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Reviews

The Editorial Advisory Committee of Historical Archaeology advises its readers that the book reviews are posted on the SHA website .

Edited by Charles R. Ewen 146

The Life and Times of the Steamboat of the steamboat’s importance to the country’s Red Cloud, or How Merchants, growth mirrors Red Cloud’s loss. Both events Mounties, and the Missouri struck a blow to the river communities dependent on them. Transformed the West The second historical chapter examines, from Annalies Corbin a regional perspective, steamboat development Texas A&M University Press, on the Missouri and the early growth of Fort College Station, 2006. 145 pp., 30 Benton. The chapter begins with a brief but illus., bibliog., app., index. $19.95 informative recap of Missouri River transportation paper. from the bullboat to the steamboat. Pointing out that the western fur trade was the impetus for steamboats coming to the Missouri and that river The Life and Times of the Steamboat Red trading outposts became stopping points for these Cloud examines the career of a single Mis- steamers, Corbin focuses on just one of these souri River steamboat and its connection to the outposts, Fort Benton. The chapter provides a 19th-century expansion of the upper Missouri sweeping history of the settlement from its estab- West. Annalies Corbin offers new insights into lishment by the American Fur Trading Company this region’s history by focusing on the river in 1847, through the mid-1870s. Fort Benton’s steamer Red Cloud and its owner I. G. Baker & growth is followed from its establishment as a Company. This work illustrates the potential and mere trading outpost to its development into an importance of exploring alternative perspectives important settlement on the overland route con- to enhance the understanding of our history. The necting the Missouri and Columbia rivers, the book begins with a brief introductory chapter that Mullen Road. The Pierre Chouteau Jr. Company’s clearly presents the text’s premise and objectives. (formerly the American Fur Trading Company) Corbin argues that alone, Red Cloud is a typical efforts to increase Fort Benton’s regional impor- undistinguished steamboat, but when viewed from tance are also covered here. According to Corbin, a maritime perspective within a larger historical these efforts included promoting Fort Benton context, it represents a key link between com- as the endpoint of Missouri steam navigation mercialization and expansion in the Fort Benton, through the building and running of steamers Montana region. to the settlement. The chapter concludes with Two historical chapters follow the introduction. a look at the economic boom that accompanied The fi rst places Red Cloud’s story in the broader the 1850s Montana gold rush and the depression historical context of westward expansion. that followed when mining waned, river levels Annalies Corbin views Red Cloud as symbolic dropped, and the transcontinental railroad arrived. of John O’Sullivan’s “manifest destiny,” which Having set the stage in the previous three fueled 19th-century westward expansion. Inland chapters, Corbin begins the text’s central topic waterways were instrumental in these early with a look at I. G. Baker & Company’s his- westward migrations and continuing westward tory. The fi rm is examined from its conception progress required conquering the Missouri and in the mid-1860s as I. G. Baker & Brother, other large western rivers. The link between through the economic slump of the late 1860s, inland waterways and America’s “manifest and into the commercial resurgence of the 1870s. destiny” is expounded through discussions Beginning with the operations, alliances, and of the importance of steam navigation to the partnerships that helped I. G. Baker & Brother survival of Missouri River frontier settlements. grow, Corbin follows the fi rm’s search for new When railroads replaced the riverboats as the markets and opportunities throughout the 1870s. driving force of America’s transcontinental The 1873 establishment of the Canadian North- expansion, both steamboats and the settlements west Mounted Police (NWMP) to patrol Canada’s they serviced declined. To Corbin, this decline western lands provided the firm opportunities

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):146–147. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 147 to use political connections and shrewd busi- traffi c dwindled and merchants left. I. G. Baker ness practices (along with a little bit of luck) & Company remained in Fort Benton until 1891, to secure exclusive supply and transportation closing its doors only after losing most of its contracts with the NWMP. As Corbin shows, NWMP contracts to Canadian fi rms with rail line these contracts began a long relationship between access. Corbin does not end Red Cloud’s story the two organizations and facilitated I. G. Baker with Fort Benton’s decline. Instead, she closes & Company’s expansion into other commercial her text with a fi nal discussion of a 1920 salvage endeavors. attempt of the steamer and the Red Cloud wreck By the mid-1870s the company began operating site’s subsequent inundation under the Fort Peck steamboats to cope with its increased supply and Dam Reservoir. transportation needs, initially collaborating with The Life and Times of the Steamboat Red a Fort Benton competitor. The venture’s success Cloud is a book that appeals not only to the and additional NWMP contracts prompted I. G. enthusiast, the scholar, and the student, but to Baker & Company to establish its own steamboat the general reader as well. Written in a clear and fi rm. The Baker Line commenced operations in concise manner, it tells Red Cloud’s story in a 1877 and purchased the river steamer Red Cloud. logical and easy-to-follow progression, without The Baker Line’s formation and the acquisition drowning the reader in statistics. Corbin makes of Red Cloud initiate Corbin’s discussion of the good use of illustrations, period photographs, steamer’s Missouri River career. Within the next and historical documents to enhance the text. four chapters she looks at Red Cloud’s operations The detailed notes and bibliography provided at from its fi rst voyage to Fort Benton to its last the end of the text are an important resource completed voyage in early 1882. This analysis for students and researchers. The inclusion, as illustrates the important role Red Cloud played appendices, of two historical documents which in I. G. Baker & Company’s expansion and its Corbin cites or uses in the main text, is an link to Fort Benton’s growth. added benefi t of this book. The Life and Times The text’s final chapter begins with Red of the Steamboat Red Cloud is one of Corbin’s Cloud’s wrecking. Red Cloud struck a snag and best works, and readers interested in the history sank en route to Fort Benton in July 1882. Both of the American and Canadian West should have the steamer and its cargo were a total loss. The this book in their libraries. wreck apparently was a harbinger of bad times for Fort Benton. Corbin shows that less than two DANIEL WARREN years after the steamer’s sinking, the Fort Benton C & C TECHNOLOGIES, INC. economy declined. Bypassed by the Northern 10615 SHADOW WOOD DRIVE, SUITE 100 Pacifi c and Canadian Pacifi c railroads, steamboat HOUSTON, TX 77057 148

Revolutionary Economies: What local merchants sought out advantages in the Archaeology Reveals about the Birth new economy. They faced not only the struggles of American Capitalism of recovery, but also a class of craftsmen who, having prospered during the war, emerged as Thomas W. Cuddy competitors in determining the new processes of AltaMira Press, Lanham, MD, 2008. production in Chesapeake towns. Resisting this 156 pp., index. $29.95 paper. competition, merchants used their advantages in finance to undermine artisan independence. Burn layers excite archaeologists. The layers Among their techniques, Cuddy suggests, was can often provide a record in the ground of arson, illustrated not only by two bakery fi res in specific events that mark major transforma- 1790s Alexandria and Annapolis, but also other tions in the lives of past people and societies. fi res in American cities such as a Philadelphia Whether it was a house, shop, or whole town factory fi re in 1790. that burned, fires change both landscapes and Following a contextually informative introduc- ways of life. Thomas W. Cuddy brings the tion, the book fi rst examines two bakeries built story of fi re and the potential role of arson to sequentially on a dockside lot in Annapolis. the archaeological investigation of capitalism in The fi rst, constructed in the early 18th century, early American towns. A key factor in his book specialized in ships bread, a product in demand Revolutionary Economies: What Archaeology in the Atlantic trade. The bakery site was a Reveals about the Birth of American Capitalism, compound domestic and working area devoted fire guides Cuddy to examine capitalism and to baking. Cuddy explores the perceived posi- the Industrial Revolution from a novel point of tion of bakers and bakeries as nuisances within view. What we learn is that capitalism was less their communities and works that were typically a gradual process of transformation than a radi- highly regulated, also noting that nothing in the cal change that impacted both work routines as archaeological record suggests anything unusual well as work sites. Moreover, capitalism is a about the site. He then turns to explore why process of making history under specifi c social this bakery was destroyed by fi re in 1790. He and economic circumstances that when teased establishes that the subsequent owner of the lot, out and contextually understood bring a deeper Frederick Grammar, was allied with merchants, signifi cance to the interpretation of archaeological one of whom became the new tenant in the discoveries and social change. building he constructed on top of the burned The subject of Revolutionary Economies is a bakery remains. Grammar also maintained a set of colonial and early American-era craft sites, bakery at the site, however, housed in a new especially bakeries, found in Annapolis, Maryland structure behind the merchant shop, though and Alexandria, Virginia. Cuddy was involved incorporating the earlier bakery’s well. The key in the excavation of these sites, which provides here is that the new bakery was part of a larger, readers with an insider’s view and comparative diversifi ed investment scheme in which the site reading that ties the sites, social processes, and was no longer under the direction of a skilled events together nicely. Moreover, Cuddy is an craftsperson but a merchant. The burn layer excellent writer. He easily breaks down com- found throughout the site under the new build- plicated social theory on capitalism and deftly ing refl ects this transformation, and may also be applies historical, archaeological, and economic evidence of the politics and action required for reasoning to the study of bakeries as sites of resolving the class confl ict between merchants class tension and conflicted social production. and artisans on early American urban sites. This The key to the book is the moment of capital- confl ict may be read as one in which the proper ist transformation, especially pronounced in the constituents of the American middle class were Chesapeake in the period after the Revolution- worked out. The question was whether it would ary War. Having suffered losses during the war, be those in control of craft-based skills or those

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):148–149. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 149 in control of fi nance. Cuddy paints a detailed set by competitor merchants, this fi re apparently portrait of how the direction of American capital- allowed Jamieson to improve his bakery, allowing ism fell into the hands of traders and merchants him and later his son to accumulate substantial and how artisan work declined into a commodi- wealth and social standing. The key to their fi ed labor defi ned by investment interests. success, however, was a transformation of the The next chapter in Revolutionary Economies trade into an industry, and themselves from bakers explores this transition in a different material reg- to investors and managers. A fi rst step was the ister: money. During the colonial period currency mechanization of labor, through which Jamieson was fl exible, defi ned in bartered goods as often employed a large number of enslaved bakers, as in hard money. This process drove certain while helping to keep a check on a growing pool insecurities and opportunities in the economy. of skilled competitors. He also invested in new Scots merchants capitalized by offering extensive ovens and new technologies. His son later installed credit to planters, a process Cuddy traces in the a steam engine which operated multistoried ovens development of new households and domestic and dough stamping machines. The steam engine consumption practices in rural Maryland. Cur- dramatically reduced the labor needs of the bakery rency issues are also revealed in a fascinating allowing the business to fall in line with growing archaeological discovery of an early American local antislavery sentiments. private mint in the basement of an Annapolis There is quite a lot of information and analysis household. This mint appears to have operated in contained in this relatively short 129-page book. the time after the collapse of the colonial credit Cuddy masterfully weaves together issues in market and before a centralized American cash fi nance, labor, class confl ict, and industrial devel- economy took off. The key for Cuddy is that the opment. He also provides essential archaeologi- mint was the initiative of a skilled craftsperson, cal data, including useful detailed discussions of refl ecting the desire to be active in, if not in bakery architecture and ceramics, which establish control of the new economy. This desired result a solid archaeological base for his interpretation did not come to be, as the federal government of broader social dynamics. Most signifi cantly, adopted a branch banking system that put cur- he creates a clear view of the historical materi- rency under central control. This system was one ality that gave rise to American capitalism, one that favored merchant interests and pulled artisans that includes both fi nance and fi res in the way into a system not of their own making. investment, management, and the quest for profi t Turning in the next chapter to consider the became normalized in early American towns. Jamieson Bakery in Alexandria, Virginia, Cuddy explores the mechanization of the baking trade into the middle of the 19th century. This story CHRISTOPHER N. MATTHEWS CENTER FOR PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY starts with another suspicious fi re. The fi re this DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY time occurred immediately after Andrew Jamieson HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY purchased a bakery compound in 1795. Presumably HEMPSTEAD, NY 11549 150

Building the Devil’s Empire: French In chapter 1, Dawdy examines various descrip- Colonial New Orleans tions of New Orleans by 18th-century commen- Shannon Lee Dawdy tators and connects them with Enlightenment thought. She investigates the production of natu- University of Chicago Press, ral histories and memoirs, the practice of colonial Chicago, IL, 2008. 336 pp., 7 color letter writing, the availability of printed works, pls., 8 halftones, 5 maps, 1 fi g., 2 and the establishment of educational institutions. tables. $35.00 cloth. In considering examples of different literary genres, Dawdy teases out a number of common Shannon Lee Dawdy’s Building the Devil’s themes, including New Orleans as a disorderly Empire: French Colonial New Orleans builds on city, the Louisiana experience as “noble adven- rich documentary research to paint a complicated ture,” and its inhabitants as illiterate and igno- picture of the social landscape of New Orleans rant. She calls these classifi cations into question in the fi rst half of the 18th century. Dawdy is and concludes that, in a sense, these writings simultaneously attentive to the dynamics at the show that New Orleans was “written off” and its local level, the broader scale of colonial policies, failure considered inevitable early in its history. and regional and global politicoeconomic context. In her second chapter, Dawdy considers plans It is at the intersection of these scales that she for the organization of New Orleans, highlighting builds her historical ethnography of New Orleans. the care with which terrain was surveyed and a The result is a fascinating text that will be of grid laid out, and the slow and diffi cult process interest both to specialists in French colonial his- of building a city that would conform to colonial tory, and more broadly to students of historical ideals. The author provides convincing evidence anthropology and historical archaeology. that efforts to control the natural environment In the preface and introduction, Dawdy sets the and space of the city indicated a desire to con- stage for her historical inquiry in light of Hur- trol the social environment for its inhabitants. In ricane Katrina and its aftermath. She refl ects on detailing the contemporary thought on the ideal the trauma of Katrina, and how it has affected city and urban planning in France, Dawdy offers her approach to the subject matter: the history important context for understanding the process of New Orleans’s reputation and character as a in the Louisiana colony. city, alternately cast as a place of indulgence, Chapter 3 addresses the economic dimensions pleasure, danger, violence, and disorder. Dawdy’s of New Orleans’s development, paying special goal is not so much to give historical depth to attention to the importance of smuggling in the these ideas, but to consider the origins of myths local economy. Dawdy examines how mercantil- about New Orleans. She suggests that hers will ist ideals were ignored or subverted by smug- be a patchwork story, most closely resembling glers and by local offi cials who were complicit the genre of the picaresque tale, “a series of in the illegal trade. She suggests that too much adventures or travel stories that coalesce to pres- focus on the colonial orientation toward the ent a characterization of the protagonist and his Atlantic world obscures the importance of the or her society” (p. xviii). Dawdy sets out with an Mississippi/Caribbean sphere, which was in episodic rather than a linear approach to history, many ways more important to French New concerned not with explaining particular historical Orleans. Here, she outlines an important dis- events, but with painting a picture of social rela- tinction between legal-political legitimacy and tions and the experience of everyday life. In this licit-social legitimacy. Even though many local vein, she begins each of the subsequent chapters economic activities were technically illegal, they with a narrative about a different individual were socially acceptable, and in this sense they from French New Orleans, inviting the reader were part of a newly emerging social order. to consider the individual’s diverse perspectives This section of Building the Devil’s Empire and experiences. weaves an intricate argument about the political

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):150–151. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 151 economy of smuggling, which complicates our summarizing the arguments that are developed picture of social, economic, and political rela- throughout the text, she then elaborates on the tions in New Orleans. theoretical implications of her work for the In chapter 4, Dawdy examines social organiza- broader study of colonialism. One of the central tion in New Orleans, considering early attempts dynamics observed is that “few of the plans and at social engineering, development of new forms experiments designed for Louisiana worked out” of hierarchy, and shifts in social mobility. Again, (p. 229). Here Dawdy touches on an important the confl icts between colonial intentions and local issue in studying colonial societies and one that practice are apparent as Dawdy compares metro- is central to the case study: the tension between politan plans with what was actually built on the colonial policy and local practice. Dawdy further ground and how it changed through time. She considers the relevance of her analysis of New explains that the early plans for New Orleans’s Orleans to scholars of colonialism and modernity. layout dictated a spatial segregation of African She engages a number of theoretical ideas to slaves and Native Americans, with the city itself develop her arguments more fully around the reserved for free whites. Within that space, allot- concepts of rogue colonialism, smuggling and ment of land followed a rigid pattern according banditry, legality versus licitness, and foundations to class standing. While plans for strict segrega- for revolutionary upheaval. tion were ultimately unsuccessful, the legacy of Some archaeologists may read Building the this vision for the city endured. Dawdy uses Devil’s Empire and cite the integration of limited census records to examine the changing demo- archaeological material as a weakness of the study, graphics of the city and considers the categories but this critique would be short sighted. Dawdy used by census takers to classify residents along brings an archaeological sensibility to the subject lines of race, age, gender, profession, and legal matter, considering the material dimensions of status. She links census taking to efforts at social processes and focusing her gaze on issues social control, and observes in the data degrees such as social engineering, spatial segregation, and of social mobility and the emergence of a new fortifi cation and division of properties, but this creole social hierarchy. work is best understood and evaluated as an his- Chapter 5 examines law, discipline, and vio- torical ethnography. Where possible (and relevant), lence in the colony, considering how the power she integrates information from excavations of a structure shifted between the founding genera- local cemetery, a household site, or a New Orleans tion and creole generations. Dawdy suggests that inn, but her project is more question driven than Louisiana’s Superior Council claimed increasing site or assemblage based. In Building the Devil’s levels of power and autonomy for itself over the Empire, Dawdy artfully weaves the story of early course of its existence. The Code Noir, intended New Orleans, focuses her attention on the details to regulate the practice of slavery, was selectively of the everyday lives of its inhabitants, and makes enforced, and by the second and third generations, forceful arguments for the broader signifi cance of slave owners were exercising greater degrees of her fi ndings in regard to the nature and workings authority over discipline of the enslaved class. of colonialism. In this sense, she contributes both At the same time, recorded incidents of violent a substantive case study and an important theoreti- crime were increasing. Dawdy sees these changes cal refl ection that pushes forward scholarly thought as evidence of growing class tensions and a shift on colonial empires. in the location of colonial power from the realm of the king to the sphere of creole elites. HEATHER GIBSON In her conclusion, Dawdy tells the story SCHOOL OF WORLD STUDIES VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY of the introduction of Spanish rule and the 312 N. SHAFER STREET rogue New Orleans residents who declared it PO BOX 842021 illegitimate and revolted in 1768. In addition to RICHMOND, VA 23284-2021 152

Gold Rush Port: The Maritime the interaction of maritime systems as a subset of Archaeology of San Francisco’s world systems theory, explaining the development Waterfront of the city’s waterfront and entrepôt, and its role as a maritime frontier separated from the rest of James P. Delgado the continent by vast amounts of land. Delgado University of California Press, effectively ties San Francisco in the early years Berkeley, 2009. 256 pp., index. of its development to a growing global economy $45.00 cloth. paying particular attention to the merchants driv- ing the maritime economy and global commerce. Directed toward an academic audience, Gold The early history of trade along the Pacifi c Rush Port: The Maritime Archaeology of San Coast is effectively explored, including ties to the Francisco’s Waterfront, is a comprehensive South American port of Valparaíso, California’s archaeological and historical study of the rise trade ties to Hawaii, and the 1820 opening of the of San Francisco as a maritime frontier and Chinese port at Canton (p. 42). In addition, atten- principal port of the Pacifi c Ocean. James Del- tion is paid to the Pacifi c Northwest fur trade, gado argues that the city’s rise, while frequently and the growth of American interest in expan- credited to the gold rush, was connected to pre- sion. Delgado argues that these elements establish existing Pacifi c and global maritime trade and the importance of California ports before the commerce driven by capitalistic intentions. In gold rush. Emphasizing the role of capitalistic addition, he proposes the city was not a frontier merchants in the growth of San Francisco, the in the traditional sense, but rather part of a mari- author focuses on E. Mickle & Company, a fi rm time frontier, operating as an entrepôt, or zone familiar with South American trade, operating of free exchange. Supporting his hypotheses, the between San Francisco and Valparaíso in the author relies heavily on a theoretical base in con- early 19th century. Utilizing newspapers and lists junction with primary sources and archaeological of commodities traded by the fi rm, an analysis research. In particular, interest is focused on of the origins of these cultural materials as well three abandoned storeships, the Niantic, Apollo, as the intended consumers is possible. Credit for and General Harrison, as well as Hoff’s Store, the development of San Francisco’s waterfront a mercantile site. is given to these ambitious merchants who built Delgado suggests San Francisco is an artifact long wharves, floating warehouses, and used of maritime systems at play in the Pacifi c during storeships to overcome a shallow bay and create the fi rst half of the 19th century. His use of mul- a working waterfront to serve their capitalistic tiple lines of theory is important in furthering the purposes. Their use of storeships is particularly discipline of maritime archaeology, criticized fre- interesting, and the archaeology of these ships quently for its lack of theoretical perception. Sev- aids in the interpretation of material culture and eral theoretical perspectives serve to support the the socioeconomics of developing San Francisco. author’s hypotheses, including elements from the Three storeships, Niantic, Apollo, and General Annales school’s world systems theory, maritime Harrison, as well as their cargos, served as arti- systems theory, and a blend of urban archaeol- facts for archaeological study and interpretation. ogy and frontier theory (pp. 15–31). A parallel is All three vessels were surrounded by landfill drawn between the Annales school’s longue dureé during reconstruction of San Francisco’s vast and the role of San Francisco in the worldwide wharf system. The ships were in varying states development of capitalism, a period of slow of preservation during archaeological study. Del- change, repetition, and recurring cycles (p. 15). gado hypothesizes that the cargoes sent to Cali- In contrast, the boom brought about by the rush fornia during the years 1849–1851 should refl ect for gold in California (1848–1849), is classifi ed evidence of global maritime supply systems as an événement, or short period relating to a (p. 137). Specifi cally, cargos should refl ect the specifi c incident (p. 28). The author also assesses merchant’s intent to construct and support San

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):152–153. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 153

Francisco as an entrepôt. Delgado uses a variety arguments are well supported with archaeological of primary sources to aid in his interpretation, evidence and a strong theoretical base. adding information to his study of the cargo as Delgado’s volume is both comprehensive and material culture. The storeships themselves pose interesting, adding to the knowledge of San an interesting study, answering questions about a Francisco’s archaeology and history, and global storeship’s systemic use, eventual abandonment, maritime trade. The author’s use of a strong and entrance into the archaeological record. The theoretical base to support his arguments is reader is rewarded with historic photographs of educational and stands as an example for future the three storeships, as well as archaeological maritime archaeological studies. The research into photographs taken in situ. Delgado expands his the merchants’ of San Francisco is interesting and archaeological sampling with a discussion of convincing. The author illustrates the activities Hoff’s store and its assemblage, adding to the of E. Mickle & Company, to the great satisfac- understanding of world and maritime systems tion of this reviewer, bringing into sharp focus present during the city’s growth. the need for this type of penetrating research The author concludes his volume with a dis- into other merchants operating in San Francisco cussion of San Francisco’s emergence as a mid- concurrently. The use of primary sources, historic 19th-century expression of European American and archaeological photographs, and informational expansion and the formation of the world econ- tables aid in bringing early San Francisco into omy. He argues that the maritime system worked the reader’s imagination. Directed to an academic as a mechanism of integration, bringing the audience, Gold Rush Port is of value to those Pacifi c region into the world economic system, interested in maritime archaeology and history, with trade systems acting as a dominant factor in particularly as they relate to global trade ties San Francisco’s rise (pp. 164–165). In addition, and expansion. he redefi nes San Francisco as a frontier, arguing for its growth from outpost to entrepôt as the JACQUELINE ARCOTTE effect of maritime systems, as access was primar- M PROGRAM IN MARITIME STUDIES ily by sea, the only mode of effi cient transport EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY of the commodities required for growth. These GREENVILLE, NC 27858 154

Khubilai Khan’s Lost Fleet: In Search Khubilai Khan’s subjugation of China’s Southern of a Legendary Armada Song dynasty and his attempted conquests of James P. Delgado other lands beyond China, especially Japan. Khu- bilai Khan differed from his grandfather. Khubilai University of California Press, Khan, educated by Chinese scholars, was more Berkeley, 2008. 256 pp., 27 illus., interested in conquering people than destroying index. $29.95 cloth. them. Throughout the chapter the author dis- cusses some of the great works commissioned According to the Chinese and Korean chroni- by Khubilai Khan. clers, Khubilai Khan twice tried to invade the Chapter 5 reviews the history of the Song islands of Japan in the 13th century. Both times dynasty. From the 11th through the 13th centu- the Japanese claimed they were saved by a ries, Song China was the most technologically divine wind, or kamikazi, and both armadas sank. advanced dominion in the world, and contained Yet no traces of the vessels remained. In the some of the world’s largest cities. During the early 1980s a Japanese engineer developed a new 11th and 12th centuries the Song dynasty lost its electronic device that could detect objects buried northern territories to nomadic invaders. Without beneath the seafl oor. After discovering several these lands, the Southern Song were unable to relevant artifacts using this device, in addition obtain large numbers of horses for their armies. to those discovered by fi sherman over the years, To compensate for this the Song chose to use the island of Takashima was acknowledged to be natural barriers to defend their southern territo- the most likely location for Khubilai Khan’s lost ries. These natural barriers were rivers, and the fl eet. Since then Japan has been developing its Song developed river warfare into an art. This underwater archaeology program and conducting chapter also takes the opportunity to discuss excavations along the coast of Takashima. some of the archaeological excavations of Song- In his book, Delgado takes a look at the his- dynasty river junks. tory of the invasion and explores the background Chapter 6 begins with a description of how of the excavations of Khubilai Khan’s once-lost parts of Japan were utterly destroyed when the fl eet. The fi rst chapter introduces the reader to United States conducted its relentless bombings Kakozaki, a war-torn area which houses several during World War II. After the Second World shrines and monuments pertaining to the Mongol War, Japan began clearing the rubble and rebuild- invasion. He also introduces the reader to the ing. During the reconstruction, Japan began to legend of Ghenkō, the Japanese term for the rediscover its past after fi nding historical sites Mongol invasions of Japan. and artifacts. One of the most signifi cant fi nds Chapter 2 discusses the history of the mariners was a Mongol seal that gave archaeologists a of the Far East, a subject that has not been stud- substantial connection to Khubilai Khan’s incur- ied in great detail by the West. Although this is sions into Japan. This chapter also expands on a huge topic, this chapter recaps the technological the discussion of trade between mainland China development of seafaring and river vessels, along and Japan. with the growth of trade throughout the history The following chapter describes Khubilai of China, Korea, and Japan. Khan’s fi rst invasion of Japan, which took place The next two chapters give a brief history of in 1274. The story begins with Khubilai Khan’s the Mongol invasions and the rise of Genghis attempt to subjugate the Japanese by negotia- Khan and his grandson Khubilai Khan. Geng- tion, which ultimately failed. It is in this chap- his Khan is well known in history as a great ter that a very important historical document is conqueror and as a barbarian who committed introduced, “Moko Shurai Ekotoba,” the Mongol horrible atrocities across northern China and into Invasion Scrolls. The last part of the chapter central Asia. His policy of expansion was con- describes the 1274 invasion and how the Mon- tinued by his descendents and culminated with gols were initially successful. After several days

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):154–155. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 155 of fi ghting the Mongols returned to their vessels; leading the excavations of Khubilai Khan’s fl eet the next morning the vessels were no longer at the island of Takashima. there. The chapter concludes by explaining how The significance of chapter 11 is the intro- the various sources give different reasons for duction of America’s leading archaeologist of the loss of the fl eet, yet none seems to offer a Khubilai Khan’s fleet, Randall Sasaki. Sasaki defi nitive account. conducted several wood analyses at Takashima The eighth chapter picks up the story after and attempted to determine where the recov- the 1274 invasion and Khubilai Khan’s attempt ered vessels had been built. His work has led to subdue the Japanese through political means. some scholars to suggest the fleet may have Again the Japanese refuse and prepare for been poorly constructed, existing vessels hastily another invasion. Khubilai Khan also prepared repaired prior to the invasion, and the possibility for war by creating a much larger armada with of sabotage. a greater number of troops. The second invasion The last chapter goes beyond the invasion of took place in 1281, and this chapter describes Japan. The Mongols also tried to invade the the Mongols’ success and diffi culties. The 1281 Cham, Java, and Ðai Viêt. The invasions failed, invasion failed, and the historical records state a which overburdened Khubilai Khan’s empire. The storm sank the armada. According to the Japa- incursions may have been failures for the Great nese, they again were saved by kamikazi. Khan, but if the related vessels could be found The next chapter expands on the term kami- they would provide scholars with a great deal of kazi and its meaning to the Japanese, especially knowledge regarding the history, the people, and during the Second World War. It also delves into the events that took place over 700 years ago. the establishment of modern Japan during the This review hardly does justice to Delgado’s 20th century. The context of this chapter focuses book and his research. Although the book is not primarily on the confl ict with Russia and then an in-depth detailed account of the archaeologi- the United States. Although this information is cal or historical record, it is a fantastic overview interesting, it deviates from the subject of the of the historical events and the work conducted Mongol invasions. The book could have been by archaeologists in Japan. The author brings strengthened with a greater emphasis on the together all the available resources and provides archaeological evidence. a very good overview of Khubilai Khan’s once- Chapter 10 changes modes and begins to focus missing fl eet. The chapters are augmented with on the archaeology. The chapter describes the maps, black-and-white photos, and an extensive story of Japan’s founding father of underwater list of sources. James Delgado’s experience as archaeology, Torao Mozai. Mozai is the scien- an underwater archaeologist and explorer makes tist who developed the device to detect objects this book quite intriguing and a worthwhile read. buried under the ocean fl oor. This chapter also CHRIS HANSON introduces another important Japanese figure, 3000 S. HIGGINS AVENUE I12 Kenzo Hayashida, the archaeologist who is now MISSOULA, MT 59801 156

The Early American Table of the 18th century. Trudy Eden Eden uses two early American examples, Wil- Northern Illinois Press, DeKalb, liam Byrd II and Cotton Mather, to illustrate the gradual transition from prescientifi c humoral 2008. 203 pp., 17 illus. $37.00 cloth. theories to acceptance of modern scientifi c think- ing. The shift in recognition of the body from Trudy Eden’s examination of the sociocultural a mysterious, humoral entity to a mechanical, and political pressures infl uencing English colo- scientifi c entity, coupled with the growing food nial food choices provides unexpected insight supply available to all colonials, threatened the into the minds of colonial diners. Europeans in social status of elite Americans. Eden’s skillful the 17th and 18th centuries believed food was analysis of the notes and sermons of Mather not only essential for physically sustaining the reveals his preoccupation with the association body; it was also essential in shaping the indi- between food, sin, and virtue. Mather believed vidual’s moral character. The quality of the food strongly in the golden mean and the dietary bal- consumed was directly responsible for balancing ance necessary for food security and subsequent the health, moral consciousness, and social status virtue. To confi rm her theories on the strength of the individual consumer. of humoral thought in the 17th century, Eden Eden argues that the quest for dietary balance, draws on Mather’s beliefs: that gluttony was a known to educated Englishmen as the golden sin of quality, not of quantity (beginning with mean, was the primary infl uence for food selec- Eve’s bite of the apple), that fasting and rigid tion. The golden mean, based on the humoral dietary control were essential to obtaining Chris- theories of ancient philosophers, was a balance tian virtue, and that digestion was a part of a between hot, cold, wet, and dry. All foods were person’s spirituality. classifi ed within one of these four categories. The While Mather’s actions were largely directed health of the individual relied upon consumption to teaching religion to sinners and warding off of foods from the four categories to maintain, the evils of personal gluttony, William Byrd’s or when necessary, to shift the humoral balance references to humoral management were of a of the body for optimal health. Eden explains personal nature. As a member of the elite Byrd the English tendency to shun plentiful quantities enjoyed the dual luxuries of superior-quality food of low-status foods in favor of near-starvation and the leisure time suffi cient for rigid scheduling rations of high-status foods as a conscious of diet and activity. Eden devotes several pages to attempt to attain humoral balance and achieve the William Byrd and his detailed activities, relying golden mean. The infl uence of ancient humoral on Byrd’s preoccupation with balance to support theories was part of the cultural baggage elite her theories on the colonial quest for the golden Englishmen imported to the New World. mean. Byrd’s diaries were unique because they In addition to physical balance, Eden attri- span a period of over 35 years, a period which butes achievement of the golden mean as a ran parallel to the shift from humoral to scientifi c vital determinant of a person’s virtue and social thought. Throughout Byrd’s journals, his comments status. During the middle of the 17th century, on mundane daily activities and the consequences individuals enjoying higher-quality diets consid- (or lack thereof) resulting from the consumption of ered themselves entitled to rule people eating particular foods refl ected the progressive changes lower-quality foods because superior diets estab- related to food in colonial society. lished the golden mean, subsequently producing Eden contrasts the health-related, humoral a character of the highest virtue. According to concerns of the 17th century with the new Eden, entitlement to rule based on the superior golden mean of the 18th century––social status virtue of humoral balance persisted in English and its relation to food consumption among the societies until humoral theories were replaced elite. Eden uses Alexander Hamilton’s notes on with modern scientifi c thought during the course the Tuesday Club to illustrate evolving colonial

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):156–157. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 157 perceptions on the relationship between food the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Successful and social status. The Tuesday Club, a men’s agricultural production, coupled with the addition club active in the middle of the 18th century, of selected native foods to traditional English established rules regarding refreshments served foodways, signifi cantly increased the available during club meetings. Each member hosted the food supply in colonial America. Eden insists meeting in turn and was expected to provide one the amount and quality of available food was (and only one) appropriate dish for refreshment responsible for the changing power base in the of the members. Controversy over the quality of colonies, enabling a rapidly growing middle class the food offered by members hosting the meet- of yeoman farmers to challenge the authority ings was frequent. Members considered some of elite rule. Her interpretation of the changing foods too simple, as in the case of hominy or American food supply and its effect on the upper cheese dishes, while other foods, a lavishly iced class is a unique approach to food history. Her cake for example, were considered too rich. The selections of Mather, Byrd, and Hamilton and members felt the consumption of both simple and their documentation of food in America were lavish foods endangered the balance required to good choices to represent her thesis. Her book maintain the golden mean and its resultant virtue, is well written and easy to read. virtue which ultimately set the elite apart socially from the common man. SUE HARDING GURLEY The Early American Table chronicles the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY changing perceptions of colonials as the humoral EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY theories of body image, health, and food gave GREENVILLE, NC 27858 way to the emergence of scientifi c thought during 158

Crossroads and Cosmologies: range from an object of African American reli- Diaspora and Ethnogenesis gious symbolism, such as the variety of objects in the New World on which “X” marks were placed, to one more reflective of European American practices. In Christopher C. Fennell subsequent chapters Fennell explores the inter- University of Florida Press, pretation of this single artifact, but the central Tallahassee, 2007. 170 pp., 5 b&w focus of the text moves from that of a single photos, 11 illus., 3 maps. $59.95 archaeological site to methodology and uncover- cloth. ing the best way for diasporic scholars to inter- pret religious and other symbolic belief systems from material remains. In Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diaspora and Fennell implores readers to address the inter- Ethnogenesis in the New World, Fennell presents pretation of belief systems within cultures through an interpretive model that is useful to many the sophisticated lens or concept of “ethnogenic scholars of the African diaspora by simply asking bricolage.” Building on the famous works of how best to interpret a small clay artifact found Claude Lévi-Strauss, Fennell’s ethnogenic brico- while investigating a log cabin site in Loudoun lage examines how the interaction of individuals County, Virginia. For archaeologists who work from diverse social backgrounds works to create within the African Americas the interpretation new symbolic and expressive forms and cultural of how African belief systems were translated practices. In chapters 3 and 4 Fennell moves to or changed within New World settings has long a concise and thoughtful discussion concerning been a topic of interest. A small clay fi gurine, the key concepts of core symbolism, ethnohistoric found underneath a Loudoun County log cabin, analogy, emblematic versus instrumental forms is shown to have the potential to refl ect either of communication, and ultimately the creation African (BaKongo) or European American of a predictive model to interpret the confl uence (German) belief systems. In addressing which of diverse African cultures and social systems cultural groups are represented Fennell presents in the New World. Central to this methodol- a refreshing and thoughtful examination of how ogy is the consideration of core symbols and historical archaeologists can better interpret reli- what form along a spectrum social practices can gious and symbolic meaning. take, ranging from those designed for individual In chapter 2 Fennell begins by exploring the or private (instrumental) use to those refl ecting history of a European American family of German public or group behaviors (emblematic). Through heritage which fi rst leased and then owned land in core symbols, cultural groups are said to express Loudoun County, Virginia at the end of the 18th fundamental principles of group identity and cos- and the beginning of the 19th centuries. In the mological beliefs. When looking at iterations of course of conducting archaeological investigations core symbols, Fennel seeks to identify how new the interpretation of one found object becomes the symbology might develop from the interaction central focus for the chapters to follow. of multiple cultural groups within diasporic set- Specifi cally, a clay skull with raised lettering tings. Exploring how belief systems change over on the back is found buried under the floor- time, what is emphasized here is how behaviors boards of a cabin owned by the Demory family. reflect not simply older, static belief systems According to Fennel this cabin could have been transplanted from unspecifi ed African cultures, occupied by a member of the Demory family, but a detailed model of how new dynamic sym- or possibly been the home for one of the family bolic systems are created, depending on context slaves, though only a small number of enslaved and multiple lines of evidence. persons worked for the Demory’s at this time. In chapter 5 Fennell explores artifacts that A number of possibilities are then presented for refl ect fundamental aspects of group identity and the interpretation of the skull artifact, and these belief systems within a number of New World

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):158–159. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 159 settings. Discussion focuses not only on the as Haiti, Brazil, Virginia, or any number of Demory site but also sites in Maryland, Texas, other settings within the New World, old cultural Cuba, Haiti, and Brazil. In chapter 6 Fennel groups may not have survived as they had been, presents a detailed history of Germanic belief but would form new dynamic forms of symbolic systems and analyzes the applicability of these communication, both in public and private spaces. to the interpretation of the Demory site and the In turn this would lead to the creation of newer previously mentioned clay skull artifact. In doing social networks that would then be passed on so a predictive model is developed, based on the to succeeding generations. In examining this context within which the artifact in question was process––“ethnogenic bricolage”––both professors found. Was the artifact refl ective of a specifi c and students of anthropology and beyond may African cultural belief system? If so, could other fi nd themselves exploring old and new archaeo- objects be found which also refl ect specifi c Afri- logical sites with a different set of eyes, looking can cosmological belief systems? Does historic at items of religious and ritual signifi cance in documentation show whether the cultural group new ways. The book then would certainly be alluded to was known to have resided in the a welcome addition to any upper-level under- geographic area of the archaeological site under graduate or graduate class, and it would defi nitely examination? Fennel’s key contributions here appeal to scholars whose interests lie in the inter- are twofold and can be seen in a willingness to pretation of symbolic interactions among African explore the complex methods with which multiple diasporic peoples in the New World. social groups meaningfully interact and change over time, along with consideration of whether the behavior in question was intended for private NANCY A. PHAUP or public consumption. DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY When a diverse range of cultural groups from PO BOX 8795 Africa found themselves situated in locales such WILLIAMSBURG, VA. 23187-8795 160

The Archaeology of North American Groover addresses the biggest challenge for Farmsteads advocates of farmstead archaeology in the realm Mark D. Groover of CRM and research––their great numbers and the fact that many farmstead sites date University Press of Florida, from the 20th century. He uses census data to Gainesville, 2008. 160 pp., illus., mark numerical trends in U.S. farms. A basic index. $24.95 paper. fi gure shows the number of farmsteads peak- ing at the turn of the 20th century. Groover This slim volume will prove invaluable to notes this process is in itself worthy of study. professionals pondering the archaeological sig- It underlines the rise of corporate farms at the nificance of America’s farmsteads, one of the expense of family ones as well as demonstrat- country’s more ubiquitous historic property ing the infl uence of 20th-century urbanization types. Varied research questions, multiple ana- and migration patterns on rural culture. After lytical scales, interesting analytical methods, and introducing the case studies, Groover describes regional and temporal farmstead variation are and compares their respective material trends, addressed in the context of academic research landscape changes, and household lifecycles. and cultural resource management (CRM) assess- Three regions are investigated: the Northeast, ment. Groover’s book will be a useful supple- Southeast, and Midwest; and three time periods mental teaching text, and students will fi nd the within each region: colonial, antebellum/federal, case studies informative. This book does not and postbellum/20th century. Substantive ques- purport to cover all regions of the United States tions are asked in each of the case studies, and or all types of agrarian sites. For the regions interesting cultural parallels and differences are and time periods discussed there is a wealth of found. Groover is unapologetic about this cul- comparative information on farmsteads. tural history and cultural region organizational Farmstead archaeology is a burgeoning fi eld scheme, as he fi nds it quite useful. in historical archaeology, in part because, as Chapter 2 provides a thorough overview of Groover writes, there are “thousands” (millions) past and present farmstead archaeology research of agrarian homestead sites across the landscape. topics. Groover discusses the maturation of stud- Groover’s goal is to illustrate to students and ies such as those focusing on socioeconomic professionals possible ways to frame site-specifi c, factors, portable material culture, and landscape. regional, and even national research questions. He explains how simplistic notions about the He offers up case studies and iterates through- relationship of wealth and agrarian material cul- out that there are myriad additional questions ture display have been dispelled in the decades that can be asked and methods that can be since the 1980s. Groover also discusses the foci applied in this fi eld. He sees that the “challenge of various kinds of investigations such as socio- for historical archaeologists is to systematically economics, with questions centering on the inter- defi ne the range of material characteristics and action of economic position (poverty, middling conditions that rural farm families experienced” income, wealth), tenure (laborer, tenant, renter, over time and space (p. 10). He addresses broad owner), race or ethnicity (African American, cultural processes of industrialization, migration, European American, Native American, mixed), consumerism, colonization, and modernization, and their varying expression in settlement pat- and how they are differentially expressed at the tern, architecture, midden, and portable material regional and local levels. He hopes to stimulate culture. This chapter has a straightforward sum- formation of a structured network of farmstead mation of potential primary documents to aid specialists to exchange data and theories, paral- potential researchers. It also has a nice section leling dynamic plantation and African diaspora on basic CRM procedures, especially in light archaeology interchanges. of significance determinations at the site and

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):160–161. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 161 district levels. He emphasizes that sites have to lot layouts, and landuse and labor patterns. be judged within a research agenda but also in Region, time, household lifecycle, wealth, tenure light of their physical condition, rarity, and other type, gender, personal tastes, and other factors archaeological qualities. also infl uence archaeological site signatures. A research design guides creation of contexts The case studies explored in chapters 3 through and subsequent significance determinations. 5 are varied and detailed enough to be interest- Research designs also are necessary for long-term ing. The fi gures are simple but clear, and archae- academic research programs. Research design ological descriptions easy to follow. Before dis- and context, Groover argues in chapter 2, is cussing individual farmsteads Groover provides a provided by taking a number of key steps. He rich discussion of broad patterns of time-specifi c begins by using world systems theory as a theme traits, such as architectural styles and primary connecting farmsteads to broad socioeconomic consumption patterns. Groover draws attention to processes such as colonization. He recommends the uniqueness of many of the farms and their developing a detailed, regional-specifi c historic inhabitants while at the same time illuminating context. Historic contexts are constructed from regional themes and commonalities. For example, geographical, archaeological, and historical he compares and contrasts colonial midwestern sources outlining major regional trends. He French farmers and their lots to English patterns mentions that state historic preservation offi ces at Kingsmill in Virginia. It is an effective dem- often have partial or completed contexts (he onstration of the approach he advocates. Groover calls them a synthesis) for their state regions. showcases other archaeologists’ research designs Regional cultural and archaeological data are and successful projects as well as his own. In aids in developing pertinent site-specifi c questions the last chapter Groover reiterates major points. and interpretation. Groover advocates that He does tend to repeat himself throughout the regional analysts consider cultural and economic book, but most will fi nd it a useful tactic. He processes such as mercantilism transformations effectively illustrates that farmsteads are cultural to capitalism, as occurring at “medium-scale resources that should continue to be investigated time” (p. 20). Long scale must be along the in historical archaeology. lines of prehistoric farming. Archaeologists use a multiscaled analysis of the farmstead, area, and LINDA TINE region, and consider results in light of events F. S DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY and time scales. In a smaller scope, he reminds UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT GREENSBORO researchers that different types of crops and 436 GRAHAM livestock often required specialized outbuildings, GREENSBORO, NC 27412 162

Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the This section begins with an overview of written Past: A Guide to Techniques in source types that contain references to seismic Historical Seismology phenomena, using detailed and specifi c examples to discuss the methods and hermeneutic rules of Emanuela Guidoboni and the historical discipline. Examples also demon- John E. Ebel strate the methodology used to extract data for Cambridge University Press, seismological questions. A discussion of scientifi c Cambridge, UK, 2009. 602 pp., sources outlines different understandings of earth- 140 b&w illus. $160.00 cloth. quake and tsunami phenomena from the ancient world to modern theories, thus setting a changing scene in which facts were recorded historically. Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Past prom- Other types of sources that are discussed in this ises to guide the researcher through a multi- section are cartography, iconography, photography, disciplinary web of methods and sources that and films; as well as oral, ethnographic, and situate seismic and tsunamigenic events and anthropological sources. This section brings our effects within their human and historical contexts. attention to two aspects of utmost importance in Guidoboni and Ebel describe the discipline of historical understandings of events in the past: historical seismology to serve an intersecting the usage of silences and negative facts, and audience: scientists who benefi t from knowledge issues of chronology and duration. A detailed of historical earthquakes and tsunamis and their review of different cultural dating styles and con- effects, and historians who wish to understand cepts of time closes this section, but this topic these phenomena and their effect on the societ- recurs throughout the guide as needed. Part 3 ies they study. Approaching multidisciplinary (chaps. 8–13) offers practical guidelines for the questions is a job of reciprocal translation. As analysis of historical earthquake data, providing the authors clearly explain, historical seismology more concrete examples for the application of the translates seismological questions into histo- methodologies introduced. Case studies reviewed riographical questions, fi nds answers, and then are also aimed at answering specific seismic translates the results back into seismological questions. The authors provide guidance for the terms. The authors deliver a rich body of work processing of historical records through historical that weaves together theoretical concepts with validation. A chapter is dedicated to the process illustrated case studies, primarily from Europe but that creates historical seismic data, demonstrat- also from North Africa, the Middle East, central ing the construction of scenarios from different Asia, and the Americas. sources. This analysis encourages a consideration The guide is divided into three sections, of a wider range of factors in the construction of making it particularly useful as a reference text. scenarios: human impact, associated technological In part 1 (chaps. 1 and 2) the authors address the developments, and the effects of phenomena on defi ning boundaries of historical seismology, its the natural environment, among others. Archaeol- history, and the key conceptual frameworks that ogy is specifi cally addressed in chapter 11, as a highlight the value of the research approach: its way to widen the chronological window through multidisciplinarity, the repeatability of its process, which earthquake observations are obtained, and the particularity of regional contexts that it discussing the traces of earthquakes in archaeo- considers. The signifi cance of the fi eld is out- logical sites and in monuments. The fi nal chapter lined for both historical and scientifi c objectives. addresses how to derive earthquake source, shak- Here the authors make a point to avoid techni- ing, and tsunami parameters from historical data. cal language in order to establish a common A glossary and bibliographical summary appen- set of concepts and defi nitions. Part 2 (chaps. dices further strengthen this text as a reference 3–7) addresses issues concerning the interpreta- manual and guide for historical seismologists, as tion of historical earthquake and tsunami data. well as cultural heritage managers, archaeologists,

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):162–163. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 163 anthropologists, and geographers interested in a provide encouraging guidance for carrying out holistic approach to these natural phenomena. comparable research to contribute to the comple- One of the few weaknesses of Earthquakes and tion of regional earthquake catalogues, however. Tsunamis in the Past is an ambitious but uneasy Earthquakes and tsunamis have strongly affected inclusion of nonfactual sources from the past in a human societies in the past and are still a par- framework that seeks to provide rational facts for ticularly relevant concern in need of further scientifi c objectives. For example, the integration understanding in contemporary and historical of oral and ethnographic sources within a meth- contexts. For such a specialized topic, this odology that strives for a separation of scientifi c volume preserves a high degree of versatility, fact, history, and memory risks the marginaliza- thoroughly reviewing a wide range of types of tion of local understandings of earthquakes and archival sources for their strengths and weak- tsunamis, although the authors show awareness nesses, and offering experienced advice for the of their value as indicators of local perception. treatment of each type of source. The authors Those working on different aspects of the mate- adequately consider issues of chronology and riality of disasters will also fi nd these sources dating in every section, particularly the issue of unfairly judged. Buildings and ruins as witnesses contemporaneity, which cannot always be rigidly and transmitters of causality have a role to play applied for this type of data. By integrating in the making of historical “facts,” and in the theory and practice inseparably, this guide builds effective translation and sustainable implementa- a gradual understanding of concepts, incorporat- tion of seismic facts into policy and education. ing an awareness of caveats for completing a Guidoboni and Ebel put together a valuable research plan with confi dence. tool that is able to see researchers through the process that validates historical qualitative data as authentic and authoritative data for use in TRINIDAD RICO DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY scientifi cally oriented research. The geographical MAIN QUAD, BUILDING 50, 450 SERRA MALL area considered through case studies is broad STANFORD UNIVERSITY but not globally comprehensive. The studies STANFORD, CA 94305 164

The Native American World Beyond in the Yamasee War, the repercussions of which Apalachee: West Florida and the form the climax of this volume and Hann’s Chattahoochee Valley penultimate chapter. Hann takes us through the history of this world John H. Hann with great care, paying much attention to the University Press of Florida, details of Native American life while also clearly Gainesville, 2006. 250 pp., 2 fi gs., (to the extent possible) tracing the shifts in politi- index. $55.00 cloth. cal alliances and cultural identities that shaped native responses to the European presence. For Unstable is the most benign way to describe the scholar of the Southeast, the coverage of the the way of life of Native Americans inhabiting individual groups is Swantonesque in scope, but that sliver of land between the Red Hills of with an anthropological richness and concern for Apalachee and the Gulf of Mexico between the historical process that Swanton lacked. Hann is late 16th century and the early 18th. Violent, interested in interaction more than classifi cation. volatile, and precarious also equally apply. The He is very fair in his appraisal of the works first 200 years of European contact were not of others, most of whom are not of his caliber, kind to these people of the Gulf Coast and and lays out an even review of the literature. coastal plain even though they were beyond Through this it becomes clear that the scholarly the population centers that held major Spanish bias toward Anglo documentary sources has seri- interest. These people on the margins of contact ously shortchanged the cultural history of West were to fi nd out that the push and pull of the Florida and the Chattahoochee Valley, which contact dynamic often spilled over into their Hann’s un-Swantonlike slim volume, based on territories, immersing them in a world in which Spanish archival documents, now rectifi es. Hann it was not possible to stay neutral or on the also eagerly wades into the archaeological litera- edge. Some of these people, as historian John ture, showing himself capable of understanding Hann amply demonstrates, emerge as Lower the nuances of archaeological debate (often times Creeks and become central to the history of mystifying to the outsider) and reaching original European and ultimately American relations with conclusions. His discussion of the archaeological the Native Americans of the Southeast. Hann, evidence of population collapse and its conse- like no scholar before, tells this story using an quences (pp. 16–20) is a fi ne example of Hann’s array of Spanish documents, and in so doing scholarly agility and sensitivity to archaeological also elucidates the cultural histories of lesser perspectives. He synthesizes the various archaeo- known groups of West Florida, including (in logical scenarios to propose that native chiefdoms one chapter) the Amacano, Chine, Chacato, and existed in this region prior to Spanish contact, Pacara, reserving entire chapters for the Chisca, and experienced cycles of population replacement Pansacola, and Apalachicoli tribes. Although and in situ development. linguistically and culturally distinct, all groups There a few minor quibbles, probably of concern shared a similar trajectory in their relations with only to the hyperspecialist. The Lamar mounds the Spanish. After initial acceptance and seeming site is within the jurisdiction of the Ocmulgee acquiescence in Spanish influence, usually National Monument but is geographically separate extended in the person of a priest, unresolved from the main (visitor-accessible) mound complex, tensions erupted into violence directed at the which is not the impression given on page 15. person or the system, but inevitably resulting When discussing the unknown location of the in an escalating Spanish show of force to put early-18th-century Capoli mission on page 26, down the militant natives. By the early 18th why not mention that Bartram, in the latter century, French and British mercantile interests part of that century, describes riding through had entered the scene, the latter setting into the fi elds of Capola on his short loop west of motion the disastrous chain of events culminating the Suwannee River after crossing above the

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):164–165. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 165

Seminole town of Talahasochte? Doing so could treated by medicinal herbs are described, one of place the Chine mission farther south and east which is translated by Hann to mean “lockjaw” than is supposed. These small concerns do not (p. 94). Through the careful, dramatic use of detract from the high quality of the overall detail, the presentation strikes an effective balance presentation. Hann succeeds in showing that the between narrative and analysis. interactions between native peoples and European This volume is a worthy addition to John presences in this small, neglected, and little- Hann’s masterful pantheon of works on the known area are a microcosm of the larger cultural Florida Indians of the historic period. For anyone dynamics pervading the colonial world. The detail interested in the historical archaeology of this provided in Hann’s account brings the story alive time and place, this work and Hann’s others and makes it a good read. Upon being attacked are indispensable as guides, references, and in by armed, Spanish-supported Apalachee warriors, providing a sense of the big picture. The Native Chisca archers let loose a volley of arrows Americans in the world beyond Apalachee live described as being so dense that “it looked like again through the words of this scholar. very thick smoke” (p. 62). A Spanish Mexican expedition in 1693 finds cardinal- and turkey- BRENT R. WEISMAN DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY feathered headdresses at an abandoned Pansacola UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA, SOC107 campsite, along with buckskin bags stuffed with 4202 E. FOWLER AVENUE buffalo hair (p. 74). Several Apalachicoli illnesses TAMPA, FL 33620-8100 166

Memory and Material Culture that materiality and embodied action are key to Andrew Jones memory is fundamental––it underpins the entire Cambridge University Press, book and opens practices of remembrance to archaeological investigation. Jones returns to this Cambridge, UK, 2007. 272 pp., 38 point and expands upon it in chapter 5, with b&w illus. $25.95 paper. a more in-depth study of house and settlement forms in the European Neolithic. Human memory constantly runs up against Chapter 2 develops the practical and material physical limitations, hence the development and aspects of memory further by examining com- elaboration of technical means of memory storage memoration as materially grounded social practice like stone tablets, photographs, and computers. that connects people to each other, to time, and This understanding of artifacts as aids to human to physical objects. In doing so, he goes beyond memory, and its attendant metaphor of memory a simple equation of durability=remembering and as the means by which people store and retrieve destruction=forgetting. Foregrounding practice important symbolic information, is increasingly forces one to question context and action––break- being questioned within archaeology and related ing or hiding things does not necessarily mean disciplines due to its modernist assumptions of a those things are not actively involved in social rigid distinction between mind, body, and world, practices of remembrance, a point he extends in and the supplementary role it assigns material chapter 7 through case studies of the deposition culture. In Memory and Material Culture, Andrew of pottery and metals in early Bronze Age Scot- Jones offers an extensive meditation on these land. In chapter 3, Jones turns to temporality, points. He crafts a compelling argument that arguing that social practices of remembrance also memories are best understood as emergent from help people index time, and that differences in interactions between people and objects. Rather the temporality of the performance of an action than imprinted on things, memory is performed have a signifi cant impact on how material culture through social and material practices. shapes remembrance. The book is divided into two broad sections. Chapter 4 lays out a critique of normative The fi rst, comprising chapters 1 through 4, exam- views of culture in favor of an open-ended model ines how memory is understood popularly and in which cultural difference is indicated not by in different disciplines, and sketches ways that changes in artifact forms but by changing uses memory can be studied archaeologically. The of artifacts in cultural practices. Jones does a second section, chapters 5 through 10, advances useful job of extending Judith Butler’s writing the groundwork laid earlier by applying the con- on citation to material culture, making the point cepts to brief case studies from Neolithic and that material and social practices always draw on Bronze Age Europe, particularly Scotland, where previous ones to a greater or lesser degree. To the author has conducted most of his fi eldwork. understand the “context” of a practice one must In chapter 1, Jones establishes that memory pay attention to the different threads of infl uence can be accessible archaeologically. This first that helped shape it. The critical connection to requires a demolishing of the folk understanding Jones’s thesis––which is developed well but could of memory as a storage device. As alluded be stated more forcefully––is that memory thus to, this rests on an artificial separation of plays a vital role in cultural production, as the the mind, body, and world. Collapsing this acts of citation that comprise social and material separation puts the physicality of objects (the practices both create and draw upon memories world) and the corporeal human (the body) on through their performance. Jones returns to this equal footing with the mind. Things and actions point in chapter 6, where he discusses Beaker are as important as thoughts––so rather than and Grooved wares as components of citational memory per se, it is practices of remembrance networks. In short, he argues that the ways that with which Jones concerns himself. The point people in the European Neolithic produced, used,

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):166–167. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 167 and deposited the two ware types are different of memory is not only possible in archaeology, not because the wares “refl ect” different groups but also is necessary in that it forces one to but because in producing the wares people in re-evaluate heuristic categories in favor of con- different places were citing cultural practices with textual analysis of the embodied, material cita- different histories. tions present in artifact forms. It is an engaging Chapters 8 and 9 deal with issues of memory and challenging work that should inspire much and inscription through case studies of rock art thought and discussion, and is a welcome addi- and artifact decoration. Commemoration, Jones tion to the archaeological literature on memory. argues, also takes place through practices of inscription and artistry, which simultaneously JOHN ROBY DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY serve to connect people, landscapes, and time. BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY, SUNY Throughout Memory and Material Culture, PO BOX 6000 Jones argues convincingly that a consideration BINGHAMTON, NY 13902 168

The Seneca Restoration, 1715–1754: domestic life. Jordan identifies an assortment An Iroquois Political Economy of glass beads, a few ball-clay pipe fragments, Kurt A. Jordan a handful of nails, brass or copper kettle frag- ments, and a few pieces of European ceramics University of Florida Press, as the diagnostic artifacts that date the Townley- Tallahassee, 2008. 424 pp., 37 b&w Read site to the 18th century (pp. 157–160). illus. $69.95 cloth. These finds tended to come from the same archaeological contexts as native shell beads, In The Seneca Restoration, 1715–1754: An traditional food remains, and copper and brass Iroquois Local Political Economy, Kurt A. Jordan that had been refashioned into native adornment demonstrates that Iroquois culture did not decline, objects and tools (pp. 137,147,150). A few hand- as many archaeologists, anthropologists, and fuls of European goods and a dispersed settle- historians have argued previously. Jordan also ment pattern suggest that during this timeframe proposes that the political and economic arrange- the Seneca were not reliant on Europeans for ments the Iroquois entered into with Europeans either survival needs or defense, and the faunal and other Native American tribes were designed assemblage implies local villages were still very strategies that fostered a rebound in Iroquoian active in the fur trade, though deer skins had population and power, following steep declines in apparently become more important than beaver numbers and political clout due to the confl icts (pp. 298–299). This evidence directly contradicts and epidemics of the late 17th century. historians who have situated the Iroquois as In chapters 1, 3, and 10, Jordan offers a unfortunate middlemen who had fallen victim to thorough critique of the regional treatment that the iniquities of colonialism. Instead, it shows historians have given the 18th-century Iroquois, that the Seneca and Mohawk situations differed, noting that these generalizations are often contra- and it demonstrates that the Seneca incorporated dictory. In this critique, he suggests that scholars European goods into their domestic life by have used the Mohawk situation as a general adding them to their own material world instead model for the period even though it may not be of developing an exclusive reliance on them. It valid throughout Iroquoia. From this extensive also suggests that the Seneca chose to position literature review and historical analysis, Jordan themselves as middlemen so they could play the develops three hypotheses about 18th-century colonial powers off one another and maintain Iroquois settlement patterns, and he uses the their position in the western fur trade. In Jor- archaeological record to test whether settlements dan’s estimation, the Seneca machinated neutral- were nucleated, dispersed across the landscape, or ity and played it for all it was worth to situate if both patterns are visible. Jordan also contends themselves as a social force on the late colonial that archaeological remains from the Townley- frontier and promote their own prosperity. Read site show that European goods and housing Jordan resituates the 18th-century Iroquoian style elements were incorporated into Iroquoian political economy by analyzing house styles, food communities in ways that did not compromise procurement, trade good production, and gen- established cultural traditions. dered divisions of labor across time periods that Jordan demonstrates archaeologically that dis- extend well beyond the 1715–1754 timeframe persed settlement patterns existed in Seneca ter- in the title. This provides a long-term examina- ritory, and the Seneca maintained many of their tion of continuities and changes in Iroquoian traditional lifeways in spite of contact with, and culture that eventually led to the emergence of the infl uence of different European groups. In creolized lifeways. It provides a chronological chapter 5, Jordan provides minutely detailed site description of how the Seneca gradually adopted descriptions and an enumeration of material cul- European lifeways that fi t their needs, adapting ture fi nds that indicate that European trade goods European material culture and practices to fit played a limited role in 18th-century Seneca their cultural milieu. For example, chapters 8

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):168–169. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 169 and 9 chronicle structural changes in longhouses cultural change (pp. 276,317–326,354–356). that ranged from adopting functional European Critically, however, Jordan’s argument is not hardware and door designs in the late 17th cen- very concise, and the book is aimed at an almost tury, to shifts towards shorter houses during the exclusively archaeological audience even though 18th century, which may mark the emergence the topic might appeal to those who study his- of creolized or intercultural lifeways. European tory, Native American cultures, or even colonial- farm animals worked their way into Seneca life ism in general. Laypeople, undergraduates, and much more slowly, however, and did not play nonarchaeologists will have diffi culty with this a large part in Seneca agriculture or foodways book because it is so heavily laden with archaeo- at Townley-Read (pp. 292–297). Additionally, logical theory, methodology, and jargon. Jordan’s Jordan suggests that culture change among the thesis, data, and conclusions are highly relevant Seneca should be viewed as a convergence and to all fi elds that address Native American cultural entanglement of European and Native American and historical issues because he provides an lifeways that challenge previous scholarly claims investigative framework and a material basis for of acculturation and cultural absorption (pp. 276– resituating the history of the Iroquois restoration 277,352–356). Instead, Jordan repositions these as a social process that each Iroquois tribe nego- processes as a series of cultural entanglements tiated in its own way. The presentation limits the that allowed each Iroquoian tribe to determine impact this book will have on reshaping the ways a course of action that suited its unique needs nonarchaeological scholars approach Iroquois within the colonial context. history, however, unless they focus only on the Kurt Jordan provides a long overdue and thor- fi ndings and interpretations sections. Plain and ough reinterpretation of 18th-century Iroquoian simple—nonarchaeologists will fi nd this book a history. He successfully situates the Iroquois as “hard read,” while archaeologists will and should active agents in directing their own destiny, and applaud Jordan for his meticulous thoroughness he drives home the point that scholars cannot and his culturally sensitive approach. take a single Iroquois tribe and use it as a model for what happened throughout Iroquoia during the JENNIFER M. TRUNZO colonial period. Instead, Jordan skillfully dem- DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND PHILOSOPHY onstrates that the Seneca and Mohawk situations AUGUSTA STATE UNIVERSITY differed greatly due to varying levels of European 2500 WALTON WAY contact, settlement, and directed programmatic AUGUSTA, GA 30904 170

Taíno Indian Myth and Practice: a “cloud” (p. 14), which follows climatological The Arrival of the Stranger King rules but is not strictly predictable as to form or William F. Keegan behavior. So too, hermeneutic strategies are to be considered as essentially literary choices for University Press of Florida, which our empirical base is usually so defi cient Gainesville, 2007. 256 pp., illus., that “our palette is always incomplete” (p. 15). tables, gloss., index. $39.95 cloth. This led the author to the conclusion that “it may be more accurate to write this book as a play” This is an interesting work which seeks to (p. 16). Certainly one should applaud the attempt combine archaeology, history, and ethnography. In to render accessible different cultural and histori- itself this aim is to be applauded under any cir- cal worlds through any medium, but a persistent cumstances, since it is clear that the viability of conflation of the various possible media––art, much archaeometric work relies on an interpre- literature, scholarship––as repeatedly occurs in tive context that needs to integrate these kinds of this work, serves only to obscure rather than information more thoroughly wherever possible. clarify the issues at hand. When it is claimed In this sense the work by William F. Keegan is of a script segment from Monty Python and the exemplary. For such exercises to be useful and Holy Grail that “nothing in the anthropological convincing to anthropological audiences, however, literature ... captures the philosophical essence they need to meet a high standard of scholarly of human agency in such pure form” (p. 92), precision and conscientiousness, and on this score one doubts not only the theoretical credibility the work is less successful. of such an approach but also the culture theory The overarching framework for Keegan’s that informs it. interpretation of the early materials relating to As a result, a number of key issues remain Hispaniola, other Caribbean islands, and the unresolved by this author, and so any convincing Bahamas is derived directly from Marshall Sah- integration of materials and their reinterpretation lins’s influential 1980s work on the death of still remains to be done. Keegan suggests that Captain Cook at the hands of the Hawaiians. In one of the caciques of Hispaniola at the time those publications the concept of “mytho-praxis” of fi rst contacts, Caonabó, was in fact from the was developed to show that there could be very Bahamas. In this way his status as an “outsider” divergent cultural understandings of the “same” made him a “stranger-king,” and invoking the event, resulting in actions and practices that example of Sahlins working of this mythical would be largely opaque to the antagonists. This motif, Keegan aims to reveal facets of indigenous notion, disputed, elaborated, and refi ned in vari- myth, history, and practice towards the Europeans ous ways in subsequent anthropological discus- which can “explain” aspects of the archaeological sions, is now a standard operating assumption for and historical record better than existing models. most historical, ethnographic, and archaeological Unfortunately, this line of interpretation relies anthropologists. The point, however, is to tie such on a reading of historical sources and archaeo- forms of mytho-praxis to their material and con- logical sites that is at best highly imaginative and ceptual traces through the recovery of artifacts, at worst quite fallacious. Part of the problem is texts, and lived practices. that the author ignores substantial elements of the The author certainly appreciates the potential existing literature, such as the seminal work by and complexity of this approach, but rather Jalil Sued-Badillo or Peter Hulme, but perhaps than refi ning our appreciation of the Caribbean more telling is that by his own admission the and South American materials, Keegan uses author cannot read Spanish (p. 18). Unsurpris- the opportunity to stake out a new theoretical ingly then, Keegan goes on to misinterpret or terrain for archaeologists in which a form of misunderstand much of the nuance and criti- “chaos theory” is deployed to resolve interpre- cal detail of the early Spanish chroniclers with tive ambiguities. In this scheme culture is like regard to the categories of “caribe,” “lucaya,”

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):170–171. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 171 or “taíno,” the latter term actually not appearing Hispaniola than any of the other Caribbean until the 19th century! islands. Although all these kinds of speculation For example, in trying to establish that Caonabó are usually preceded by the author’s own caveats was a “Lucayan” (i.e., from the Bahamas), the as to how much of a “huge assumption” (p. 52) author acknowledges that the Spanish sources is being made, this leaves the reader wondering are themselves ambivalent and unclear as to the why we are being asked to share in them. signifi cance of his simultaneous identifi cation of Thought-provoking possibilities do not amount Caonabó as a “caribe.” Keegan represents this to scholarly discourse, and although this work is issue as one of deciding the relative credibility certainly overfl owing with creative speculations of writings of Bartolomé de las Casa over those on the nature of Caribbean societies in the of Pedro Martyr, rather than looking at the late 15th century, this does little to improve variation in the meanings of “lucaya” as well as the more relevant anthropological project of of “caribe.” In this light the term “lucaya” might recovering other pasts and understanding their be as plausibly connected to “Loquo,” the name continuing importance to the academic discipline of the progenitor of both the Lokono of the of anthropology and the peoples of the Caribbean continent and the “caribes” of the Lesser Antilles. it hopes to represent more equitably. Likewise, the archaeological materials presented from the Bahamas to substantiate the claim that NEIL L. WHITEHEAD DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY this was the childhood residence of Caonabó UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON seem very thin indeed, giving no indication of 1180 OBSERVATORY DRIVE any more particular or systemic relations with MADISON, WI 53706 172

The Horse in Human History renewal linked with the sun’s rising and setting Pita Kelekna was featured in cult practices in Indo-European Cambridge University Press, societies. One example Kelekna gives, which involves horse sacrifice by a political leader, Cambridge, UK, 2009. 476 pp., 38 demonstrates this link between horse/sun and b&w illus., 5 maps. $95.00 cloth. rebirth/renewal across time and space. She notes similar sacrifi cial rites practiced in ancient India It took an expert in the horseless societies of and as late as early historic Scotland/Ireland. the pre-Columbian Americas to recognize and This commonality, Kelekna concludes, is based describe the pervasive importance of the horse. on the interactions and dialogues among peoples Pita Kelekna does just that in The Horse in occurring as a result of the increased intensity Human History. Kelekna follows the long sweep of contact made possible by the horse. A fi nal of horse/human history tracing the spread of example, most familiar to the majority of readers, equestrian cultures across the Eurasian landmass. is the spread by horsemen of the modern belief Kelekna introduces readers to the equid family and systems of Islam and Buddhism. These more reviews the evidence surrounding its early contacts recent and obvious cases serve to show vividly with humans. Details of these prehistoric contacts the impact of the horse on the success and speed remain shrouded in mystery. Kelekna wisely by which religious ideas might be transmitted. avoids drawing conclusions on the exact place or As occurred with religious practices, so science time for the start of such important trends as the and mathematics were able to benefi t from more horse’s domestication or the beginning of regular intense and frequent contacts among peoples. horseback riding. Kelekna does fi nd a strong link The innovation of the number zero might not between the increased use of horses in human have been possible without the importation of society and an increase in the speed and intensity the idea of a “placeholder” character from India. of all types of human interactions. The horse prompted people to improve upon Kelekna concludes that the rise of the horse in an even earlier innovation: the wheel. Multiple human society served to increase dramatically the civilizations tweaked the wheel to improve eques- intensity and frequency of the exchange of ideas. trian motive ability. Ultimately though, it was The Horse in Human History explains that the the horse collar, fi rst developed in China, that spread of both the Indo-European and Altai lan- harnessed the horse’s potential power and speed guage categories would not have been as swift or to pull weight. This item proved an exception, successful without horses to carry them. Whether as it did not reach the West until several hun- through trade or warfare, the speakers of these dred years after its utilization in China. Kelekna languages were able to expand their geographi- argues that once it fi nally did arrive Europeans cal ranges to the extent they did because of their experienced a minor agricultural revolution. equestrian culture. Trade received obvious benefits from the Drawing from a variety of sources, Kelekna increased motive power that horses provided. documents that horses occupied a common posi- What are not obvious, but carefully described tion in religious observances among the steppe by Kelekna, are the unforeseen consequences to peoples and through Europe and the Mediterra- trade of the introduction of horses and horse- nean world. Throughout the Eurasian landmass, based societies. Desire for less-expensive trade many religions associated the horse with the routes ultimately returned the horse to the Ameri- sun, rebirth, and renewal. Ancient steppe reli- cas. Under Mongol control the vast network of gion emphasized renewal and rebirth through roads that made up the Silk Road provided safe its architecture. Indo-European religions associ- and efficient overland, transcontinental travel. ated the horse with the sun, as illustrated by The Silk Road boasted guards as well as rest the Trundholm chariot figurine from Denmark areas offering food, lodging, and fresh mounts. and the Kesselwagen from Austria. Rebirth and Islamic kingdoms that rose to prominence in

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):172–174. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 173 the medieval period blocked western European pieces shared the battlefi eld with horses for a traders from reaching the Silk Road, however. few centuries with the horse utilized as motive Western European traders then took to the sea in power. Not until automotive power appeared in an attempt to reach Asia without going around the form of the internal combustion engine did Africa. Spanish ships and Spanish horses reached people relieve the horse of its battle duties. the Americas while traders were searching for While many authors would have concluded Asia. The connection between trade and confl ict a work of this type with the end of the horse impacted Europe’s decision to venture across the as a common sight in the industrialized world, Atlantic immensely. Use of the horse in such Kelekna is careful to trace the symbolic and confl icts and their resolutions seemed mandatory. “descendant” examples of horses up to the Horses and chariot warfare feature particularly present. Her examples range from the mundane in the stories about the Trojan War. Kelekna measure of engine power, horsepower, to the raises two interesting points in her discussion of bold connection between the 11 September attack the Trojan War. She suggests that the Trojans’ and the original kamikaze, drawing a connection horses may have been an attractive resource for between the swiftness of the horse and the speed the Achaeans. As she points out, Hector was of the attacks. also called “Tamer of horses” (p. 102). Kelekna Kelekna ultimately brings The Horse in Human observes that the Trojan War was the fi rst major History around to the question which sparked her conflict in recorded history between East and curiosity: What would the Americas have looked West, and that it represents the beginning of like if native domestic horses had survived into clashes that continue even now. Well-known lead- the modern period? By developing and exploring ers of steppe peoples, such as Attila the Hun and the myriad impacts horses did have in Eurasia, Genghis Khan feature in this expansive guide to she is able to make some predictions about the equestrian history. As each led his forces into impact they would have had in the Americas. Europe, confl icts arose resonating with attributes Readers know what the horse contributed in of the Trojan War. the Old World and how it influenced Native The horse’s role in military history goes farther American cultures once those cultures adopted than symbolism. Kelekna makes the interest- equestrian lifestyles. Kelekna portrays a pre- ing argument that when faced by an opponent Colombian world that connected inventions and with cavalry, one is best off with a cavalry ideas as in the Old World. One example with as well. Her examples include Japan, which potentially huge consequences would have been imported and developed an equestrian culture a connection between the Incan quipu system before steppe forces attempted to invade; and and the Mayan glyph writing system. This never the Basotho, who successfully remained free of occurred in the Americas, but if more intense, European control by being able to fi ght cavalry equine-enabled contacts had existed, it might with cavalry. Exceptions to this rule seem to be have. Native American peoples certainly took up tropical regions where the humid climate and the horse quickly once given the chance. One vegetation, as well as mosquito-borne diseases of the intriguing questions Kelekna raises in her make it nearly impossible to keep horses. This thought experiment is: Would the militaries of natural limitation halted advances of North Afri- the pre-Columbian Americas have faired better can Muslim kingdoms into sub-Saharan Africa, had the horse survived and undergone domestica- steppe empires’ expansion into Southeast Asia, tion in the New World as well as the Old? Her and forced the British Empire to import horses argument that cavalry forces were best suited to from Australia for use in India. resist cavalry forces certainly argues so. Artillery, a completely anthropogenic limitation Readers with an interest in the horse and the to cavalry, effectively ended use of the warhorse role it has played in our collective past should after World War II. As a reaction against the mil- not hesitate to pick up Kelekna’s work. She cre- itary success noted above, forces the world over ates a comprehensive story based on equestrian sought innovations which would blunt or negate culture and environmental parameter sets. This the advantages enjoyed by cavalry on the battle- focus, while not confining, gives the book a fi eld. Guns particularly, and artillery especially, specifi city and depth lacking in broader texts. ended cavalry’s dominance. Firearms and artillery One quibble is that as vivid as the writing is, 174 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2) this reviewer was left wishing for more maps. range of places and times that one rarely fi nds The scope is so broad, every reader will fi nd in one book. some era or location for which the place-names are unfamiliar. Her work is a wonderful source EMILY GREENE for scholars and laymen alike as she artfully 909 MADISON STREET weaves together rich information from a wide JACKSON, MS 39202 175

Saving Places that Matter: A Citizen’s and they are gently chastised for the error of Guide to the National Historic their ways. King delves into the lengthy process Preservation Act for completing a National Register nomination and explains how “eligibility” may in itself be Thomas F. King enough. Additionally, King sets out to right that Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA, other public misconception, that the actual listing 2007. 256pp. $24.95 paper. subsequently provides adequate protection. Other critical points that may be misunderstood Thomas F. King, a former member of the include the interrelation of Section 106 and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation’s senior National Environmental Policy Act, the power of staff, is perhaps this nation’s most respected and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation in published authority on preserving cultural resources. settling disputes, and how consultation and dia- This volume complements King’s other books, tar- logue are usually more productive than opposition. geted for different audiences, which are published A contested bridge project across the Broad by both Left Coast Press and AltaMira Press. Run in Buckland, Virginia is used throughout the The content is true to the title: a citizen’s book as an example of strategizing and building guide to using Section 106 of the National His- a case on multiple points. This thread is particu- toric Preservation Act to protect special places. larly effective in clarifying concepts. A copy of It is written for the foot soldiers of preservation, the memorandum of agreement for this project is citizens who may or may not have the expertise, also provided as an appendix. energy, or legal savvy to organize and oppose While biases held by King occasionally show the Goliaths of development. This reviewer, through, missing is the more passionate opining having served for seven years as the voice for often evident on his blog. Instead, the weak- archaeology on a county preservation commis- nesses in the process for protecting the spectrum sion, can attest to the national need for a book of historic properties, unexcavated archaeological like this. Most architect and designer colleagues sites, landscapes, and special places are exam- on the commission were clueless about the bigger ined rationally, and often with a dry wit. State picture of Section 106. This in itself is a fault Historic Preservation Offi ces may be ineffective, of the review process repeated throughout the and windshield archaeological surveys for com- nation, and King’s volume certainly helps to pliance are often too cursory. In his last chapter remedy this shortcoming. King recommends improving the existing process, The reader is systematically walked through fi rst by separating Section 106 from the National the protection process. King first provides an Register. Then, in the review process, inclusive- historical perspective, identifying major laws and ness and dialogue between stakeholders would be then the players involved at the state and fed- promoted instead of relying on “experts” for hire. eral levels. He explains, in plain language, what Saving Places that Matter provides a great deal is meant by an “undertaking,” or an “adverse of information clearly and logically presented. effect on a resource,” or a “consulting party,” Photographs and line illustrations are used effec- or a “memorandum of agreement.” Identifi ed are tively to break up blocks of text. Bullet points sticky points where laws, their interpretations, summarize highlights. Websites for delving into and precedence can work to stop, change, and/ more detail are cited right in the chapters, set or delay projects. apart in shaded blocks. Besides an index, a For the newcomer to preservation, the most glossary of preservation terms at the back of valuable chapter concerns a property’s inclusion the book helps to keep terminology and federal on the National Register, because this defense is jargon straight. commonly the fi rst mounted. Indeed, the author All these design elements help make Saving realizes that some readers may turn to this chap- Places that Matter accessible to the reader, ter without reading the fi rst half of the book, whether a novice or a more seasoned participant

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):175–176. Permission to reprint required. 176 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2) in the review process. It has relevance for Preservation Institute, the Advisory Council on bureaucrats, regional planners, and commissioners, Historic Preservation, and the National Alliance as well as for those managing historical societies, of Preservation Commissions. tribal lands, or historic districts such as older university campuses and Main Street initiatives. KATHERINE SINGLEY CONSERVATION ANTHROPOLOGICA This book will also be valuable for those 1083 OAKDALE ROAD, NE attending training courses offered by the National ATLANTA, GA 30307-1213 177

Digging for History at Old Washington and culture of Washington, and of some of the Mary L. Kwas diverse people who created the town. University of Arkansas Press, Both heads of household—Abraham Block and Simon Sanders—are relatively well represented Fayetteville, 2009. 170 pp., 79 color in the documentary record, largely because each photos, 5 maps. $34.95 cloth. was prominent in the community. Archaeol- ogy informs on aspects of their lives and the Turning odd bits of archaeological study col- lives of their households not otherwise revealed lected over 25 years into a coherent, meaning- through conventional archival research. Ceramics ful, and useful narrative for a general readership demonstrate not only a strong commercial con- would challenge the best of writers. In Digging nection between Washington residents and New for History at Old Washington, Mary Kwas dem- Orleans importers, but the aesthetic and perhaps onstrates that it can be done and done well. The the literary interests of the Block and Sanders banal title does no justice to the scholarly detail families. Readers glimpse the intellectual lives of and pragmatic analysis of archival and archaeo- these people through the transfer-printed images logical data presented, or to the way in which of scenes from Walter Scott’s romantic tales, Kwas engagingly knits them together. rich fl oral patterns, and lively Oriental tableaus. Washington is a small town in southwestern Contrasting simple-edged wares, likely from the Arkansas, established in the second quarter of initial homesteads, suggest modest beginnings the 19th century along the Southwest Trail that rewarded with material success and domestic linked St. Louis with eastern Texas. Details of comfort––suffi cient comfort to pursue literary and its founding, fl uorescence, and decline are similar other pastimes. to those of other towns across the United States Faunal remains provide insight into the Block and Canada. Washington became a county seat family’s observance of traditions on the frontier. in 1824. Growth in population and commerce Compliance with kashrut (scriptural proscrip- during the second and third quarters of the tions for food choices and means of preparation) century slowed, first from the Civil War and would have been diffi cult without the support then with the routing of the railroad through a of a larger Jewish community. Citing published nearby town. In broad strokes, Washington is just scholarly analyses, Kwas notes that the second- another small town that had ambitions but could most common bones recovered from one feature not quite grasp the brass ring. It differs from on the Block lot were pig, and the remains of many such places in that private organizations catfish (a scaleless fish) also were recovered. and then government became interested in its These forbidden foods suggest something more potential as an educational and tourism resource. than an inability to follow all of the traditional Apart from a year of glory—it served as the dietary restrictions: they indicate rejection of Arkansas state capital after Little Rock capitu- those restrictions. Documentary sources, however, lated to Union forces—Washington is unexcep- suggest that Abraham and Frances Block adhered tional on the national stage, begging the ques- to Jewish orthodoxy. Archaeology identified tion of why anybody outside the state would be ambiguity. interested in reading the book. Every state and Restoration and building relocation prompted province, after all, has its own “Washington.” much of the archaeological investigation of Kwas fi nds the exceptional in this small town Washington since the involvement of the Arkan- in terms of individuals and families. Through sas Archeological Survey in 1980. Such work her exploration of the lives of a wealthy Jewish perforce identifi ed patterns in the use of space, merchant from Richmond, Virginia, a minor particularly architectural space. Again citing governmental functionary from North Carolina, published scholarly work, Kwas describes the and their respective families and households, Sanders family’s “urban farmstead”; a curtilage the reader develops a sense of the time, place, in which they created many of those necessary

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):177–178. Permission to reprint required. 178 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2) facilities that later town dwellers would come to episodic (secondary) deposition. She suggests, expect of government and commercial services: however, that the pit remained open for just trash pits for discard, sanitary features, and such a few months. During those few months 721 food production amenities as a barn, poultry ceramic sherds were deposited, and those sherds house, and columbarium. Exhibits, lectures, and represent a minimum of 93 vessels and as many other interpretive efforts could use this material as 18 different sets. (Figures on glass vessels are to promote public discussion of the relative roles not provided.) That is a lot of dish breaking, of private and public entities in urban develop- and it is a very large pit to accommodate a ment, and decisions of local governments about few months of household trash; but similar which amenities to provide, when, and to whom. interpretations of trash-fi lled pits and cellar holes Mary Kwas makes good use of available appear in innumerable technical reports and peer- archaeological data. Her limitations are largely reviewed publications. What kinds of behaviors, those of the data and the circumstances under at Washington and elsewhere, could have resulted which they were collected. She does not men- in the deposition of so many vessels from many tion a research design or comprehensive plan different sets? How has the discipline’s inability that directs investigations and preservation efforts to address taphonomic issues rigorously hindered on this mosaic of publicly and privately owned both scholarship and public interpretation? lands. Individual investigations, apart from some High-quality public interpretation of historic training work undertaken jointly by the survey sites requires high-quality archaeological research. and the Arkansas Archeological Society, met Analyses must be rigorous and periodically revis- specifi c restoration needs. As a result, compara- ited. Resources must be invested in the work. tive data appear unavailable for sites within town Mary Kwas has done an admirable job with what and in the surrounding countryside. The reader appears to be very little material, and much of might also surmise that Historic Washington State that collected 20 years earlier. Her book serves Park lacks a permanent archaeology program as both positive model and cautionary tale. Well- that could enhance interpretations through public researched and well-written interpretive products archaeological research. can promote dialogue, understanding, and the There are technical limitations as well, and they value of archaeology. Continued success, how- are the kind that pervade the discipline. Much of ever, cannot be based on opportunistic research. the vessel data and faunal data for the Block Furthermore, if archaeology is to contribute more lot derives from Feature 14 (not illustrated), a to the exploration of the past than the recovery trash-fi lled pit 9 ft. long, 5.5 ft. wide, and 2.5. of interesting objects, it has to be comparative ft deep, with sloping sides and a fl at bottom. and question driven. Kwas does not analyze the taphonomic processes that led to the accumulation and transformation JAMES G. GIBB of the fill, merely suggesting that it was a 2554 CARROLLTON ROAD product of gradual (primary?) accumulation and ANNAPOLIS, MD 21403 179

Mary Rose, Your Noblest Shippe: be warped and/or missing crucial components, Anatomy of a Tudor Warship required a fair amount of conjecture. Only 40% Peter Marsden (editor) of the Mary Rose survived. The authors, in a refreshing approach, present varying interpretations Mary Rose Trust, Portsmouth, UK, rather than a consensus viewpoint. This highlights 2009. 2 vols., 458 pp., 15 foldout the importance of debate, making this volume an plans, 287 b&w illus. $90.00 cloth. especially valuable resource for students of ship reconstruction. Primarily it will help them under- This work is volume 2 of a 5-volume set stand the limitations of evidence and promote the arranged thematically to cover various aspects concept of healthy scholarly discourse. of the Mary Rose research. The collection of Several contributors take the reader through the contributions, edited by Peter Marsden, is a com- process of making inferences from architectural prehensive compilation loaded to the gunwales details and then explain their conclusions, fur- with detailed information based on recorded hull thering the academic value of this volume. For measurements, and sources including archaeologi- example, the vessel was designed for medieval cal evidence, marine artwork, doctrines of marine hand-to-hand fi ghting but modernized during the architecture, and Royal Navy manuscripts. The 1530s to carry a heavier armament. Identifying overall impression is of an enormous amount these changes and the impact on the stability of of work and successful collaboration between hull design is an important theme in reconstruc- archaeologists, curators, students, and execu- tion discussions. There was some controversy tives of the Mary Rose Trust. It is an extremely over whether the gun ports were original design useful reference for anyone with an interest features or a later modification. If they were in maritime archaeology, ship construction, or original features, the implication is that this was wooden warships. a revolutionary design allowing warships to carry The 22 chapters cover the process and prin- heavy guns on the main deck for the fi rst time. ciples of studying a ship’s hull, the intricacies Evidence now suggests that the vessel was built of selecting parts of the tree or particular woods with a gun deck with only two or three ports for respective ship components, the composition on each side, as opposed to eight or nine in the of the ballast, and the design of brick ovens in surviving ship timbers. the galley. Each chapter describes and analyzes Authors devote attention to questions about as much of the conserved hull timbers as pos- small construction details, as well as the broader sible, dissecting the multiple details of the ship questions that relate to the ship’s niche in war- architecture and providing the reader with a sense ship design. In chapter 11 Peter Marsden dis- of the place the Mary Rose occupied in the his- cusses another gun port question––exactly how tory of warships up to the 16th century. Authors were the gun port lids opened and held shut? discuss, in detail, the oft-neglected operational Like other contributors, he draws upon the aspects of steering, rigging, anchoring, and moor- archaeological record, comparisons to other war ing. Each section is elaborately illustrated with vessels, and maritime artwork for his conclu- diagrams, artistic renderings, tables, isometrics, sions. The Vasa (1628) and the HMS Victory (ca. and reconstructions. The ship is broken down 1800) both had ropes attached to lifting rings that by deck and there are 15 separate fold-out plans passed through holes in the gun port lid. The showing construction features. These include Mary Rose had no rope holes through the hull internal and external elevations, reconstructions, above the main deck gun ports and no evidence masts, rigging, and sails. A few of the fi gures of wear. He surmises that either the crew used are poorly laid out, making it necessary for the iron bars to wedge the lids open, or alternatively reader to rotate the book. by pulling ropes that passed outboard up to crew Reconstructing a ship design from wreck- on the upper deck. He takes this evidence a step age that has spent many years underwater, may further and concludes that this is substantiated by

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):179–180. Permission to reprint required. 180 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2) the presence of ropes found on the upper deck part of the original construction (1443–1488), and small hatches that would allow communica- possible refit timbers (1467–1503), or definite tions between main- and upper-deck men. refi t timbers (1508–1540). The conclusions elic- While the volume might be tremendously ited from these date ranges, from a total of only useful to students in a class devoted to ship 41 timbers, are quite remarkable. The timber architecture or a ship reconstruction museum sampled represented a range of different struc- specialist, an unscientifi c random poll of gradu- tural elements, and data suggested that diagonal ate maritime archaeology students suggested that and vertical braces, used to reduce the amount the detail-oriented focus on shipbuilding minutiae of hull fl exing, were secondary timbers and date is overwhelming. Some felt that in many cases from one of the refi ts. The results of the den- measurements and fi gures were not explained in drochronology compare favorably with historical the text and did not seem important or particu- evidence documenting the placement of a number larly relevant to the conclusions. It is a source of additional guns on the ship requiring strength- they might refer to as a comparative technical ening the hull around 1536. reference when needed, rather than as a textbook. The sheer volume of information in this Others suggested that many of the measurements book seems to justify the unique opportunity to and tables should be part of a separate technical conduct research in a laboratory setting on this report. Some of the book’s most thought-provok- iconic ship, the “fl ower of the fl eet,” that would ing discussions are in chapter 22, titled “Future not have been possible under water. One might Research.” Others are stashed in appendix 1, question why a master set of plans of the vessel where Richard Barker tosses out several intrigu- have not been available to date, considering that ing research questions and conjectures, such as the vessel was raised in 1982. This volume clari- why the Mary Rose’s fl oor timbers are so mas- fi es the diffi culties of access due to the conserva- sive compared to Mediterranean framing; how tion process. Amongst other problems, recording shipbuilders managed the complicated logistics of was limited to periods when polyethylene glycol launching, repairing, and rebuilding such a large sprays could be turned off, poor illumination with vessel; and what effects rebuilding may have had low light necessary to restrict biological growth, on hull geometry. Some chapters do not seem and the limitations of surveying technology prior to fi t with the theme of ship anatomy, such as to the acquisition of laser three-dimensional discussions about piloting tools––log reels, sound- recording that generated multiple views of the ing leads, compasses, and dividers––and other ship’s structure to any scale in great detail. This miscellaneous items, and would have been more new technology resulted, the editor claims, in a appropriately included in another volume on fi nds. drawn record of a ship in a museum, but cau- A useful and interesting inclusion in the tions that disintegration and disarticulation on the volume was chapter 19 on tree-ring dating. seabed throw a curveball for researchers. Christopher Dobbs and Martin Bridge discuss the constraints and value of this method. Primarily, LYNN B. HARRIS PROGRAM IN MARITIME STUDIES tree-ring analysis provided relatively tight dates, EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY allowing speculation about which timbers were GREENVILLE, NC 27858 181

Shipwreck Archaeology in Australia Shipwreck Archaeology in Australia brings Michael Nash (editor) together 15 chapters on major Australian sites. University of West Australia Press, Each chapter author is an expert on the wreck(s) that he or she presents. In many cases the Crawley, 2007. 224 pp., 136 fi gs., authors were the ones who did the fi eldwork, bibliog., index. $40.00 cloth. and this fi rsthand knowledge is one of the book’s great strengths. More than just providing interest- The struggle between maritime archaeologists ing synopses of various sites, Shipwreck Archae- and treasure hunters continues with no end in ology in Australia allows the reader to see how sight. In the battle to win the hearts and minds maritime archaeology as a fi eld has developed of the public, at least in the United States, down under. The fi rst known European shipwreck treasure hunters typically come out on top. A in Australia occurred in 1622. With no ancient preferred––and highly effective––tactic is for shipwrecks, Australian maritime archaeologists treasure hunters to portray themselves as indepen- have remained apart from some concerns that dent entrepreneurs boldly challenging the tyran- occupy their European colleagues, such as the nical pairing of big government and ivory-tower argument over vessels as indicators of particular academics. For years treasure hunters have been cultural traditions, or the work inspired by clas- very good at hammering this point home in the sical archaeology that characterizes Mediterranean media. Recently, the Discovery Channel began maritime archaeology. Unlike North America airing a series, Treasure Quest, which chronicles where warships of the colonial wars and the the exploits of Florida-based Odyssey Marine American Civil War feature prominently in the Exploration. While we may never be able to archaeological record, the story of Australia is fi ght back with shows like Treasure Quest––most more one of colonization and development. War- people would be bored by the mundane day-to- ships are here; two chapters cover HMS Sirius, day workings of a real fi eld archaeology project, which wrecked at Norfolk Island in 1790, and so different from the adventures portrayed on HMS Pandora, lost while searching for the TV––maritime archaeologists can do a better Bounty mutineers in 1791. Still, Australia lacks job of getting their point of view across to the the time depth of Europe, and had a different public. One way is by producing high-quality type of colonial history than North America, and popular books that show what can be learned this is refl ected in both its maritime sites and from shipwreck sites. Michael Nash’s new book in the type of maritime archaeology that devel- fulfills this goal. Shipwreck Archaeology in oped there. The reader comes to see Australian Australia features an eye-catching dust jacket maritime archaeology as a fi eld apart, infl uenced with color photographs of a diver working on by, yet independent from European or North HMS Pandora, and a pile of coins recovered American trends. from the American merchantman Rapid. At fi rst Three themes emerge in particular. The fi rst glance the book gives the appearance of the concerns the information that can be gleaned types of books produced by treasure hunters, but from shipwrecks of recent date. Australian mari- this may be a subtle tactic for luring a public time archaeologists have performed pioneering that often passes over scholarship in favor of work on composite, iron, and steel shipwrecks, glitz. Those who succumb to the temptation to as well as those powered by steam propulsion. take the book off the shelf will not be disap- The chapter on the SS Xantho, for example, pointed. Inside, readers will fi nd a scholarly yet shows how archaeologists can gain insight into accessible text accompanied by many excellent social history from artifacts such as the engine drawings, plans, and color photographs. The of a steamship. Nathan Richards’s chapter on the illustrations alone are worth the price of the Garden Island ship graveyard ties vessel abandon- book, but the volume does not disappoint in its ment processes to economic cycles. These two content either. chapters are particularly good for showing the

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):181–182. Permission to reprint required. 182 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2) public how archaeologists use seemingly mundane is in keeping with the nature of the book, and artifacts to understand the past. A second major in this respect it compares favorably to similar theme is the close relationship between Austra- overviews, such as Bass’s Ships and Shipwrecks lian maritime archaeology and avocational divers. of the Americas: A History Based on Underwater A strong public outreach component resulted, Archaeology. The level of detail along with the which stands as a model for other parts of the beautiful presentation makes this book a good world. Material culture studies have always choice for undergraduate courses in historical or been a strong component of Australian maritime maritime archaeology. Comprehensive bibliogra- research, and this stands out as a third major phies for each chapter point readers to additional theme of the book. Each author has taken care sources for each shipwreck. Those who want a to explain how the material culture he or she more in-depth discussion may want to consider discusses contributes to knowledge of the past. Staniforth and Nash’s Maritime Archaeology: Particularly noteworthy in this regard are the Australian Approaches, which covers many of chapters on the cargo of the Sydney Cove (1797), the same topics but in greater detail. As a well- James Matthews (1841), and William Salthouse crafted, highly readable synopsis of underwater (1841), all of which were carrying supplies for work in Australia though, Shipwreck Archaeol- fl edgling colonies. The range of material culture ogy in Australia will set the standard for years aboard these vessels provides key insights into to come. This is the kind of book that maritime the types of goods that colonizers thought neces- archaeology needs in order to get its message sary. Like the studies of ship technology, the dis- across to the world. cussions of material culture show the reader how artifacts inform about the history of each period. As a broad overview designed to appeal to DAVID STEWART PROGRAM IN MARITIME STUDIES a popular audience, Shipwreck Archaeology in EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY Australia naturally sacrifi ces some detail. This GREENVILLE, NC 27858 183

Archaeology and Community most inclusive when multiple perspectives are Service Learning incorporated into its transcription. By collaborating Michael S. Nassaney and with the public it is possible to reap the rewards of public intuition and insight. The ultimate goal Mary Ann Levine (editors) of service learning is positive social change in University Press of Florida, which all parties benefit. This is accomplished Gainesville, 2009. 250 pp., through a pedagogical structure that promotes 22 b&w photos. $69.95 cloth. student learning through community service initiatives. This approach is aimed at improving Much of the recent discussion in anthropology student learning, integrating refl exive approaches, has been in regard to a move towards anthropo- and encouraging community involvement. logical praxis in which anthropological research In the second article, Baugher discusses the is increasingly geared towards practical applica- origins of CSL, which was essentially a product tion that positively affects constituent communi- of the political and social climate character- ties, or to presenting possible solutions for social izing the 1960s; a climate in which students marginalization or detachment. As a refl ection were encouraged to engage in community action of this recent trend, many academic departments through academic disciplines. The political cli- have restructured their educational approach to mate of the 1960s had a profound infl uence in focus increasingly on applied anthropology. This the development of CSL, with resultant programs book presents a means by which archaeology can that included the Peace Corps, Volunteers in Ser- participate in praxis applications of the discipline vice to America, and the Urban Corps. Baugher by implementing community service learning as discusses some of the barriers that discourage a pedagogical component in university education. archaeologists from engaging in CSL projects. The book comprises articles divided among Many fear that by collaborating with the public four sections. In section 1, Nassaney begins they will need to modify or even eliminate their by introducing an aspect of public archaeology research design in order to satisfy the demands known as community service learning (CSL). of the public. Baugher, however, demonstrates This is a process in which communities are that although the public can have an active role not only involved in public archaeology but are in the development of the research, they should active proponents in archaeological research, as not at the same time dictate the overall format of professionals plan, design, and execute projects the research. To avoid these pitfalls, many social in concert with public needs and demands. It scientists have engaged in participatory action is, essentially, an applied approach that acts to research (PAR), in which partnerships are formed serve the constituents of the various communities with community members to determine collabora- in which archaeologists become public and tively the focus and objects of a research project. active members. As Nassaney carefully outlines, The overall result of working with the public however, identifying the needs or even the allows for a multifaceted approach, and may help constituents that are affected by archaeological professional archaeologists focus on problems of research is a slippery slope, as different missions which they may not have originally conceived. and agendas may be contradictory to one another Baugher presents a case study in which she or the goals and scope of the archaeological integrated her students in CSL approaches during community that have traditionally acted outside the Enfi eld Falls project. She established CSL the public spotlight. Public involvement does components in a variety of classes in which the not need to be merely the obligatory part of students ultimately benefited from the experi- archaeological research, for it can likewise be ence and established a positive rapport with the a rewarding experience in which all parties can Friends of Enfi eld Falls members. become educated. The interpretation of the past In the third article in section 1, McLaughlin is inherently a multivoiced endeavor and is distinguishes between problem-based and

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):183–185. Permission to reprint required. 184 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2) discipline-based service learning courses. Section 3 consists of three articles discussing McLaughlin identifi es specifi c steps in designing service learning projects that obtained both a service learning course. A problem-based positive and negative effects. In the fi rst article, service learning course entails the identifi cation Thacker demonstrates how service learning of a particular problem faced by a community, approaches helped bridge social and intellectual and students then use their skills and knowledge gaps between academics and the public, and to work with the community to develop a helped to democratize archaeological research. This solution. McLaughlin defi nes a discipline-based was done by allowing the public to become an service learning course as one in which students active participant in archaeological research. Using use some aspect of the core course to work with a PAR approach, Thacker was able to empower and assist the community in a predefi ned way. the resident African American community that The steps include preparing the course, preparing maintained a contentious relationship with local the community partners, preparing the students, developers in the Happy Hill community. action, refl ection, demonstration, and assessment. In the second article in section 3, Chilton and Section 2 comprises three articles that provide Hart describe organizing a fi eld school with a case studies of CSL. In the fi rst article, Levine service learning component in which students and and Delle discuss a service learning project they staff collaborated with various stakeholders that implemented in the city of Lancaster, Pennsyl- had different, albeit contradictory interests and vania. The project coordinated several academic varying degrees of political infl uence. One of the institutions that partnered with a number of com- goals of the project was to empower marginalized munity organizations. The students involved in groups, particularly the Native American com- the project prepared presentations for the local munities that had ties to the Connecticut River schools. The authors quote the refl ection journals valley. Through this project they were able to of some of the participating students, indicating give a voice to an otherwise unknown component that the program was largely successful. Overall, of Historic Deerfield, Inc., which traditionally students at all levels gained a better appreciation focuses on its Anglo-American history. for their community and developed a willingness In the third article in section 3, Reckner to interact and assist the community. and Duke warn that although CSL can have In Sarasota, Florida, Baram became involved positive effects in communities, it is likewise in a public outreach project that placed him necessary to be wary of the potential negative between community parties with confl icting inter- impacts CSL projects may have. Rather than ests. He integrated students into the study of a being disengaged from a community, archaeo- cemetery in the midst of a predominantly African logical projects take a very visible and active American community that was in the process of role whether intended or not. They demonstrate urban renewal. The experience was useful for how researchers may inadvertently create discord getting students to think about the complexities within a community through their actions. In of gentrifi cation in city centers as well as the section 4, Shackel provides a discussion of the complexities inherent in racial segregation both articles in the book, and ties the role of CSL in the present and historically. into the modern social landscape. In the third article in section 2, Mendoza pres- The book satisfactorily opens the discussion ents a sort of rags-to-riches discussion detailing of CSL and the potential positive outcomes that his initial diffi culties at a California mission in can result from its implementation. The case implementing a service learning project that ulti- studies highlighted in the book exhibit both mately became successful through his persistence. successes and failures in various attempts to He had students write about their experiences so integrate CSL into the classroom, providing the that he could monitor the students’ attitudes and opportunity to learn from others’ successes and determine if implementing a CSL approach would failures. It also demonstrates that CSL peda- positively affect the students’ learning and meet gogical development is an ongoing and evolving with CSL learning objectives. Students utilized process in the classroom, as it needs to be different technologies to produce a documentary adapted to particular demographics, and social made available on DVD, as well as a 3-D fl y- and economic circumstances. Unfortunately, there through of the mission. is no one-size-fi ts-all model, but the examples in REVIEWS 185 the book present various methods that can make refl ections of elementary school students (Levine the transition from traditional classroom teaching and Dell, pp. 98–100) demonstrate how members methods to a CSL-based pedagogy easier for of the community can benefi t from community instructors. The examples discussed in the book, action. Students indicated that they had learned particularly the ones that incorporate the students’ more about the discipline of archaeology through perceptions, demonstrate how CSL approaches the CSL approach than they otherwise would can influence the students’ perspectives. The have. They came to realize that they can change ultimate goal of CSL is noble, as it is meant to the perception of the public into looking at the lead to positive social change. Changing social communities as interesting historic places, and and cultural sensitivities, however, does not help boost civic pride and involvement. come easy and can only be obtained through Cultural anthropologists have demonstrated how time and perseverance. The authors in this book they can directly impact the communities they demonstrate how this process can be initiated by serve through applied projects. Through CSL empowering members of communities that have pedagogy, students learn about the benefi ts and traditionally lost their “voice” or political motive. the techniques of improving social circumstances Archaeology can help serve these communities for members of communities through archaeology. by actively engaging them in research. The book By altering students’ perspectives and encourag- provides examples in which the communities ing them to realize how conventional academic were actively engaged in the organization and practices have only served to personify the power execution of archaeological projects. Some of the inequities within various communities, perhaps selections (e.g., Levine and Delle, pp. 95–102; the voice of the traditionally “invisible” constitu- Baram, p. 120; Reckner and Duke, pp. 196–201) ents of society can fi nally be heard. provide excerpts from the students’ personal reflections. These reflections indicate that the JEREMY FREEMAN goals of CSL were being achieved, and many ARCHAEOLOGY LEARNING GROUP students wrote about the benefi ts and rewards 142 23RD STREET #303 of community involvement. In addition, the TOLEDO, OH 43604 186

Archaeology of Atlantic Africa that pushes beyond lip service to holism, and and the African Diaspora press scholars to wrestle with a dense historical Akinwumi Ogundiran and record, confront the complexities of African cultures, and critically link the most prosaic Toyin Falola (editors) objects to global transformations. Ogundiran and Indiana University Press, Falola demonstrate that archaeological studies Bloomington, 2007. 528 pp., 56 b&w of the transatlantic world demand very complex illus., 18 maps. $59.95 cloth. conceptual and interpretive frameworks that do more than simply acknowledge generalized global African American archaeologists routinely call connections; instead, diasporan scholarship must for an archaeology that takes the whole of the deliver resounding cases for connections and Atlantic world into its vision, ambitiously pro- continuities throughout the Atlantic world, and posing to dissect complex cultural, social, and recognize the disjunctures left by the trade in historical relationships across Africa and the New African captives. World during a period of over a half millennium. The introduction charts convincing theoretical Black scholars have championed such a perspec- ambitions, but the long-term challenge will be to tive for nearly a century, but historical archae- address those ambitions with rigorous case stud- ologists have only recently assembled enough ies. Even in such a thorough tome, some contexts fi eldwork to weave together substantive synthetic pass unaddressed and some research questions studies of diasporanization and transatlantic con- are not raised, but given both the breadth of the nections. Akinwumi Ogundiran and Toyin Falola’s diasporan experience and archaeology’s recent edited volume, Archaeology of Atlantic Africa embrace of this material, no collection can blan- and the African Diaspora, provides a promising ket the subject. Ogundiran and Falola sample a entry point that demonstrates the genuine richness range of studies from both sides of the Atlantic, of archaeology conducted throughout the Atlantic with 7 African studies and 12 chapters focused world and aspires to demonstrate the potential on New World contexts. Most of the chapters power of such an archaeological scholarship. The stake an explicit or implicit claim to global book is a testament to the archaeological work connections that linked African diaspora and and scholarly vision that has made such a col- numerous other people throughout the Atlantic lection even possible, and Ogundiran and Falola world, if not across the globe. Ann Brower make a convincing case for the potential of a Stahl’s chapter on Ghana, for instance, under- transatlantic diasporan archaeology. scores that acknowledging such entanglements is Framing the breadth of the Atlantic world only a prelude to demonstrating and analyzing is exceptionally ambitious, and inevitably this them with concrete archaeological and histori- distinctive diasporan focus on continuity, global- cal evidence. Stahl weaves a complex 500-year ization, and African agency may unnerve scholars account of life in the Banda areas of Ghana that whose work has separated Africa and the New traces connections into North Africa and across World, fi xated on local contexts, or been separated the Atlantic, while examining internal power by disciplinary or national boundaries. Ogundiran struggles that left Banda playing a range of roles and Falola argue against scholars who dismiss in the trade in African captives. In comparison African connections, and suggest that African and to the North American studies in the volume, the New World scholarship are both impoverished by African case studies are somewhat denser papers ignoring connections across the Atlantic. Their dissecting complex data sets, local chronologies, introductory chapter is a thorough treatise on the and regional histories. Chapurukha M. Kusimba’s implications of a transatlantic archaeology, and East African study, for example, ambitiously it makes a resounding case for the complexity traces regional chronologies reaching from 100 of diasporan scholarship. They make a powerful B.C. through the 18th century, painting a long argument for an interdisciplinary archaeology historical rise of social complexity in coastal East

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Africa, punctuated by Portuguese colonization and are revealed in material culture, painting local persistent climatic stress that decimated existing exchange of Jamaican ceramics as a very trade networks into Africa and the Indian Ocean. complicated trade system reaching between free J. Cameron Moore’s study of the Dahomey’s role and enslaved African Jamaicans, and he cautions in the slave trade surveys regional archaeologi- archaeologists to examine such social and material cal studies and a rich ethnohistorical record to networks and not fixate on African cultural illuminate the political changes that followed the continuities. Likewise, Terrance Weik tempers a slave trade in the Bight of Benin, transformations focus on African cultural practices and instead that actually allowed Dahomey to expand. As champions a more complicated notion of ethnicity testaments of how to conduct interdisciplinary and identity that he explores in his assessment of archaeology, the African studies provide interest- African Seminole maroons. Most of this collection ing models of complex data sets and long-term revolves around simply defi ning a transatlantic historical trajectories reaching across vast reaches diasporan archaeology, but Anna Agbe-Davies of space, but their genuine attention to New extends the whole collection by examining the World connections is often implicit, and the contemporary sociopolitical implications of African contemporary political impact of such scholar- diasporan archaeology, assessing interests in ship remains somewhat unexamined. Brempong African cultural roots, probing the participation of Osei-Tutu’s study of “slave castles” in Ghana people of color in African American archaeology, and the American tourism focused on these sites, and soberly evaluating the potential empowerment however, examines the divergent Ghanaian and such archaeologies might provide. American visions of the heritage of the trade, The ambitious sweep of this volume may make and explores the transnational connections in the its absences seem more glaring, but the book contemporary world. Osei-Tutu underscores the is likely successful if it can actually persuade tensions between a wide range of stakeholders a wide range of archaeologists to see its work variously claiming the Ghanaian sites as revenue within this framework. Any archaeological study sources, sacred sites, and world historic spaces that embraces much if not all of the globe will held in trust for all people. inevitably fi nd many locally distinct experiences, The New World studies include South and so in many ways a diasporan archaeology fi ts North American examples alike, but most are very nicely with the discipline’s commitment examples of the rich diasporan archaeology in to a global perspective. The specifi c nature of the U.S. These North American studies look the connections across the Atlantic world are toward Africa more assertively than their African portrayed here in a wide range of contextually counterparts contemplate the New World. For specifi c forms, and certainly some archaeologies instance, Christopher Fennell’s study of Bakongo in Africa and the New World alike may make symbolism identifi es the evidence for persistent especially powerful examples of transatlantic yet dynamic African American practices rooted connections while others may not. In that sense, in west central Africa, and Candice Goucher Ogundiran and Falola’s collection charts a pow- examines the continuity and transformations of erful and ambitious starting point for a truly African metallurgy in the Caribbean. Daniel transatlantic diasporan archaeology. Schavelzon discusses African aesthetic and cultural continuities in archaeological material from PAUL R. MULLINS Buenos Aires, arguing that African populations DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY 413B CAVANAUGH HALL are only now being historically and materially INDIANA UNIVERSITY-PURDUE UNIVERSITY, recognized for the fi rst time. Mark Hauser sounds INDIANAPOLIS a caution about how such transatlantic connections INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46202 188

Clay Tobacco Pipes and the Fur Clay Tobacco Pipes and the Fur Trade of Trade of the Pacifi c Northwest and the Pacific Northwest and Northern Plains is Northern Plains the 1982 University of Idaho master’s thesis of Michael A. Pfeiffer, known to his friends Michael A. Pfeiffer and colleagues as “Smoke.” The nickname is Phytolith Press, Historic Clay not from his present association with the U.S. Tobacco Pipe Studies, Research Forest Service, but because of his dedication to Monograph, No. 1, Ponca City, OK, the study of tobacciana. It is through a collab- 2006. 148 pp. $30.00 paper. orative association in pipe studies that Sudbury became familiar with Pfeiffer’s thesis and chose it as his “Monograph No. 1.” Although Sudbury Many practicing historical archaeologists in himself published a survey of U.S. pipe makers, North America today for whom retirement is he makes it clear in his preface that the archaeo- no longer an abstract future event, began their logical clay tobacco pipe literature is “sparse careers as prehistorians. In the secret recesses and scattered,” specifi cally for the fur trade in of their hearts many nostalgically conjure up a this case, but equally true of many geographic simpler day when all artifacts could be encom- regions. It is because of the sparse and scattered passed in fl oral, faunal, ceramic, and lithic mate- nature of the literature that a 26-year-old master’s rial categories, that is to say before their careers thesis remains germane to the study of tobacco collided with the implications of the Industrial pipes today. Revolution. Fortunately, the discipline has always This monograph, as stated in the title, pres- produced individuals who have wrestled with ents the comparative analysis of clay tobacco the implications of the invention, manufacture, pipes from sites mostly coeval with the period distribution, development, and demise of artifact of the fur trade in the northwestern U.S. The classes. Some names among the many that come sites are grouped in two geographic regions that to mind are George Miller for historic ceramics, were controlled by separate economic organiza- Olive Jones and Catherine Sullivan for historic tions based in different countries, which should glasswares, and T. M. Hamilton for frontier guns. be reflected in the assemblages. An introduc- For the lowly (and ubiquitous) clay tobacco pipe tory chapter succinctly states the nature of the in North America, there is J. Byron Sudbury to problem to be investigated and specifies the thank for producing, collecting, and disseminat- methodology employed, as well as a discussion ing the fruits of its study. Sudbury has done for of the constraints on the data. The majority of American pipe studies what Peter Davey has the chapter is given over to a good summary of done for British pipe studies; he also published the very different and complex trajectories of the a comprehensive survey of pipe makers in the development of the fur trade in the two regions. United States in Davey’s British Archaeologi- Chapters 2 through 7 present the collections cal Reports series in 1979. Like many scholars from nine sites in the Pacifi c Northwest segre- drawn to historical archaeology, Sudbury was gated by economic organization, in most cases as not trained as an archaeologist but as a chemist, a stand-in for an unknown stratigraphic context. and retired from that profession only to pursue The particular sites were chosen based upon the another in soil science. He is currently work- presence of tobacco pipes in the collections and ing on a Ph.D. while operating a soil phytolith access to the artifacts. Each chapter is composed analytical laboratory, and actively consulting on of a discussion of the collection that presents material culture studies as well as chemical and the history of the site occupation derived from environmental issues. More importantly, as the both the documentary and the archaeological Phytolith Press, Sudbury self-publishes the His- record, a history of the archaeology at the site, toric Clay Tobacco Pipe Studies series, one of a discussion of the quality of the data, and a which is the object of this review. presentation of the interpretations derived from

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):188–189. Permission to reprint required. REVIEWS 189 the collection. This is followed by a description pipe analysis. Each chapter confronts what is of each artifact type to end the chapter. Chapters available with what is not, such as a Hudson Bay 8 through 14 are similarly organized and present Company component in the Pacifi c Northwest that the collections from 11 sites from the Northern may also have a complete archive, or a Northern Plains. Chapter 15 presents the comparative Plains site of an American company that may analysis to conclude the study. The end of the only have the archaeological record itself. One monograph includes the original bibliography of the most interesting examples is that drawn ca. 1982, an index, and a short biography of from the cargo hold of the steamboat Bertrand. the author accompanied by a list of the author’s Here a large sample of pipes, stems, tobacco, publications. This organizing structure is benefi - and other related artifacts includes not only cial for following the author’s argument. the artifacts, but shipping crates complete with In Pfeiffer’s introduction he states the useful- shipper and consignee addresses. This enables ness of clay pipes to archaeological interpretation a simple spatial analysis of cargo stowage as with reference to Peter Davey’s conceptions. well as distribution networks for tobacco-related These are (1) that they were extremely short- products. Pfeiffer cautions the reader that period lived objects easily broken and cheaply replaced; newspaper accounts state that one-third of the (2) they were subject to rapid technological and cargo was salvaged immediately after the vessel typological change in manufacture; (3) they sank, however, and the resulting pattern in the are defi nable in regional and national variation; archaeological record is therefore incomplete. (4) they commonly display maker’s marks and The production values of the monograph do decoration; and (5) thus they can be dated more beg some explanation. The publication is the closely with greater reliability than other classes author’s thesis as submitted; minor typographic of objects such as pottery. The problem is that corrections and reformatting are the only edito- a lack of descriptive detail and measurements rial changes made. Do not expect clarity in 1982 limit intersite comparability, especially when photographs even given the graphic technol- trying to use earlier site reports. When the data ogy available in 2006. Sudbury and Pfeiffer do are adequate, pipes can date the contexts in inform the reader that they made a conscious which they appear, be a measure of consistency decision not to redo illustrations or the bibliog- in those contexts, serve as a measure of socio- raphy, as that would result in an expenditure of economic status, indicate marketing and/or trade capital and time neither could justify. Fortunately connections, serve as markers of social/ethnic most of the artifact illustrations are line drawings. affi liations and even political affi liation (such as This is a quibble, not a criticism of their deci- the uniquely American “President” pipes), and sion and certainly not from a discipline that for indicate personal preference in smoking materials artifact typologies routinely relies on second- and diachronically. Few other categories of artifact third-generation xeroxes of bad fi rst-generation have the potential to display so many attributes. copies of reports. The author’s purpose is stated clearly: “the Clay Tobacco Pipes is a concise, focused scope of the analysis is intended to demonstrate analysis that does not use excess verbiage, a the interpretive versatility that a single artifact good example of technical writing. It is also an category may have for an archaeologist.” The example of the art of the possible—comparative chapters that follow do just that. where data exist, elucidating trends where data The history of the fur trade in the northwestern does not exist. A most important characteristic U.S. is “fraught with historical impediments.” is an attempted dialogue between the written his- Chief among these is a lack of documentary torical record and a single category of artifactual sources for site-specifi c or logistical information evidence in the ground. The end result is fulfi ll- such as the Hudson Bay Company archives. ing of the promise of the introduction. Historical archaeology thus assumes a larger role in understanding the fur trade, and this is RANDY GUENDLING the lesson of Pfeiffer’s thesis. Throughout, he ARKANSAS ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY attempts to weave together whatever documentary 2475 N. HATCH AVENUE evidence is available with the promise of clay FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72704 190

War and Sacrifi ce: Studies as a peaceful necropolis rather than as associated in the Archaeology of Confl ict with the violence seen at some other late LBK Tony Pollard and Iain Banks (editors) sites. Joonäs Sipla and Antti Lahelma reject the traditional paradigm of the Finnish sub-Neolithic Brill, Leiden, the Netherlands, 2007. (3500–2000 B.C.) as peaceful by reinterpreting a 224 pp., 37 fi gs., index. class of massive stone-built enclosures as defen- $132.00 cloth. sive rather than symbolic in function. Of special period relevance to members of the This volume is both volume 2 of the new Society for Historical Archaeology are two papers Journal of Confl ict Archaeology (complete with on early-modern Ireland. The walled plantation- editorial and book reviews) and the proceed- city of Derry (Londonderry to Ulster loyalists) ings of the “Warfare and Violence in Prehistoric in Northern Ireland is today famous as the scene Europe” conference held in Belfast in 2005. In of an unsuccessful siege by a Jacobite army in addition to the prehistoric papers it also contains 1689, and as a continuing potent symbol for both a pair of papers on conflict in postmedieval sides in recent sectarian confl ict. Paul Logue and Ireland. The volume begins with an introduc- James O’Neill discuss excavations carried out in tion by Ian Armit, Chris Knüsel, John Robb, 1999 outside the Bishop’s Gate on behalf of the and Rick Schulting which addresses a number state heritage service. Excavation revealed early- of controversies around the concept of violence 17th-century rubbish and latrine pits relating to in prehistoric Europe. In particular they examine documented extramural occupation. This suburban the problem of identifying violence and how this housing was demolished by the Protestant defend- has refl ected changing academic fashions. They ers as preparations for the siege in 1689. A rav- note the recent popularity of the concept of vio- elin (triangular outwork) ditch was excavated and lence, after a long period shaped by the trauma dated to 1689 from map and other documentary of World War II, in which pacifi st interpretations evidence. The ravelin ditch was crossed by a were to the fore. Detlef Gronenborn presents causeway which presumably led to a sally port evidence for a correlation between periods of in the ravelin bank, of which no remains survive. climatic stress and increased violence in Neo- A possible infantry dugout relating to the siege lithic central Europe. Mariya Ivanova argues that was also excavated between the ravelin and the the settlement mounds or tells of northeastern town walls. Excavation also revealed a hitherto- Bulgaria from the 5th millennium B.C. display unknown ditch probably dating from 1641 to features of a defensive nature at the middle of 1642, when defensive works were undertaken in the millennium. The vocabulary of warfare and anticipation of a siege which never took place. confl ict in Indo-European languages is examined Finds relating to the 1689 siege included lead by J. P. Mallory. shot and a number of flint gun spalls, a rare Mags McCartney uses anthropological theory to fi nd from this side of the Atlantic. Of particular argue that more fragmented social space within interest was the recovery of a fl int core which Iron Age settlements in southern France was a was interpreted as a byproduct of the onsite product of warfare and increased personal fear. manufacture of gun spalls. The material culture of warfare in Britain from A paper by Damien Shiels examines the wider 3000 to 500 B.C is reviewed by Roger Mercer, potential of confl ict archaeology in the Republic of who proposes a social model for the emergence Ireland from the 16th century to the 1916 Rising. of the war band. A study of the fragmented He notes that his own work on the siege and battle human bone assemblage from the early Neolithic of Kinsale, and Kenneth Wiggins’ work on the (Linearbandkeramik, or LBK culture) enclosure at 1642 siege mines at Limerick Castle are among Herxheim in Germany is presented by Joerg Ors- the few publications to date in the republic on this cheidt and Miriam Noe. This is included on meth- fi eld. He draws attention to several sites which odological grounds, since they interpret the site have potential for further archaeological work.

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These include the 1580 battle site at Glenmalure Finally, he discusses the St. Stephen’s Green area in County Wicklow, and the siege site at Dun An in Dublin, a key site in the 1916 Easter Rising Oir in County Kerry. At the latter place, a mixed where documented trenches may survive in the force of Irish rebels with Italian, Spanish, and park. He notes the fi nds of bullets in the park Basque troops was besieged in a small fort before and argues for a metal-detector survey to plot being massacred by English troops in 1580. Shiels their distribution. draws attention to the English reuse of old ring This volume is well edited and of a high forts (raths) during their siege of the Spanish-held standard, as one might expect of the Journal’s fort at Kinsale in 1601. He also suggests that a experienced editors and the publisher, Brill. group of skeletons excavated in 1978 should be Unfortunately, the downside of publishing with a reassessed to see if it might relate to the English prestigious academic publisher is the price. besiegers. Shiels also notes the archaeological potential of the 1647 battlefi eld at Dungan’s Hill PAUL COURTNEY in County Meath, and a well-preserved 1691 siege 20 LYTTON RD landscape at Ballymore in County Westmeath. Leicester LE2 1WJ, UK 192

The Anatomy of Denmark: avenues for future exploration. Changes in village Archaeology and History from size and orientation, as well as landholding pat- the Ice Age to the Present terns, are addressed, as is the changing relation- ship of churches and castles. Klavs Randsborg The “History” section also offers evidence of Duckworth, London, UK, 2009. 160 Danish trade, overseas contacts, and infl uence. pp., 83 fi gs., index. $27.00 paper. Wars were nearly constant during the historical era, and this section would certainly help orient This short text is easily read and has a wealth the fi rst-time explorer of Danish history to how of bibliographic sources. It is divided into three constant warfare affected the country and its size. chronological sections, “Archaeology,” “History,” Relics still exist, and not only along the shifting and “Topics and Tables.” The chief focus is on German/Danish frontier which was marked by “greater” Denmark, as it is actually an account earthworks even before 1200. While portions of placing Denmark in time and space, “centred on Norway, Sweden, and Germany were Danish at archaeology and the man-made material world.” various times, these zones are not covered to the “Archaeology” covers the period from the same extent in the historical section as they were Mesolithic to A.D. 1200 in some 50 pages. in the archaeological. While this might seem to shortchange the archae- The author does not shy away from unpopular ological record, this is not the case. The text is topics, as there is discussion of collaboration with full of facts that require digestion and additional Nazi Germany and later with Allied forces during exploration. To cite two examples, the author World War II. Collaboration was not alliance and makes the point that the basic Danish homestead was clearly a purposeful effort toward national fi rst appeared ca. 1500 B.C. and is still present survival; there was a resistance movement. In a today. A second is the linear distribution of burial similar vein, the Danish participation in the slave mounds that appears to refl ect an early road net- trade is addressed, along with pointing out that work still existing today, in part because in most Denmark was the fi rst country to abolish slave places it follows higher geological features along trading effective in 1792. the routes. Evidence of continuities can be found The last section provides additional information throughout the text, and some site-specifi c addi- on many topics, ranging from passage graves to tional materials are found in the topical section. World War II. The tabular portion provides a There are useful tables and illustrations as the wealth of information in easily digestible form. book progresses through phases from hunter gath- The topical data includes information on calen- erers, horticulturists, cattle breeders, and on to drical materials found on Bronze Age artifacts, larger entities including “Sea-Kings (700–950),” house types over time, medieval church distribu- “Kingdom Builders,” and “Christian Modernizers tions related to soil types, and population fi gures. (1050–1200).” Each period is briefl y discussed, The bibliography is extensive and a useful often with thought-provoking questions and starting point for further research. It contains some concentration on specifi c fi nds. There are works in English and German as well as Danish. adequate citations, but not so many as to break Many citations would be useful to any archaeolo- up the textual fl ow. gist planning on working in the western Baltic, The historical section begins in 1200 and con- and in some cases on shipping from the Iron Age tinues to globalization. While there is archaeo- to the Age of Exploration. There are two indices: logical detail, the focus is more on architecture, one is for places, including archaeological sites; art, and literature, and ultimately on science the other is for personal names. and transportation. As an overview it might be LAWRENCE E. BABITS expected that there would be too much informa- PROGRAM IN MARITIME STUDIES tion to digest readily, but this book must be seen EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY as a starting point. Tables and references provide GREENVILLE, NC 27858

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):192. Permission to reprint required. 193

New York City Neighborhoods: across the urban landscape. Chapter 5 is extremely The 18th Century different from the rest of the book, as it focuses Nan A. Rothschild on faunal data from several excavations across the city. While there is good evidence and discussion, Eliot Werner, Clinton Corners, NY, it demonstrates how diffi cult it would be to have 2008. 292 pp., 63 illus., 38 tables. comparable data at this scale for the entire city, as $42.50 paper. is presented in the rest of the book. The analysis also extends into the 19th century, which is not done in the rest of the book. Chapter 6 is the The republication of Nan Rothschild’s New summation of the study, bringing both ethnicity York City Neighborhoods: The 18th Century is and wealth together into one comprehensive dis- a welcome contribution to the current arena of cussion. Rothschild also includes, as appendices, available books. Too often, books that make a much of the data she used in her analysis, which substantive contribution to the discipline of his- is always a welcome if underutilized component torical archaeology have a short period of release of research publications. and then become unavailable except through One of the greatest contributions of Roth- libraries and the purchase of overpriced used edi- schild’s work is that it provides a model for tions. The return of this title to current offerings the study of other cities around the world, in will make the information much more accessible virtually any time period, that can be used to to researchers and students. support the interpretation of urban life in an Rothschild’s book examines the spatial structure archaeological context. It is particularly useful as of New York City as it changed from the early it shows one of the greatest cities of the modern 18th century to the late 19th century. Using tax era as it is becoming that great city, born of the records, city plans, and archaeological material, colonial settlement at the mouth of the Hudson Rothschild creates a view of New York City in River. As such, it informs studies of the origins one of the lesser-known and quite-important peri- of modern life, the transition from colonial to ods of its history. A quote from the conclusion early American society, and the complex interac- (p. 182) summarizes the book succinctly: tions that are involved in the creation of ethnic and class identity. It would be fascinating to see Eighteenth-century New York City was truly a society in transition. It began as a small, face-to-face town and a comparison between Rothschild’s work on New ended as a city that was too large to be a single com- York City and other colonial cities of the 18th munity. It began as a relatively open, classless society century, such as Boston, Philadelphia, Charleston, and ended with a system in which the population as a Montreal, or Albany. whole was poorer than at the century’s beginning, in This book is an excellent example of how which more wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few people, and in which a large group of tenant historical archaeology extends beyond excavation wage-laborers had no expectations of becoming home- to conduct research––a form of ethnoarchaeol- owning master craftsmen. ogy conducted through historical documents. It could also be described as historical anthropology The book is divided into six chapters plus specifi cally looking at material culture and socio- appendices. Chapter 1 introduces both the book spatial organization. The everyday experiences of and the city, the system of neighborhoods, and the urban life are organized in spatial relations of a physical development of the early city. Chapter 2 multitude of competing elements, and Rothschild examines spatial organization, primarily through explores those spatial relations on many different the colonial institutions of churches, markets, levels through the combined use of documentary and taverns. Chapter 3 explores ethnicity, its and material evidence. In doing this, she explores importance, and its spatial expression. Chapter 4 research questions relevant to archaeological discusses the economic organization of the city, studies and provides a context for interpretation looking at wealth and occupation as distributed of new sites excavated in New York City. This

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):193-194. Permission to reprint required. 194 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2) context of interpretation also could be used in A significant amount of data was presented other colonial cities of North America once basic both in table format and in the text. These, concepts of spatial, class, and ethnic organization again, would have benefi ted in some cases from have been answered for those other cities. graphical presentation to make the data more There are a few elements that would have accessible. This is particularly true for chapter improved the book but would require a new edi- 6, which had a signifi cant component of statisti- tion rather than a reissue of the existing volume. cal analysis, making fairly dense reading. In one The greatest drawback is that the book is graphi- case the text presentation and the table do not cally out of date. The maps, which are numerous seem to agree (p. 176), which was unusual for and essential to the understanding of the study, this otherwise excellent book. are at times diffi cult to read and unclear. The New York City Neighborhoods: The 18th Cen- standard convention for the maps is to have tury is strongly recommended to any historical an outline drawing of the city streets with let- archaeologist focused on the colonial period or ters or symbols indicating points of relevance. interested in urban sites. It is invaluable for the These letters or symbols, however, to fi t in the study of New York City, as it provides a context scale of the maps, either are small, overlap the for the interpretation of archaeological data for lines marking the streets, or both, making them any site on Manhattan Island, particularly during virtually indistinguishable at times, especially for the 18th century. The value of this book beyond the ethnic-group maps. New maps, using more New York is in the structure and nature of analy- modern mapping technology and graphical pre- sis, and serves as a model that ideally could be sentation, would strengthen the presentation and repeated for every colonial city of North America. reinforce the arguments in the text more fully, and make the research much more accessible. SCOTT D. STULL The lack of 21st-century graphics does remind 2626 N. TRIPHAMMER ROAD the reader that this is a reissue of an older work. ITHACA, NY 14850 195

Horn: Its History and its Uses in use today. There are more tool illustrations in Adele Schaverien the sections dealing with various fi nal products. Adele Schaverien, Wahroonga, Horn is a keratin that grows continually in layers around a core, and is usually taken from Australia, 2006. 281 pp., 250 b&w cattle or buffalo. Technically, antler is not horn and color photos. $110.00 cloth. but rather a calcium carbonate shed annually. An appendix discusses the varieties of British cattle This very informative text is divided into three that were used; another covers different materials parts. The first deals with administration and that are often linked with horn such as rhinoceros regulation of the horn trade up through the 20th horn, baleen, and tortoiseshell. century; the second covers horn, the horner’s Useful horn has to be separated from the tools, and how horn was worked. The third sec- core, cut or split, then heated, pressed, molded, tion covers horn objects and is broken down stained, and fi nished. Each stage involved several into classes of fi nished products. There are fi ve steps, and there are illustrations for some of the appendices. A very helpful glossary and a good process. Modern methods are discussed, includ- bibliography are included. Each chapter is fol- ing using a paint-stripping gun or a blowtorch lowed by endnotes that often include additional to heat the horn. The author dryly reports that information beyond a simple citation. microwaves are fast and clean, but if the horn is There is little archaeological material in the thick it might explode “like popcorn.” text. This is not necessarily a bad thing as the Part 3 presents horn objects by classes. Each images, many in color, and the research were class: combs, buttons, horn used by archers, based on the collection of the Worshipful Com- etc., includes a brief history of the class and the pany of Horners, London, and private collections. trade producing it. There are often references to The examples are intact. While ideal and elite, archaeological or very early examples, as well as curated, heirloom objects in many cases, the some production locations, typologies relating to examples give a very good impression of what the class, and tools used. Examples are not limited archaeological specimens once looked like. The to Britain as other countries are often referenced. view of a complete object has to help interpreta- Changes in technology are also mentioned and tion, because not all those found or shown here there are often references to specifi c craftsmen. are “master pieces” to show a horner’s compe- As examples, chapter 9 deals with horn fans. tency. There is, however, an interesting comment There are introductions to a variety of fan types about American horn production in which the and a discussion of importing cheaply produced author states that “America’s horn trade began foreign elements assembled in England. A brief towards the end of the eighteenth century” (p. section deals with the cottage industry that pro- 37). While this might be considered patronizing duced fans. Chapter 13 is a longer entry dealing by relegating several thousand years of Native with tobacco boxes. Here smoking and snuff are American horn working to oblivion, the opera- discussed, then the necessary containers, including tional term is “trade,” indicating production on 15th- and 16th-century references. Several makers a commercial scale. are covered including 17th- and 18th-century box The second section dealing with processing makers. Then the box pressing process––that is horn is short but very informative. If a horn now lost––is covered along with designs. There workshop were found with good preservation, are many black-and-white photographs that might this text would be the starting point for inter- have been better as drawings, but the color preting horn debitage. From an archaeological photos are very good. standpoint, clearly illustrating the tools would Taken as a whole, this book is a labor of have been helpful, but they are in Diderot’s love by a person who has worked horn and encyclopedia, and two or three illustrations do researched its history. The cost is primarily show horn presses. The traditional tools are still due to the large number of photographic

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):195-196. Permission to reprint required. 196 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2) illustrations that illuminate the text. The casual a reference and a starting point for learning how reader will be turned off by the price, but any to work horn. archaeological fi rm that works on sites with good organic preservation will fi nd it useful. Serious LAWRENCE E. BABITS PROGRAM IN MARITIME STUDIES craftspeople and schools with decorative arts EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY programs should obtain this book, as it is both GREENVILLE, NC 27858 197

HMS Fowey Lost and Found: Being the naval establishment of 1741, the construction the Discovery, Excavation, and of a standard fi fth-rate vessel, and the events that Identifi cation of a British Man-of-War led to its loss in 1748 off the Florida coast. The real story begins with a little treatise on Lost off the Cape of Florida in 1748 the early history of, and general trouble with Russell K. Skowronek and treasure hunting in post–World War II Florida George R. Fischer and elsewhere, and accurately recounts the adven- University Press of Florida, tures and mishaps of those early independent and Gainesville, 2009. 272 pp., 72 fi gs., wooly raconteurs, often in their own words. This index. $45.00 cloth. cautionary sermon leads to the hapless end of Gerald Klein, the man who originally “found”–– or heard about, and then “found”––the wreck Before proceeding, the review author wishes to of the Fowey, and who was so angry at the make known his longtime professional involve- government for interfering in his own treasure ment in the investigation discussed in this book, adventure that after he lost his “salvage” rights, as well as in a number of other issues regard- in a fi t of pique he printed the location of the ing the HMS Fowey. This work was carried out wreck site for everyone to see (after concealing while he was an employee of the National Park this important information for almost two years) Service’s Southeast Archeological Center (SEAC) on the paper placemats of the restaurant wherein in Tallahassee, Florida, under the direction of he was killed another two years later. George Fischer. Russell Skowronek was also an Following a brief career history of George R. important mentor to this author during under- Fischer and how the legal maneuverings of the graduate and graduate studies at Florida State National Park Service (NPS) were used to estab- University. Both Skowronek and Fischer are con- lish the true ownership of an historic shipwreck sidered close friends and confi dantes. With that embedded on federal lands (Biscayne National information revealed, this author will attempt to Park), the search for what came to be known review HMS Fowey Lost and Found objectively. as the “Fourth of July Wreck” began. This was Skowronek and Fischer make it clear in the because, after having been given a court order of preface that this book is not a site report, and 10 days to fi nd and identify the wreck as the one that it is actually a behind-the-scenes story, in question, the site was fi nally located on the including “the items that never make it into the eighth day of the survey, 4 July 1980. It is here scientifi c literature.” For all that, however, there that the convoluted bureaucracy of the NPS in are included a large number of pertinent historic general, and in particular the elite membership of and cultural material data that never made it the service’s Submerged Cultural Resources Unit into the original site report and help to put the (then proudly self-appointed and appropriately fl esh on the bones of the particular shipwreck in known as SCRU) is introduced. The initial dis- question, the HMS Fowey. Among these are the covery inevitably leads to the question: “Is this court-martial proceedings and the background of a Spanish wreck (as originally posited by Klein, the captain, Francis William Drake. For instance, and possibly related to the treasure-laden 1733 the opening plays well, although written as a flota, from which a number of wrecks in the semifi ctional account, with “faces slicked with vicinity have long been known and identifi ed), perspiration, not due to the mild temperature but or something different?” Originally identifi ed as in fear of the outcome of the hearing” in the Spanish, further studies were obviously required court-martial scene, even with the marine guard to identify it conclusively. slamming his Brown Bess musket onto the deck This brings the reader to the real crux of as the captain is called to and admitted. This the book, the “Testing and Evaluation of device gives the reader an introduction into the the Legare Anchorage Wreck” (as it is now circumstances of the Fowey’s history as part of referenced), sponsored by SEAC and supported

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):197–198. Permission to reprint required. 198 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2) by the Academic Diving Program (ADP) and and certainly without any preservation methods Anthropology Department of Florida State applied. It is an open question as to whether University (FSU) during June/July of 1983. there are or have ever been any regular patrols How could a diverse, dissimilar, and relatively or systematic monitoring observations taken on inexperienced crew of undergraduate diving/ the site over time. Recently, there was a pro- scientist/wannabe students carry out a major posal made that the site ought to be completely submerged cultural resource investigation for excavated––without any accompanying budget the NPS during a simple six-week summer fi eld proposal––because the park just didn’t have the school (which turned out to be more like four manpower to protect it. Considering the costs of weeks, once one took into consideration the retrieval and conservation alone, a million dollars weather and logistics)? Only by the wits and would be laughable. Luckily, the United Kingdom will of the authors, assisted by the youth, skill, has now taken an interest in the site, and at pres- musculature, and enthusiasm of FSU/ADP and ent considers it safe after 250 years, if the NPS anthropology students and crew chiefs Brewer will guard it. The best proposal for conservation and Wild, the steady, cool composure of Assistant and protection so far is that made in 1983 as a Field Director Richard Vernon, and Dive Safety result of this documented investigation: cover it. Offi cer Mike Pomeroy. The book fi nishes with an overview of under- Subsequent to that field school investigation water archaeology legislation and regulations, come the details that will curdle the true archae- which will entice the novice but will undoubtedly ologist’s blood, and the aftermath that will set the have to be researched further in more detail by cultural resource manager’s heart afi re. Having the professional when dealing with any seri- seen the 1983 investigative results identifying a ous legal or legislative matters. The timeline of British man-of-war of the mid-18th century, and events listed in appendix 2 is especially informa- listened to the recommendations for its preserva- tive for putting events in the book, which some- tion: cover it; Biscayne Park decides on its own times skips about, in their proper perspective. to lift another one of the cannons––a second This is a hearty tale, told clearly and with cannon, without notifying anyone––so as to have warmth, caution, humor, and even some good- a “matching pair,” and then forgets to monitor old science with a capital “S.” Thank God the the site for years afterwards. In 1992 after Hur- authors took it upon themselves to bring this ricane Andrew, the park is given over $100,000 story into the open. It is one of the earliest and in FEMA money for cultural preservation rehabili- best scientifi c shipwreck investigations carried out tation (ostensibly for the Fowey, originally esti- in the Americas, and the new breed of underwa- mated at $40,000), which it hands over to SCRU ter archaeologists can learn to appreciate how it (rather than including SEAC or FSU/ADP). was carried out 25 years ago, before computers. The result is a 1993 SCRU-sponsored uncover- Sure there is politics, but then, try to tell a story ing of the site, supposed site investigation and of archaeology, shipwrecks, treasure hunters, and documentation (which has never been written up), the feds, in which there is none. dispersal and offsite burying of various artifacts and wreck components, and a “symposium” on DAVID M. BREWER VIRGIN ISLANDS STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION proposed site-preservation methods which has OFFICE resulted in no conclusive reports. 17 KONGENS GADE The site today remains relatively unprotected ST. THOMAS, VI 00802 199

The Archaeology of Alcohol The consumption of alcohol has also contributed and Drinking to the development of worldwide trade networks, Frederick H. Smith and alcohol was integrated into new cultural con- texts through colonialism. These are the topics of University of Florida Press, chapter 4. In addition to those contexts in which Tallahassee, 2008. 176 pp., 14 illus., alcoholic beverages were newly introduced through 16 b&w photos. $24.95 paper. colonial encounters, contributing to radical shifts in cultural practices, Smith is careful to note how In this book, Frederick H. Smith takes on a this can occur even in cases in which groups were topic near and dear to the heart of many an familiar with fermented drinks long before regular archaeologist, and provides a thorough overview European contact. of previous scholarship as well as a new case The fi fth is the most wide-ranging chapter, and study. More than just a review, four of Smith’s among other topics includes an extensive discus- seven chapters could be said to constitute a sion of tavern archaeology (pp. 64–73), and the highly annotated bibliography of archaeologi- role of drink in class negotiation and the main- cal work and material culture related to alcohol tenance (and disruption) of power structures (pp. consumption, brewing, and distillation, as well as 74–88). Working on the premise that “drinking is important anthropological and historical discus- a conservative social behavior loaded with sym- sions on the topic. bolic meaning,” Smith also argues that Old World In the fi rst of these chapters Smith reviews drinking habits were used to “sustain important those elements of material culture frequently social, sacred, and symbolic links” when people associated with alcohol, such as “Iberian storage were transported to New World contexts (p. jars” (often misleadingly called, as Smith sug- 88). This section includes a review of previous gests, “Spanish olive jars”) and other ceramic archaeological and historical work on Spanish, forms, glass bottles, and wine glasses. He is German, Dutch, Chinese, and other cultural drink- frank about the diffi culties these forms pose for ing patterns, including particular emphasis on those the study of alcohol’s role in social life, due to of West African cultures. reuse and recycling, often very likely for nonal- Finally, Smith puts these sources to work in coholic uses, but also suggests that there is more a case study which draws and elaborates on to be learned from their study. these discussions in presenting the site of Mapps But the use of alcoholic beverages had more Cave, Barbados. He provides an overview of far-reaching implications as well, and their pro- the previously unpublished archaeological work duction, transport, and consumption each led to conducted at this site in 1998 and 2003, and specifi c material forms and social patterns. Each then, based on early-17th-century artifacts and of these topics receives a review in a subsequent the cave’s peripheral location, suggests that it chapter. The third chapter focuses on production may have functioned as a hideout for runaway in both small and large contexts, how it has been slaves shortly after the British fi rst settled Barba- identifi ed through paleoethnobotanical work and dos in 1627 (p. 112). Subsequent generations of the study of winery, brewery, and distillation enslaved people probably continued to utilize the sites, especially those associated with Caribbean site because it was hidden from the “panoptic sugar works. Smith includes a discussion of the gaze of plantation whites” (p. 125). He sug- social aspects of the work of making alcohol, gests that an important activity for these people such as the role of women and the lives of fac- was drinking, and that this was closely tied to tory workers, and touches on studies which have resistance of the system of slavery in both minor addressed the manufacture of whiskey (legal and (through the drink itself) and major (potentially covert) and cider, before noting the work yet to through connections to the 1816 rebellion) ways, be done on the topics of pulque, mescal, qüicou, as well as being a way to cope with the hard- tequila, arrack, vodka, sake, gin, and brandy. ships of enslaved life. The goal of the Mapps

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):199–200. Permission to reprint required. 200 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2)

Cave project was to provide “insights into the and studies of maroonage, the history of slave escapist and integrative role of alcohol drinking uprisings and spiritual practices, the experiences in Barbados” (p. 103), but it also acknowledges of the enslaved in the Caribbean, and the particu- the contradictory role of alcohol among slaves lar history of Barbados. in the Caribbean as both product of oppression Throughout, Smith critiques the subsumption of and a means employed by whites to sustain it, alcohol into a “foodways” system, which “obfus- and at the same time a spiritually and practically cates the uniquely meaningful character of alcohol valued commodity for the oppressed themselves. drinking” (p. 135), and a tendency to consider it The Mapps Cave study and the balance of the to be an “indulgence” for past peoples. Another book mutually reinforce each other. All literature theme is the social role of alcohol consumption in reviews should include a practical model for their relieving anxiety, which follows the seminal work application, and all studies like that of Mapps of Donald Horton and acts as a guide for some Cave must of course thoroughly examine the of the interpretations of Mapps Cave. This very work which went before, as is done here so well. readable and substantial review of the extensive The reviews in chapters 2 through 5 add weight place of alcohol in recent history and its study and context to Smith’s arguments about the fi nds in historical archaeology—including Smith’s own at this site. For instance, the discussion of “oath work at Mapps Cave and elsewhere—should pro- drinks” (pp. 130–131) is strengthened by the vide an excellent reference for any archaeologist earlier review of West African traditional drinking or student of the modern world. practices and their frequent spiritual associations (pp. 92–94). Meanwhile, the argument for the JOHN M. CHENOWETH importance of alcohol and its material culture in DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY the course of recent history is strengthened by 232 KROEBER HALL connections drawn between the Mapps Cave site BERKELEY, CA 94720 201

Digging It Up Down Under make it perfectly clear that archaeology in Claire Smith and Heather Burke Australia is all about a living heritage. Springer Science and Business Chapter 2, “An Introduction to Indigenous Australians,” provides the basic precontact back- Media, New York, NY, 2007. 326 pp., ground necessary to understanding archaeology 20 illus. $149.00 cloth. in Australia, including information on early colo- nization of the continent, major archaeological Imagine the scenario: an archaeologist is inter- discoveries, and discussions of precontact econo- ested in obtaining fi eld experience abroad. What mies and trade networks. The differences between jobs are available? What are the working condi- European and Indigenous Australian worldviews tions like? How does someone break into a new and knowledge systems are also discussed here. fi eld? The World Archaeological Congress hopes The chapter offers only an introduction to the to provide readers with some answers with its subject, but the references cited will point the new series of Global Cultural Heritage Manuals. reader to more detailed sources. The inaugural volume in this series is Digging Chapters 3 and 4 provide practical information It Up Down Under, by Smith and Burke, and on living and working in Australia. How to fund focuses on Australian archaeology. your stay in Australia is described in chapter 3. Digging It Up Down Under often reads like This chapter runs the gamut from how to fi nd an archaeologist’s edition of the Rough Guide to funding and fellowship opportunities for foreign Australia. Smith and Burke––and a wide variety students, to Australian-based research programs of guest authors––sprinkle the text with checklists, that offer grants for archaeological fieldwork. words of advice, and enjoyable anecdotes about The fourth chapter, “Living It Up Down Under,” living and working in Australia. While this style is an archaeologist’s survival guide to Australia. makes for an enjoyable read, the volume also con- Practical advice addresses climate, environment, tains much substance, serving as an introductory and fauna; health and safety tips; and legali- primer in Australian archaeology and cultural heri- ties, such as obtaining visas and paying taxes. tage legislation. Each chapter includes an extensive Highlights, however, include serious––as well as bibliography and reading list. The volume also has tongue-in-cheek––information on the Australian four useful appendices, such as the “Australian character and lifestyle. All readers should enjoy Archaeology Yellow Pages” and codes of ethics the handy “Dig-Lingo Translator,” a warning sign for archaeological associations. Moreover, the for “Crocodile Safety,” and advice on how to authors are well informed on contemporary politi- survive in Australia as a nondrinking American. cal and ethical issues, and dedicate much of the Chapter 5 outlines cultural heritage legislation text to the relationships between archaeologists and in Australia and how it is implemented at the aboriginal peoples. commonwealth (federal), state, and local levels. The fi rst chapter of the volume begins with a The laws and regulations of each state and ter- brief introduction to the history and development ritory are discussed alongside advice provided of Australian archaeology. The challenges of by different archaeologists familiar with the fi nding employment in the very small Australian day-to-day operations of working in those areas. archaeological community are made clear, as are Aboriginal heritage and native title, which are the ethics of working as an archaeologist once heavily protected in Australia, are emphasized employment is found. This chapter highlights the throughout the discussion. strong role that Indigenous communities have in Chapters 6 through 8 are dedicated to “doing cultural heritage management in Australia: “All of archaeology” on Indigenous, historic and mari- Australia is Indigenous land, and all Indigenous time sites, respectively. These chapters provide archaeology as it is practiced here is conducted not only descriptions of some artifact and site in collaboration with Indigenous people” (p. 13). types, but also address the ethical and legal From the very first chapter, Smith and Burke responsibilities of archaeologists working on

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):201–202. Permission to reprint required. 202 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2) them. The reader is provided information on “Aboriginal Community Reports,” and a discussion where to fi nd resources to begin work––such as of Indigenous intellectual property rights. lists of relevant historical resources, qualifi cations This volume clearly provides the local knowl- needed, and advice on how to apply to work edge necessary to prepare any archaeologist (or on Indigenous land. The chapters could have student, or volunteer) for a fi eld season or job benefi ted from more illustration and description in the land down under. The real question is of artifacts and site types, but again, that infor- whether this manual will appeal to archaeologists mation can be found in the sources listed in the who have no plans on working in Australia. reference section. The main goal of this series––in addition to Site signifi cance is the focus of chapter 9. The providing manuals on doing archaeology in dif- chapter addresses the concerns faced by archaeol- ferent parts of the world––is to further cross-cul- ogists who must assess “which heritage sites are tural discourses on managing cultural resources. important enough to preserve and why” (p. 227). Digging It Up Down Under is presented as a This chapter tackles some of the tough––but very success story for cultural heritage management practical––questions that archaeologists work- based on a model of cross-cultural collaboration. ing in Australia will have to ask: What is the Smith and Burke highlight the importance of cultural signifi cance of a site versus its historic maintaining strong relationships between archae- or scientifi c signifi cance? When should a site be ologists and Indigenous communities in Australia. conserved, and how? Do cultural resources mean This working relationship plays out in different different things to different communities? How ways––whether that applies to gaining access should archaeologists present sites to the public? to sacred sites or understanding the differences Smith and Burke guide the reader through some between Indigenous and European worldviews. of these questions, using case studies and current As a result, the greatest appeal of this volume debates in the fi eld. They also provide practical is its potential to help further engage archae- advice on how to make statements and recom- ologists––no matter where they work––in cross- mendations about signifi cance. cultural discussions about their roles as cultural The final chapter focuses on documentation heritage managers. and publication, including technical reports, community-based reports, and academic publishing. LYNDA CARROLL PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY FACILITY Some parts of this chapter are written very DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY broadly, but there are just as many specifi cs–– BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY, SUNY such as a list of Australian journals, how to write BINGHAMTON, NY 13902-6000 203

Politics of the Fur Trade: Clay Tobacco 1968–1972 excavation was described by Stephen Pipes at Fort Union Trading Post De Vore in a previous study with William J. (32WI17) Hunt, Jr. in 1993. Consequently, Sudbury adopts De Vore’s typological scheme for the purpose J. Byron Sudbury of illustrating the pipes that De Vore described Clay Pipes Press, Ponca City, OK, in the previous study. Sudbury then goes on to 2009. 225 pp., 108 color photos. illustrate other ball-clay pipe specimens that do $100.00 cloth. not fall into De Vore’s categories. The data section of the report refl ects the size As soon as this book is opened it is clear that and complexity of the Fort Union pipe assem- it is different from much of the literature on clay blage. The proliferation of variability in clay pipes pipes. The reason for that is the photographs. in terms of decorative styles, shapes, sizes, and This book is an artifact study devoted to photo marks during the 19th century poses a formidable documenting and discussing a large and varied classifi catory challenge. Further, clay pipe descrip- smoking pipe assemblage from the Fort Union tion tends to present a terminological minefi eld. Trading Post site in northwestern North Dakota. A good example of this is the use of the terms The Fort Union site is located near the confl u- “fl uted,” “ribbed,” “cockled,” and “scalloped.” A ence of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, and type identifi ed as “Cockle, Oval, and Dumbbell” was occupied from 1828 to 1867. The National (p. 27) is described as having “heavier cockles Park Service conducted excavations at the site than the previous four cockle types (approaching during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s prior to scallops?).” Shortly thereafter, Sudbury writes reconstructing the fort. Those excavations recov- that in the Fort Union catalogue notes and in ered a sizeable pipe assemblage numbering over other reports that describe this type, it appears 11,000 specimens, ranging from whole pipes to that “there was some confusion in the distinction small fragments recovered by water screening. between cockles, scallops, and fl utes.” He goes on Sudbury’s goals with this volume are to illustrate to suggest that all such specimens “are actually both the ball-clay and reed-stem pipe varieties ‘ribbed’ which might be less confusing nomencla- represented in the collection, to identify sources ture.” His point is well taken: for those steeped of manufacture and dates for different pipe styles, in the clay pipe literature the terminology may and to suggest directions for future research with be part of the territory, but more generally, those the Fort Union pipe collection. archaeologists who are simply seeking to analyze The book consists of the main report on the the clay pipes in their artifact assemblages may pipe assemblage followed by six appendices of fi nd the terminology diffi cult to unravel. related material. The main report is divided into With this in mind it is important to note that numerous sections and subsections, of which the Sudbury includes a section on “Recommended data section is by far the largest. In that section Future Work” that offers a number of thoughtful the author organizes the presentation of the pipe and provocative ideas for future research with assemblage into a series of six data sets: (1) De the Fort Union collection. In this regard the Fort Vore’s ball-clay pipe type specimens, (2) addi- Union assemblage may present an opportunity tional ball-clay pipe specimens of interest, (3) for further typological analysis. Given the size reed-stem pipes, (4) porcelain pipe fragments, of the collection, a substantial amount of the (5) meerschaum pipe fragments, and (6) vulcanite variability in 19th-century clay pipes is repre- stem sections. The ball-clay and reed-stem pipes sented. Consequently, this collection may present included in the fi rst three data sets account for an opportunity to initiate a formal, expandable the vast majority of the collection; the last three classifi cation system for 19th-century clay pipes. are minor components. The ball-clay specimens This would help develop consistency and com- are separated into two data sets because that por- parability among types and reduce terminologi- tion of the pipe assemblage recovered during the cal subjectivity.

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The photo documentation effort that serves as this source. What is the gist of Stephan’s book? the basis for this volume is truly impressive. What evidence does he present, archaeological, The author photographed the entire pipe collec- documentary, or both? Appendix 1, figure 44 tion using a fi xed camera to achieve consistent (p. 166) provides a reproduction of one of scale, and white fl uorescent side lighting to bring the fi gures in Stephan’s book. The caption for out detail. This process amassed a total of over that fi gure indicates that the pipes shown were 25,000 photographs documenting the collection “recovered from the Grossalmerode production and providing a resource that will facilitate fur- site in Germany.” Thus it appears that the pipe ther analysis of the collection. data reported by Stephan were recovered from a As a result, it should come as no surprise pipe-manufacturing site in Germany. Given that that the volume is profusely illustrated. In the this is a German-language publication that may introduction, the author points out that description not be easy to fi nd, a brief summary of Stephan’s of the pipe specimens is achieved more through work would have helped introduce the reader to visual means than verbal. The fact that the 140- this oft-cited source. page report on the pipe collection includes 108 The discussion of the German connection in color figures provides a sense of the density regard to pipe suppliers to the U.S. market is of illustration in the book. The photographic part of why Sudbury used the phrase “politics of representation of the Fort Union Trading Post the fur trade” in the title of the book. This might pipe collection is clearly the major strength of lead the reader to anticipate a discussion of how the volume. This extensive photographic record the clay pipe assemblage provides insight into the assembled under one cover allows extraordinary internal political workings of the 19th-century fur access to this important pipe collection for com- trade in the West. The title, however, refers to parative purposes. a broader discussion of the numerous countries Beyond the exhaustive illustration of pipe that exported pipes to the U.S. during the 19th styles, another major goal of this study was the century. Historical archaeologists are familiar identifi cation of source countries in which the with a similar situation with British-produced pipes in the collection were manufactured. Per- ceramics with decorative styles made specifi- haps the most interesting aspect of this discus- cally to appeal to the American market. This sion is Sudbury’s conclusion that Germany was is useful information for understanding sources a major supplier of the pipes present in the Fort of supply and participation in global economic Union assemblage. This pertains not only to a systems. One could also suggest, however, that number of reed-stem varieties, but also to some the observation that a number of pipe-exporting white clay types. For example, Sudbury points countries are represented in the Fort Union col- out that 13-star patriotic TD pipes, and reed-stem lection is equally illustrative of the economics pipes made in the likenesses of American presi- of the fur trade. dents have often been assumed to be American- Politics of the Fur Trade is an ambitious work, made products. He presents evidence, however, especially in regard to the photo documentation that these styles were in fact made in Germany of the pipe collection and the subsequent quan- for export to the U.S. tity and quality of the illustrations in the book. The observation that Germany was a major As such, it provides archaeologists and other supplier of the pipes represented in the Fort researchers access to a substantial assemblage of Union collection is a prominent topic in 19th-century clay pipe material. This is a volume Sudbury’s book. In addressing that topic, he that will become a widely used reference in the frequently cites a 1995 publication of the Glas- analysis of excavated clay pipe collections. The und Keramikmuseum Großalmerode, Germany, book will have particular appeal to those engaged by Hans-Georg Stephan, entitled Großalmerode, in clay pipe research, and will serve more gen- ein europäisches Zentrum der Herstellung von erally as a tool for archaeologists working with technischer Keramik (Großalmerode, a European clay pipe assemblages from 19th-century sites. Center of the Manufacture of Technical Ceramics), part 2, as a main source of information on the DEAN L. ANDERSON OFFICE OF THE STATE ARCHAEOLOGIST likely German origin of a number of pipe styles. BOX 30740 This of course piques the reader’s interest in LANSING, MI 48909-8240 205

Archaeological Concepts for the or ignored the geological data he was providing. Study of the Cultural Past In addition to outlining the importance of these Alan P. Sullivan (editor) data in archaeological studies, he stresses the importance of geology in the curriculum and University of Utah Press, Salt Lake provides ideas on how better to exhibit the City, 2008. 288 pp., 41 illus., 5 archaeological and geological data to impart more tables. $25.00 paper. meaningful information. The crux of his argument is the disconnect between the geological and In Archaeological Concepts for the Study of archaeological data, and how over his 35 years the Cultural Past, Alan Sullivan sets out an of experience the situation has changed little. ambitious agenda to fi nd approaches to study- This leads into David Killick’s piece on the ing the cultural past that are based on concepts differences in the science of archaeology between outside cultural anthropology. Rather than rely American and Britain. Killick contends that a gap upon perceptions grounded in ethnographic has developed between the two countries in the or ethnological views, the contributors to this realms of new scientifi c methods, the integration volume were tasked with developing outside tools of these methods into archaeological practice, and to assess the archaeological record. In doing so, the provisioning of an infrastructure to promote the authors demonstrate how integrating data new and better work. While he draws compari- provided by other fi elds can help archaeologists sons about the types of research conducted within overcome the limits of current cultural anthro- the respective countries and how some studies pological thought, how physical manifestations are better suited for particular environments than of historic activities such as remnant magnetism, others, the heart of his discussion is on Britain’s scientifi c research, and spatial relationships can national efforts to fund archaeological study and help interpret anthropogenic phenomena, and how promote cross-disciplinary work, and how this examining differences between reference data and can be pursued in America. the ethnographic record provide new explanations Ken Kvamme writes about one such discipline of the history. that is gaining a following in America: the use Sullivan begins his book by approaching an of remote sensing in pattern recognition. Con- archaeological record not from the perspective of suming considerably less time than shovel-test ethnography or ethnology, but from an archaeo- units and traditional archaeological excavation, logical viewpoint. He argues that to determine and covering considerably more ground, Kvamme the suitability of a collection to address particular submits that patterns observed through remote questions, one must use more than an artifact sensing techniques, based on basic natural laws assemblage to understand the origins and forma- and experience, can be designated as human or tions of that record. Using archaeobotanical and natural landscape signatures without ever putting pollen evidence in concert with historic precipita- a shovel to the ground. Examples are provided tion data, Sullivan was able to draw conclusions of burned historic structures, a cemetery, cattle about ancient provisioning strategies in the Grand trails, and hearths, along with descriptions of Canyon that ethnographic accounts did not divulge. some of the technologies used and the environ- Using these data he was able to reveal traces of ments for which they are best suited. While the human behavior that may otherwise be outside the author admits that not every site can benefi t from scope of historic or ethnographic records. remote sensing technology due to landscape (i.e., In a similar vein, Paul Goldberg argues that forested areas), under suitable conditions remote the geological context in which archaeological sensing can provide detailed maps of large areas, materials are found should be more fully helping defi ne human modifi cations and directing incorporated into discussions of site formation future research. and historic activities. Goldberg recounts his Putting his hands on the data in question, Harold interactions with archaeologists who marginalized Dibble’s article focuses on lithic assemblages.

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In the first part of the article, he focused on and how this sharing potentially played social methods for analyzing lithic assemblages. Dibble and economic roles. By tracing the distribution outlines how common analytical techniques such of faunal remains from the same specimen across as use-wear, residue, and refi tting analyses, and the site, Enloe was able to use methods from replicative experiments were developed outside mammalian osteology and ethnoarchaeology to archaeology. Then he explores the mechanics of address specifi cally cultural questions. fl ake production and how there are fundamental Michael Deal’s chapter on abandonment pat- physical characteristics of lithic assemblages and terning rounds out the volume. Deal describes their contexts that require investigation. Although how human settlement and landscape abandon- the approaches described here are based in ment is manifest in structural and portable arti- the fields of fracture mechanics and geology facts. By understanding environmental impacts, for example, they reveal telling data about the disposal practices, structure reuse and renovation, cultural past. and site permanency in concert with continued Julie Stein’s piece on the evolution of prove- ethnoarchaeological and experimental studies, nience and how we understand it is a refl ection Deal outlines the stages of site abandonment on how archaeology has developed tighter spatial in the Mayan region of Mexico. Knowledge of control, and therefore stronger data. Originating outside infl uences on abandoned sites helps detail in other disciplines, the concept of provenience the history of the sites, including why some has gradually changed within the archaeological artifacts are present and other are not, and why literature to refl ect better the needs of archae- a site or the region was abandoned. ologists, their fi eld methods, and their theories. Each chapter in Alan Sullivan’s edited volume These improvements in turn helped defi ne the explores the influences that have profound archaeological sciences by providing spatial impacts on archaeology and our approaches to boundaries for the data and consideration of understanding the past. Rather than hide archaeol- cultural and natural processes. ogy in the shadow of cultural anthropology, this These spatial boundaries are at the heart of book shows the necessity of cross-disciplinary James Enloe’s article on the study of occupation studies and the need for developing new methods surfaces. While many archaeological sites are to address the historical record. palimpsests of historic activity, spatial patterning on identifi able occupation surfaces can help address ALICIA VALENTINO specifi c questions about past behaviors and develop NORTHWEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES, INC. theoretical issues. Enloe’s example is his study of 5418 20TH AVENUE NW, SUITE 200 food sharing among hunter gatherer communities SEATTLE, WA 98107 207

Metal Detecting and Archaeology on personal experience, from the situations and Suzie Thomas and Peter G. Stone issues presented. (editors) The vehicle that communicates this encom- passing subject matter is the documentation of Boydell Press, Woodbridge, UK, struggles and compromises between cultural 2009. 224 pp., 67 fi gs., 7 pls., 3 resource professionals and a public that lays tables, index. $95.00 cloth. claim to knowledge and objects associated with a shared heritage, property ownership, and per- Metal Detecting and Archaeology, edited by ceived rights. Persistently operating beneath the Suzie Thomas and Peter G. Stone, is a com- surface of those legitimate concerns is the insidi- pilation of chapters by 19 authors associated ous element of looting solely for fi nancial profi t with the “Buried Treasure: Building Bridges” by “nighthawks.” conference held at Newcastle upon Tyne in As related by Thomas, the device used by the northeast England. The meeting was envisioned metal-detecting hobbyist today originated in a as a forum for exploring mutual interests, issues life-and-death urgency to locate landmines during of contention, and the potential for productive World War II. In chapter 4, Cornelison and Smith collaboration among cultural resource profes- chronicle pioneering uses of metal detecting in sionals and metal-detecting hobbyists. In the the U.S., noting that archaeologists experimented foreword, Lord Redesdale notes that the divide with the technology as early as the 1950s. The between the two groups has been infused with majority of professionals though, came to view elements of “class politics and social division,” metal detecting as ineffective for their individual as professional archaeologists have long main- applications. In response to increased use by hob- tained proprietary authority over historic cultural byists, archaeologists became concerned about the resources and heritage. With her introduction perception of association with treasure hunting, to the volume, Suzie Thomas also immediately and have largely resisted the technology. confronts the longstanding distrust between Following early successes by Dean Snow the two factions, while clearly attempting to working at the Revolutionary War Saratoga maintain an evenhanded approach to the topic. battlefi eld, archaeologists Doug Scott and Richard This compendium includes the viewpoints of Fox collaborated with metal detectorists in the academic anthropologists and archaeologists, 1980s and began to dispel negative perceptions government offi cials, museum curators, civil ser- through their innovative surveys at the Little Big vants, metal detectorists, and interested members Horn battlefi eld. Their research exemplifi ed the of the public. Collectively, the authors represent value of large-scale, method-driven data collec- disparate perspectives from England and Wales, tion, as well as professional/amateur cooperation. as well as Poland, South Africa, Scotland, Although metal detecting as a hobby began in Northern Ireland, and the United States. the U.S. soon after World War II, Addyman in Much of what is described has a universally chapter 5 notes that concerns relating to its use familiar quality that will resonate with those who for “treasure hunting” in Great Britain arose in read this book. Integral to the overt examination the 1970s. Using “native wit,” British hobbyists of the specifi c relationship between archaeology were locating numerous archaeological sites, and and metal detecting are important implications archaeologists were, early, disorganized in their that relate archaeology to cultural heritage, response. Lacking an organized focus, complaints methodology, education and outreach, preserva- by the professional community were interpreted tion, and cultural resource management laws, by the public as elitist protectionism and jealousy. regulations, and standards––public archaeology of Early campaigns, such as Stop Taking Our Past, international scope. Those who are interested in attempting to infl uence public opinion against the history and involved in cultural resource preser- metal-detecting hobby, ultimately proved divisive vation will fi nd it is easy to draw parallels, based and counterproductive. Thomas relates that those

Historical Archaeology, 2010, 44(2):207–209. Permission to reprint required. 208 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2) trying to reach across the aisle were maligned of information due to rampant underreporting. by loyalists on both sides of the debate. Similar Museums were unable to raise funds to purchase to their U.S. counterparts, British archaeologists an estimated half of all fi nds that consequently began to shun the technology for fear of being went unrecorded under the old system. PAS perceived as condoning treasure hunting. provides a distinction between public acquisi- Archaeologists have long contended that non- tion of artifacts and the reporting/recording of scientifi c excavation does irreparable damage to data associated with finds. Bland reports that historical provenience. Thomas correctly observes as of January 2008, the PAS database () contained 210,000 records an artifact is associated with its physical context and 160,000 images relating to 317,000 objects. within a cultural landscape. Countering that argu- The scheme recognizes metal detecting as a ment, English metal-detector users point out that legal activity, and without promoting the prac- many of the objects they discover in rural set- tice seeks to engage users rather than ignore tings have already lost their context due to deep them. Metal-detector users report approximately plowing, and are in imminent danger of being 68% of fi nds recorded by fi nds liaison offi cers, destroyed. Further, hobbyists claim credit for fan- and Bland estimates that more than half of the tastic fi nds that might otherwise have remained metal-detector users operating in England are undiscovered. The schism between the two sides reporting fi nds. As illustrated by Richards and was widened by a nationally infamous incident Naylor in chapter 15, benefi ts of the data being at Wanborough, England, where a Romano-British captured by PAS include geographic information temple site was massively looted in the 1980s. system applications in which the spatial attributes The subsequent trial and accompanying publicity of fi nds are being used to compose specifi c site was seen by many as manipulation and politici- distributions for modeling settlement patterns zation by the archaeological community for the across England through time. purpose of bringing about more restrictive British By most accounts presented here, the success common law. of PAS is due in large part to the nationwide To illuminate modern relations between Brit- network of fi nds liaison offi cers (FLOs) who ish archaeologists, amateurs, and hobbyists, have direct contact with metal detectorists and the authors provide some background on laws other members of the public through organized pertaining to cultural resources in England. The events and other forms of outreach. In chapter Treasure Trove Law can be traced to the 12th 10, detectorist Trevor Austin comments that the century when it was enforced as a deterrent to FLOs understand the hobby of metal detecting the medieval-era tax-evasion practice of hiding just as they understand archaeology and the valuables rather than declaring them. Under the environment, and they discuss the issues hon- law, anyone fi nding gold or silver was obligated estly. Commenting on the relationship, Austin to report the fi nd to the appropriate authority. If describes metal detecting as “a hobby that has the owner could not be located, the “treasure” responsibilities,” and expresses a commonly passed to the Crown. If it could be shown that held desire for more opportunities to work the objects had been accidentally lost or buried alongside archaeologists. without intention of recovery (votive), ownership The book includes a number of examples of passed to the landowner. In 1996, the Treasure collaborations between the archaeological and Act was passed as a refi nement to the Treasure metal-detecting communities. In chapter 11, Trove Law, but was soon perceived as less than Spencer recounts what could be considered a effective and diffi cult to enforce. It is the more paradigm shift in British numismatics. With recent Portable Antiquities Scheme that is cred- the advent of the metal detector the traditional ited with providing a wealth of information on focus in the study of historic coins shifted from both archaeological sites and artifacts. known collections to coins being discovered In chapter 6, Bland explains that the Portable beneath farmlands. In contrast to the contents of Antiquities Scheme (PAS) was conceived as a known collections based on savings and currency, means to (1) promote public responsibility for metal-detecting surveys in the hinterlands were voluntarily recording archeological finds, and producing rarely seen cut coins and small (2) dramatically decrease the irreplaceable loss denominations associated with the transactions REVIEWS 209 of ordinary folk. Spencer and other experts the landscape. In chapter 16, Pollard begins to realized that prior to this revelation the study address concerns of location and relative context of numismatics had been constructed through a with an outline of a systematic methodology for selective process biased toward the wealthy who data collection in metal detecting. The elements hoarded, collected, and bequeathed. of the methodology will be completely familiar Readers of Metal Detecting and Archaeology to those who have conducted Total Station site will gain insights into cultural resource manage- mapping and archaeogeophysical surveys using ment approaches elsewhere in the world. Lodwick, electrical resistance, magnetometry, electromag- in chapter 9, reports that Wales operates under a netic conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, or PAS system similar to that used in England. The ground-penetrating radar. Despite a long-held system in those two areas is considered to be reputation as an unsystematic tool, metal detect- liberal by comparison with Scotland, described by ing is identifi ed by the authors contributing to Saville in chapter 7, where all archaeological fi nds this book as another form of remote sensing. As of any age, type, or material must be reported, such, it must then contribute precise, reconstruc- and belong to the fi nder only if the Crown does table, and permanent data. not claim them. Landowners there have no claim Generally focusing on the positive, Thomas to antiquities discovered on their property. Hurl, and the assembled authors encourage cooperation. of Northern Ireland, reports in chapter 8 that all Education and public outreach are precepts that archaeological excavation requires a license. In are underpinning the “bridges” being constructed Poland, as outlined by Kobylinski and Szpanowski to connect metal-detector users and other mem- in chapter 2, the state claims ownership of all bers of the interested and conscientious public to archaeological finds, and laws prohibit private archaeology. Thomas suggests that metal-detector collections and trade in artifacts. In chapter 3, users be viewed in terms of their potential contri- Becker states that metal-detector use in South bution, and as providing an opportunity in a time Africa requires a permit issued by a professional of “community archaeology.” As demonstrated in council that requires justifi cation and affi liation this book, metal detecting is most successful in with a professional agency. the hands of a skilled user, just as archaeology is In her introduction to this volume, Thomas done best by archaeologists. Based on those clear acknowledges concerns associated with the criteria, successful collaborations are producing destruction of the primary context of artifacts extraordinary results. in the fi eld. Here the message must be clearly communicated that there are aspects of primary JAMI J. LOCKHART context that can and must be interpreted only ARKANSAS ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY by a professional archaeologist. That said, a 2475 N. 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Telling New Mexico: A New History tribal council member and advocate for the Zuni Marta Weigle with Frances Levine Salt Lake (2009) writing on fi rst contact with the and Louise Stiver (editors) Spanish at Hawikku and the cultural cataclysms that followed. Peter Iverson (2002) speaks of Museum of New Mexico Press, Navajo history in his essay “Black Clouds Will Santa Fe, 2009. 483 pp., 55 b&w Rise,” and Veronica Velarde Tiller (2000) tells photos. $45.00 cloth. the story of the Jicarilla Apache through their origin story and early contact with the Spanish. This recent volume from the University of Part 3, titled “The Northern Province,” contains New Mexico Press, edited by distinguished New six essays that focus on the Spanish period in Mexico historian, Marta Weigle, New Mexico His- New Mexico. Thomas Chavez (2009), former tory Museum director Frances Levine, and New director of the Palace of Governors, provides an Mexico History Museum senior curator Louise overview of Spain in the New World and life Stiver represents an ambitious attempt to tell New in colonial New Mexico. Rick Hendricks of the Mexico history on a broad scale from its earliest University of New Mexico Library (2009) tells days to our modern period, for the upcoming the story of Juan de Onate, the fi rst successful occasion of the state’s centennial in 2012. colonizer and governor of New Mexcio. Alfonso This is not, however, a general history in any Ortiz (1980) speaks of the religious nature of the sense of the word. It represents a marvelous Pueblo Revolt and the Tewa leader, Po’pay. Rick collection of essays prepared by 45 scholars and Hendricks (2009) provides another essay, this writers who refl ect almost every facet of New time on Diego de Vargas, who led the reconquest Mexico’s long and rich history. The book is of New Mexico for Spain in the years follow- organized into seven parts followed by an epi- ing the Pueblo Revolt in 1680, and his role as logue concerning the opening of the New Mexico governor of New Mexico in 1688. John L. Kes- History Museum adjacent to the Palace of the sell (2009), founding editor of the Vargas Project Governors on Santa Fe Plaza. describes the visit of Bishop Pedro Tamaron in Part 1, “Light, Land, Water, and Wind,” has 1760, and the three-day burlesque parody when eight essays that focus on the natural world of a Pecos Pueblo carpenter and head of a clown light, geology, mountains, waterways, windscapes, society, Agustin Guichi, became a sham bishop. minescapes, and culturescapes, and includes writ- Joe Sando (1992), member of Jemez Pueblo and ings by Jake Page (1995) on light, Larry Crum- former director of the Pueblo Indian Study and pler (2001) on the geology of volcanoes, Wiliam Research Center in Albuquerque, provides a brief Debuys (1985) on the culture of the Sangre look at the silver-crowned canes of pueblo offi ce de Cristo Mountains, Sylvia Rodriquez (2006) given as symbols of authority by the Spanish to on the politics and culture of acequias, Roland pueblo governors. Dickey on the magic and loneliness of wind, In part 4, “Linking Nations,” are four essays Rina Swentzell (1985) on Pueblo cultural space, that focus on New Mexico during the Mexi- and Haniel Long (1941) on the phenomenon of can period following independence from Spain. Carlsbad Cavern tourism. Robert Torrez, former state historian for the Part 2, “Beyond History’s Records,” includes Mexico Records Center, tells the story of Mexi- four essays that focus on Native American New can patriotism during the transition from inde- Mexico. This section of the book contains essays pendence from Spain to the arrival of General by the noted anthropologist Alfonso Ortiz from Kearny and the Americans. Oakah Jones (1999) San Juan Pueblo, describing the traditional cul- describes the role of the Camino Real in New tural landscape of New Mexico from a Native Mexico history. Michael Olson (2009) discusses American perspective (1979); and Tom Kennedy, the role of the Santa Fe Trail in the cultural and executive director of the Zuni Awan Museum and economic history of New Mexico. John Kes- Heritage Center, and Dan Simplico, former Zuni sell (1979) provides another essay, this time on

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Pecos Pueblo and the migration of its residents World War. William Gibbs (1999) tells the story to Jemez Pueblo. of the Roswell UFO controversy and mystery. Part 5, “Becoming the Southwest,” contains John Hunner (2004) reviews the secrecy issues nine essays that cover such diverse topics as the at Los Alamos in the 1950s. Jason Silverman state seal of New Mexico, authored by the New (2006) tells the story of rock-and-roll icon Buddy Mexico secretary of state (2003), Durwood Ball Holly’s Clovis, New Mexico recording studio. (2009) describing the role of the U.S. Army in The architect of the capitol (2006) describes the New Mexico from 1848 to 1886, William Wroth statue of New Mexico senator Dennis Chavez, (2006) telling the story of the buffalo soldiers in and Maria Montoya (2002) provides a biographi- New Mexico, and Margaret Connell-Szasz (2009) cal sketch of Senator Chavez. Jennifer Denetdale discussing the cultural encounters among Native (2007) reviews 100 years of Dine history and the Americans in New Mexico from 1848 to 1948. Bosque Redondo Memorial. Also, Malcolm Ebright reviews the history of Part 7, “My New Mexico,” provides nine Hispanic land grants and Indian lands, including essays that focus on the many faces of New the Court of Private Land Claims and the role Mexico. Paul Allen (1998) writes of Laguna of the Santa Fe Ring in land issues. Marc Sim- Pueblo stories and the nuclear age. Gail Okawa mons (2006) tells the story of Billy the Kid and (2009) writes of the Japanese internment camp the Lincoln County War. Daniel Gibson (1986) in Santa Fe. Lois Rudnik (1996) tells the explores New Mexico’s multicultural heritage story of Taos and its counterculture spanning in his essay on a community of black settlers many decades. Debra Hughes (2006) writes of at Blackdom, located south of Roswell. Marta Joe Powdrell, his barbecue restaurant, and the Weigle (2009) provides a look at the efforts NAACP in Albuquerque. John Nieto-Phillips of the railroads and the New Mexico Highway (2004) writes on Spanish American identity. Department to promote New Mexico for tourism. Maria Lopez (2009) provides an account of Michael Stevenson (2006) provides the last essay Mexican immigrants into New Mexico. John in this section, on the museum and collections of Hummer (2007) writes of the study of public the Historical Society of New Mexico history in New Mexico. The architect of the Part 6, “The ‘New’ New Mexico,” includes 11 capitol (2006) describes the statue of Po’pay in essays on modern New Mexico, including the the National Statuary Hall. New Mexico secretary of state (2003) writing The editors of this volume should be com- on the state constitution; Marta Weigle (2009) on plimented for the depth and breadth of their state fl ags and the fi rst state song; Sara Deutch selections in this extraordinary group of essays (2009) on the history of labor relations in New that documents the multicultural history of New Mexico, the “Plan de San Diego,” Pancho Villa’s Mexico. It has been a long time since this raid, and Reies Tijerina and the Tierra Amarilla reviewer has enjoyed such a collection of essays. County Courthouse incident. Estevan Rael-Galvaz (2009) provides the story of two New Mexico PETER L. STEERE TOHONO O’ODHAM NATION WPA writers’ project interviews. Ferenc Szasz PO BOX 1279 (2009) discusses New Mexico during the Second SELLS, ARIZONA 85634 212

Barbarians to Angels: The Dark Ages its much-underplayed signifi cance. One school Reconsidered of historians now exists in which the barbar- Peter S. Wells ian component in the threefold mix of Western civilization (the other two are the classical past W. W. Norton and Company, New and Christianity) is constantly minimized in order York, NY, 2008. 256 pp. $16.95 paper. to emphasize an ideologically less-problematic Roman preponderance, less problematic that Peter S. Wells is an archaeologist best known is, for elites of the European Union. Although for his work on the Iron Age and early Roman Wells sometimes overstates the degree of Roman periods in transalpine Europe. In Barbarians to continuity (in terms of city life, for example) he Angels: The Dark Ages Reconsidered, a book performs a genuine service in seeking to rectify aimed at a popular audience, he argues that his- an imbalance. Unfortunately, he does not appear torians have misinterpreted developments between to be well read in the texts that he criticizes, and A.D. 400 and 800 because they have relied on which do not, contrary to his constantly reiter- sparse and biased written sources instead of ated opinion, deal solely with the upper classes. employing the relatively plentiful archaeological It is, moreover, disconcerting to see Gregory of materials. Historians have thus failed to illuminate Tours, the author of a famous 6th-century history, the “Dark Ages,” where they have placed “too portrayed as “a Frank himself,” whose work is much faith in texts concerning warfare and mass thus an improvement over writers like Ammianus, movements of people that can lead us astray.” Marcellinus, or Jordanes, who did not belong to Wells describes his work as a “bottom up” the groups they described. Actually, Gregory was rather than “top down” attempt to provide a reli- a Gallo-Roman bishop of aristocratic lineage who able picture of barbarian culture over four centu- had a low opinion of Frankish culture. Nor does ries. To that end he presents a series of chapters it build any confi dence to read that the renowned on, among other themes, views of the declining Bede of Northumbria “wrote his history of Roman Empire, which actually continued to pro- England in the seventh century”––it was an 8th- vide continuity in signifi cant ways; “Dark Age century work––or to fi nd that he is best known kings” across northern Europe, whose panoplies today “for his five-volume Ecclesiastical His- contained both Roman and barbarian elements; tory of the English People,” when it is a single Roman cities which continued as active urban volume divided into fi ve books for the sake of areas throughout the period; a “revolution in the organization. Having referred to Bede’s work in countryside” in which technological innovations this manner, it is further worrisome to fi nd Wells and the three-fi eld crop rotation system mark- stating that “In the British Isles, the inhabitants edly increased food production; and the spread are known as Irish, Picts, Scots, and from the of Christianity, which is described as producing fourth century on, newly arrived Angles, Saxons a syncretistic religion in which older practices and Jutes.” More than one thing is wrong with continued under a thin coating of novelty. Older this sentence, but the most obvious error is the arguments about decline in these centuries are exclusion of the Britons, the vastly most numer- thus contradicted, and the period emerges as “a ous people whom Bede constantly excoriated, time of brilliant cultural activity” in which “the and who gave their name to the island itself. As rantings of late Roman writers about societ- for arguments about the nature of the so-called ies they did not understand” are shown to be “Dark Ages,” most historians jettisoned that term foiled by the creative dynamism of barbarian over a generation ago because they recognized populations that led in important ways to modern then its misleading implications. Wells’s revival Western civilization. of the corpse under these circumstances serves The present writer admits to ambivalence in no purpose except to buttress a straw man and reviewing this book because he shares Wells’s to dramatize his exaggerations about what texts enthusiastic interest in barbarian culture and cannot reveal and what material culture can.

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Constrained here by space, only two other Christian. In the fi nal analysis, the “spread of diffi culties can be mentioned. One is the author’s the new religion” occurred because it offered the view that the migrating Germanic peoples powerfully appealing quality of hope in an often were small in number and not particularly dismal world. Any proponent of a “bottom up” violent. That is a fairly recent thesis upheld approach to historical interpretation should be by some scholars but opposed by others. In aware of this. this case and elsewhere, Wells does not discuss Over the past decade, publishers have responded contrary evidence and thus conveys a misleading well to a growing public interest in barbarian impression to interested but uninformed readers. cultures of the late ancient and early medieval Similarly, Wells’s chapter on the “spread of the worlds. This is a good thing for archaeologists new religion” is entirely inadequate. Matters of and historians alike. The resultant publications are belief and intellectual commitment in this period of uneven quality, however, because the factual cannot be accurately gauged by occasional pieces complexity of evidence tends to be sacrifi ced to of material culture (which themselves present market requirements of simplicity and drama. multiple interpretive possibilities), especially Therein lies the rub. By suggesting through when only one percent of that material has been continual usage that an outdated term possesses excavated. Syncretism certainly existed in the modern professional currency, by neglecting early Middle Ages, but a useful interpretation to discuss significant contrary evidence and of the various beliefs and rituals encountered argument, by exaggerating the originality of his calls for the kind of sophisticated and nuanced own approach and fi nding, Wells has diminished analyses that are not to be found in Barbarians to the value of a book that might have done some Angels. In fact, the spread of Christianity is only good. The culture of the barbarian centuries is in small part explainable through Wells’s favored a fascinating topic of inquiry but it was only device of a substitution paradigm, a church at a rarely “brilliant,” and then only in certain times former sacrifi cial site for example, because the and places. Had Wells chosen to study serfdom, substitutions that can be cited are mainly of a slavery, mortality rates, law, feud, warfare, superficial character. Because Christianity was and the sheer drudgery of daily life, he might a salvifi c religion with a complex theology and have reached different conclusions. Even when organization, it cannot easily be compared to balanced against extraordinary achievements in the elementary pattern of do ut des religiosity art and literature, the proverbial glass was never (“I give so that you may give”) that typified more than half full. Germanic, Celtic, and Roman paganism. Nor was the “new religion” always that new by 400. For example, the “little wolf,” Ulfi las, the noted MICHAEL ENRIGHT DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY missionary to the Goths, had converted large 315-A BREWSTER BUILDING numbers of Goths by 348, and the Goths of EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY the 5th century may have been predominantly GREENVILLE, NC 27858-4353