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Late Ordovician Faunal Distribution and Ecospace

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Late Ordovician Faunal Distribution and Ecospace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othing shocks me. I'm a scientist. Dr. H.W. Jones, Jr. List of publications I Frisk, Å.M. & Ormö, J. 2007: Facies distribution of post- impact sediments in the Ordovician Lockne and Tvären impact craters: In- dications for unique impact-generated environments. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42 (11), 1971-1984. II Frisk, Å.M. & Ebbestad, J.O.R. 2007: Paragastropods, Tergomya, and Gastropoda (Mollusca) from the Upper Ordovican Dalby Lime- stone, Sweden. GFF 129 (2), 83-99. III Eriksson, M.E. & Frisk, Å.M. (submitted to Geological Magazine) Marine astrobleme palaeoecology in the early Late Ordovician of Sweden. IV Frisk, Å.M. & Harper D.A.T. (manuscript to be submitted to Pa- laeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology) Late Ordovician brachiopod distribution and ecospace partitioning in the Tvären cra- ter system, Sweden. V Frisk, Å.M. & Harper D.A.T. (manuscript to be submitted to Le- thaia) Palaeoenvironmental aspects of Late Ordovician (Sandbian) Sericoidea shell concentrations in an impact crater, Tvären, Sweden. VI Frisk Å.M. & Holmer L.E. (manuscript to be submitted to Acta Palaeontologica Polonica) Diversity and distribution of post-impact Linguliform and Craniiform brachiopod colonizers in Upper Ordovi- cian marine impact craters. VII Ebbestad, J.O.R., Högström, A.S. & Frisk. Å.M. (manuscript to be submitted to Journal of systematic palaeontology) Gastropods from the Upper Ordovician (Viru-Harju) of the Fågelsång area, Scania, southern Sweden. Additionally, the following papers were written during the course of my PhD studies at Uppsala University, but are not included in this thesis: I Frisk, Å.M. & Ebbestad, J.O.R. 2008: Trilobite bio- and ecostrati- graphy of the Tremadocian Djupvik and Köpingsklint formations (A. serratus trilobite Zone) on southern Öland, Sweden. GFF 130, 153- 160. II Egenhoff, S., Cassle, C., Maletz, J., Frisk, Å.M., Ebbestad, J.O.R., & Stübner, K. (accepted in Sedimentary Geology). Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the most pronounced Early Ordovician sea-level fall on Baltica - the Bjørkåsholmen Formation in Norway and Sweden. Reprinting and publication is made with authorization from the copy- right holders. Paper I © Meteoritical Society Paper II © GFF, Geologiska Föreningen Paper III © by the authors Paper IV © by the authors Paper V © by the authors Paper VI © by the authors Paper VII © by the authors Statement of authorship Paper I: Å Frisk performed the field studies; J. Ormö performed the labora- tory analysis of the drill cores. Both contributed to the interpretations and the writing. Paper II: Å. Frisk and J.O.R. Ebbestad sampled at Fjäcka and studied mu- seum collections. Å. Frisk did the field work in Lockne. Both contributed to the writing. Paper III: Å. Frisk did sampling, lab work, and picked the majority of the material. M. Eriksson picked all the material supplied from Å. Wallin and did the identification of the material. Both contributed to the writing. Paper IV: Å. Frisk sampled and studied museum collections, and wrote the majority of the manuscript. Both contributed to the identification of the ma- terial and analysis of it. Paper V: Å. Frisk sampled the material, and wrote the majority of the manu- script. Both contributed to identification of the material and analysis of it. Paper VI: Å. Frisk sampled the material, did the lab work and picked the material. Å.Frisk & L.E. Holmer both contributed to the identification of the material. Å Frisk wrote the majority of the manuscript. Paper: VII: Å. Frisk assisted in data collecting and writing. Contents 1. Introduction.................................................................................................9 The importance of being cratered...............................................................9 The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.......................................11 Origin and structure of marine impact craters..........................................12 Ordovician deposition patterns at the time of the impacts .........................13 Research history and geological setting of the impacted areas ................15 Reconstructing intervals of survival and recovery following catastrophic events........................................................................................................19 2. Faunal recovery in marine impact craters.................................................21 Palaeoenvironmental distribution patterns in the craters..........................21 Distribution of univalved molluscs in the craters and the contemporaneous Sularp Shale (Scania) ..................................................22 Tvären as a local biodiversity hotspot......................................................23 Polychaete colonization in the Tvären Crater ..........................................26 Colonization of linguliform and craniiform brachiopods in the craters ...26 3. Future perspectives of unpublished data...................................................29 4. Svensk sammanfattning ............................................................................30 Betydelsen av meteoritnedslag.................................................................30 Den ordoviciska uppblomstringen............................................................31 Meteoritnedslag i Sverige.........................................................................31 Forskningens syfte....................................................................................32 Livet återvänder och koloniserar meteoritkratrarna .................................33 5. Acknowledgements...................................................................................35 6. References.................................................................................................37 1. Introduction The importance of being cratered Catastrophic changes on Earth clearly influence the diversity and ecological construction of the biosphere both at local and global levels. Bolide impacts, as any other catastrophic event, generate distinctive patterns of biological destruction and recovery (Cockell & Blaustein, 2002), but few disturbances of an ecosystem are larger than those caused by impacts. Impacts are there- fore highly significant in understanding the ecological effects of a catastro- phic event. The debate on the catastrophic effects of impacts was first initi- ated by Alvarez et al. (1980), who put forward an impact event as the cause of the extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary. Later identifica- tion of the Chicxulub impact structure (Mexico) as the impact site gave fur- ther support to the theory (Hildebrand et al., 1991; Sharpton et al., 1992). Since then many important contributions have forwarded the importance of catastrophic events, but French (2004) argued especially for the importance of being cratered. During the Phanerozoic, the aftermath of events such as massive impacts are in general associated with major extinctions, truly dev- astating effects on the ecosystems, and thus they are alleged to be largely negative. Impacts, however, can serve as constructive events and produce wide-ranging environments enclosing new ecological niches for a diverse biota to occupy, besides initiating the bloom of disaster taxa (Cockell & Bland, 2005; Smelror & Dypvik, 2006; Schmitz et al., 2008). The process of impact cratering generates enormously high temperatures causing the substrate to be sterilised and devoid of life. If a crater forms a range of habitats within the recently formed structure, accessible for immi- gration, are introduced in the impacted area, bringing about a distinct post- impact succession of earliest colonizers and different phases of successive colonizers (Cockell et al., 2003). The colonization phases of benthic faunas in the post-impact sediments of the crater create a range of ecological niches. Acting as a restricted area the crater can be used as a foundation for analys- ing the tie between faunal characteristics and given environments. A majority of all known marine impacts are still covered by the sea and are thus largely inaccessible for detailed investigations. Marine craters make up approximately one fifth of all known craters on Earth (Dypvik & Jansa, 2003; Dypvik et al., 2004). The Ordovician of Baltoscandia is unique in that at least four well preserved marine craters with a good record of post-impact sedi- ments are preserved (Lockne, Tvären, Granby, and Kärdla) (Fig.1). 9 Figure 1. Distribution of Ordovician impact craters in Baltoscandia. Of these, the Lockne crater in Jämtland is of particular interest since it is well exposed and gives excellent possibilities
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