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Geology of the Greymouth Area

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Geology of the Greymouth Area GEOLOGY OF THE GREYMOUTH AREA SIMON NATHAN M. S. RATTENBURY R . P. SUGGATE (COMPILERS) Internationa l New Zeala"d International New Zealand 1M"I ", ~~~~~~ "" ;; M-l. Pleistocene *~ CasUediffian W, ;J Selinuntian DZl'Iulfianl Maltarewan VDm £§ "? WLlChiaPlngJan f 0 " Gelasian Nukumaruan W. § '0 ••e" aparlliln Wm TatananIMld'3n PlaC8rwan M" allllan l Wai g~." e """~. • " o. ~ lanclean Oporuo.· Wo 256 • Branonian VA' 53 "§ ~ Me5Slnliln Kapilean Tk ! Mangaplrian YAm 0.• , M.""," '." ~ j j• $ T"""""""",,,," n w """"""'........ pre-Telfordian V. ",,,""'. 290 11.2 W~ S. 0 •e """""""" - ~, I 3 0" 0 ~i 0• ~ s N 0 ~ ......... So 0 • """"""'" 323 0 '" Z 'i: e UJ ~ """"". ~ Burdigalian " e F 0 ! 0 ! " F'<> £ ""'". u aman Wallaluan l. <.l~• 238 ChaltJan DunlrOOnian CO 0 ~ w 28.5 j Wha'ngaroaon l"'" liOw Rupelian 33.7 Late 37.0 nabon'an , "1 ., Itoman "g · ,. e ~ """"'"" §. Lute!lan " Poran an 0 W Herelau 4g.0 '" 0' ~ YpI'esian ~ Mangaorapan Om '" w > Wal awan j• JU ".. ~ " Thanellan 370 I--- ~, I , 0" Selan<:lIan Teunan 01 ~ JM , 61 .0 Dan;an e> o.w* ~ 39, I--- 65.0 0 ..e - Maastricht'an ~ Ems;an J,' 0 • ~ Haumurian M' N D I--- Campanian 0 ~ Pragian SantO<1ian 0 JF ' Piripauan MF w 3 UJ I--- Coniacian Teratan R, ..J LochoVIan Jo Turonian !, Man aotanean Rm «: 0 Arowhanan 0 R" <IT tl. 0 CenomanIan " Ngaterian C. p"",," 98.9 ~ ! ~ """~. Cm e" ~ ~ .~ l"""," <.l" AIO". u UnJtawan C, 0 E ijj~ W..- .. K~. Uk 0 _ • w 0 ua""","" w "3 """"""'. :g Undifferentlated HauteflYl3<'l ~ ....... Vb<> ........... Taltal """" EaslOnian Veo _. """ § e..- '" e 0 T_ ~ Dp '56 V. """"" :~t uaodoi<> """""""" - 0 Ko ~:i Oarriwillian V'" § """"'" "0 ""'"'" N 0 ~. 0 "'"""""""' §ima'"lan ~ "" ...... '" (f) """""""c-.. """""" Vbo UJ .2 1 ~~ J ~ ::;; ~> "'- Temaikan ~ -- ,0 T_ "''''''''' """'''''''. "'" ..0 ""- pre-lancefieldian V. '90 , Toa.rtian Pa nlO<1ian'" '''' Ururoan H, 3 1 •• or Om """ , Pliensbachian 505 Mind anan• I te ~ BoomerangJan 'bo Sinemurian I--- Arataufan H" Hettangian Undillan e 206 I---''" Rhaetian Otapirian So Interim New Zealand ~~ Flo,,,. E~ ~ Warepan ,. geological time scale from I---'" Norian ~ ~ Otamitan ' m Crampton & others (1995), <.l• Templetonian Oretian B' .~ wi th geochronology after I---'" Carnian Ordlan 0 Kaihi"uan Gk 'oc 227 Gradstein & Ogg (1996) and 518 • ~ i" ~ Ladiman Martinson & others (1987). Xl Eta lian G. w > ~ Anrsian Modified after Crampton & Precambrian Z a a aVIan Gm ' 2" Olenekian others (2000) and Graham ? ", ~ Ir.duan & others (2000). GEOLOGY OF THE GREVMOUT;H AREA Scale 1:250 000 SIMON NATHAN M. S.R:ATTENBURY R. P. SUGGATE (COMPILERS) .. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250 000 geological map 12 Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Limited Lower Hutt, New Zealand 2002 BmLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Nathan, S.; Rattenbury, M.S.; Suggate, R.P. (compilers) 2002: Geology of the Greymouth area. Institute of . Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250000 geological map 12.' 1 sheet + 58 p. Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Institute ofGeological & Nuclear Sciences Limited. Edited, designed and prepared for publication by P. J. Forsyth and P. L. Murray Printed by Graphic Press & Packaging Ltd, Levin ISBN 0-478-09752-2 © Copyright Institute ofGeological & Nuclear Sciences Limited 2002 FRONT COVER The town of Greymouth is situated on postglacial sediments at the mouth of the Grey River, in front of limestone bluffs that make up the Twelve Apostles Range. In past years coal from the Greymouth Coalfield was shipped out of the river port in small colliers, but it is now railed over the Southern Alps to Christchurch. Photo CN35937R: D.L Homer CONTENTS ABSTRACT . v LATE CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARy . ..25 Keywords . v Late Cretaceous to Paleocene sedimentary rocks 25 Eocene sedimentary rocks 25 INTRODUCTION . I Oligocene to earliest Miocene sedimentary rocks T! Earl y to Middle Miocene sedimentary rocks 29 Late Miocene to Pliocene sedimentary rocks 30 THE QMAP SERIES . ...... I Late Pli ocene to Earl y Pleistocene sedimentary rocks. 30 T he QMAP geographi c informati on system 1 QUATERNARY. ......... 31 Data sources 1 Reliability I Glacial deposits 31 A lluvial deposits 34 REGIONALSEITING ... .3 Alluvial fan deposits ... 34 Culture and land-use . 3 Coastal marine deposits and dunes . .. 34 Swamp and lake deposits 34 GEOMORPHOWGY 3 Scree deposits . .. 36 Landsli de deposits 36 Southern Alps 3 Deposits of human origin . 36 Alpine Fault. 3 Western mountains . 5 TECTONIC HISTORy 37 Lowland areas 5 Plateau areas . 9 GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES .... 39 Present day deformation . 9 Offshore bath ymetry. 10 Gold. 39 Ilmenite (and associated minerals) . .. 40 STRATIGRAPHy.... II Other metalli c mjnerals 40 Clay... 41 CAMBRIAN TO EARLY CARBONIFEROUS II Rock 41 Greenstone (nephrite. pounamu) and goodletite 42 Buller lerrane . 11 Limestone. .. ...42 Ordovician sedimentary rocks 11 Other non-metall ic mineral s 42 Paragneiss and associated rocks 12 Coal ............ 43 Devonian sedimentary rocks 13 Oil and gas .. .. 45 Water 45 Takaka terrane . 1. 3 Warm spri ngs . 45 Cambrian to Ordovician volcanjc and sedimentary rocks 13 GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS 46 Late Devoni an to Early Carboniferous intrusive rocks 14 Seisl1lotectoni c (earthquake) hazard . 46 PERMIAN TO EARLY CRETACEOUS . 17 Landsli di ng . 47 Tsun am.i................................... 47 West ofthe Alpine FOliit . 17 Triassic-Jurassic sedjmentary and volcanic rocks 17 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY . 49 Early Cretaceous granitoid rocks 17 Early Cretaceous sedimentary rocks 17 Paleozoic-Mesozoic rocks west ofthe Alpine Fault 49 Cretaceous d ikes and high level intrusions. 19 Paleozoic-Mesozoic rocks east of the Alpine Fault 49 Tertiary sedimentary rocks 49 East ofthe Alpine Fault: Rakaia terrane .... 21 Quaternary sediments .. 49 Late Triassic sedimentary rocks . .. 21 AVAILABILITY OF QMAP DATA 51 Late Tri assic semischi stose and schistose rocks 21 Structure of Rakaia rocks 22 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 51 Esk Head belt. 22 Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous melange 22 REFERENCES . 52 ABSTRACT The Greymouth 1:250 000 geological map covers uplift of the Southern Alps started in the Pliocene, but the 2 13 000 km , and includes the central part ofthe West Coast West Coast ranges did not start to rise and form the present region in the South Island ofNew Zealand. The map area is range-and-basin topography until the early Quaternary. bisectedby the Alpine Fault- a major strikC}-slip fault fonning Regional uplift by folding and faulting continues to the the active plate boundary between the Pacific and Australian present day. tectonic plates. Late Cenozoic movement (which continues to the present day) has led to the juxtaposition of two Glaciation during cool periods in the Quaternary resulted different geological provinces. in downstream aggradation from moraines and down-valley glacial outwash gravels. During warmer, interglacial periods Southeast of the Alpine Fault the rocks are part of the there is evidence of higher sea levels near the coast from Mesozoic Torlesse composite terrane, a thick, highly marine terraces that have been subsequently uplifted. deformed sequence of mainly submarine fan sedimentary rocks, of quartzofeldspathic, continental derivation. The Gold has been mined for over 100 years from both quartz topography is mountainous, and the Southern Alps rise from veins and alluvial deposits. Over70 000 kg ofgold has been near sea level to a maximum height ofover 2200 metres. extracted from quartz veins in the Reefton Goldfield, and planning is currently underway to open a new opencastmine. Northwest ofthe Alpine Fault the pre-Cretaceous rocks are Substantial reserves ofilmenite have been defined by drilling Paleozoic metasedinientary and plutonic rocks that represent in postglacial sands near the coast. The map area contains a fragment of the Gondwanaland supercontinent. almost all the reserves ofbituminous coal in New Zealand Gondwanaland started to break up in the Early Cretaceous, (300 million tonnes estimated as recoverable), mainly in a period of widespread· emplacement of granitoid rocks, the Buller and Greymouth coalfields, although not all of uplift, and detachment faults -resulting in the formation of this may be able to be mined. Recorded seeps and shows of metamorphic core complexes. Fanglomerates were deposited oil and gas have encouraged prospecting for hydrocarbons, around the rising mountain ranges. but no commercial finds have yet been located. The olderrocks on both sides ofthe Alpine Fault were largely The Greymouth map area is subject to natural hazards, covered by Cenozoic sediments. Regional extension led to including a high level of seismic hazard from the Alpine submergence by the middle ofthe Oligocene,·and widespread Fault and other active faults, with potential for earthquake deposition of limestone or calcareous sedimentary rocks. shaking, landsliding, liquefaction and ground rupture. Development of the present oblique-compressional plate Several large, damaging earthquakes with epicentres within boundary started in the Early Miocene, and led to a complex the map area have occurred within the last 100 years. late Cenozoic history, with development of small fault­ Landsliding, rockfall, tsunami and flooding are ongoing bounded basins and widespread uplift and erosion. Rapid hazards. Keywords Greymouth; West Coast region; 1:250 000 geological map; geographic information system; QMAP; digital data; bathymetry; Buller terrane; Takaka terrane; Torlesse composite terrane; Rakaia terrane; Pahau terrane; Esk Head belt; metamorphism; textural zones; Karamea suite; Rahu suite; Separation Point suite;
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