Notes and References

CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND

1. Weyer (1914),417. 2. Morskoi sbornik, no. 1, 1907,53-9. 3. For the lessons learned, or thought to have been learned, by the British, see Mariner's Mirror, Nov. 1974, 383-94. Also, in the British Admiralty papers there is (116/866B) evidence of how the British chose to interpret the activities of Yessen's cruisers as a demonstration of the inapplicability of convoy systems. 4. Morskoi sbornik, no. 1,1907, x-xi. 5. Navy League Annual 1910, 175. According to Krylov (1979, 178-9), Portugalov among other things believed that a 25 per cent list and a 25 degree list were the same. This was because degrees and percentages were identical for the measurement of alcoholic content of spirits, in which Portugalov had gained great experience when in the police, from which he had been dismissed for bribery. Grigorovich seemed to like him at first, but then had him arrested as a German spy in World War I. He was continually carping about the Ministry's policies, and very occasionally he scored a valid point. 6. See A.I. Zvegintsev, 'The Duma and National Defence', Russian Review, no. 3, 1912,52-3. 7. Stepanov and Tsvetkov (1981), 30. 8. Petrov (1926), 99. 9. Ukazatel' pravitel'stvennykh rasporyazhenii po morskomu vedomstvu za 1906, 810-13. Its status was also defined in Morskoi sbornik, no. 10, 1911, 15-18, in the official section. lO. This, Morskoi sbornik, was published under the 'observation' of the Main Naval Staff until 1911, when the MGSh took over. 11. P.E. Stogov, 'Vospominaniya 0 morskom general'nom shtabe' in C beregov Ameriki, 255-71. Characteristic of the new intellectual wind that was beginning to blow, the statistical-intelligence section provided funds for Stogov to learn Swedish in order to write an account of the Swedish naval wars. 12. TsGAVMF, F421 2 1966117-18. 13. V. Simonenko, 'Organy upravleniya Russkogo flota v pervuyu mirovuyu voinu,' Voennv-istoricheskii zhurnal, no. 9, 1975, 103-6. 14. In fairness, Krylov himself does not appear to have claimed that his method was suitable for battle conditions. However, when Vlasov years later worked out a faster method that could be so used he was accused of belittling Krylov's work. Shimanskii, who had no love for Vlasov, did this in 1951 in Sudostroeniye no. 3, and when Vlasov wrote a rejoinder that journal refused to publish it on the grounds that it was too long. It was later published in Vlasov's collected works, and does not seem excessively long. See Vlasov (1959), vol. 4, 334-6. 229 230 Notes and References 15. Barnaby (1960),191,202. 16. Livshits (1965), 320. 17. Stvolinskii (1987),84. 18. Yakovlev (1973), 287. 19. Trusov (1963), 221-2, and Livshits (1965),321-4. 20. Livshits (1965), 324. 21. For details of the tests, see Sorokin and Krasnov (1985), 79-86. 22. The Admiralty Council was a kind of naval chancellery, being subordin• ated directly to the Tsar. Its chairman was the Navy Minister. Finance and administration, including new construction and acquisitions, were its business, and it had the right to allocate funds provided such funds had come from approved naval estimates. See Morskoi sbornik, no. 10, 1911,8-9 of official section. 23. P. Gattrell, 'After Tsushima: Economic and Administrative Aspects of Russian Naval Rearmament, 1905-1913', Economic History Review, XLIII, no. 2, 255-70. 24. Tsvetkov (1983), 48. 25. Kuznetsov (1970), 400. 26. The St Petersburg yards, state and private, are covered in C. de St Hubert, B.V. Drashpil, 'Main Shipyards, Engine Builders, and Manufac• turers of Guns and Armour Plate in the Saint Petersburg Area up to 1917', Warship Internationa~ no. 4, 1985, 333-59. 27. Beskrovnyi (1986), 198-9. 28. Bobrov memoir, 1. 29. Livshits (1965), 335. 30. Stepanov and Tsvetkov (1981), 91. 31. Gatrell, 264. 32. Sudostroeniye, 11, 1980,67-70. 33. Vickers Archive, microfilm R307. 34. Grigorovich's diary, VIET, no. 1, 1990, 106-7. 35. Morskoi sbornik, 5,1910,135-6. 36. Letter of H. de C. FaIle to J.D. Scott, Vickers Archive, 581, 186. 37. Tsvetkov (1983), 116-17, and TsGAVMF F227 1 30262-7. 38. Until the formation of GUKfrom an amalgamation ofMTKand GUKiS, GUKiS was the directorate responsible for ship and equipment supply.

CHAPTER 2: RUSSIA AND THE DREADNOUGHT

1. This section is based on N.N. Afonin, 'Lineinyi korabl' "Respublika",' Sudostroeniye, no. 11, 1987,64-7. 2. Koltovskii (1920),69. 3. Novoye vremiya, no. 11012. 4. Morskoi sbornik, no. 1, 1907,61-73. 5. Colos pravdy 10 and 18January 1908. The writer was M.I. Bot'yanov. 6. Petrov (1926), 96-7. 7. The Admiralty Yard in 1910 built two diesel-powered (2 x 500hp) gun• boats for the Caspian. Notes and References 231 8. Correspondence relating to the Gulyaev proposals, TsGAVMF, R421 1 1613. 9. Journal of the Institution ofNaval Architects, 1908, vol. 50, 1-24. 10. Morskoi sbornik, 1911, no. 5,75-83. 11. Morskoi sbornik, no. 7, 1905, official part, 2. 12. Tsvetkov (1983), 29. Except where otherwise noted, this book is the source for the factual material on these battleships. 13. Quoted in Shatsillo (1968),53. 14. Krylov (1979), 147. 15. Kokovstov (1933), vol. 2, 71. The navy's gratitude was expressed in 1911, after the 'Strengthened' programme was approved by the Duma with Kokovtsov's help. 16. Koltovskii (1920),31. 17. Petrov (1926),100-1. 18. Shatsillo (1968), 318-21, gives the text of this report. 19. Petrov (1926), 116-17. 20. Shatsillo (1968),58. 21. For more on the Admiralty Council, see Morskoi sbornik, no. 10, 1911, official section, 8-9. 22. The struggle for the navy credits in the Dumawas a process of political significance and has been described elsewhere at length. In English, see Hosking (1973), 76-81. 23. The source for the following paragraphs is Tsvetkov (1983), who uses Koltovskii, Shatsillo, and some archives. 24. Krylov (1979),149. 25. Tsvetkov (1983), 132. 26. Koltovskii (1920) 27,35,38,47. 27. Conclusions ofMGSh. TSGAVMF. F418 1. 1570.41. 28. Bubnov (1956), 425. 29. Tsvetkov (1990),57. 30. TsGAVMF R360 2 217 VIas' ev to Namorsi. 31. Quoted in Shatsillo (1968),321. 32. TsGAVMF R360 2 217. Galler to Namorsi. Interestingly, the battle• ship rolled (38 degrees) almost as wildly as the light cruiser (40 degrees).

CHAPTER 3: TOWARDS A BALANCED FLEET

1. Minutes quoted in Shatsillo (1968), 323. The War Ministry dreaded an enemy occupation of Kronstadt; the dread was understandable, the likelihood remote. 2. Quoted in Shatsillo (1968),328-9. 3. Shatsillo (1968), 335. 4. Shatsillo (1968),67. 5. Polivanov (1924), 14 Dec. 1909. 6. Grigorovich (1990), VIET, no. 3, 118. 7. Petrov (1926),145. 232 Notes and References

8. Krylov (1979), 180-4, gives the text of the speech he wrote for Grigorovich 9. The various discussions over this period are dealt with more fully by Shatsillo (1968),68-78, and Petrov (1924), 130--60. 10. For a detailed description of these ships see V.Yu. Usov, 'Lineinye kreisery tipa "Izmail''', Sudostroeniye, 1986, no. 7, 61-4 and no. 8, 56-9. The draught of these ships would not have prevented passage of the Suez Canal, because the latter was being deepened. 11. Grigorovich diary, v1ET, no. 4, 1990,92,95. 12. Misleading silhouettes were favoured by the MGSh at this period. Before World War I (according to Barnaby (1964), 57) some British destroyers were built with two funnels instead of the more convenient three or four, allegedly so that they would resemble the rather weaker torpedo boats. 13. In the Royal Navy up to 1919 destroyer machinery and fuel averaged 50 per cent of total displacement. 14. The Times, 9 Sept. 1907. 15. The effect of water depth on maximum speeds was an active subject for enquiry at this time and in 1907 the Tartar results were challenged by no less than Sir Philip Watts, who tried Cossack over a shallow and a deep mile. In his paper to the INA in 1908 Watts reported that shallow water was a drag up to about 30 knots, after which it gave a benefit of about one knot. At 18000hp Cossack could only reach 33 knots in deep water. Curiously, when a Black Sea 'Novik,' Bystryi, ran its trials over a relatively shallow (20m) mile it could only reach 29 knots at 30000hp, much of its energy being used to pull an enormous stern wave behind it. The Transactions of the INA in 1905-8 touch variously on these problems. See also Krylov (1979), 360, 365, 367. 16. Barnaby (1964), 57-8. 17. Most of the factual content of this section is based on Stepanov and Tsvetkov (1981). 18. V.Yu. Usov, 'Eskadrennye minonostsy tipa "Derzkii"', in Sudostroeniye, no. 7, 1984,62-6. 19. Nikitin (1973),200. 20. He should have become aware in 1908, from the Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects, that the actual horsepowers achieved in the British trials were higher than the contract power, but he may not have been aware of by how much, and even if he was he may not have had the opportunity to amend his conclusions. It should be added, however, that the precise division of design work between Russians and Germans remains controversial. The claim that the ship was German-designed is exaggerated, but Vulkan certainly played a large role in the process and it could have been Vulkan, not Bubnov, that was responsible for any miscalculations. 21. Stepanov and Tsvetkov (1981), 91. 22. Stepanov and Tsvetkov (1981), 112. 23. V.Yu. Usov, 'Esckadrennye minonostsy tipa "Gogland"', in Sudostroeniye, 1987 no. 4, 70. Notes and References 233 24. There may be two sides to this story, because torpedo tubes might have required less support after 1913, when Putilov introduced its new mount, which fired torpedoes electrically at one-second intervals, thereby reducing the maximum possible recoil. See Stepanov and Tsvetkov (1981), 98 and TsGAVMF F401.1.233.41. 25. On 15 March 1913 a GUKconference approved this idea, and relevant drawings were sent to companies building these ships. See Stepanov and Tsvetkov (1981),98. 26. Krylov (1979), 280. 27. The following paragraphs are based on RM. Melnikov, 'Legkie kreisery tipa "Svetlana"', in Sudostroeniye, no. 12, 1980, 54-7, and Tsvetkov, (1990),51-67. 28. Grigorovich, VIET, no. 3, 121 and VIET no. 4, 94. 29. Petrov (1926),137-9. 30. Petrov (1926),169-71. 31. Tsvetkov (1983), 117-23, is the main source for this section. 32. For Lastochka, see Sudostroeniye, no 12, 1984, 48. For turbines, see V. Kornilovich, 'Iz zapisok russkogo inzhenera' in Zveuia, no. 12, 1962, 152-63. 33. N.!. Dmitriev was more than an engineer. According to Shatsillo (1968), 301, he had pulled strings to get Grigorovich appointed Navy Minister, in return for which he had received orders for his Russud. Shatsillo adds that Grigorovich received a packet of Russud shares at that time. 34. Much of this section relies on Halpern (1971),295-313. 35. Petrov (1926),171-2. 36. Lambi (1984), 396-7, 399, 405-6. 37. The two biggest, Ladoga and Narova, were old armoured ships of the 1870s, subsequently converted to minelaying, and the two smaller, Amur and Yenesei, had been projected before Tsushima. 38. Because of the unwillingness of many Russian crews to obey orders, and the throwing away of some initial advantages by the Russian com• mand, the Moon Sound battle was a German victory. But it would have been an extremely expensive victory had the Russian coastal batteries and small craft been handled in the way intended. See Mawdsley (1978),86-96. 39. V.Yu.Usov, 'Proekty kreiserov-zagraditelei sudostroitel'noi programmy 1915g' in Sudostroeniye, no. 1, 1988,50-3.

CHAPTER 4: SUBMARINE CONSTRUCTION

1. For these early submarines the submerged displacement is given. 2. Beklemishev was a submarine rather than a Bubnov adherent. He had visited Holland's submarine works in the USA in 1901, and at different times also visited Britain, Italy and Germany. 3. Livshits (1965), 360, and Sudostroeniye, 8, 1990, 66-7l. 234 Notes and References 4. Livshits (1965),358. 5. These 'pre-V-boats' are described in N.N. Monin, 'Podvodnyie lodki tipa "Karp"', Sudostroeniye, 7,1990,78-82. 6. Livshits (1965), 158-9. 7. Minutes of the meeting of 5 April 1911, in Livshits (1965), 165-6. 8. Grigorovich, VIET, 1, 1990, 108-9. 9. Livshits (1965), 159. 10. Submarine tactics were based on three modes: surface, submerged and 'positional'. The latter meant half-submerged with main tanks filled, with just the conning tower above the surface. From this position a rapid total submergence could be obtained by opening the valves of the deck-tanks. 11. Livshits (1965), 357. 12. Trusov (1963), 203. The implication is that domestic mice were used, no doubt because they were cheap. At a subsequent period, when it was decided to use animals to test the effect inside a subn •.lrine of under• water-explosions, the researchers used not monkeys, but a goat. 13. E.P. Ignatiev, 'Podvodnyie lodki "Minoga" i "Akula"', Sudostroeniye, 10, 1990,51-4, and 11, 1990,63-6. 14. Stvolinskii (1984),41-7. 15. Sudostroeniye, 2,1991,72. 16. E.P. Ignatiev, 'Podvodnyie lodki tipa "Narval"', Sudostroeniye, 4, 1991, 60-3. 17. V.G. Andrienko, 'Malye podvodnyie lodki Khollanda tipa "27-V"', Sudostroeniye, 1, 1991,74-7. 18. V.G. Andrienko, 'Podvodnaya lodka "Svyatoi Georgii"', Sudostroeniye,8, 1991,53-6. 19. V.Yu. Gribovskii, 'Podvodnyie lodki tipa "Bars"', in Sudostroeniye, 4, 1991,63-70. 20. See Livshits (1965), 314-39, for the evidence presented to this commission. 21. Bubnov remained professor at the naval academy and for some time continued to direct the navy's experimental tank. In 1914-16 he was also consultant for the Baltic Works. Mter the March 1917 revolution he left Noblessner. Although he had designed submarines for the latter in 1915-16, he was not pleased when Noblessner decided in 1914 to build Holland types. 22. Trusov (1963), 230. 23. Livshits (1965), 244. 24. The early months of the war showed submarine commanders the need 'for guns. Both existing and future submarines were accordingly provided with 37mm, 47mm, 57mm or Japanese 76mm guns. 25. Trusov (1963), 279-80. According to an unsigned article, 'Strazh morskikh rubezhei', in Tekhnika i vooruzheniye, 1966, 6, 12-17, the invention was byLt. N. Gudim in 1915. 26. This class of submarine is described in V.Yu. Gribovskii, 'Podvodnyie lodki tip a "Lebed"', Sudostroeniye, 7, 47-51. 27. Details of the AG series are in L.A. Kuznetsov, 'Podvodnyie lodki tipa "AG",' Sudostroeniye, 7, 1991,52-7. Notes and References 235 28. Sudostroeniye, 7,1991,52. 29. Sudostroeniye, 11, 1991,53-4. 30. Details of these three classes are in v.Yu. Gribovskii, 'Zavershaya seriyu podvodnykh lodok' Sudostroeniye, 1991, 11,52-5. In fairness to Bubnov, it might be added that he was not alone in his objection to heavy bulkheads. When the British L-55 was salvaged in Soviet times, it was discovered that her bulkheads were designed only to withstand surface water-pressure. British submarines normally operated in deep water, where a sinking submarine would be crushed. In shallow Baltic waters a sunken submarine could settle on the bottom intact, so strong watertight compartmentation had some value.

CHAPTER 5: PICKING UP THE PIECES

1. This navy recruited cadets until 1922. Most of its ships, which also included two old cruisers, ten modern destroyers and four submarines, were scrapped in the 1930s. Krylov visited them when it was proposed to return them to the USSR, but the French senate voted against this restitution. 2. Morskiye zapiski, vol. 5, 1, 44-5, gives some figures: there were almost 2200 executive officers in 1915 and of the 1859 of whom there were records in 1946,536 were dead, 908 abroad, and 415 in the USSR. 3. Morskiye zapiski, vol. 17,2,68-70. 4. Voenno-istoricheskii zhurna~ 3,1990,54. 5. After 1924 the RVS supervised the Defence Commissariat, as a kind of collegium, and was a supreme body responsible for defence matters; the Defence Commissar was usually also the RVS chairman. 6. Voenno-istoricheskii zhurna~ 3, 1990,56. 7. Gangut, 1, 1991,61. 8. Trusov (1963), 307. 9. Nikitin (1973),201-2. 10. Stvolinskii (1987), 146-7. 11. A slightly different chronology appears elsewhere, according to which the Yard's 'technical shipbuilding office' and 'technical engineering office' were founded in 1922 and were combined five years later into a 'technical office' with civil and naval subsections, with design supervised by Nikitin. Sudostroeniye, 11, 1951,44. 12. Nikitin (1973), 173-6. 13. Maslov, 11. 14. Serdyuk papers: character sketch, letter to Central Committee. 15. Dmitriev (1990), 32. 16. According to Stvolinskii (1987),66--7, quoting Nikitin, the engine trials of one of the first Soviet-designed warships were attended by the offi• cial photographer in an escorting vessel. Viewing the resulting photo• graph, the designers were astonished to see a cloud of smoke issuing from the funnels; both the design and the engineroom procedures, they thought, had guaranteed the essential clean exhaust. They 236 Notes and References therefore hastily arranged another trial, and the photographer again came along, with the same result. It was only at this point, after two days of anxious checking and trials, that Nikitin and his colleagues began to wonder whether the prints had been retouched. In fact they had been: 'to give a better impression of speed', explained the photographer. Even allowing for Nikitin's tendency to embellish his stories, it seems strange that these clever, technically-oriented, men took so long to reach the correct conclusion. 17. Maslov, 65. 18. Bazilievskii (1977), 82. 19. Zonin (1991),215. 20. Dmitriev (1990), 66-7. 21. Krasnaya zvezda, 10 June 1990, 3. 22. One reason why coast defence artillery was neglected is that no service wanted to take responsibility for it. Up to 1918 it had been the army's responsibility, then in 1918-21 it was the navy's, before returning to the army 1921-25. From 1925 it had been the joint responsibility of the army and navy. 23. Herrick (1988), 19-64. 24. Zonin (1991),251. 25. Although Viktorov subsequently lost his job, his next appointment as Far East commander hardly showed lack of faith in his loyalty or competence. But he would be picked off in the 1937-8 purge. 26. Dubinin, 89. 27. Dubinin, 33, quoting Uspenskii's Glazami matrosa. 28. This design history is based on Dubinin, 8-11, 17-23, 31, and A.B. Morin, 'Korabli "diviziona plokhoi pogody"', Sudostroeniye, 11, 1991, 43-7. 29. Details of the design and construction of the 'Leaders' are from: Dubinin, 38-56, and also Nikitin, 218; Yakob, Matenaly, 76 and Rabota, 35. 30. Dubinin, 43. 31. G.S. Khabachev, 'RoJ' Leningrada v ukreplenii voenno-morskogo flota' in Sbornik trudov (1967), 53-4. 32. Dubinin, 110. 33. This is according to Dubinin's account, but, as an explanation, it seems incomplete. The three ships of the second batch, Baku, Tbilisi and Minsk, had improved hull contours, intended to improve sea-keeping and end cavitation problems. 34. Dubinin, 5. 35. Quoted in Stvolinskii (1984),52. 36. Bazilievskii (1977), 71. 37. Dmitriev (1990), 32. 38. Bazilievskii (1977),8-9. In 1926 some drawings of World War I U-boats were obtained from Germany, but these would have seemed far less attractive models than the modern Italian design, which included some innovatory features. Inter-war Jane's had a high opinion of the 'Ballila' class, which was laid down in 1925, and mentioned among other novel features its original distribution of ballast tanks and strong hull. Notes and References 237 39. Dmitriev (1990), 37. 40. Dmitriev (1990), 39. 41. Bazilievskii (1977), 19-20. 42. Bazilievskii's writings are very valuable sources, but they do sometimes seem to lay excessive emphasis on his superior competence. 43. Dmitriev, 49. 44. Dmitriev, 75-6. 45. It had been mined. The tale that it was sunk by an accurate shot from a Red 'Novik' destroyer was just a tale. 46. Dmitriev (1990), 83. 47. Quoted in Dmitriev (1990), 87. Muklevich can be better understood if is realised that he was a true revolutionary; that is, not favourably inclined towards 'yesterday'. Polish by birth, he had been a technician in the tsarist navy before participating in the assault of the Winter Palace. 48. Dmitriev (1990), 88. 49. Korzh (1966), 168. 50. Dmitriev (1990), 100,243. 51. Dmitriev (1990), 112, quoting archival sources. 52. Dmitriev (1990), 112-13. This is part of a statement sent by Muklevich to the Baltic Fleet's revolutionary war council. 53. Letter from Asafov's daughter, currently (1992) in course of acquisition by the Central Naval Library. 54. Dmitriev (1990),122. 55. Welding not only reduced water resistance but, used for the pressure hull, should have increased the diving depth. British designers con• sidered that welding could increase the depth by 50ft. However, in Britain, just as in the USSR, there were problems with welding and it was not until 1940 that a steel both weldable and high-tensile became available in Britain.

CHAPTER 6: CLIMACTIC YEARS

1. Dubinin, 112. 2. Dubinin, 38-43. 3. Dubinin, 110-11. 4. Quoted in 'Kak razvivat'sya flotu?' (an interview) in Krasnaya zvezda, 16 August 1992, 1. 5. This paragraph is based on V.N. Krasnov, 'Stalinshchina v VMF i korablestroenii,' Sudostroeniye, 7, 1989,64-9. 6. Dubinin,16. 7. Sudostroeniye, 7,1989,68-9. 8. Sudostroeniye, 7, 1989,55. 9. No doubt Stalin had, in effect, the last word in previous years, but prob• ably left most details to others. The source is Zonin (1991), 296, and refers to Stalin's fixation with Italian designs, as described to Galler by Orlov. 238 Notes and References 10. Isakov (1984), 184-6. 11. Kuznetsov (1966), 257. 12. Nikitin (1973),226-7. 13. Kulakov (1985),11-13. 14. '0 plane voennogo sudostroeniya na 1941 god', Izvestiya TsK KPSS, 2, 1990, 191-2. For elaboration, see E. Mawdsley, 'The Fate of Stalin's Naval Program' in Warship Internationa~ 4,1990,400-5. 15. Zonin (1991),368. 16. Dubinin, 61-75.17 Nikitin (1973),237-73. 18. For example, Nikitin recounts how in 1935 the Russians attending the trial of Montecuccoli saw how the cruiser's hull was being greased in dry dock the day before. His accounts of Stalin's demeanour during discus• sions of warship design closely resemble the accounts given in frankly deferential memoirs. In the travelogue part of his memoirs all the national stereotypes are presented undiluted. 19. Frumkin, 135. 20. Nikitin (1973),271-2. This is his own tale, of course, and assumes that the named effect came from the named cause. 21. Maslov,19-21. 22. Sudostroeniye, 5, 1975, 16. 23. Maslov, 64-5. 24. Sudostroeniye, 7,1985,48 25. Maslov,71. 26. The designer Chilikin's words, as reported in Sudostroeniye, 1, 1989, 53-4. 27. Maslov, 72-3. The Ustinov to whom he refers is the future, Brezhnev• ian, defence minister, who at this period headed the Bolshevik (Obukhovo) Works, responsible for producing the 7.1-inch guns. Frinovskii and Yezhov both came to their respective bad ends a few weeks after this incident. Tevosyan lived on to the 1950s, to be killed not by the NKVD but by the excessive alcohol and nicotine consump• tion to which he had been driven by his high-gear, high-risk, working life. In 1986 he made a posthumous reappearance, fictionalised, as the hero of A. Bek's novel Novoye naznacheniye. 28. Sorokin and Krasnov (1985),159. 29. Dubinin, 69. What exactly happened is unclear. Most likely, it was a put-up job, reflecting the Soviet government's displeasure with Mussolini during the Spanish Civil War, but any tensions born of the differing Italian and Russian design and construction philosophies could be expected to come to a head during trials. 30. G. S. Khabachev, 'RoJ' Leningrada v ukreplenii voenno-morskogo flota' in Sbornik trudov (1967), 53-5, 61. 31. Maslov,74. 32. Maslov,31-2. 33. Yakob (1969), 321. 34. Maslov, 321. 35. Maslov,51. 36. Maslov, 63-5. Notes and References 239 37. Yakob (1969), 20-39, is the main source for the saga of these destroyers. 38. The weightiest reason was no doubt the pressure put on the commis• sion to accept ships as soon as possible, with some, often serious, defects merely recorded for subsequent, in-service, treatment. 39. Dubinin, 117-22. 40. Yakob (1969),24. 41. Yakob (1969), 30-1. 42. Kuznetsov relates how he reported to Stalin the loss of the uncom• pleted destroyer Reshitel'nyi and that he was relieved to discover that not only his own, but other officers' heads, were not in danger. He ascribed this mercy to the fact that he reported this minor disaster to Stalin in person. 43. Stvolinskii (1987), 208. 44. Potapov (1980), 61-3. 45. N.N. Monin, 'Skhodili so stapelei esmintsy,' Sudostroeniye, 5,1985,61-5. 46. Golovko (1960), 143. 47. D. Chalyk, D. Barbarash, 'Proektirovaniye i postroika storozhevykh korablei tipa ''Yastreb ''', Sudostroeniye 2, 1988, 52-5. 48. Sorokin and Krasnov (1985), 145. 49. Notably in V.Yu. Gribovskii, 'Lineinye korabli tipa "Sovietskii Soyuz''', Sudostroeniye, 7, 1990, 55-9, and V.Yu. Usov, 'Tyazhelye kreisery tipa "Kronshtadt"', Sudostroeniye, 11, 1989,57-8. Some of the material pre• sented in Sudostroeniye can be seen, translated, in post-1990 issues of the journal Warship InternationaL 50. Sudostroeniye, 7,1990,55. 51. Sudostroeniye, 11, 1989,57. 52. Garzke and Dubin (1980), 307-15. The possibility that a floating battery used at Sevastopol in World War 2 was actually a discarded trial section of the Ansaldo design is discussed in Warship International, 2, 1986,157. 53. Sudostroeniye, 7, 1989,57. 54. Garzke and Dubin (1980), 307-15, give a good survey of the Italian and US side of the battleship quest. 55. Zonin (1991),298. 56. Kuznetsov (1966), 259. 57. Most likely, this is the case that Maslov referred to, in which the armour plate was somehow omitted from calculations of the turret weight. 58. Gangut, 1, 1991,69-70. 59. A.V. Plato nov, 'Iz letopisi sozdaniya sovietskikh avianostsev', Sudos• troeniye, 5, 1992, 40-6. 60. Nikitin (1973), 294. Nikitin does not explain why he, and not others, was denied the visa. 61. Nikitin (1973), 313. 62. Nikitin (1973),317 63. Nikitin (1973), 317-28. 64. Erickson (1962),541, using German archives. 65. Nikitin (1973), 336. 66. Erickson (1962), 253. 240 Notes and References 67. Bazilievskii (1977), 148-5l. 68. Dmitriev (1990), 173-4. 69. Kuznetsov (1966), 261. 70. E.P. Ignat'ev, 'Pervaya podvodnaya lodka s edinym dvigatelem', Sudostroeniye, 5,1992,46-9. 71. Dmitriev (1990), 191-6, details the experimental submarines. 72. A.V. Platonov, 'Artvooruzheniye linkorov, zalozhennykh v predvoennye gody', Sudostroeniye, 7, 1990,60-4. 73. See especially A.Y. Platonov, 'Artilleriiskoye vooruzheniye pervykh sovetskikh korablei', Sudostroeniye, 11, 1989, 66-70. This is also the source for the following paragraph on gunnery control equipment. 74. EA. Shitikov, 'Samoletnye katapul'ty v sovietskom kreiserostroenii', Sudostroeniye, 7,1992,57-9. 75. Zonin (1991),326. The scientists were probably restricted because the battleship was taking part in the war against Finland. 76. Stvolinskii (1984), 148. Bibliography

UNPUBLISHED SOURCES

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JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS

Gangut Golos pravdy Izvestiya TsK KPSS Komsomol'skaya pravda Krasnaya znamiya Krasnaya wezda Krasnyi flot Mariners Mirror Morskiya zapiski Morskoi sbornik Novoye vremiya Oktyabr' Pravda Sudostroeniye Tekhnika i oruzhiye 241 242 Bibliography

The Times Vestnik istorii estestvoznaniya i tekhniki VIET (Preferred abbreviation of preceding title) Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal Warship International Znamiya

BOOKS

Achkasov, V.I., Pavlovich, N.B. Sovetskoye voenno-morskoye isskustvo v velikoi Otechestvennoi voine (Moscow 1973). Akademiya Nauk, Yulian Aleksandrovich Shimanskii, (Moscow 1958). Aleksandrova, v.I. (ed.), Vospominaniya 0 P.F. Papkoviche (Leningrad 1984). Arzumanyan, A.M. Admiralflota.Sovetskogo SoyuzaI.S. Isakov (Erevan 1975). Barnaby, KC. 100 Years of Specialized Shiplntilding and Engineering (London 1964). Barnaby, KC. The Institution of Naval Architects 1860-1960 (London 1960). Beklemishev, N.N. 0 Russko-Yaponskoi voine na more (St Petersburg 1907). Beskrovnyi, L.G. Armiya iflot Rossii v nachale XX veka (Moscow 1986). Beskrovnyi, L.G. Ocherki voennoi istonografii Rossii (Moscow 1962). Bubnov, I.G. Izbrannye trudy (Leningrad 1956). Bykhovskii, LA. Rasskazy 0 TUSskikh korablestroitelyakh (Leningrad 1966). Bykhovskii, LA. V podvodnom flote (Leningrad 1972). Bystrov, E.F. Voprosy teorii i praktiki stroitel'stva voenno-morskogo flota v dovoennye pyatiletki (1929-1941) (Moscow 1974). Dallin, D.D. The Big Three (London 1946). Davies,].E. Mission to Moscow (London 1942). Dmitriev, V.I. Sovetskoye podvodnoye korablestroeniye (Moscow 1990). Erickson,]. The Soviet High Command (New York 1962). Eroshenko, V.N. Lider Tashkent (Moscow 1966). Garzke, W., Dubin, R Battleshipsvol.2 (Annapolis 1980). Gatrell, P.W., The TsaristEconomy 1850-1917 (London 1986). Gervais (see Zherve). Gladkii, S.V., Dvorzhitskii, Yu.K (eds), S beregov Ameriki (New York 1939). Golovko, A.C. Vmeste c flotom (Moscow 1960). Gordon, G.A.H., British Seapower and Procurement Between the War.s (London 1988). Grigorovich, I.K (see individual entries in Notes). Halpern, P.G. The Mediterranean Naval Situation 1908-1914 (Cambridge, Mass. 1971). Herrick, RW. Soviet Naval Theory and Policy (Newport, RI, 1988). Hosking, G. The Russian Constitutional Experiment (Cambridge 1973). Isakov, LS. Izbrannye trudy (Moscow 1984). Kokovtsov, V.N. Iz moego proshlogo, 2 vols(Paris 1933). Koltovskii, A. Razvitiye tipa lineinogo korablya nashego flota (Petrograd 1920). Bibliography 243

Komitet, osolrji, Vysochaishe uchrezhdennyi, po usileniyu voennogo flota na dob• rovol'nya pozhertvovaniya. Otchet za 8 let (St Petersburg, not dated; probably 1912). Korabli i suda VMF SSSR 1928-1945 (Moscow 1988). Korzh, V.E. Zapas prochnosti (Moscow 1966). Krylov, A.N. Moi vospominaniya (Leningrad 1979). Kulakov, N.M. Doverenoflotu (Moscow 1985). Kuznetsov, KA, Plyasunov, V.I. , Livshin, L.Z. Baltiiskii sudostroitel'nyi 1856-1917 (Leningrad 1970). Kuznetsov, N.G. Nakanuniye (Moscow 1966). Kuznetsov, N.G. Naflotakh boevaya trevoga (Moscow 1971). Lambi, LN. The Navy and German Power Politics 1862-1914 (London 1984). Livshits, I. A. (ed.), Podvodnoye korablestroeniye v Rossii 1900-1917 (Len- ingrad. 1965). Matveev, ATs. V boyakh za Moonzund (Moscow 1957) Mawdsley, E. The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet (London 1978). Muru, N.P. Uroki Tsusimskogo boya dlya korablestroitelei (Leningrad. 1990). Pamyatnaya knizhka morskogo vedomstva na 1911-1912g (St Petersburg 1911). Pavlenko, G.E. Propul'sivnye ispytaniya sudov (Moscow and Leningrad 1932). Pavlovich, N.B. Flot v Pervoi mirovoi voine, vol.l, (Moscow 1964). Petrov, M. Podgotovka Rossii k mirovoi voine na more (Moscow and Leningrad 1926). Polivanov, AA Iz dnevnikov i vospominanii po dolzhnosti voennogo ministra (Moscow 1924). Potapov, fu.P. Vasilii Grigor'evich Vlasov (M. 1980). Progressivnye skorostnye ispytaniya na mernom mile (UVMS RKKA, Moscow 1934) Rakov, V.I. Kryl'ya nad morem (Leningrad 1974). Ruge, F. The Soviets as Naval opponents 1941-1945 (Annapolis 1979). Sbornik trudov (Uchilishche imeni Frunze, Leningrad 1967). Selyanichev, A Lenin i stanovleniye sovetskogo voenno-morskogo flota (Moscow 1979). Semenov, A P. 0 napravlenii v razvitii Russkogo flota (St Petersburg 1907). Shaposhnikov, B.M. Vospominaniya (Moscow 1974). Shatsillo, KF. Russkii imperializm i razvitiye flota (Moscow 1968). Shershov, AP. K istorii voennogo korablestroeniya (Moscow 1952). Smety Morskogo Ministerstva (St Petersburg 1899-1914). Solomenko, N.S. (ed.), Ocherki istorii otechestvennogo korablestroeniya (Moscow 1990). Sorokin, AI., Krasnov, V.N. Korabli prokhodyat ispytaniya (Leningrad 1985). Stepanov, fu.G., Tsvetkov, I.F. Eskadrennyi minonosets "Novik" (Leningrad 1981). Stvolinskii, Yu.M. Konstruktory nadvodnykh korablei (Leningrad 1987) Stvolinskii, Yu.M. Konstruktory podvodnykh korablei (Leningrad 1984). Tolley, K Caviar and Commissars (Annapolis 1983). Trusov, G. Podvodnye lodki v russkom i sovetskomflote (Leningrad 1963). Tsvetkov, I.F. Gvardeiskii kreiser" Krasnyi Kavkaz" (Leningrad 1990). Tsvetkov, I.F. Linkor "Oktyabr'skaya Revolyutsiya" (Leningrad 1983). Uspenskii, V.P. Glazami matrosa (Moscow 1964). Vlasov, V.G., Sobraniye trudov, 4 vols (Leningrad 1959). 244 Bibliography

Voprosy strategii i operativnogo isskustva v sovetskikh voennykh trudakh (1917-1940) (Moscow 1965). Weyer, B. Taschenlmch der Kriegsjlotten 1914 (Munich 1914). Yakovlev, 1.1. Korabli i verji (Leningrad 1973). Zaionchkovskii, A.M. Podgotovka lWssii k imperialisticheskoi voine (Moscow 1926). Zakharov, S.E. (ed.), Istoriya voenno-morskogo isskustva (Moscow 1969). Zalesskii, N.1. "Krabn - pervyi v mire podvodnyi zagraditel' (Leningrad 1988). Zherve, B.B. Bor'ba flota protiv berega v mirovuyu voinu (Leningrad 1927). Zonin, S.A. Admiral L.M. Galler (Moscow 1991). Index

Admiral Butakau, 91 battleships, 17,21,35-69,94-6,98-100, Admiral Greig, 91 102-3,104,126,140,144,174-7, Admiral Lazarev, 138-9 201-6,218-20 Admiral Nakhimov, 127, 138 Bazilievskii, S.A., 136, 138, 155-8, 163, Admiral Spiridau, 91 166,213 Admiralty Council, 20, 28, 36, 52, 56, 62, Beardmore, 76, 146 89 Bekauri, V.I., 213 Admiralty Yard, 22, 24,46,63,76-7,90, Beklemishev, M.N., 106,112, 113 95,118,128 &spokoinyi, 97 AG class, 122-3, 127 Bespolov, F.E., 134, 147,207 aircraft carriers, 78, 139, 143, 174, 177, Bird class, 200-1 206, 208 Birilev commission, 40, 43-5, 56 Akula, 110-1 Birilev, A.A., 12,41,42,48-9 Albatros, 201 Bismarck, 204, 206-7, 210 Aleksei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 4, Bizerta ships, 121, 126 42 Black Sea squadron, 3, 7, 49, 53, 68, 74, Alfredo Oriani, 190, 198 75,92-100,104,204,208 Alligator, 101 Blohm & Voss, 22, 26, 57-60, 76 Alyakrinskii, N.V., 203 Boeker (Bekker) Works, 26, 87, 103-4 Amur, 35 Bogomolov, M.P., 134 Andrei Pervozvannyi, 35-7 boilers, 24, 59, 60, 61, 84,97-8, 150, 153, Anglo-German Naval Agreement, 175 189, 192, 198 Ansaldo, 180-1, 199,204 Bolshevik (Obukhovo) Works, 185 army, Russian, 8 Borodino, 78 Asafov, A.N., 136, 164-8 Breslau, 104 aviation, see aircraft carriers, catapults, Britain, 17, 27, 28-33,48, 78-9, 82, 99, seaplane carriers 146,161,212,216,224 Avrora, 127 Brusilov, L. A., 11, 13, 48 BSPS, 132 B-1 type, 124 Bubnov, A.D., 126 'Bad Weather' class, 146-9, 170,200 Bubnov, G.G., 18 Baku, 152 Bubnov,I.G., 11, 16, 17, 18, 22, 28,58,60, Ballila, 155, 156 63,79-81,83-4,90,106,108-13, Baltic squadron, 3, 7, 11,33-4,35,39-40, 116-17,119-22,124,133,136,154,165 42,49,51,53,73,101-2,204,208 Bubnov, M.V., 27, 77, 116 Baltic Works, 16, 18-19,22,23-4,46, budget,naval,2,51-2, 70-1, 73 56-63,76-7,89,95,106-7,109, Bystryi,98 111-12, 115-18, 120, 123-5, 128-9, Bzhezinskii, V. I., 132, 134, 138, 178, 204, 135,151,161,173,186,188,191, 214 202-5, 210 Bars type, 111,114,116,117-20, 127, C class, 135 156, 163 catapults, 216-17 bases, naval, 3, 94, 99 Central Commission for the Restoration battlecruisers, 22, 75-8, 99, 127, 176, of Defence Industry, 126 207-8 Chapayev, 188 245 246 Index

Chervona Ukraina, 138 Dubinin, N.P., 131, 132, 136, 172-3, 179, Chesma, 77 183, 204 Chilikin, B.G., 135, 205 Duma, 2,3,9, 26,54-5, 71, 75,93 Committee on Voluntary Contributions, duralumin, 145, 151 10-11,82-3 Dzerzhinskii, 180 Communist Party, 131, 141, 151, 170-1, Dzhevetskii, S. K., 106-7, 110-ll, ll3, 173,187,213,222 123-4 construction, see design, programmes, shipyards E class, ll9-20 corruption, 27, ll8 Ebergard,A.A., 14,36-7,94,99, 123 costs, see budget, profit and loss emigration, 126,223 Council of Labour and Defence (STO), Emir Bukharskii, 11 130,138,140,141,146,212 EPRON, 128, 144, 160 Council of Ministers, 49, 52, 70, 74,93, 121 escort vessels, 146-9, 200-1 Cox & Gibbs, 206 Essen, N.O., 30, 34, 62, 73, 115 Crichton (Kreiton) Works, 26, 82, 107, Evstafi, 23, 24 128 cruisers, 70, 87, 89-92,102-3, 179-88, Far East squadron, 3, 7, 39, 42, 49, 50, 75, 216-17 144,164,204,208 Cuniberti, V., 57-9, 66 finance, see budget, profit and loss Finn, 11 defects, 4, 5, 31, 66-9, 77, 84, 88, 107, Five Year Plans, 140-4, 151, 174 138, 148, 153, 156-9, 161-3, 186, 188, Florenskii, A.A., 182 191-8,201,213,225,227 Foret', 108 Defence Council, 175, 188, 192, 195, France, 32,50, 74,99, 126, 178 204 Franco-Russian Works, 24, 63, 77 Dekabrist, 154, 156-8, 160, 163,212 Frinovskii, M.P., 171, 185 Del'fin, 106, 107, 108 Frumkin, B.S., 147, 178 Derskii,97 design institutions, 14-20, 128, 130-3, G-1 type, 124 166,173,181 G-5 type, 145 design, 20-3, 31, 32, 33, 81-2, 174,210, Galileo Company, 113, 216 215,223; battle cruisers, 23, 75-7, Galler, L.M., 139, 170, 176, 202, 206 207-8; battleships, 21, 23, 35-6, 40-2, Gangut (1894),41 43-5,57-66,77,69,94-6,203-6; Gangut(1914),37, 64,69, 138 cruisers, 29, 89-91, 102-3, 179-86, Garsoev,A.N., 111, 135,155, 161, 166, 216-17; escort vessels, 146-8, 200-1; 212 submarines, 106-25, 132-3, 135-6, gas proofing, 189 138, 154-7, 159-69,211-14,221; General Electric, 74, 112 torpedo craft, 78-89, 96-7, 130, General Staff,~my, 47, 49, 51 149-52, 189-90, 192-4, 196-9 General Staff, Naval (MGSh), ll-14, designers, 16-19, 22-3, 130-8, 154-5, 20-1,32,34,36,46,47-53,56-61,64, 175,178,209,224; 68,70,72,74,75-6,79-82,87,89-91, destroyers, 11,35,78-89,96-8,189-200; 92,94,96,99,103-4,107-9,112-16, Type 7, 189-98; Type 7u, 193-6 120, 122-3 diesel engines, 40, 63, Ill, 112, ll9, Germania Yard, 107 120-1,146,148,157,164,179,201 Germany, 7, 9, 12, 26, 40, 48, 50, 65, 79, Dikov, LM., 49, 51 82,86,89,92,97,100-3,148,155,175, Dmitriev, N.I., 98,134 178,202-4,206-12,216 doctrine, naval, 5-6, 139, 142-3, 171, 174, Gervais, B. B., 139, 142-3 202, 205 GlAVMORPROM, 129 Dreadnought, 5, 35, 43, 45, 63 Gnevnyi (1914), 97 dreadnoughts, see battleships Gnevnyi,191 Drozd, v.P., 195, 197 Goeben, 94, 104 Index 247

Gra/Zeppelin, 208,210 Kaiman,101 Grazhdanin, 102 Kalinin, 187 Greece, 50, 94, 99 Kambala, 108, 128 Gremyashchii, 191 Kanin, VA., 103,122 Grigorovich, I.K., 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 55, Karp type, 107, 108 73-5,76-7,85-6,92,93,109,113-14, Kasatka type, 107 117, 127, 133 Kharkov, 152, 153 Gromkii (1915), 98 Kinburn,78 Gromkii, 198 Kirov (cruiser), 180-6,216 Groznyi, 191 Kirov (NKVD), 180 Guchkov, A.I., 55 Kirov, S.M., 150, 152 GUK (Main Directorate of Ship Klado, N.L., 6, 11 Construction), 15, 16,32,55,76-7,85, Kokovtsov, V.N., 46-7,53,71-5, 102 86-7,90-1,95,97,103-4,114,116, Kolchak, A. ., 9, 121 118, 120, 123 Kommuna, 167 GUKiS, see GUK Komsomol, 127, 136, 141 Gulyaev, I. V., 40-2 Komsomolsk, 173, 187 gun design, 64,87, 182-3, 185, 199, Kongo,65 214-15 Koromal'di, L. L., 58,95 gunnery control, 64, 216 Kostenko, V.P., 17,96,147 Kra~ 104, 113-14, 144,159 Holland submarines, 107, 109, 112-13, Krasnyi Kavkaz, 138, 177, 179, 182,216 114,117,122,124 Kronshtadt, 204, 207 Hunter, 192 Kronstadt, 71, 114 Krupp, 107-8, 119, 172,207 ice-breaking, 45, 66-8, 75, 103 Krylov, A.N., 11, 15--16,29,30,35,42,44, Ignatiev, N.I., 140, 142 56,58,59,60-2,80-1,90,103,104, Imperator Aleksandr III, 95,126 106,112, 113,116,133,136-8,145, Imperator Nikolai I, 78, 96 158, 165 Imperator Pavel I, 35--7, Kryuge~E.E., 135, 155, 166 Imperatritsa Ekaterina II, 95 Kulakov, N.M., 176 Imperatritsa Marya, 95--6, 104 Kuznetsov, N.G., 173, 175-7, 195, 202, Imperial Technical Society, 9 207-8 imports, ship, 21, 23-4, 74, 106-7, 112, 154, 210 L class (Russian), 159-62,212 inspectors, construction, 29, 31-2,98 &55, 160-1 Institution of Naval Architects, 15, 42 Lake submarines, 107, 109, III Iron Duke, 65 Lamsdorf, V.N., 42 Isakov, I.S., 172, 173, 175, 175, 206 landing ships, 104, 127, 200 Italy, 115, 124, 145, 155, 177-86, 190, 196, Lange Yard, 26, 85 197, 199, 216 Lastochka,97 Izhora Works, 24, 30, 55, 201 Leaders, 132, 149-53,172, 176, 199 Izmail, 78, 139, 144 League for the Renewal of the Fleet, 8, 21 Izvolskii A.P., 48, 51, 73 Lebed' type, 120 Izyaslav, 87 Leninets, 159-61 Leningrad Shipbulding Institute, 18, Japan, 12,38-9,48,49,65, 122, 141,202, 132 206 see also Russo:Japanese War Leningra~ 132, 149-52, 170 John Brown, 25, 62, 63, 76 Lessner, 18,96, 122 Libau, 3, 68 Ktype,212 Libel', E.P., 133, 149, 193, 203 Kaganovich, L. M., 175,222 Lieven, AA., 99, 114 Kaganovich, 187 Lipin, P.P., 135 Kaiman type, 107 Littorio, 204 248 Index longitudinal framing, 16,61,83, 147, naval architects, see designers 150,183,197,221 Naval' Works, 25, 97, 113 1.0.10.1', 107 Navarin, 78 Ludri, I. M., 168 Navy Department, 2, 3-4, 10,42, 107, 110 Lutzow, 210 Navy Directorate (UVMS), 127-8, 173 navy leagues, 8-10 M class, 164, 167-9,212 Navy Ministry, 2, 9, 24, 29, 31, 36, 47, 49, M-401,214 54,70,77,109,110,114,117-19,122, Magrie/!Urg, 105 127, 173 magnetic mines, 217 Nemits, A. V., 126-7 Mahan, AT, 4, 5-6, 73,99, 139, 143 Nerf)(l, Ill, 127 Main Naval Staff, 12,48 Netherlands, 211 Main Naval War Council, 173, 175 Nevskii Works, 25, 90, 97-8, 106, 112-13, Makrmrv, 32, 102 115, 128 Makrei',107 New Admiralty, see Admiralty Yard Maksim Gor'kii, 187-8, 216 Nicholas II, Tsar, 13,31,42,51-3,73,75, Malinin, B.M., 135, 154-5, 157, 159, 163, 83,93 166 Nikitin, A.V., 84, 129, 130-1, 134, 147, Malyu tka type, III see aim M class 178, 180-2, 190,207,209-10 Mantt, 127, 217 NikolaevYards, 25, 77, 94, 97-8,127,128, Marti Yard, 128, 173 148, 156, 161, 168, 199,207 Marti,144 Nikolas Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 52 Maslov, A.I., 17,22, 131-2, 134, 137, 173, NIVK (NIIVK) , 128, 133, 166, 173, 182, 183,188,190,197 183-4,188,203,212,216 Mediterranean, 3, 39, 99 NKVD, 133, 171, 179, 180, 184-5,226 Metal Works, 26,64,77,81-2,85-6,95, Nobel Works, 111, 119, 121, 122 97-8,107 Noblessner, 16, 18-19,26,27, 109, MGSh, see General Staff, Naval 117-18, 122-4, 136 Mikhail Frunze, 140 N(rrrtUlnriie, 134 mine warfare, 33-4, 35, 50, 90, 100-4, Northern Fleet, 115, 159, 197,204,208 113, 159 Northern Sea Route, 50 minesweepers, 103,200-1 Novik (cruiser), 12,89 Minogrl, 110-11, 168 Novik(destroyer), 11,18,78-89,101,129, Minsk, 152-3 140,149-50,196 Mitrokhinov, I. P., 40 Nov(rye vremiya, 10, 38 Molotov, V.M., 171, 172, 173, 175,204 NTK (NTKM) , 128, 133, 140, 148-50, Molotov, 187,217 154,165-6,168,173,208,212 Molotovsk, 176, 204-5 Moon Sound battle, 102 Obukhovo Works, 24, 55, 64, 77 Monko; s/)(rrnih, 9, 38. 42, 143 Offen berg, Y. Kh., 29 Morzh type, Ill, 112, 116, 118 Og71fVoi, 198, 217 Moskva, 152 OGPU, 130, 142-3, 146, 165-6 motor torpedo boats, 1:~9, 144-5,200 oil fuel, 64, 81, 82, 99 MTK (:-laval Technical Committee), Oktya/rrskaya Revo/yutsia, 69, 138 14-21,30,31,32,36,42,56-62,64,76, Okun, 107 79-83,88,89-90,94-5,106,108-9, ONZiVYard, 25, 95, 97,120 111-13,128 0lrytnyi, 134, 198 Muklevich, P.A., 142, 147, 148, 161-2, Ordzhonikidze Works .lee Baltic Works 163,165-6,170-1,178 Orlan, 121 Murav'ev, P.P., 16, 19,91,114 Orlov,Y.M., 148, 162, 168,171 (Nya/na, 5 Naletov, M.P., 11:t-4, 144 OSTEKHBURO, 130, 165,177,213 Nllmri()volet" 159 Narval type, 112. 116 Pacific, .lee Far East Index 249 Paletskii, P.P., 43 Red'kin, A.M., 194, 207 Palitsyn, F.F., 51 Redo, 213 Panter, 136 Revolutionary Military Council (RVS) , Pantzerzhanskii, E. S., 126, 139 126, 138-42, 144, 147, 165, 167-8 Papkovich, E.P., 136-7, 145, 148, 158, Rimskii-Korsakov, A.P., 204 165-6,208 Rimskii-Korsakov, M., 38 Parizhskaya Kommuna, 216 Rimskii-Korsakov, P.V., 37 Permanent [Acceptance] Commission Rozhestvenskii, Z.P., 5, 12 for the Trials of Naval Vessels, 19, 127, Rudnitskii, MA., 166, 212 185-6,213 Rummel', Yu. V., 8 Pervenets, 145 Rurik, 17,28-33, 101 Peter the Great, 1 Rusin, A.I., 122 Petropavlovsk (1914), 37,127 Russian Naval Union, 8-9 Petropavlovsk (1896),4 Russkii Dizel', 200 Petrov Works, 117 Russo-Baltic Works (Russian Company), Petrov, MA.,139, 142-3 26,85,90-1,125 Pigmei,213 Russo-Japanese War, 3-6, 31, 35 Plotnikov, M.S., 116-18 Russud Yard, 25,95-6,124 Pochtovyi, 106-7 Rynda, 63 Poltava, 38, 64, 69, 139, 140, 144 Polytechnic (St Petersburg) 134, 135 S type, 211-12 Popovkas,41 San Georgio, 115, 124 Port Arthur, 3 Scharnhorst, 203, 207, 210 Portugalov, N., 9 Schichau Company, 85-6, 92 Pospeshnyi, 98 Schlesinger, G.F., 11, 16,18,56,83,85 Pravda, 164-7,212 schnorkel, 121 prefabrication, 163 Schukert,112 press, 3, 10,38-9,71,93 seaplane carriers, 104 prices, see profit and loss Serdityi, 195 Prince, 128 Serdyuk, P.I., 133 Prinz regent Luitpoid, 40 Sevastopol (battlecruiser), 207 production, see programmes, shipyards SevastO/JOI (battleship), 37, 68, 69 Profintern (Svetlana) , 68,127,140 Sevastopol Yard, 24, 201 profit and loss, 21, 24, 27-8, 54, 74, 83, Severnyi Yard, 128-9, 130-2, 146-8, 151, 85,118 170,191,192,194,199,201 programmes, construction, 1-2,3,14,46, Sh-4 type, 145 48-53,70-5,93-4,121,126,138-42, Shastlivyi, 98 144,173-4,176-7,208 Shch class, 163-4,212 Shcheglov, A.N., Pronzitel'nyi, 97 12, 135, 155, 159 public opinion, 2, 3, 8-10 Shchensnovich, E.N., 108 Pugliese system, 205, 210 Shchuka, 163-4 purges, 142-3, 162, 166, 171-3, 193, Shershov, A.P., 16, 147, 155 203-4 Shimanskii, Yu. A., 127,136-8, 145, Pushchin, N.N., 118 146-8, 158, 166-7, 195 Putilov Works, 18, 26, 64, 76, 77, 83, 85, Shipbuilding Commission, 21, 27, 28, 56, 90-1,95,97-8, 128, 216 see also 85 Severnyi Yard shipbuilding commissariat, 172 Pylkii,98 shipyards, 18-19,22-8,43,45,46-7,55, 56,76-8,97-8,109,117-19,128-9, radar, 217 141,151-2,170-3,186,187,201,203, radio, 104-5,217 204 railways, 38, 164, 167 Shtandart, 144 Ramzin boiler, 198 Shukhov, V.P., 36 Ratnik, S.K., 40, 45, 56, 67 Si berian Flotilla, 91 250 Index Siemens, 112,209 Tashkent, 199-200,214 Skoda, 215 Tbilisi, 152 Skvortsov, D.V., 28 technical assistance see Britain, Germany, Slava, 102 Italy, John Brown, Skoda, Thornycroft, Smereh,148 USA, Vickers Smirnov, P.A., 171 Technical Directorate, 140, 147 Sokrushitel'nyi, 197-8 Tekhburo 4, 132, 155, 160, 163, 168 sonar, 217 Tennison, K.A., 29 Sosnikovskii, M.M., 95 Tevosyan, LT., 152, 171, 172, 184-5, 192, Sovietskaya Rossii, 176 209 Sovietskaya Ukraina, 204 Thornycroft, 97-8,145 Sovietskii Soyuz, 204-5, 206 Tirpitz, A., 9, 12, 70 Soyuzverf,129 Titanic, 17, 158 Spanish Civil War, 197, 199, 214 torpedoes, 18,36-7, 157, 177 Special Committee for Strengthening the Trakhtenberg, P.O., 190, 193 Fleet by Voluntary Donation, see Tral', 201 voluntary organisations trials, ship, 19-20,64,83-4, 127, 148, Special Design Office, 133 152, 153, 157-9, 161, 163, 185-6, 191, Speranskii, A.V., 130, 147, 151, 152, 193 195, 213 St Petersburg Polytechnic, 16, 17-18 Trotsky, L., 126 stabilisers, 88, 91,103 TsAGI,145 Stakhanovism, 186 TsBMS, 131 Stalin, LV., 143, 171, 173, 174-7, 178, Tsesarevieh, 4, 102 184-5,188,189,192,194-5,202, Tsiklan, 148 204-8,209-10,226-8 TsRJ3S-1, 132, 133, 134, 150, 172, 182, Stalingrad, 207 183-4 State Council, 54-5 TsRJ3S-2, 132,211 State Defence Council, 13,39,47-9, TsRJ3S-17, 132, 172-3 51-3,55 TsRJ3S-18, 133, 180-2, 182, 190, 193-4, steel quality, 28, 30, 61, 81, 153, 188, 200 197,203-4,207 Stogov, P.E., 13 TsRJ3S-19,216 Stolypin, P.A., 54, 71, 93 TsNII-45, 173, 208 Storozhenko, M.F., 165-6 Tsushima, battle of, 3, 4, 7,39, 44, 204 Storozhevoi, 194 Tukhachevskii, M. N., 143, 168 strategy, 1,3,5-8,33-4,38-9,42,50-1, Tupolev, A., 145 71-2,92,94,100,202,205,218-20 turbines, 21, 44, 63, 81, 82, 91, 97-8, Strunnikov, V., 116-17 146-8, 151, 153, 180-1, 186, 187, 191, submarines, 10, 11, 18-19,35,50,53,74, 206 101, 104, 106-25, 127, 133, 135-6, 140, Turbinia Works, 89 142,144,153-69,174,211-14; Turke~92-4,96, 104 unconventional types, 106-7, 213 Sudak, 107 U-boats, 108, 121, 123,209,212 Sudoproekt, 131 Ukraina, ll Sudotrest, 128, 146, 148, 155 Unshlikht, LS., 141 Suez Canal, 45 Uragan, 146, 148 Sve/lana, 91 see also Profintern US Navy, 36, 44, 78, 123,206, 212, 224 Svirskii, G.V., 40 USA, 39,110,112-13,119, 124,202,206, Sweden, 7, 101 216 Swift,78-9 Ushakov class, 88,98,127 Ustinov, D.F., 185 tactics, 36-7, 40-1, 46, 70, 72, 80, 88,101, 104, 116, 149 V-I type, 124 tank testing, 22-3, 29, 82, 89,190 Vadon Yard, 98 Taptygin, LF., 17 Vekman, A.K., 186 Index 251 Vepr, 101 World War 1,42,98, 100-5 Vickers, 28-33, 45, 56-7, 66, 76, 92, 93, 95,97,216 Yakob Sverdlov, 129 Viktorov, M.B., 143 Yakob, O.F., 131, 135, 190, 192 Vlas'ev, N.I., 140, 146 Yastreb,200 Vlasov, V.C., 136-8, 195-6 Yellow Sea, battle of, 4 Voevodskii, CA., 81, 93, 109 Yenesei,35 Vol'ta Works, 74 Yermak,67 Volk,101 Yessen, K., 5-6, 85 voluntary organisations, 10-11,82-3 Yezhov, N.I., 185 Voroshilov Yard, 148 Yugoslavia, 126 Voroshilov, K.E., 140, 142, 152, 156, 173, 174,175,195,196,204,209,212 Z type, 125 Varoshilov, 186, 216 Zabyaka, 129 Vulkan (Vulcan) Works, 76, 83-4, 97-8 Zarubin, N.A., 154, 155 Zhdanov Yard see Severnyi Yard War Ministry, 2, 47, 71, 114 Zhdanov, AA., 152, 170, 173-4, 176, welding, 151-3, 168, 187, 198, 200, 196 212 Zherve, see Gervais Westinghouse, 74, 96 Zlatoust, 23, 24 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 22, 60 Zof, v.i., 139