-20 22 C-37-2486 145 C-32-272 243 C-3 6-743 213 W-2 I 28 personal C-37-2487 315 C-32-273 242 C-3 6-744 217 W-2 2 29

American C-37-2488 318 C-32-274 241 C-36-745 214 W-23 34 221 C-3 7-2490 369 C-32-276 C-36-822 197 W-24 32 © For C-32-277 233 C-36-823 198 W-2 s 33 C-32-278 323 C-36-824 81 C-38-153 322 W-2 6 24 C-36-825 87 C-38-274 135 W-2 7 35 102 C-33-1 C-36-826 88 C-38-275 375 W-28 43 C-33-213 207 C-36-827 89 C-38-409 83 W-2 9 39 202 C-33-216 C-36-828 90 C-38-410 85 W-3O 44 C-33-217 203 C-36-829 91 C-38-411 84 W-31 46 C-33-218 204 C-36-830 92 C-38-540 330 W-32 53 INDEX II

GROUPS OF ASSOCIATED POTTERY

CLOSED DEPOSITS FOUND IN GRAVES, WELLS, PITS, AND ON HOUSE FLOORS. DEPOSITS ARE DATED BY THE LATEST OBJECT FOUND IN THEM

Pre-Geometric Period Protocorinthian Period

House Floor Vases 1-5 Pithos Vases 103-115

Grave Vases 7-19 Well Vases 116-134 Well Vases

Athens 136-143 Early Geometric Period Well Vases 153-173 at

Grave Vases 20-21 Well Vases 174-182 Grave? Vases 22-53

Grave? Vases 54-66 Early Corinthian Period Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Grave? Vases 69-72 Grave Vases 197-198 Well Vases 202-211 Late Geometric Period Pit Vases 212-217 Grave Vases 73-77 Well Vases 218-311 License: Classical Grave Complex Vases 80-82 of Grave Vases 87-88 Middle Corinthian Period

only. Grave Vases 89-97 Well Vases 331-360 use School personal American © For INDEX HI

GENERAL INDEX

. Acrocorinth 5 procession of-39, 40, 46, 54, 64, 65, 77 Aetos, Ithaka . 36 water.57, 58, 64, 65, 71, 77, 89 Aigina. 18, 22, 24, 37, 38, 40, 43, 67 Boar.44, 55, 56, 65, 76 Alabastron.50, 51, 53, 57, 63, 66, 72 Boeotia.11 Amathus, Cyprus. 26 Boread.57, 91 Amphora-12, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 41, 48, Bottle.79, 80, 83 61,85 Bowl.7, 15, 23, 79, 82, 85 Amphoriskos.78, 83, 87 two-handled.71, 72 with Anabysos.36, 37, 67 offset rim.76 ... Bucchero. Animal Frieze Style 43, 44, 46, 47, 50, 54, 71, 73 Athens 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, Bull .44, 71 at 64, 65, 66, 69, 73, 74, 75, Bull's Head.63, 75, 83 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 90, 91 Antissa.39, 47, 49, 59, 67 Camirus, Rhodes. 26, 51 Argive Heraeum.37, 43 Centaurs.74 f., 83, 91 Argolid.8, 12, 18, 24, 26, 32 Chimaera Painter. 77 . Studies Crete Arkades,CC-BY-NC-ND. 41 Cock.55, 56, 57, 61, 63, 77 ... Aryballos 7, 15, 18, 22, 23, 27, 30, 31, 34, Conventionalizing.74, 82, 83, 85 35, 36, 38, 44, 47, 51, 53, Copenhagen.18, 20, 27 56, 57, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65, Corinth 66, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80, 82, Agora.15, 25, 28, 34, 35, 55, 74 85, 87, 90 Agora North-East Area. 74

License: ....

Classical from South-Central Area development lekythos.22 Agora 25, 28, 30, Asine.3, 6, 7, 8, 27, 36, 39 34, 37, 44, 45, 55 of Tomb P.G.25 at.4, 8 Agora South-East Area.74 River. 6 Asoposonly. Agora South-West Area.34, 55, 80 . Athens. 27,92 Asklepieion 9 Agora at-vi, 4, 6, 7, 11, 14, 31, 39, 43, Basilica. 44, 50

use 46, 47, 50 Baths of

School Aphrodite.19 Areiopagos. 9 earliest occupation of. 3 National Museum.vi, 6, 7, 57, 58 founding of city of. 5 Athikia. 19 Fountain of Peirene. 16 Attica .... 7, 8, 14, 17, 23, 24, 26, 29, 32, 63, hiatus in occupation of. 3 83, 89, 92 Julian Basilica.74 personal from. inspiration 26, 92 Lechaion Road. 10, 19

American .... Museum v, vi, 10, 19, 34, 35, 42, 49, Bacchiads. © For 33, 92 50, 55, 74, 80, 84 North Basin Cemetery.v, 3, 12, 14, 15, 25, for lustral water. 50 26, 27, 33, 42, 53, 55, 63, for mixing clay. 50 70, 74, 80, 90 Battle Scenes.75, 83, 91 Per?bolos of Apollo.44, 55, 74, 80 ... Berlin.11, 51 Potters' Quarter v, 14, 42, 46, 53, 55, 74 Birds.56, 59, 60, 64, 66, 67, 77, 78, 81, resettlement of.3, 5 82, 90 Roman Market.44 panther-. 63 Roman Tomb . 8 ioo INDEX III

St. John's Area.29, 55 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 35, South Basilica.74, 80 88, 89 South Stoa.30 meander-hooks. 20, 88 South Stoa Middle Area .55 opposed groups of parallel oblique lines South Stoa West Area.34 7, 8, 12, 23, 24, 88 Temple E.v, 55, 60, 74 palmette.56 80 double . Temple Hill.44, 50, 74, 55 Temple of Apollo.34, 55 rays.34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 4h 42, 43, Corinthia.v, vi, 5, 8, 9, 19 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, Crete. 11, 18, 23, 27, 36, 41 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, Cumae.38, 39, 41, 46 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, Grave 103 bis. 39 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 23, 30, 53, 85 79, 80, 81, 90, 91 Cup.22, reserved one-handled.7, 9, 87 spot.14, 19 Athens two-handled.59, 69 ribbon.41, 54, 90 rosettes . 30, 65 at with offset rim-39, 43, 45, 52, 67, 69, blob.56, 58, 62, 64, 66, 69, 77, 72, 76, 81, 83, 86 14, 24, 27, 32 82,91 Cyclades.12, .... dot 44, 47, 50, 51, 56, 58, 60, 61, Cyprus.23, 36 64, 69, 70, 71, 73, 80, 82, Cypselids .92 91 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. .... incised 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, Decoration.8, 23, 31, 33, 53, 72, 83, 87 62, 63, 64, 66, 69, 73, 75, (See also under; Animal Frieze Style, Minia 76, 77, 78, 81, 91 ture De Figure Style, Representational octafoil.71, 80 and the names of animals and of signs, reserved. 82 human and mythical creatures) or

License: ring circle.58, 59, 60, 62, 70, Classical designs 73,78 branches, incised.82 .

of 80 see septafoil butterfly, hourglass S's.34, 37, 38, 40, 54, 90 only. checkered band.44, 45, 46, 47, 49, derivation from stylized birds.. 40, 54 51, 54, 56, 66, 70, 77, 80, semicircles, concentric.5, 6, 8, 88 81, 82, 90 . 37 use spiral

School 29, ... chevrons-5, 8, 12, 14, 25, 26, 27, spiral hooks 37, 38, 44, 47, 49, 7h 9? 31, 35, 36, 44, 88, 89 squiggle.44, 67, 82 circles.57, 68, 69, 79 star.30 80 concentric.14, 15, 37, 44, 48, tongues.44, 45, So, 51, 56, 57, 58, incised. 15,31 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 70, 73, crescents. 57, 64, 82 82 personal 77, 80, 81, dots.14, 20, 25, 26, 35, 41, 44, 45, American triangles 57, 63, 64, 73, 76, 77, 78, chevron filled.5, 12, 35, 88, 89 © For 91 hatched.18, 22, 24, 27, 88 floral.63, 77, 83, 92 rouletted . 50 octafoil.64 solid filled.7, 35, 54, 90 or ... hourglass butterfly 6, 7, 8, 35, 37, wavy lines.30, 56 40, 45, 47, 49, 53, 56, 89 whirls.64, 75, 76, 77 key.16, 17, 43, 58, 88 X . in lotus, quadruple 69 panel.10, 11, 12, 19, 29 lotus-and-bud .82 double-lined in .... panel 11, 12, 17, lotus-and-palmette.56, 57, 62, 74, 20, 25 76,81 double-lined in circle.14 ...... lozenges 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, zigzag 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 53, 90 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, .... meander 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25,26,27,28,31,34, INDEX III ioi

35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, museum.6, ii, 18, 57 46, 47, 50, 53, 56, 58, 64, Eretria. 26 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, Etruscan Bucchero. 71 of .... 77, 78, 88, 89 Export Corinthian Pottery 8, 24, 32, with bars at .... groups apices 11,12, 55,73 16, 17, 24, 35, 88 Fabric of syntax Corinthian Pottery.5, 8, 20, minor zone.20, 26, 56, 88, 91 31, 53, 71, 82, 84 .... triglyph and metope system 26, 27, Feeding Bottle.31 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 45, 47, Fikellura Olpe.82 49, 50, 53, 56, 80, 89 Filling Ornaments-30, 44, 46, 55, 56, 57, technique 61, 73, 77, 89, 91 .. applied paint Firing, circle in glaze caused by 11, 16, 19 .... purple 50, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, Athens 61, 66, 77, 79, 81, 83, 91 Gela.46, 56, 58, 59, 67 .... red 44, 45, 5<>, 51, 54, 56, 57, 58, Geometric-v, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, at 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 21,28,29,31,35,38,39, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 43, 45, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 89, 90, 92 ... 82, 83, 90, 91 Goat 44, 58, 59, 61, 63, 66, 69, 77, 78, 82 white.37, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, Goluchow, Poland.12 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 57, Gonia . 55 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, Gorgon-Bird Group.63 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 77, 78, Graffiti.58, 61, 71, 76 80, 81, 90, 91 Griffin . 57 yellow.51, 54, 62, 73 Griffin-Bird. 76, 81 dilute 18, 20

License: glaze.10, Classical finger impressions.30 Handles incision .... bored of 7, 15, 31, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50, lugs. 7 51, 56, 57, 64, 65, 70, 71, composite.14, 22, 25, 26, 27 only. 73, 74, 75, 76, 82, 83, 91 double-corded.41, 48 . openwork ornament 50 double-rolled . 62 plastic ornament.15, 27 use ledge.53, 55, 72, 74 School Deer.56, 60, 61, 74 reflex.15, 60, 70, 76, 79, 82 82 Delos.13, 27, triple-rolled . 61 Delphi.vi, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38 Handmade Pottery.5, 7, 8, 20, 22, 23, Dish.69, 70, 72 30, 31, 71, 72, 84 Dogs.50, 59 amphora.41, 48, 85

personal aryballos.7, 18, 22, 30, 31, 87 Eagle. 74, 75, 76, 78, 81 bottle .

American 79 Attic Early Olpe. 71 bowl.7, 15, 23 © EarlyFor Corinthian.v, 27, 36, 39, 45, 46, cup. 30 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55~ feeding bottle. 31 73, 75, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, hydria.15, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 85 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 97 jar . 48 Early Geometric-vi, 9-24, 25, 26, 27, 31, jug.5, 7, 15, 23, 70, 79, 87 41, 85, 86, 87, 88, 97 kantharos.29 Early Helladic.3, 92 ladle.70, 71 East Greek Ware.71, 72, 73 oinochoe.30, 31, 48, 85 "Bird Bowls".71 pyxis. 7, IS, 23 "Eimer". 13 Hare, see Rabbit .... Eleusis 6, 12, 15, 17, 18, 26, 29, 31, 37, Hearth. 3 39, 40, 58, 75 Herakles.74, 75, 83, 91 Isis Grave.10, 12, 29 and the centaurs.74, 75, 83, 91 102 INDEX III

Hexamilia.42, 80 38, 48, 49, 52, 53, 56, 86, Hoplites.80 87, 88, 90, 97 Horse.60, 75, 76 Late Helladic.3, 92 Hounds.43, 44, 47, 60, 65, 82, 90 Lekanis .39 Human Figures.64, 73, 74, 75, 83, 91 Lekythos.22, 23 ... Hut.3, 5, 84 Linear Geometric Style 30, 33, 53, 89, 90 .... Hydria.6, 7, 10, 15, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, Lion 44, 51, 56, 58, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 30, 48, 85 76, 77, 80 miniature. 7 Lion Group multiple miniature.6, 87 Corinthian. 57 Fikellura .82 at Imported Pottery Corinth.8, 12, 14, Lioness.76 24, 32, 73 Louvre.56, 58, 63 Inscriptions.58, 71, 76 Athens Ithaka.15, 35, 36, 40, 43 Magna Graecia.92

at .... Megara, Corinthian oinoche from vi, 12, Jar.48, 87 16, 19, 21, 24 Jug.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 23, 24, 48, Megara Hyblaea.64 54, 70, 71, 79, 85, 87, 91 Melos. 26 miniature.7, 15 Mersin, Cilicia.69 . 6, 31

Studies spouted CC-BY-NC-ND. Middle Corinthian-63, 66, 67, 72, 74-83, 87,91,97 Kalathos.6, 45, 48, 87 Middle Helladic.3, 92 Kantharos.28, 29, 71, 87 Miniature Figure Style.51, 90 Kerameikos-vi, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9,12, 13, 14, Monochrome Argive Pottery. 8 39 17, 26, 38, Mortars. 82 Grave 1 . 4 License: Classical Motya.43, 46 Grave 10. 4 Munich. 20. 57, 76 of Grave 14 Mus?e Scheurleer.51, 57 museum. 17, 26

only. 4, 7, 20, 42 Knossos. 41 Mycenae.3, Tomb 515 . 3 Kothon.60, 70, 72, 82, 87 5, 7, 8, 18, 86 .... 21, 27, 37, 39, 40, 43, 45, Mycenaean.3, Kotyleuse 36, 38, School 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60, 64, Narce.43, 46 65, 66, 67, 72, 76, 78, 79, Naukratis.50 10 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, Nauplia Museum.8, 91 Neolithic.3, 92 Niche in Grave personal beginning of.36 Shaft.25 Corinthian invention.52 American 86 metal prototypes.52, Oinochoe.5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, © For prototype of.21,29 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, with inset rim. 56 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, Krater-12, 13, 14, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 41, 42, 43, 48, 50, 51, 53, 27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 37, 38, 54, 57, 58, 59, 62, 72, 73, 42, 46, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 77, 81, 85, 88, 90, 91 57, 63, 72, 74, 75, 76, 83, broad-bottomed-17, 19, 41, 43, 46, 53, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91 57,61, 72,81,82 .... column-.50, 56, 72, 74, 77, 86 conical 27, 41, 44, 45, 46, 51, 53, 58, 72, 85, 87, 91 Ladle. 70, 71 round-mouthed.62, 72, 77, 87 ... Late Corinthian 64, 74, 80-83, 85, 87, 91 Oligarchy.92 .... Late Geometric v, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, Olpe.41, 42, 43, 44, 48, 53, 54, 57, 60, 21, 23, 25-32, 34, 36, 37, 61, 71, 82, 85, 91 INDEX ni 103

Olympia.50 Rabbits.43, 60, 82, 90 Oriental Influence.33, 34 Ram.61 Orientalizing.v, 10, 35, 38, 51, 54, 74, Representational Designs-34, 39, 43, 46, 84, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92 54, 73, 89, 90 Owl . 44, 61 Rhitsona .80 .. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 18, 26, 46, 63 Rhodes.26, 44, 58, Jif 77 Rhodian Cup.69 Padded Dancers.61, 62, 63, 64, 73, 74, Rome.49, 57 75, 78, 91 Esquiline cemetery.43 Vatican. Panther.44, 51, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 44, 51 65, 66, 69, 74, 77, 78 . -bird.63 Salamis 5 Samos protome of.61 Group.76 Peisistratos . 92 Sarcophagus.9, 16, 25 Athens .... Perachora.vi, 36, 39, 47, 57, 65, 67 Shapes 8, 21, 31, 33, 51-53, 72, 83, 85 at Periander.92 87 Perirranterion . 50 (See under names of individual shapes) .... Phaleron.35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, Siren 57, 58, 60, 61, 73, 74, 75, 77, 80, 49, 70 83,91 Grave 11.38, 40, 41 bearded .78 ....

Studies Grave 18 13, 19, 20, CC-BY-NC-ND. .42 Skyphos 3, 4, 8, 14, 17, 18, Grave 19.36, 43 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,27, Grave 32.45, 49 28, 29, 30, 32, 36, 39, 42, Grave 45 . 37 43, 45, 46, 49, 52, 59, 64, Grave 47 . 39 67, 68, 69, 72, 85, 86, 88, Grave 48.39, 43 89

License: evolution of.21 Classical Grave 56 .39 Grave 64.46 Snake.46, 57, 65, 74, 90 of Grave 65.41 Solon .92 Grave only. 70.41 Sphinx.56, 57, 75, 77 Grave 78.41, 42 human-headed.73, 91 Grave 83.38, 46 Sphinx Painter. 62 use bronze.28 Stag. 77, 80

School Phiale, Pholo? . 75 Stamnos. 7 Pholos . 75 Stand.18, 23, 87 . 22 Pithos.34, 35 Stirrup-Vase .... Pitigliano.46 Subgeometric 31, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, Plate.14, 15, 22, 82, 87 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 56, 64, personal Polos.56, 57, 58, 77 65, 67, 68, 72, 78, 81, 83, American Prosymna.36, 39 90,91

© For Proto-Attic Ware . 71 Submycenaean-3, 4, 5, 7, x3, 21, 22, 23, Protocorinthian. 12, 27, 33-54, 56, 59, 85 Swan .... 61, 68, 72, 73, 85, 87, 90, 55, 57, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 75, 76, 97 77,82 .... Protocorinthian-Geometric v, 18, 30, 33, Syracuse.34, 37, 40, 43, 47, 49 51, 65, 85, 88 Protogeometric.4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, Tankard, Mycenaean.18 . 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, Taranto 78 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 Tenea. 19 . Pylos, Messenian 5 Thebes. 13, 38, 81, 89 .... Pyxis 6, 7, 13, 15, 23, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, Thera.12, 13, 14, 18, 26, 27, 29, 40 44, 45, 46, 49, 52, 57, 70, Tiryns.7, 13, 14, 20 77, 82, 87 Toronto Museum.89 io4 INDEX III

Transitional Period.50, 51, 54, 56, 57, Warriors.51, 64, 66, 75, 76, 80, 91 58, 59 group of.80 or Tripod Bowl Pyxis.69, 72, 87 mounted.75, 76, 91 . White Typhon, winged 76 Style.81, 82, 83 Male Tyranny.92 Winged Figure.57

Veio . 49 Yale Gallery of Fine Arts.46 Velio . 6 . Vrokastro.26 Zygouries 11, 14, 24 Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For Athens at

PLATES Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For