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Research Article Volume 9 Issue No. 5 Ayurvedic, Phytochemical, Therapeutic and Pharmacological overview for Kapikacchu ( pruriens Linn.) Pansare. T. A1, Sadabal. B. G2 Associate Professor1, PF Scholar2 Department of Dravyaguna Government Ayurvedic College, Osmanabad, Maharashtra,

Abstract: The field of is getting popularized both in developed and developing countries in the last few decades as the herbal medicines are cheap and have natural origin with higher safety margins with lesser or no side effects. consisting of treasure of important information about medicinal is one of the supreme gifts of ancient India to the mankind. Kapikacchu ( Linn.) belonging to is popularly known as ‘Magic ’ in Indian System of Medicine. It is commonly used in Ayurveda for its potent Vrishya (aphrodisiac) and Balya (tonic) activities. It is a well known herbal drug utilized for the management of male infertility, diabetes mellitus, cancer and nervous disorders. It is the most excellent natural source of the amino acid L-3,4-dihydroxy phenyl alanine (L-DOPA) which is the direct precursor to the neurotransmitter , extensively used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Besides L-DOPA, , oxitriptan, , N,N-DMT, and bufotenine are the other chemicals found in this . This plant possesses multi-dimensional pharmacological actions like Aphrodisiac, Ant-oxidant, Anti-diabetic, Hypo-glycaemic, Neuro-protective, Anti-microbial, Anti- protozoal, Anti-depressant, Anti-tumor, Anti-proliferative, Anti-cancer, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-pyretic, Anti-fungal, Antivenom, and Antiparkinson’s activities. An overview of Ayurvedic information of Kapikacchu, its chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are summarized in the present paper. This review highlights the importance of Kapikacchu on the basis of ayurvedic and modern aspect to provide useful information for future scope of research on this valuable plant.

Keywords: Kapikacchu, Mucuna pruriens, pharmacological, phytochemical, Vrishya.

I. INTRODUCTION II. AYURVEDIC ASPECT

Plants play an important role in maintaining human health and Nirukti (Etymological derivation) of Kapikacchu improving quality of life. The complexity in formulating Kapi: - It causes purities for monkeys if monkeys sit on the chemical based drugs in addition to their health related side trees where this creeper is twining around the stem, the pods effects and uprising cost has led global researchers to focus on may produce itching (Kacchu) on hip of monkeys. [1] medicinal plant research. Ayurveda is a wide-ranging scientific Synonyms- The drug has roma (hairs) on its pods and the system of medicine evolved in India. Kapikacchu (Mucuna monkeys also have hair on their body. Due to this similarity of pruriens Linn.) is a nutritive tonic generally used in Ayurveda roma (hairs), various synonyms are given to Kapikacchu. [2-3] as an aphrodisiac and to support proper function of the Pradhan Nama( Main Name)- Kapikachhu (Causes ithching reproductive system. It boosts sexual energy and strengthens to monkeys also, Atmagupta.( Protects self with the he;p of its and tones the reproductive organs. Kapikacchu sustains hair)) potency, stamina and control in male. It augments the sperm Synonyms on basis of various factors count by improving the testosterone level. It supports a healthy Upma (Representive)- libido and fertility in female. Kapikacchu is an agent that aids Markati, Vanari,Kapiloma, Kapi- Hairy like monkeys tail. the body in building up the mass with endurance and also helps Kapiromphala-Pod hair like that of monkeys hairs. the body to enhance the muscular strength. Svarupa(Morphology) Roma- hairy pod The vitality imparted by Kapikacchu nourishes the whole body Valli-It is a Climber and calms the nerves making it an outstanding rejuvenator for Shuka shimbi-Pods with hairs vata. It is also natural source of levodopa (L-dopa) which is an Durabhigraha-The fruits are difficult to handle important precursor to the neurotransmitter dopamine, widely Vyanga-Fruits are curved used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. This herbal drug Vanshukari-Climber grows widly is used for the treatment of male infertility, diabetes mellitus, Karma (action) - cancer and nervous disorders. Serotonin, oxitriptan, nicotine, Sadyashoth Due to itching, it produces immediate N, N-DMT, and bufotenine are the other chemicals also found inflammation in this plant. So, it can be proved that this magic bean Vrishya- act as aphrodisiac performs multidirectional work. This review provides broad Kacchura, Kandura -Causes itching and distinctive information about ayurvedic and modern aspect Vernacular names [4] of kapikacchu under one umbrella which will be useful to Sanskrit - Atmagupta, Kapikacchu, Kapiloma, Kapi, Markati, researchers and pharmaceutical industries to develop the Vanari pharma worth of this marvel drug. Hindi - Kevanch, Kaunch, Gonca

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2019 22373 http://ijesc.org/ Gujarati - Kavach 27); Medicated Ghrita (V.S.84/65-66); Gokshura Kapikacchu Marathi - Khaja-Kuhali beeja siddha ksheera (V.S.84/73); Masha Ghrita (V.S.84/75- Tamil - Amudari, Poonaikkaali 79); Godhumaadi Ghrita (V.S.84/80-89) and Jeevanti Yamaka Telegu - Pilli-addu indicated in Anuvasana, Nasya, Panaartha, Urdhva jatrugata Kannada - Nasugunni roga (diseases of head and neck, throat) (V.S.84/93-95). Malayalam - Nayakkuruna Yoga Ratnakar[24] Bengali - Alkushi In this text, Kapikacchu is described in Uttarakhanda, English name - Cowhage, Horse-eye Bean, Velvet bean, Vajikarana adhyaya. Preparations and indications in which Cowitch Kapikacchu is mentioned for Vajikarana purpose like Vanari Unani name - Konch gutika (Y.R.Ut.11/27-31); Kesar paka (Y.R.Ut.11/49-56); Rati Trade name - Koncha, Kaunch beej modaka (Y.R.Ut.11/57-60); Kameshwara modaka (Y.R. Ut.11 /68); Kameshwar samdi paka modaka (Y.R.Ut.11/77-83). III. TYPES OF KAPIKACCHU Madana kamadeva rasa (Y.R. Ut. 11/117); Rativallabha Pugapaka (Y.R. Ut. 11/61,67); Satavaryadi churna (Y.R.Ut. Two types of Kapikacchu Bija are described as wild and 11/146); Kapikacchu paka (Y.R.Ut. 11/156-160). cultivated. Wild variety has better utility in clinical practice Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Govinda Das In 18th cent A.D.)[25] than cultivated. According to colour, two types are Kapikacchu preparations along with other drugs such as explained by some authors as Shweta Bija (white seed) and Gokshuradi yoga ( B.R. 70/15); Godhumadya ghritam (B.R. Krishnabija (Black seed). [5] 70/18); Brihadaswagandha ghritam (B.R.70/19); Briccha tavari Prayojyanga of Kapikacchu (Useful part) modaka (B.R.70/21-24); Rativallabha modaka (B.R.70/25); Seed, Root, Pod Hairs, Leaves, . [6, 7, 8] Mahakameswara modaka (B.Ra.70/26); Kamagni sandipana HABITAT [30] modaka (B.R70/27); Manmadhabhra rasa (B.R70/29) were It is found wild throughout India from Himalayas to cape used in vajikarana activity. Preparation of Svayam gupta, camorin in the plain district and up to 3000ft. elevation in the Ikshuraka yoga used in Dhaatukshaya (depletion of body hills. It is common in Bengal, Assam, Khasi hills and Deccan tissues) (B.R.70/14). Preparation like Yavana krit yoga as well as in the east and west coast region. (Mophara-Mopharava) was consumed by Kings for vrishya Raspanchak [2-3] purpose and also in all diseases (B.R.70/30). Rasa: Madhura and Tikta rasa Gada Nigraha[26] Virya: Ushna Gada Nigraha mentioned different yogas (formulations) of Vipaka: Madhura Kapikachhu for Vaajikaranartha such as Mashadi Ghritam Guna: Guru, Snigdha. (G.Ni.9-12); Vajikaropayas Yoga (G.Ni.14); Vajikaram Masha Karma: Vatahara and Pittahara property. parnyadi churnam (G.Ni.16); Vajikaram Svayamguptadi Classification of Kapikacchu churnam (G.Ni.19; G.Ni.29); Vajikaram Svayamguptadi Samhitas and Nighantus have classified Kapikacchu in Modakam (G.Ni.31-35,37); Vajikaram Sharmuladi Yoga different Ganas or Varga (groups) as following (G.Ni.40-42); Vajikari Godhumadi Pupalika (G.Ni.43-44); Charaka Samhita[9] Balya –(Sootra -4/7) , Madhura Skanda- Vajikaram Ikshurkadi Churnam (G.Ni.49). (Viman-8/139), Purisha Viranjania-(sootra-4/32). Harita Samhita[27] Sushruta Samhita[10] Vidarigandhadi- (sootra-38/4), Mudgadi Harita Samhita mentioned preparations (formulations) of varga-(sootra-46/36, ) Kakolyad-(sootra37/26) Kapikacchu like Visadi churna (H.Sa.47/9); Guduchyadi Ashtanga Sangraha[11] Vidaryadi, Durvadi -( sootra16/2) Churna (H.Sa.47/13,14) for Veerya vardhaka and Vajikaran. Ashtanga Hridaya[12] Vidaryadi-(sootra15/9) Ashtanga Nighantu Vidaryadi [13]-(A.Ni.13) IV. IMPORTANT FORMULATIONS – Dhanvantari Nighantu[14]Guduchydi –(D.Ni.46/159) Kaiyadeva Nighantu[15] Ausadhi-(K.Ni .154/11)  Brihat Masha Taila Bhavaprakasha Nighantu[16] Guduchyadi-(B. P.Ni.57/131)  Vanari vatika Raja Nighantu[17] Guduchyadi-(R. Ni.50/52)  Ashwagandha ghrita Sodhalal Nighantu[18] Guduchyadi-(S. Ni.171-172/199-200),  Shatavari modak Laxamanadi-(S. Ni.648)  Kameshwar modak Madanpal Nighantu[19] Abhayadi-(M. Ni.271)  Mahakameshwar modak Priya Nighantu[20] Popalyadi-(P. Ni.21/48-50)  Rativallabh modak Nighantu Aadarsh[21]Palashadi-(A. Ni. Pg453)  Godhumadhya ghrita Laghutrayi and Chikitsa grantha  Mopharava [28] Like in Samhitas, Kapikacchu is also mentioned in Chikitsa granthas as a synonyms viz Atmagupta, Kandura etc. and in the THERAPEUTIC USES – management of several diseases. Kapikacchu is useful in Vatavyadhi (disorders of Vata). Seeds Chakra Datta (Chakrapani in 11th Cent A.D.)[22] of Kapikachhu help in making nervous system work to the Kapikacchu is mentioned for different diseases apart from its optimum levels. They are very helpful in increasing the muscle vajikarana activity along with other drugs. For Vatavyadi mass of the body naturally. They are very much useful in Balamuladi Nasya, Chatushtayam Mashadi Kashaya (Maha increasing the sperm count when used with milk and sugar. Baladi kwath) (C.D.22-27, 28) were used. Svaguptadi leha in They increase the stamina of the body. They significantly Mutraghata (C.D.33-17,18); Svayamguptadi churna, Goksh ameliorate psychological stress and seminal plasma lipid uraadi churna and Godhumadiya ghrita used for Vrishya peroxide levels along with improved sperm count and (C.D.67/6; 66/26-34; 67/26-36). motility.[27] Seeds are astringent, laxative, anthelmintic, Vangasena Samhita[23] aphrodisiac, alexipharmic and tonic. They are useful in Kapikacchu is mentioned in Vajikarana activity along with gonorrhea, consumption, sterility and general debility. Its roots other drugs such as Brihat Aswagandhadhi ghrita (V.S.84/22- are bitter, sweet, thermogenic, emollient, stimulant, purgative,

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2019 22374 http://ijesc.org/ aphrodisiac, diuretic, emmenagogue, anthelmintic, febrifuge methoxyharman. Serotonin is present in pods. Seeds contain and tonic. They are used in vitiated conditions of vata and oil including Palmitic stearic, Oleic and linoleic acids.[33] GC- pitta, constipation, nephropathy, strangury, dysmenorrhoea, MS analysis showed the presence of photochemicals like-n- amenorrhoea, elephantiasis, dropsy, neuropathy, ulcers, hexadecanoic acid (48.21%), squalene (7.87%),Oleic acid helminthiasis, fever, cholera and delirium. They are useful in (7.62%) and ascorbic acid (3.80%), Octadecanoic acid (6.21%) hemiparesis and facial palsy. Leaves of Kapikachhu are were present in the extract.[34] The leaves contain about- 0.5% aphrodisiac, antihelmintic, tonic and are useful in ulcers, L-DOPA, 0.006% DMT, 0.0025% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.003% inflammation, and general debility. Pods are used as anti DMT n-oxide. [35] helminthic. The hairs of and are vermifuge to Pharmacognostical studies [36] expel ascarids.[28-31]Seed powder is useful in Parkinson a) Macroscopic: disease.[32] Seeds are useful in Avabahuka (Frozen shoulder). Seed ovoid, slightly laterally compressed, with a persistent An ointment prepared with pod hair acts externally as a local oblong, funicular hilum, dark brown with spots; usually 1.2-1.8 stimulant to vesical.[33] Pod hairs are useful in krimi.[34-35] The cm long, 0.8-1.2 cm wide, hard, smooth to touch, not easily hair on fruit of Kapikacchu along with jiggery is beneficial in breakable; odour, not distinct; taste, sweetish-bitter. worm. Mucuna is also traditionally used in various other b) Microscopic: applications like dye[36], treatment of pain and numbness of Mature seed shows a thin seed-coat and two hard cotyledons; joints and irregular menstruation.[37] outer testa consists of single layered palisade-like cells; inner DOSE – Seed powder 3-6 g. testa composed of 2 or 3 layers, outer layer of tangentially elongated, ovoid, thin-walled cells, inner 1 or 2 layers of V. MODERN ASPECT – dumb-bell or beaker-shaped, thick-walled cells; tegmen composed of a wide zone of oval to elliptical, somewhat Scientific Classification [30] compressed, thin-walled, parenchymatous cells; some cells - Mucuna pruriens contain starch grains; cotyledons poised of polygonal, angular, Kingdom- Plantae thin-walled, compactly arranged, parenchymatous cells, Division- Magnoliophyta containing aleurone and starch grains; starch grains small, Class- Magnoliopsida simple, rounded to oval measuring 6-41 μ in dia., but not over Order- 45 μ in dia.; a few vascular bundles with vessels showing Family- Fabaceace reticulate thickening or pitted present. Trib- Powder - Pale cream coloured; shows fragments of testa with - Mucuna palisade-like cells thin walled parenchyma, reticulate and - Mucuna pruriens (L.) pitted vessels, aleurone and starch grains small, simple, Morphology – rounded to oval measuring 6-41 μ in dia., but not over 45 μ. in The plant is an annual, climbing with long vines that can dia. reach over 15 m in length. When the plant is young, it is IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH - almost completely covered with fuzzy hairs, but when older, it Foreign matter , Not more than 1 Per cent, Appendix 2.2.2 is almost completely free of hairs. The leaves are tripinnate, Total ash, Not more than 5 Per cent, Appendix 2.2.3 ovate, reverse ovate, rhombus-shaped, or widely ovate. The Acid-insoluble ash, Not more than 1 Per cent, Appendix 2.2.4 sides of the leaves are often heavily grooved, and the tips are Alcohol-soluble extractive,,Not less than 3 Per cent, Appendix pointy. In the young plant, both sides of the leaves have hairs 2.2.6 The stems of the leaflets are 2-3 mm long, and additional Water-soluble extractive, Not less than 23 Per cent, Appendix adjacent leaves present are about 5 mm long. The flower heads 2.2.7 take the form of axially arrayed panicles. They are 15-32 cm Fixed oil, Not less than 3 Per cent, Appendix 2.2.8 long and have two to three or many flowers. The accompanying leaves are about 12.5 mm long, the flower stand PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS: axes are from 2.5 to 5 mm. The bell is 7.5-9 mm long Aphrodisiac Activity: Phytochemical screening - In this study Kapikacchu Churna effectively raised the sperm It contains Alkaloids, Reducing sugar, Anthraquinones, count. The results on sperm count found highly significant. It Flavonoids, Saponins, , Cardiac glycosides, Phenols also showed good improvement in other seminal parameter and Steroids. [30] Seeds of Mucuna pruriens generate the like Volume of semen, Ph of semen, motility of sperms etc. It unusual nonprotein amino acid 3-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1- showed mild significant result in Non progressive sperm (NP) alanine (L-Dopa). [31] It also contains Glutathione, Gallic acid and Not significant in Slow linear progress of sperm (SLP). It and Betasitosterol. It has unidentified bases like Mucunine, also significantly increased the sexual desire, penile rigidity, Mucuna and dine, Prurienine and Prurieninine. Other bases erection and duration of ejaculation with orgasm. [37] isolated from the pods, seeds, leaves and roots include Indole- Effect on Fertility: 3-alkylamines-N and Ndimethyltryptamine. The seed also have Mucuna pruriens improves male fertility by its action on the two tetrahydroquinoline alkaloids namely (-) 3-methoxy-1, 1- hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. M. pruriens significantly dimethyl-6, 7- dihydroxy-1,2,3. 4- tetrahydroquinoline and (-) improved serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, dopamine, 3- methoxy-1, 1-dimethyl-7,8-dihydroxy-1,2,3.4- tetrahyd adrenaline, and noradrenaline levels in infertile men and roquinoline.[32] It also contains serotonin -(5-hydroxy reduce the levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and , 5-HT) -5-hydroxy tryptophan (5-HTP) -Nicotine - prolactine hormone (PRL). Sperm count and motility were N-dimethyl tryptamine(DMT) -Bufotenine -5-imethoxy- N,N- significantly recovered in infertile men [38]. The quality of dimethyl tryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) 5-imethoxy-N-N- seminal changes due to psychological stress was assessed after dimethyl tryptamine n-oxide (5- MeO-DMT-n-oxide). The treating the case with M. pruriens seed powder at 5g/ day mature seeds of the plant contain- about 3.1-6.1% L-DOPA orally. For carrying out morphological and biochemical with trace amounts of serotonin-Nicotine-Bufotonin -5- MeO- analysis, semen samples were collected twice, first before DMT -n-oxide-Beta- carboline. Leaves also gave 6- starting the treatment and second after 3 months of treatment.

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2019 22375 http://ijesc.org/ The results demonstrated the decreased sperm count and venous and studied various pharmacology parameters like motility in subjects who were under psychological stress. blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and muscle twitch Moreover, serum cortisol and seminal plasma lipid peroxide tension in rats. All pharmacological responses were found to levels were also found elevated along with decreased seminal be decreased in treated groups with respect to control group. [42 plasma glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid contents, reduced ] Seed part showed strong antivenom activity which might be superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity. Treatment due to presence of higher amount of phytochemicals. with M. pruriens significantly ameliorated psychological stress Antidiabetic Activity: and seminal plasma lipid peroxide levels along with improved The presence of these cyclitols is of interest due to the insulin- sperm count and motility. Treatment also restored the levels of mimetic effect of d-chiro-inositol, which constitutes a novel SOD, catalase, GSH and ascorbic acid in seminal plasma of signaling system for the control of glucose metabolism.[37,43] M. infertile men. M. pruriens not only reactivates the antioxidant pruriens seeds are used at a dose of 500 mg/kg to reduce defence system of infertile men but also helps in the plasma glucose level.[44] These and other data demonstrated management of stress and improves semen quality. The effects that the amount of seeds necessary to obtain a significant of M. pruriens on the gonads of male Guinea pigs were antidiabetic effect contain a total of approximately 7 mg of d- investigated and found to be the potential male anti-fertility chiro-inositol. The antidiabetic properties of M. pruriens seed agent even at a lower dosage of 70mg/kg. The methanolic ethanol/water 1:1 extract are most likely due to d-chiro-inositol extracts of M. pruriens significantly increased the relative and its galacto derivatives. The seed extract of M. pruriens at weight of the testis, serum and testicular testosterone level, doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight reduced oral glucose testicular cholesterol level, protein level in the testis and load from ~127 to 75 mg % after 2 h of oral administration. In epididymis, and epididymal alkaline phosphatase activity[39] another experiment, there was reduction of blood glucose from Antioxidant Activity: ~250 to 90 mg % in streptozotocin diabetic rats after 21 days. The various parts of this plant contain total phenols which The investigation suggested that the antidiabetic activity may might have antioxidant activity. The similar findings were be due to its dietary fiber content.[45] observed for this plant where free radical scavenging activity Neuro-protective Activity: was evaluated via nitric oxide scavenging method. The alcohol Reports suggested that the seed powders of Mucuna pruriens extract showed significant antioxidant activity which was are more beneficial to Parkinson’s patients than the synthetic comparable with standard ascorbate and total phenol content. drug, when it is used for long term.[46] An n-propanol extract of [40] M. pruriens seeds yields the highest response in neuro- Antiparkinson’s Activity: protective testing involving the growth and survival of DA Its seeds contain levodopa, a direct precursor of the neurons in culture. Interestingly, n-propanol extracts, which neurotransmitter dopamine; it has shown to be as effective as contain a negligible amount of L-DOPA, have shown pure levodopa /carbidopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s significant neuro-protective activity, suggesting that a whole disease. [41] extract of M. pruriens seeds could be superior to pure L-DOPA Hypoglycemic Activity: with regard to the treatment of Parkinsonism. The dopamine The hypoglycaemic activity of seeds aqueous extract was content in brain tissue is reduced when the conversion of evaluated using streptozotocin induced diabetic, normal and to L-DOPA is blocked. L-DOPA, the precursor of glucose load condition rat models. The seed extract of M. dopamine, can cross the blood-brain barrier and undergo Pruriens at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg body wt. reduced oral conversion to dopamine, restoring neurotransmission.[5] glucose load from ~ 127 to 75mg% after 2 h of oral Anti-depressant activity: administration. In another experiment there was reduction of The anti depressant activity by M. pruriens in acute and blood glucose from ~ 250 to 90mg% in streptozotocin diabetic chronic model of depression was studied. Psycho- rats after 21 days. The previous investigation suggested that pharmacological investigation involved treatment (14 days) of the antidiabetic activity may be due to its dietary fiber M. pruriens in forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test content.[42] It is reported that cholesterol, urea and creatinine is (TST) in mice and olfactory bulbectomy in rats, respectively. responsible for increase the blood glucose level. They With dose of Mucuna (10-20 mg/kg i.p.) significantly observed that both cholesterol and creatinine levels were enhanced the anti-depressant action of fluoxetine and decreased in streptozotocin diabetic rats in similar experiment. bupropion in mice FST and TST respectively. Potentiation of They explained that this hypocholestric activity is due to 5-Hydroxytryptophan induced head twitches response (in presence of squalene content. [43] mice) and reversal of reserpine induced hypothermia (rats) Antimicrobial Activity: were observed at same dose level. Further, the behaviour The methanolic extract at whole plant had antimicrobial anomalies exhibited by olfactory bulbectomised rats (OBX) properties against gram +ve and gram -ve organism. This were attenuated by chronic Mucuna treatment as observed in extract is mainly effective against Escherichia coli, Salmonella open field [43]. typhi, Bacillus subtilis and Shigella dysenteriae. The Anti-protozoal effect: antimicrobial potency was evaluation by zone of inhibition Methanolic extract of leaves of Mucuna pruriens has the (ZI) where Escherichia coli showed higher ZI (2.8cm) than potency to eradicate Lichthyophtirius multifilis infection (90%) Bacillus subtilis ZI (2.1cm). [44] in gold fish after treatment in baths of plant extracts at 200 mg/ Antivenom activity: liter and parasite induced fish mortality was reduced Fung et al (2010) investigated antivenom activity of seeds significantly [47]. where there was reduction in neuromuscular and Anti-tumour activity: cardiovascular depressant effects of Sputatrix venom in The anti-tumour effect of methanolic extract of Mucuna rats which was pretreated with M. Pruriens seed.[45] The same pruriens seed against Erlich Acites Carcinoma (EAC) bearing group of researchers also described similar effects against Swiss albino mice were studied [48]. The effect of the Calloselasma rhodostoma venom. Where M. Pruriens aqueous methanolic extract of M. pruriens seed in mice with respect to extract was given intra-peritoneal for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, delayed hypersensitivity reaction (DTR), primary and Calloselasma rhodostoma venom was administered intra- secondary antibody response and in vivo inflammatory

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2019 22376 http://ijesc.org/ leucocyte mobilization. respectively and hence, M. pruriens in ayurveda [44-a]. It has reported that the number of can probably influence immune response in mice [49]. spermatozoa increases when the rats were treated with bark Anti-proliferative activity: extract of MP. Further, it has been reported that the sexual and The anti-proliferative potential of aqueous leaf extract of androgenic activities in adult male rats were sustained while Mucuna pruriens was evaluated on 7, 12 dimethyl benzenean improving the mass of the muscles [44-b]. sexual behaviour tests thracene (DMBA)-induced-breast cancer in female albino rats showed that the ethanolic seed [44-c]. extract of MP possesses [50]. Both the Ethyl acetate and Methanol extract of MP seed significant sexual function enhancing activityMating behaviour had antiproliferative effect in Huh-7 cells. Later, cytotoxicity test revealed that the test drug at a dose of 200mg/kg assay on THLE-2 cells revealed that the ME extracts expressed significantly increased the MF, IF and EL in all the less toxicity on normal human hepatocytes using MTT reagent experimental days when compared to control .The effect on [51]. The Antiproliferative action of isolated M1 (6,7- potency was evaluated by testing the effect of the drug on the dimethoxy-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroiso quinoline-3-carboxylicacid) frequency of penile reflexes such as E, QF and LF. For penile from M. pruriens seeds using human hepatic carcinoma cell erection, a well-coordinated system of vascular, endocrine and line (Huh-7 cells). Initially, docking studies was performed to neural networks are required. Hence, a drug that brings find out the binding affinities of M1 to caspase-3 and 8 about changes in erection and sexual behaviour would induce enzymes. M1 possessed antiproliferative activity on Huh-7 changes in neurotransmitter levels or at cellular levels cells (EC 50=13.97mu M) and inhibited the action of caspase-8 enzyme, signified process of apoptosis. M1 was active against VI. CONCLUSION Huh-7 cells that may be useful for future hepatic cancer treatment [52]. This article provides the knowledge of the drug passed on Anti-cancer activity: through ancient epoch till modern era. In Ayurveda it is used The study was made in comparison between the anticancer mainly for its Vrishya (aphrodisiac) and Balya (tonic potential of different extracts of M. Pruriens seeds in vitro properties. Studies have also shown that natural source of L- against sertoli (GC) prostate cancer and ZR-75 breast cancer DOPA, which is a precursor for dopamine, used in cell lines was investigated. In the term of half maximum neurotransmitter diseases, is more powerful than synthetic inhibitory concentration (IC50), or cytotoxicity, cell viability product. Besides L-DOPA, it is reported to possess bioactive count, and growth inhibition of both cell lines at different compounds like serotonin, oxitriptan, nicotine, N,N-DMT concentration of each extracts. The MEMP (IC50-14.74 μg) bufotenine and many other compounds which are confirmed to and PEMP (IC50-15.50 μg) was found more cytotoxic than have diverse pharmacological activities like anti-oxidant, anti- AEMP (IC50-16.64 μg) against GC cells, but MEMP (IC50- diabetic, hypo-glycaemic, Neuro-protective, anti-microbial, 15.06 μg) and AEMP (IC50-15.35 μg) was more cytotoxic anti-protozoal, anti-depressant, anti-tumor, Anti-proliferative, than PEMP (IC50- 16.63 μg) against ZR-75 cells. (Sanjeev anti-cancer, Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti- Soni et al., [53] the reports that acute systematic toxicity and fungal, Antivenom, Antiparkinson’s andAphrodisiac activities tropical of methanolic extract of M. pruriens seeds on albino and many other activities. Not only the seed, but the whole mice and rabbits respectively [54] plant viz. root, leaves, flower, pod hair also have certain Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity: medicinal properties. Therefore, it offers a scope for further Mucuna pruriens was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory, research to investigate the therapeutic applications of all parts analgesic and antipyretic activity and found to produce of this wonder drug. Furthermore, it is essential to make the significant effects [55]. most of the total latent of the drug from different Mucuna Antimicrobial activity: species. Mucuna pruriens is also used for antimicrobial properties for extracting plant metabolites against plant pathogenic bacteria VI. REFERENCES and fungi [56]. The methanolic extract of M. pruriens of whole plant had antimicrobial properties against gram +ve and gram - [1]. Dravya Guna Vijyana: - P.V. 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