1052x01.book.fm Page 783 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

I N D E X

AIS (alarm indication signal), 237 Numerics B1 errors, 238 B2 errors, 238 1+1 protection architecture (SDH), 254 B3 errors, 238 4MD-xx.x cards, 336 BIP-2 errors, 238 10M-L1-xx.x/10M-xx.x service interface cards, 335 LOF (loss-of-frame) alignment, 237 10T-L1-xx.x/10T-xx.x service interface cards, 335 LOP (loss-of-pointer) alignment, 237 32-Channel Wavelength Plan (100-GHz Spacing), LOS (loss-of-signal) alarm, 237 ONS 15454 MSTP, 333 LSS (loss of sequence 32DMX-O cards, 336 synchronization), 238 32MUX-O cards, 336 OOF (out-of-frame) alignment, 237 1550-nm loss-minimized fiber (ITU-T G.654), 72 RDI (remote defect indication), 238 REI (remote error indication), 237 RFI (remote failure indication), 238 A SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 208 SF (superframe), 31–32 A1 bytes (SDH), 225 SONET, 140, 163 A2 bytes (SDH), 225 AIS (alarm indication signal), 164 access rings, 5 B1 errors, 164 AD-1B-xx.x cards, 336 B2 errors, 165 AD-1C-xx.x cards, 336 B3 errors, 165 AD-2C-xx.x cards, 336 BIP-2 errors, 165 AD-4B-xx.x cards, 336 LOF (loss-of-frame) alignment, 163 AD-4C-xx.x cards, 336 LOP (loss-of-pointer) state, 163 ADMs (add/drop multiplexers) LOS (loss-of-signal) alarm, 163 linear ADMs, 419 LSS (loss of sequence synchronization), configuration, 356, 418–427, 508-517 165 creating, 419–420 OOF (out-of-frame) alignment, 163 SDH (Synchronous Digital RDI (remote defect indication), 164 Hierarchy), 242–243 REI (remote error indication), 164 SONET, 176–177 RFI (remote failure indication), 164 Advanced MPLS Design and Implementation, 275 A-law encoding, analog-to-digital conversion, 24 AIC-I cards, 720 algorithms, fairness algorithm, RPRs (resilient AIS (alarm indication signal), 164 packet rings), 292 E1 signal format, 36 amplifiers, WDM (wavelength-division SDH, 237 multiplexing), superframes, 31 121–125 Alarm Browser, CTM (Cisco Transport Manager), distributed amplifiers, 124 348–349 EDFAs (Erbium-Doped fiber alarms amplifiers), 123 AIS (alarm indication signal). 164 hybrid amplifiers, 124 E1 signal format, 36 RFAs (Raman fiber amplifiers), 124 SDH, 237 analog signals superframes, 31 digital signals, converting to, 21–24 E1 signal format, 36–39 electromagnatic interference (EMI), 21 ESF (extended superframe), 31–32 generating, 21 SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 235-236 1052x01.book.fm Page 784 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

784 analog signals

processing, 18-24 management, RPRs (resilient packet rings), radio frequency interference (RFI), 21 spatial reuse, 292-293 reception, 21 normalized bandwidth calculations, 705 AOTFs (acoustic optical tunable filters), optical basic rate interface (BRI), ISDN, 39–40 multiplexers, 117–118 BBE (background block error), E1 signal format, 36 applications, fiber-optics, 50 BDCS (broadband digital cross-connect) APS (automatic protection switching), 140, 157 SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 243–244 253–255 SONET, 178 SONET, 187–189 Bell, Alexander Graham, 49 armored outside-plant cables, 58 bend radius, fiber-optic cabling, 76–77 arrayed waveguides, optical multiplexers, 115–116 BERs (bit error rates), 127 asymmetrical delays, 198, 264 bidirectional line-switched ring (BLSR). See BLSRs ATM, 275 (bidirectional line-switched ring) ATM/SMDS, 3 bidirectional rings A-to-Z provisioning, 429 SONET, 190–191 attenuation unidirectional rings, compared, 256–257 extrinsic attenuation, 66 bidirectional traffic matrix, 703 fiber-optics, 64–67 bidirectional WDM, 96–98 intrinsic attenuation, 64 band-separation method, 98 wavelengths, compared, 65 circulator method, 99 AU pointers, SDH (Synchronous Digital Overhead), interleaving-filter method, 98–99 226 BIP, 157 automatic protection switching (APS). See APS BIP-2 errors (automatic protection switching) SDH, 238 automatically routed circuits, creating, 429–433 SONET, 165 avalanche photodiodes, receivers, 127 birefringence, 67 bit, 154 bit error rates (BERs), 127 B bit errors, E1 signal format, 37 bit slips, E1 signal format, 37 B1 bytes (SDH), 225 bit-interleaved parity (BIP-24) bytes, 226 B1 errors BITS Out references, 372 SDH, 238 BLANK FMECs (front-mounted electrical SONET, 164 connections), 325 B2 errors BLSR Ring Map Change dialog box, 399 SDH, 238 BLSR Ring Map dialog box, 399 SONET, 165 BLSR/MS-SPRing, implementing, 723 B3 errors BLSRs (bidirectional line-switched rings), 6, SDH, 238 198-205 SONET, 165 configuration, 356, 392–412 background block error (BBE), E1 signal format, 36 DCC terminations, creating, 395–396 Baird, John Logie, 49 K3 bytes, remapping, 397 band-separation method, WDM (wavelength linear ADMs, converting from, 423–427 division multiplexing), 98 nodes bandwidth adding, 404–406 compounded growth matrix, 723 failures, 201 efficiency, improving, 10-11 removing, 407–409 1052x01.book.fm Page 785 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

Circuit Attributes dialog box 785

ports, enabling, 396–397 tensile loading, 76–77 provisioning, 397–400 termination, 48, 73–75 subtending from, 417–418 tight buffer cable plants, 76 trunk cards calculations, normalized bandwidth calculations, installing, 394–395 705 moving, 409–412 Call Reference Value (CRV) (1 or 2 octets) field upgrading, 400–402 (Q.931 header), 45 UPSRs call setup, ISDN, 45 subtending from, 415–416 campus-to-central office (CO) traffic, 5 subtending to, 414–415 capacity planning, network design, 701–706 Bragg resonance wavelengths, 107 card view, CTC (Cisco Transport Controller), 342– BRI (basic rate interface), ISDN, 39–40 343 bridge group forwarding, configuration, 650–651 CAS (channel-associated signaling), 26 bridges case studies interface configuration, 643–645 multiservice metro optical SONET/SDH SPRs, 279 networks, 699–722 byte stuffing, 224 BLSR/MS-SPRing implementation, 723 capacity planning, 701–706 circuit provisioning, 722 C delay analysis, 708–710 fiber plant analysis, 706–709 C2 bytes (SDH), 230 logical design, 712–716 cables (fiber-optic), 48 physical design, 716–718 attenuation, 64–67 requirements analysis, 701 bend radius, 76–77 technology analysis, 710–712 chromatic dispersion, 66–67 upscaling, 723–730 construction, 54–55 SAN services, 731–732 cross-phase modulation (XPM), 69 C-band (conventional) optical frequency bands, four-wave mixing (FWM), 69–70 WDM systems, 96 glass fiber-optic cables, 55 CCITT (Consultative Committee for International interference, 64 Telegraph and Telephone), 4 jackets, 56 CCS (common channel signaling), 27 loose buffer cable plants, 76 CDMA (code-division multiple access), 19 minimum bend radius, 76 cell-switched data networks, 3 multifiber fiber-optic cables, 56–58 Change User dialog box, 366 optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), 68 channel banks, 26 PCS (plastic-clad silica) fiber-optic TDM (time-division multiplexing), 47 cables, 56 channel spacing, WDM (wavelength division physics, 51–53 multiplexing), 99 plastic fiber-optic cables, 55 channel-associated signaling (CAS), 26 polarization mode dispersion (PMD), 67–68 Chappe, Claude, 49 propagation modes, 58–63 chirp, WDM transmitters, 111 self-phase modulation (SPM), 69 chromatic dispersion compensation splicing, 75–76 fiber-optics, 66–67 stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), 70 WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), 70 134–136 submarine cable systems, 77 Circuit Attributes dialog box, 433 1052x01.book.fm Page 786 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

786 Circuit Creation dialog box

Circuit Creation dialog box, 427, 433 common channel signaling (CCS), 27 Circuit Destination dialog box, 431 Common Object Request Broker Architecture Circuit Name Search dialog box, 438 (CORBA), 206 Circuit Source dialog box, 431 communications systems, fiber-optics, 78 circuits, 428 receivers, 81–83 automatically routed circuits, creating, transmitters, 78–80 429–433 compensation, WDM (wavelength division manually routed circuits, creating, 433–436 multiplexing), 92, monitor circuits, creating, 437–438 133–134 ONS 15454 circuits, searching for, 438–439 competitive local-exchange carriers (CLECs), 307 path traces, creating, 440–442 Complete Optical Multiservice Edge and Transport provisioning, 356, 428–444, 518–553 (COMET), 306-307 SNCP circuits, removing, 485 compounded growth matrix, 723 SONET DCC tunnels, provisioning, 442–444 configuration unidirectional circuits, multiple drop creation, BLSRs (bidirectional line-switched rings), 356, 436–437 392-412 UPSR circuits, editing, 439–440 linear ADMs Circuits on Span dialog box, 389 SDH, 446, 508–517 circuit-switched networks, 18, 25–26 SONET, 356, 418-427 TDM (time-division multiplexing) MS-SPRing signaling, 26–27 SDH, 485–502 circulator method, WDM (wavelength division SONET, 446 multiplexing), 99 OSPF, 380–385, 474–478 circulators, optical multiplexers, 119 SNCP, SDH, 478–485 Cisco Transport Controller (CTC). See CTC (Cisco subtending rings, 356, 413–418 Transport Controller) UPSR (unidirection path-switched ring), Cisco Transport Manager (CTM). See CTM (Cisco 356–392 Transport Manager) DCC terminations, 387 CLECs (competitive local-exchange carriers), 307 console (CTC), 337 client software, CTM (Cisco Transport Manager), Consultative Committee for International Telegraph 345–346 and Telephone (CCITT), 4 Alarm Browser, 348–349 Control Panel, CTM (Cisco Transport Manager), Domain Explorer, 346–347 353 Network Map, 350–351 controlled slip (frame), 212 Node View, 348–350 conversions, analog-to-digital conversions, 21–24 Subnetwork Explorer, 347–348 CoS (classes of service), RPRs (resilient packet clock slips, E1 signal format, 37 rings), 291 coarse wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM). couplers, optical multiplexers, 119 See CWDM (coarse wavelength-division CRC (cyclic redundancy checking), E1 signal multiplexing) format, 36–38 COBRA (Common Object Request Broker Create Area Range dialog box, 384 Architecture), 206 Create BLSR dialog box, 398 code errors, E1 signal format, 37 Create DCC Tunnel Connection dialog box, 443 code-division multiple access (CDMA), 19 Create Protection Group dialog box, 368 collector rings, access rings, aggregation, 5 Create SDCC Terminations dialog box, 387, COMET (Complete Optical Multiservice Edge and 395, 415 Transport), 306-307 Create Static Route dialog box, 379 1052x01.book.fm Page 787 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

design strategies 787

Create User dialog box, 365 Create Virtual Link dialog box, 384 D cross-connect systems, 428 D4 SF (superframe), 30 TDM (time-division multiplexing), 47 D5 ESF (extended superframe), 30 cross-phase modulation (XPM), fiber-optics, 69 DACS (digital access and cross-connect system), CSU/DSU (channel service units/digital service 3, 26 units), TDM (time-division multiplexing), 46 TDM (time-division multiplexing), 47 CTC (Cisco Transport Controller), 306-307, 311, data communication channel/generic 336-338 communication channel (DCC/GCC), AIC-I A-to-Z provisioning, 429 cards, 324 card view, 342–343 DBR (distributed Bragg reflector) lasers, WDM CTC console, 337 (wavelength-division multiplexing), default gateway, 377–378, 470 107–108 initial provisioning tasks DCC/GCC (data communications channel/generic SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), communication channel), AIC-I cards, 324 447–449 DCCs, 155, 226, 769 SONET, 357-359 LDCCs (line DCCs), 442 multiple CTCs, static routes, 380–381 SDCC (section DCC), 442 network view, 340–342 SONET DCC tunnels, provisioning, 442–444 node view, 338–340 terminations ONS nodes BLSR DCC terminations, creating, same IP subnet, 375–376 395–396 searching for, 438-439 MS-SPRing, creating, 488–489 separate IP subnet, 376 UPSRs, configuration, 387 static routes, 473 DCU (dispersion compensation module), 90 CTM (Cisco Transport Manager), default gateway, CTC (Cisco Trasnport Console), 306-307, 343-345 377–378 client software, 345–346 Define New Drop dialog box, 436 Alarm Browser, 348–349 degraded minutes, E1 signal format, 38 Domain Explorer, 346–347 delay analysis, network design, 708–710 Network Map, 350–351 Delete Circuit dialog box, 411 Node View, 348–350 Delete User dialog box, 366 Subnetwork Explorer, 347–348 dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) Control Panel, 353 infrastructures. See DWDM (dense wavelength- NE Explorer, 351–353 division multiplexing) infrastructures customer demographics, design strategies, 697 depressed-clad fiber, 61 customer rings, 5 descrambling techniques, 155 customer service levels, design strategies, 697–698 design strategies, 696 customer service requirements, design strategies, customer demographics, 697 697 customer service levels, 697–698 cutoff wavelengths, 61 customer service requirements, 697 CWDM (coarse wavelength-division multiplexing), fiber infrasturcture, 698 92, 100 parameters, 696 ITU grid, 92, 102–104 SANs, case study, 731-732 cyclic redundancy check (CRC) errors, E1 signal technology selection, 698–699 format, 38 vendor selection, 699 1052x01.book.fm Page 788 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

788 DFB (distributed feedback) lasers

DFB (distributed feedback) lasers, WDM Domain Explorer, CTM (Cisco Transport Manager), (wavelength-division multiplexing), 346–347 106–107 double tagging, SPRs, 279 DGD (differential group delay), 67 doubly clad fiber, 61 dialog boxes DPT (Synamic Packet Transport), 275 BLSR Ring Map, 399 RPRs (resilient packet rings), 288–290 BLSR Ring Map Change, 399 DRI (dual-ring interconnect), 194-196, 260-261 Change User, 366 drops, unidirectional circuits, creating for, 436–437 Circuit Attributes, 433 DS framing Circuit Creation, 427, 433 multiframing formats, 29–32 Circuit Destination, 431 T-carrier systems, 29 Circuit Name Search, 438 DS1 14-port cards, 720 Circuit Source, 431 DS1 signals, SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) Circuits on Span, 389 multiplexing, 218 Create Area Range, 384 DS1/E1 FMECs (front-mounted electrical Create BLSR, 398 connections), 325 Create DCC Tunnel Connection, 443 DS1-14 electrical cards, 314 Create Protection Group, 368 DS1N-14 electrical cards, 314 Create SDCC Terminations, 387, 395, 415 DS2 signals, SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) Create Static Route, 379 multiplexing, 219 Create User, 365 DS3 signals, SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) Create Virtual Link, 384 multiplexing, 220 Define New Drop, 436 DS3-12 electrical cards, 314 Delete Circuit, 411 DS3-12E electrical cards, 315 Delete User, 366 DS3i-N-12 electrical cards, 327 Edit Circuit, 437 DS3N-12 electrical cards, 314 Edit Circuits, 436 DS3N-12E electrical cards, 315 Upgrade BLSR, 401 DS3XM-6 electrical cards, 315 dielectric jackets, fiber-optic cables, 57 dual-ring interconnect (DRI) architecture, 260–261 differential group delay (DGD), 67 DWDM (dense wavelength-division multiplexing), digital access and cross-connect system (DACS), 3, 2, 13-16, 92, 101, 276 26 dynamic range, span analysis, 84 digital loop carriers, SDH (Synchronous Digital infrastructures, 306 Hierarchy), 245 ITU grid, 92, 102–104 digital signals, analog signals, converting from, 21– lasers, 113 24 tunable lasers, 108–109 direct modulation, 111–112 dispersion, WDM (wavelength division multiplexing), 92, 133-134 E chromatic dispersion, 134, 136 polarization mode dispersion, 136–138 E1 bytes (SDH), 226 dispersion compensation module (DCU), 90 E1 FMECs (front-mounted electrical connections), dispersion-shifter fiber (ITU-T G.653), 71–72 325 distributed amplifiers, 124 E1 signals, SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) distributed feedback (DFB), 107 multiplexing, 218–219 diversity, SONET, 184–186 E-100 ports, provisioning, 566–567 DLP (digital loop carriers), SONET, 179–180 E1000-2-G Ethernet cards, 318, 330 1052x01.book.fm Page 789 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

E-Series provisioning 789

E100T-G Ethernet cards, 318, 330 environmental alarms, 720 E1-120NP FMECs (front-mounted electrical EOC (embedded operations channel), 155 connections), 325 Erbium-Doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), 123 E1-120PROA FMECs (front-mounted electrical errored blocks, E1 signal format, 38 connections), 325 errored seconds (ES), E1 signal format, 38 E1-120PROB FMECs (front-mounted electrical ES (errored seconds), E1 signal format, 38 connections), 325 ESCNP mesh networks, SDH, 517–518 E1-42 electrical cards, 327 ESCON (Enterprise Systems Connection), 3 E1-N-14 electrical cards, 327 E-Series card ports, SPRs, 282 E2 orderwire bytes (SDH), 229 E-Series provisioning E3 signals, SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) Ethernet over SDH, 556, 595–623 multiplexing, 219 EtherSwitch point-to-point circuits, E3/DS3 FMECs (front-mounted electrical 597–603 connections), 325 EtherSwitch ports, 589–592 E3-12 electrical cards, 327 G1K-4 Ethernet ports, 587–589 E4 signals SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) hub-and-spoke Ethernet circuits, multiplexing, 220 607–611 E-band (extended) optical frequency bands, WDM MAC table information retrieval, 621 systems, 96 multicard EtherSwitch manual E-bit indication, E1 signal format, 38 cross-connect, 615–618 EC1-12 electrical cards, 315 ports, 596–597 E-carrier system, 18, 32–34 RMON alarm thresholds creation, alarms, 36, 38–39 622–623 CRC error checking, 36–37 single-card EtherSwitch manual cross- errors, 36, 38–39 connect, 611–615 FAS (frame alignment signal), 34–35 SPR (Shared Packet Ring), 603–606 MFAS (muliframe alignment signal), 35–36 STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) activation, ECC (embedded communications channel), 155 620–621 echo cancellation, analog-to-digital conversions, 24 VLAN membership, 618–620 ECSA (Exchange Carriers Standards Association), 4 Ethernet over SONET, 556, 565–584 EDFAs (Erbium-Doped fiber amplifiers), 123 E-100 ports, 566–567 Edit Circuits dialog box, 436 EtherSwitch point-to-point circuits, 567– editing 571 protection groups, 369 EtherSwitch SPR (shared packet ring), UPSR circuits, 439–440 571–574 users, 366 hub-and-spoke Ethernet circuits, electrical card protection, 320, 331 574–577 electrical signals MAC table information retrieval, 584 SDH, 213–214 multicard EtherSwitch manual SONET, 140, 144–145 cross-connect, 579–581 electromagnatic interference (EMI), analog signals, RMON alarm thresholds, 584 21 single-card EtherSwitch manual embedded communications channel (ECC), 155 cross-connect, 577–579 embedded operations channel (EOC), 155 Spanning Tree Protocol activation, encapsulation, Ethernet over SONET/SDH, 277 582–584 encoding analog-to-digital conversions, 23–24 VLAN membership, 581–582 Enterprise Systems Connection (ESCON), 3 1052x01.book.fm Page 790 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

790 ESF (extended superframe)

ESF (extended superframe), 30–31, 171 Ethernet over SDH, 557 alarms, 31–32 E-Series provisioning, 556, 595–623 ESNCP (Extended SNCP) mesh networks, 446 EtherSwitch point-to-point circuits, Ethernet, 274–276 597–603 encapsulation, SONET/SDH, 11–12 hub-and-spoke Ethernet circuits, GE (Gigabit Ethernet), 274–275 607–611 ML-series cards MAC table information retrieval, 621 accessing, 628–632 multicard EtherSwitch manual cross- bridge group forwarding, 650–651 connect, 615–618 bridge interface configuration, 643–645 ports, 596–597 Fast Ethernet interface configuration, 634 single-card EtherSwitch manual cross- IEE 802.1Q tunneling, 656–661 connect, 611–615 IOS command modes, 632–633 SPR (Shared Packet Ring), 603–606 IP protocols, 672–673 STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) activation, Layer 2 tunneling, 656–658, 661–663 620–621 link aggregation, 663–664 VLAN membership, 618–620 POS channels, 664–667 G-Series provisioning, 556, 585–595 POS interface configuration, 636–643 EtherSwitch circuits, 589–592 provisioning, 624–653, 655–669, G1K-4 Ethernet ports, 587–589 QoS, 673–674 manual cross-connect, 592–595 RPR (resilient packet ring), 674–691 RMON alarm thresholds, creating, 622–623 STP configuration, 645–650 Ethernet over SONET, 557 switching database manager, 691–692 E-Series provisioning, 556, 565–584 VACT (virtual concatenation), 691 E-100 ports, 566–567 VLAN configuration, 651–655 EtherSwitch point-to-point circuits, VRF lite, 667–669, 671 567–571 MSPPs (multiservice provisioning platforms), EtherSwitch SPR (switched packet ring), 274 571–574 RPRs (resilient packet rings), 274, 287–290 hub-and-spoke Ethernet circuits, bandwidth management, 292–293 574–577 CoS (classes of service), 291 MAC table information retrieval, 584 DPT (Dynamic Packet Transport), multicard EtherSwitch manual 288–290 cross-connect, 579–581 fairness algorithm, 292 RMON alarm thresholds, 584 layer management, 303 single-card EtherSwitch manual MAC (Media Access Control), 294–303 cross-connect, 577–579 OAM functions, 303 Spanning Tree Protocol activation, rerouting, 293–294 582–584 topology discovery, 290–291 VLAN membership, 581–582 traffic protection, 293–294 G-Series provisioning, 556–565 SONET/SDH, 556 G1K-4 manual cross-connect SPRs (shared packet rings), 274, 277–281 provisioning, 563–565 design constraints, 281–282 G1K-4 point-to-point circuit provisioning, E-Series card ports, 282 561–563 matching nodes, 286 G1K-4 port provisioning, 560–561 ML-Series card ports, 283–285 point-to-point circuits, 559 1052x01.book.fm Page 791 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

fiber-optics 791

EtherSwitch, 568 fiber-optics point-to-point circuits, provisioning, applications, 50 567–571, 597–603 attenuation, 64–67 single-card EtherSwitch manual cross-connect, cables, 48 provisioning, 577–579 bend radius, 76–77 SPR (shared packet ring), provisioning, benefits of, 4 571–574 construction, 54–55 Exchange Carriers Standards Association (ECSA), 4 glass fiber-optic cables, 55 extended superframe (ESF), 171 jackets, 56 external cavity tunable lasers, 109 minimum bend radius, 76 external modulation, 112–113 multifiber fiber-optic cables, 56–58 external timing, SDH (Synchronous Digital PCS (plastic-clad silica) fiber-optic Hierarchy), 212 cables, 56 external tunable lasers, 109 plastic fiber-optic cables, 55 extra traffic, 194, 254 propagation modes, 58–63 extrinsic attenuation, 66 splicing, 75–76 submarine cable systems, 77 tensile loading, 76–77 F termination, 48, 73–75 chromatic dispersion, 66–67 F1 bytes (SDH), 226 communications systems, 78 F2 bytes (SDH), 231 receivers, 81–83 F3 bytes (SDH), 232 transmitters, 78–80 Fabry Perot cavity filters, optical multiplexers, 117 cross-phase modulation (XPM), 69 fairness algorithm, RPRs (resilient packet rings), fiber span analysis, 83 292 dynamic range, 84 FALM (frame alarm), E1 signal format, 38 margin calculations, 84–86 far-end block error (FEBE), 159, 237 MMF span analysis, 86–88 FAS (frame alignment signal), E1 signal format, power budget, 84–86 34–35, 38 receiver sensitivity, 84 Fast Ethernet, interface configuration, ML-Series SMF span analysis, 88–89 cards, 634 transmitter launch power, 83–84 FC connectors, fiber-optic cable termination, 73 fiber-span analysis, 48 FDM (frequency-division multiplexing), 19 four-wave mixing (FWM), 69–70 FEBE (far-end block error), 159 history of, 49–50 FEC (forward error correction), WDM (wavelength- interference, 64 division multiplexing), ITU-T G.651 (multimode fiber with 128–130 50-micron fiber), 71 fiber Bragg grating, optical multiplexers, 115 ITU-T G.652 (nondispersion-shifted fiber), 71 fiber diversity, SDH (Synchronous Digital ITU-T G.653 (dispersion-shifter fiber), Hierarchy), 250–252 71–72 fiber infrastructure, design strategies, 698 ITU-T G.654 (1550-nm loss-minimized fiber plant analysis, network design, 706–709 fiber), 72 fiber routing ITU-T G.655 (nonzero dispersion shifted SDH, 250–252 fiber), 72 SONET, 184–186 loose buffer cable plants, 76 optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), 68 1052x01.book.fm Page 792 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

792 fiber-optics

performance considerations, 53 Ethernet over SDH, 587–589 physics, 51–53 EtherSwitch circuit provisioning, polarization mode dispersion (PMD), 67–68 589–592 propagation, 48 manual cross-connect, 592–595 self-phase modulation (SPM), 69 manual cross-connect provisioning, 592 splicing, 48 GBIC (gigabit interface converter), 558 stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), 70 manual cross-connect provisioning, 563–565 stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), 70 point-to-point circuit provisioning, 561–563 tight buffer cable plants, 76 port provisioning, 560–561 types, 48 gateways fibers, nodes, connecting to, 495 CTC (Cisco Transport Console), 377–378, 470 fiber-span analysis, 48 ONS 15454 gateways, enabling, 377 Fibre Channel, 3 SDH gateways, enabling, 468–470 FICON (Fibre Connectivity), 3 GE (Gigabit Ethernet), 3, 274-275 filtering analog-to-digital conversions, 22 interface configuration, ML-Series cards, 635 Force command, 389 gigabit interface converter (GBIC), G1K-4 cards, four-fiber BLSRs, 202–204 558 upgrading to, 400–402 glass fiber-optic cables, 55 four-fiber MS-SPRing, upgrading to, 497–499 glass-clad fibers, invention of, 49 four-fiber rings group velocity dispersion (GVD). See chromatic SONET, 191–193 dispersion two-fiber rings, compared, 257–259 groups four-way mixing (FWM), fiber-optics, 69–70 protection groups frame alarm (FALM), E1 signal format, 38 creating, 367–369 frame alignment signal (FAS). See FAS (frame deleting, 369 alignment signal) editing, 369 Frame Relay, SONET/SDH, 3 provisioning, 366–369, 457–461 frame-switched data networks, SONET/SDH, 3 VTs (virtual tributaries), 166–171 framing G-Series provisioning SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), Ethernet over SDH, 556, 585–595 208, 220–221 Ethernet over SONET, 556–565 higher-level framing, 208, 239–241 G1K-4 manual cross-connect pointers, 223 provisioning, 563–565 STM-1 frames, 221–222 G1K-4 point-to-point circuit provisioning, tributaries, 222–223 561–563 SONET, 140, 148–149 G1K-4 port provisioning, 560–561 STS-N framing, 151–153 point-to-point circuits, 559 frequencies, E1 signal format, 38 GVD (group velocity dispersion), 134 frequency slicers, optical multiplexers, 120 frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). See FDM (frequency-division multiplexing) H

H4 bytes (SDH), 231 G Hansell, Clarence W., 49 hardware-ready cards, 413, 503 G1 bytes (SDH), 231 high priority (Class A) class of service, RPRs G1K-4 Ethernet cards, 319, 330, 557 (resilient packet rings), 291 1052x01.book.fm Page 793 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

IP (Internet Protocol) 793

high-density polyethylene (HDPE) jackets, integrated platforms, benefits of, 4 fiber-optic cables, 57 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). higher-level framing, SDH (Synchronous Digital See ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Hierarchy), 208, 239–241 Network) Hopkins, Harold H., 49 integration, TDM signals, SONET, 141–143 hub topologies inter-exchange carriers (IXCs), interoperability SDH, 247–248 standards, 4 SONET, 182 interference, fiber-optics, 64 hub-and-spoke Ethernet circuit provisioning, 574–577 interleavers, optical multiplexers, 120 Ethernet over SDH, 607–611 interleaving-filter method, WDM (wavelength hybrid amplifiers, 124 division multiplexing), 98–99 internal timing SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 212 I setting up, 464–466 SONET, 373–374 IDTs (integrated digital terminals), 179 International Telecommunication Union IEEE 802.1Q tunneling, ML-Series cards, Telecommunication Standardization Sector 656–661 (ITU-T), 4 ILECs (incumbent local-exchange carriers), 307 Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), 275 in-band FEC, WDM (wavelength-division intersymbol interference (ISI), 134 multiplexing), 128 intial provisioning tasks, 356 incumbent local-exchange carriers (ILECs), 307 intrinsic attenuation, 64 inital provisioning tasks raylight scattering, 65 SDH, 447 inventories, nodes, 356 basic node information, 449–450 SDH, 466–467 CTC (Cisco Transport Controller), inventories, ONS 15454 nodes, 374–375 447–449 IOS command modes, ML-Series cards, 632–633 network information setup, 450–452 IP (Internet Protocol), 556 security, 452–457 configuration, SDH (Synchronous Digital users, 452–457 Hierarchy), 450–452 SONET, 357 initial provisioning tasks, 361–362 basic node information, 359–360 ML-series cards CTC Cisco Transport Controller), accessing, 628–632 357–359 bridge group forwarding, 650–651 IP network setup, 361–362 bridge interface configuration, 643–645 SDH, 446 configuration, 672–673 security, 362–366 Fast Ethernet interface configuration, 634 users, 362–366 Gigabit Ethernet interface insertion loss, ONS 15216, 726 configuration, 635 inside-plant cables, 57 IEEE 802.1Q tunneling, 656–661 installation IOS command modes, 632–633 BLSR trunk cards, 394–395 Layer 2 tunneling, 656–658, 661–663 MS-SPRing trunk cards, 486–488 link aggregation, 663–664 trunk cards, 479–481 POS channels, 664–667 UPSR trunk cards, 386 POS interface configuration, 636–643 integrated digital loop carrier (IDLC), 245 provisioning, 624-682 integrated digital terminals (IDTs), 179, 245 QoS, 673–674 1052x01.book.fm Page 794 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

794 IP (Internet Protocol)

RPR (resilient packet ring), 674–691 K1 bytes (SDH), 227 STP configuration, 645–650 K2 bytes (SDH), 227 switching database manager, 691–692 K3 bytes, remapping VACT (virtual concatenation), 691 BLSRs, 397 VLAN configuration, 651–655 SDH, 490 VRF lite, 667–669, 671 Kao, Charles K., 49 OAM&P, SDH nodes, 446, 467–478 Keck, Donald, 50 ONS nodes for OAM&P, 356, 375–385 IP subnets, CTC (Cisco Transport Console) ONS nodes, 375–376 L IPSec (Internet Protocol Security), 275 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 18, 39 lasing thresholds, 106 BRI (basic rate interface), 39–40 Layer 1 (ISDN), 41–42 call setup, 45 Layer 2 (ISDN), 42–44 layer 1, 41–42 Layer 2 tunneling, ML-Series cards, 656–663 layer 2, 42–44 Layer 3 (ISDN), 44–45 layer 3, 44–45 Layer 3 (OSI model), 44 link layer establishment, 44 layers PRI (primary rate interface), 40–41 RPRs, managing, 303 ISI (intersymbol interference), 134 SDH, 208 isolators, optical multiplexers, 119 multiplex section, 215 ITU grid, 92 path layers, 215 WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing) photonic layer, 216 systems, 102–104 regenerator section layer, 216 ITU-T (Internation Telecommunication Union SONET, 140, 146 Telecommunication Standardization Sector), 4 line layer, 147 ITU-T G.651 (multimode fiber with 50-micron path layer, 146–147 fiber), 71 photonic layer, 148 ITU-T G.652 (nondispersion-shifted fiber), 71 section layer, 147 ITU-T G.652.C (low water peak nondispersion- L-band (long wavelength) optical frequency bands, shifted fiber), 71 WDM systems, 96 ITU-T G.653 (dispersion-shifter fiber), 71–72 LC connectors, fiber-optic cable termination, 74 ITU-T G.654 (1550-nm loss-minimized fiber), 72 LDCCs (line data communications channels), 205, ITU-T G.655 (nonzero dispersion shifted fiber), 72 442 IXCs (inter-exchange carriers), interoperability leased lines standards, 4 carrier perspective, 26 customer perspective, 25 LEDs, 79–80 J-K legacy SONET/SDH, 6–7 Length (1 octet) field (Q.931 header), 44 J0 bytes (SDH), 154, 225 line data communications channel (LDCC), 205 J1 path traces, creating, 440–442 line DCCs (LDCCs), 442 J1 user-programmable bytes (SDH), 230 line layer (SONET), 140, 147 J2 bytes (SDH), 233 line overhead (LOH), SONET, 155–159 jackets, fiber-optic cables, 56 line switching, SONET, 193–194 jitter, 212 line timing, SDH, 212 linear add/drop architectures, 181 1052x01.book.fm Page 795 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

ML-Series cards 795

linear ADMs, 419 MacChesney, John, 50 BLSRs, converting to, 423–427 Mach-Zehnder interferometers, 118–119 configuration Mandatory and Optional Information Elements SDH, 446, 508-517 (variable length) field (Q.931 header), 45 SONET, 356, 418-427 MANs (metropolitan area networks), building, creating, 419–420, 509–510 technology options, 275 MS-SPRings, converting to, 514–517 manual cross-connect provisioning, 563–565 SNCP rings, converting to, 510–513 manually routed circuits, creating, 433–436 UPSRs, converting to, 420–423 margin calculations, span analysis, 84–86 linear characteristics, fiber-optics, 64–68 master clocks, 145 line-terminating equipment (LTE), 147 matching nodes, 177 link aggregation, ML-Series cards, 663–664 SPRs, 286 link budgets, span loss, 83 material absorption, intrinsic attenuation, 64 link layer establishment, ISDN, 44 Maurer, Robert, 50 Lockout command, 389 mechanical tunable lasers, 108–109 LOF (loss-of-frame) alignment medium priority (Class B) class of service, RPRs SDH, 237 (resilient packet rings), 291 SONET, 163 medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) jackets, LOFS (loss of frame seconds), E1 signal format, 38 fiber-optic cables, 57 logical design, networks, 712–716 meshed topologies LOH (line overhead), SONET, 155–159 SDH, 249–250 loop timing, 145, 212 SONET, 184 loose buffer cables, cable plants, compared, 76 Message Type (1 octet) field (Q.931 header), 45 LOP (loss-of-pointer) alignment (SDH), 237 MetroPlanner DWDM optical design software, 334 LOP (loss-of-pointer) state (SONET), 163 MFAL (multiframe alarm), E1 signal format, 38 LOS (loss of signal) alarm, superframes, 32, 163, MFAS (multiframe alignment signal), E1 signal 237 format, 35–38 LOSS (loss of signal seconds), E1 signal format, 38 MIC-C/T/P FMECs (front-mounted electrical loss of frame seconds (LOFS), E1 signal format, 38 connections), 325 low priority (Class C) class of service, RPRs minimum bend radius, fiber-optic cables, 76 (resilient packet rings), 291 ML1000-2 Ethernet cards, 319 low water peak nondispersion-shifted fiber ML1000-2 Gigabit Ethernet cards, 330 (ITU-T G.652.C), 71 ML100T-12 Ethernet cards, 319, 330 LSS (loss of sequence synchronization) ML-Series cards SDH, 238 12-port cards, 721 SONET, 165 accessing, 628–632 LTE (line-terminating equipment), 147 bridge group forwarding, 650–651 bridge interface configuration, 643–645 Fast Ethernet interface configuration, 634 M Gigabit Ethernet interface configuration, 635 IEEE 802.1Q tunneling, 656–661 M1 bytes (SDH), 228 IOS command modes, 632–633 MAC (Media Access Control) IP protocols, 672–673 information Layer 2 tunneling, 656–663 retrieval, 621 link aggregation, 663–664 retrieving, 584 POS channels, 664–667 RPRs (resilient packet rings), 294–303 POS interface configuration, 636–643 provisioning, 624–680, 682 1052x01.book.fm Page 796 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

796 ML-Series cards

QoS, 673–674 mu-law encoding, analog-to-digital conversions, 24 RPR (resilient packet ring), 674–691 multicard EtherSwitch manual cross-connect, SPRs, 283–285 provisioning, 579–581, 615–618 STP configuration, 645–650 multifiber fiber-optic cables, 56–58 switching database manager, 691–692 multiframe alarm (MFAL), E1 signal format, 38 VACT (virtual concatenation), 691 multiframe alignment signal (MFAS) distant alarm, VLAN configuration, 651–655 E1 signal format, 38 VRF lite, 667–671 multiframing formats, DS framing, 29–32 MMF span alaysis, fiber-optics, 86–88 multimode fiber with 50-micron core (ITU-T modulators, WDM transmitters, 111–113 G.651), 71 monitor circuits, creating, 437–438 multimode graded index, fiber-optic cables, 62–63 MR-L1-xx.x/MR-1-xx.x service interface cards, 335 multimode step index, fiber-optic cables, 59–60 MRP-L1-xx.x/MRP-1-xx.x service interface cards, multiple drops, unidirection circuits, creating for, 335 436–437 MSOH (Multiplex Section Overhead), SDH, 226–229 multiplex section (SDH), 215 MSP (multiplex section protection), 6 multiplex section protection (MSP), 6 MSPP (multiservice provisioning platforms), multiplex section switching, path switching, 4, 8-12, 274-275 compared, 259–260 bandwidth efficiency, 10–11 multiplex section-shared protection rings Ethernet encapsulation, 11–12 (MS-SPRing), 264–271 provisioning, 12 Multiplex Section-Terminating Equipment (MSTE). QoS (quality of service), 11 See MSTE (Multiplex Section-Terminating signaling, 12 Equipment) SDH, 245-246, 446 multiplexed section protection rings (MS-SPRing). See SONET, 180, 356-357 MS-SPRing (multiplexed section protection MS-SPRing (multiplex section-shared protection rings) rings), 6, 264–271 multiplexing configuration ADM (add/drop multiplexers), 94, 176–177 SDH, 485–502 characteristics, 92 SONET, 446 CWDM (coarse wavelength-division DCC terminations, creating, 488–489 multiplexing), 100 linear ADMs, converting from, 514–517 DWDM (dense wavelength-division nodes multiplexing), 2, 13-16, 101, 306 adding, 492–496 FDM (frequency-division multiplexing), 19 removing, 496–497 linear ADMs ports, activating, 488–489 configuration, 418–427, 446 provisioning, SDH, 490–492 configurations, 508–517 traffic, switching, 493 MSP (multiplex section protection), 6 trunk cards MS-SPRing (multiplexed section protection installing, 486–488 ring), 6 moving, 500–502 MSTE (multiplex section-terminating upgrading, 497–499 equipment), 215 MSTP (Multiservice Transport Platform), 694 optical multiplexers, 113–121 MTP/MPO connectors, fiber-optic cable acousto optical tunable filters, 117–118 termination, 75 arrayed waveguides, 115–116 MT-RJ connectors, fiber-optic cable termination, 74 circulators, 119 MTSE (Miltiplex Section-Terminating Equipment), couplers, 119 215 Fabry Perot cavity filters, 117 1052x01.book.fm Page 797 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

NEs (network elements) 797

fiber Bragg grating, 115 circuit provisioning, 722 frequency slicers, 120 delay analysis, 708–710 interleavers, 120 fiber plant analysis, 706–709 isolators, 119 logical design, 712–716 Mach-Zehnder interferometers, 118–119 physical design, 716–718 periodic filters, 120 requirements analysis, 701 TFFs (thin film filters), 114–115 technology analysis, 710–712 SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), upscaling, 723–730 216–220 multiservice provisioning platforms (MSPPs). See SONET, 140, 174–175 MSPPs (multiservice provisioning platforms) TDM (time-division multiplexing), Multiservice Transport Platform (MSTP). See 2, 18-20, 694 MSTP (Multiservice Transport Platform) analog signal processing, 20–24 circuit-switched networks, 26–27 E-carrier system, 32–39 N network elements, 46–47 schematics, 19 N1 bytes (SDH), 232 SDH integration, 209–214 N2 bytes (SDH), 233 SONET/SDH, 3 NE Explorer, CTM (Cisco Transport Manager), statistical TDM, 20 351–353 synchronous TDM, 20 negative stuffing, 224 T-carrier system, 27–32 negative timing justification, 156 TM (terminal multiplexers) NEs (network elements), 140 SONET, 176 SDH, 208 WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing), 92- add/drop multiplexers, 242–243 96, 104-105 BDCS (broadband digital cross-connect), amplifiers, 121–125 243–244 bidirectional WDM, 96–99 digital loop carriers, 245 channel spacing, 99 MSPPs (multiservice provisioning characteristics, 127–133 platforms), 245–246 compensation, 133–134 regenerators, 241 dispersion, 133–138 WDCS (wideband digital cross-connect), ITU grid, 102–104 244–245 multiplexers, 113–121 SONET, 175 need for, 93 ADM (add/drop multiplexer), 176–177 optical frequency bands, 96 BDCS (broadband digital optical multiplexers, 113–121 cross-connect), 178 optical-fiber media, 125 digital loop carriers, 179–180 receivers, 125–127 MSPPs (multiservice provisioning schematic, 94 platforms), 180 systems, 94 regenerator, 175 transmission impairments, 92, 127–133 terminal multiplexers, 241–242 transmitters, 106–113 TM (terminal multiplexer), 176 unidirectional WDM, 96–97 WDCS (wideband digital cross-connect), multiservice metro optical SONET/SDH networks, 178–179 case study, 699–722 TDM (time-division multiplexing), 18, 46 BLSR/MS-SPRing implementation, 723 channel banks, 47 capacity planning, 701–706 cross-connect systems, 47 1052x01.book.fm Page 798 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

798 NEs (network elements)

CSU/DSU, 46 SDH DACS, 47 basic information setup, 449–450 repeaters, 46 inventories, 466–467 network management IP networking for OAM&P, 446, 467–478 SDH, 208, 271–272 SNCP SONET, 205–206 adding, 483–484 Network Map, CTM (Cisco Transport Manager), removing, 484–485 350–351 static routes, 378–380, 470–473 network view, CTC (Cisco Transport Controller), UPSR, adding/removing, 388–392 340–342 nondispersion-shifted fiber (ITU-T G.652), 71 networks nonlinear characteristics, fiber-optics design cross-phase modulation (XPM), 69 capacity planning, 701–706 four-wave mixing (FWM), 69–70 circuit provisioning, 722 self-phase modulation (SPM), 69 delay analysis, 708–710 stimualted Brillouin scattering (SBS), 70 fiber plant analysis, 706–709 stimualted Raman scattering (SRS), 70 logical design, 712–716 nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber (ITU-T G.655), 72 physical design, 716–718 normalized bandwidth, compounded growth matrix, requirements analysis, 701 723 technology analysis, 710–712 normalized bandwidth calculations, 705 design strategies, 696 northbound traffic, 308 customer demographics, 697 customer service levels, 697–698 customer service requirements, 697 O fiber infrastructure, 698 prarmeters, 696 O’Brien, Brian, 49 technology selections, 698–699 OAM functions, 303 vendor selections, 699 OAM&P (operation, administration, maintenance, new data flags, 224 and provisioning), 375 node view, CTC (Cisco Transport Controller), IP networking, SDH nodes, 446, 467–478 338–340, 348-350 ONS nodes, IP networking, 356, 375–385 nodes O-band (original) optical frquency band, WDM BLSR systems, 96 adding, 404–406 OC12 IR/STM4 SH 1310 optical cards, 316 removing, 407–409 OC12 IR/STM4 SH 1310-4 optical cards, 316 failures, BLSRs, 201 OC12 IR/STM4-4 1310 optical cards, 316 fibers, connecting to, 495 OC12 LR/STM4 LH 1310 optical cards, 316 initial provisioning tasks, 359–360 OC12 LR/STM4 LH 1550 optical cards, 316 inventories, 356, 374–375 OC192 IR/STM64 SH 1550 optical cards, 317 IP networking OC192 LR/STM64 LH 1550 optical cards, 317 for OAM&P, 356 OC192 LR/STM64 LH ITU DWDM optical cards, OAM&P, 375–385 318 MS-SPRing OC192 SR/STM64 IO 1310 optical cards, 317 adding, 492–496 OC-192/STM64 1-Port cards, 720 removing, 496–497 OC-192/STM-64 ITU wavelengths, 724 multiple subtending rings, 413 OC3 IR/STM1 SH 1310-4 optical cards, 315 OC3 IR/STM1 SH 1310-8 cards, 720 1052x01.book.fm Page 799 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

out-of-band FEC, WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing) 799

OC3 IR/STM1 SH 1310-8 optical cards, 315 ONS 15800 series products, 310 OC48 ELR/STM16 EH 100 GHz DWDM optical OOF (out-of-frame) alarm, superframes, 31 cards, 317 OOF (out-of-frame) alignment OC48 IR 1310 optical cards, 316 SDH, 237 OC48 IR/STM16 SH AS 1310 optical cards, 316 SONET, 163 OC48 LR 1550 optical cards, 317 operation, administration, maintenance, and OC48 LR/STM16 LH AS 1550 optical cards, 317 provisioning (OAM&P). See OAM&P (operation, OC-N line rates, 149 administration, maintenance, and provisioning) ONS operations support system (OSS), 308 craft interface, initial provisioning tasks, 357–359 OPT-BST cards, 335 nodes, initial provisioning tasks, 359–360 optical card protection, SDH, 331 ONS 15100 series products, 308 optical frequency bands, WDM (wavelength ONS 15200 series products, 308 division multiplexing), 96 ONS 15300 series products, 309 optical interface layers, SONET, 140, 146-148 ONS 15400 series products, 311-336 optical multiplexers, 113–121 ONS 15454 acousto optical tunable filters, 117–118 alarm interface controller (AIC-I), 314 arrayed waveguides, 115–116 card protection, 320–321, 331-332 couplers, 119 circuits, searching for, 438–439 Fabry Perot cavity filters, 117 cross-connect cards, 313, 323-324 fiber Bragg grating, 115 electrical cards, 314–315 frequency slicers, 120 Ethernet cards, 318–319, 329-330 interleavers, 120 FMECs (front-mounted electrical connections) isolators, 119 cards, 325–326 Mach-Zehnder interferometers, 118–119 gateways, enabling, 377 periodic filters, 120 MSPP, 311–332 TFFs (thin film filters), 114–115 MSTP, 332–336 optical protection, ONS 15454 cards, 320 optical transmission elements, 335–336 optical signals scalability, 729 SDH, 213–214 service interface cards, 335 SONET, 140, 144–145 nodes optical signal-to-noise ratio, WDM (wavelength- CTC (Cisco Transport Console), 375–376 division multiplexing), 130–133 inventories, 356, 374–375 optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), fiber-optics, 68 IP networking for OAM&P, 356, 375–385 optical transmission elements, ONS 15454 MSTP multiple subtending rings, 413 optical transmission elements, 335–336 static routes, 378–380 optical-fiber media, WDM (wavelength-division optical cards, 315–317, 327–329 multiplexing), 125 OSPF configuration, 380–385, 474–478 optical-power measurements, fiber-optics, 53 protection groups, provisioning, 366–369 OPT-PRE cards, 335 SAN (storage area networks) cards, OSC-CSM cards, 335 319–320, 330–331 OSCM cards, 335 SDH security levels, 453 OSPF configuration, 380–385, 474–478 SDH user idle times, 455 OSS (operations supprt system), 308 timing, 356, 370–374, 461–466 out-of-band FEC, WDM (wavelength-division Timing and Control (TCC2) cards, 313, 322–323 multiplexing), 129 ONS 15500 series products, 309 ONS 15600 series products, 310 1052x01.book.fm Page 800 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

800 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)

Ethernet over SDH, 597-603 P EtherSwitch point-to-point circuits, provisioning, 567–571 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation), 23 G-Series provisioning, 559 parameters, network design strategies, 696 point-to-point topologies path layers (SONET), 140, 146–147 SDH, 246–247 path layers (SDH), 215 SONET, 181 path overhead (POH), SONET, 159–162 polarization dependent loss (PDL), 68 Path Protected Mesh Networking (PPMN), 250 polarization mode dispersion, WDM (wavelength- path switching division multiplexing), 136–138 multiplex section switching, compared, polarization mode dispersion (PMD), fiber-optics, 259–260 67–68 SONET, 193–194 polarization mode dispersion compensation, WDM path traces, creating, 440–442 (wavelength-division multiplexing), 138 path-terminating equipment (PTE). See PTE POP (point of presence) nodes, 3–5 (path-terminating equipment) population inversion, 106 payload pointers (SDH), 223 ports PCA (protection channel access), 194, 332 BLSR, enabling, 396–397 PCM (pulse code modulation), 19, 23 channels, 663 PCS (plastic-clad silica) fiber-optic cables, 56 enabling, 369 PDH (plesiochronous digital hierarchy), 143, 210–211 E-Series, provisioning, 596–597 periodic filters, optical multiplexers, 120 MS-SPRing, activating, 488–489 permanent virtual circuits (PVCs), 7 SNCP ports, enabling, 481–482 phase variation, 145, 212 UPSRs, enabling, 388 photo-elastic effect, acoustic waves, 117 VLAN membership, provisioning, 581–582 photonic layer (SDH), 216 PoS (Packet over SONET), 275 photonic layer (SONET), 140, 148 configuration, ML-Series cards, 664–667 photon-phonon interaction, acoustic waves, 117 interface configuration, 636–643 Photophone, invention of, 49 positive intrinsic negatives (PINs), 82 physical design, network design, 716–718, 722 positive stuffing, 224 physics, fiber-optics, 51–53 power budget, span analysis, 84–86 PINs (positive intrinsic negatives), 82, 126 PPMNs (Pat-Protected Mesh Networks), 427-428 plant ribbon-cable systems, 56 PRI (primary rate interface), ISDN, 40–41 plastic fiber-optic cables, 55-56 primary reference source (PRS), 145 plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH). See PDH propagation, fiber-optics, 48 (plesiochronous digital hierarchy) propagation modes, fiber-optic cables, 58 POH (path overhead) multimode graded index, 62–63 SDH, 229–233 multimode step index, 59–60 SONET, 159–162 single-mode step index, 60–62 VTs (virtual tributaries), 173–174 protection architectures point of presence (POP) nodes, 3–5 SDH, 208 pointers SONET, 140, 187–189 SDH, 223 protection channel access (PCA), 194 SONET, 156 protection groups point-to-multipoint topologies creating, 367–369 SDH, 247 deleting, 369 SONET, 181–182 editing, 369 point-to-point circuits, 561–563 1052x01.book.fm Page 801 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

repeaters 801

provisioning, 356, 366–369 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), 4 SDH, 457–461 pulling tensions, fiber-optic cables, 77 protectional architectures, SDH, 253–255 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), 23 Protocol Discriminator (1 octet) field (Q.931 pulse code modulation (PCM), 19, 23 header), 44 PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), 7 provisioning A-to-Z provisioning, 429 BLSRs, 397–400 Q-R circuits, 356, 428–444 E-Series provisioning Q.931 headers (ISDN Layer 3), fields, 44 Ethernet over SDH, 556, 595–623 QoS (Quality of Service), 11 Ethernet over SONET, 556, 565–584 ML-Series cards, 673–674 G-Series provisioning quantization, analog-to-digital conversions, 22–23 Ethernet over SDH, 556, 585–595 Ethernet over SONET, 556–565 radio frequency interference (RFI), analog signals, initial provisioning tasks, 357 21 basic node information setup, 359–360 Raman fiber amplifiers (RFAs), 124 CTC (Cisco Transport Controller), raylight scattering, intrinsic attenuation, 65 357–359 RBOCs (Regional Bell Operating Companies), IP network setup, 361–362 interoperability standards, 4 security, 362–366 RDI (remote defect indication) users, 362–366 SDH, 238 initianl provisioning tasks, 356 SONET, 164 ML-Series provisioning, 624–682 RDTs (remote digital terminals), 179 MS-SPRing, 490–492 receivers OAM&P (operation, administration, fiber-optic communications systems, 81–83 maintenance, and provisioning), 375 sensitivity, span analysis, 84 IP networking of ONS nodes, 375–385 WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing), ONS 15454 timing 125–127 SDH, 462–466 avalanche photodiodes, 127 SONET, 37-372 PIN photodiodes, 126 PPMNs (Pat-Protected Mesh Networks), 427 reception, analog signals, 21 protection groups, 356 Red CFA (carrier failure alarm), superframes, 32 SDH, 457–461 regenerator section layer (SDH), 216 SONET, 366-369 regenerators SDH SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 241 circuits, 518–553 SONET, 175 inital provisioning tasks, 447–457 Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), MSPP, 446–447 interoperability standards, 4 SONET REI (remote error indication) DCC tunnels, 442–444 SDH, 237 MSPP, 357 SONET, 164 Proxy ARP, ONS 15454 gateways, enabling, 377 remapping K3 bytes, 397, 490 PRS (primary reference source), 145 remote digital terminals (RDTs), 179 PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), 4 remote fiber terminals (RFTs), 180, 245 PTE (path-terminating equipment) repeaters, 175 SDH, 215 TDM (time-division multiplexing), 46 SONET, 147 1052x01.book.fm Page 802 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

802 requirements analysis, network design

requirements analysis, network design, 701 IOS command modes, 632–633 rerouting RPRs (resilient packet rings), 293–294 IP protocols, 672–673 resilient packet ring (RPR). See RPR (resilient Layer 2 tunneling, 656–663 packet ring) link aggregation, 663–664 RFAs (Raman fiber amplifiers), 124 POS channels, 664–667 RFI (remote failure indication) POS interface configuration, 636–643 SDH, 238 provisioning, 624–682 SONET, 164 QoS, 673–674 RFTs (remote fiber terminals), 180 STP configuration, 645–650 rings switching database manager, 691–692 SDH, 208, 248–271 VACT (virtual concatenation), 691 SONET, 140, 189–190 VLAN configuration, 651–655 asymmetrical delay, 198 VRF lite, 667–671 bidirectional rings, 190–191 RPRs (resilient packet rings), 274287–288, 290 BLSR (bidirectional line-switched rings), bandwidth management, 292–293 198–205 CoS (classes of service), 291 DRI (dual-ring interconnect), 194–196 DPT (Dynamic Packet Transport), 288–290 four-fiber rings, 191–193 fairness algorithm, 292 line switching, 193–194 MAC (Media Access Control), 294–303 path switching, 193–194 OAM functions, 303 two-fiber rings, 191–193 rerouting, 293–294 unidirectional rings, 190–191 topology dicovery, 290–291 UPSR (unidirectional path switched traffic protection, 293–294 rings), 196–197 RSOH (Regenerator Section Overhead), SDH, 225–226 rings/architaectures. See ring architectures RSTE (Regenerator Section-Terminating BLSRs, configuration, 392–412 Equipment), 216 MS-SPRing adding, 495–496 DCC terminations, 488–489 S nodes, 492–497 port activation, 488–489 S1 bytes (SDH), 228 provisioning, 490–492 sampling oscilloscopes, 127 trunk cards, 500–502 SANs, case study, 731–732 upgrading, 497–499 S-band (short wavelength) optical frequency bands, SNCP trunk cards, installing, 479–481 WDM systems, 96 subtending rings, 446, 502-508 SC connectors, fiber-optic cable termination, 74 configuration, 356, 413–418 scaling up, optical networks, 723–730 UPSRs, configuration, 385–392 Schultz, Peter, 50 RMON alarm thresholds, creating, 584, 622–623 scrambling techniques, 155 RPR over SONET/SDH, ML-series cards SDCC (section data communications channel), accessing, 628–632 205, 422 bridge group forwarding, 650–651 SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), bridge interface configuration, 643–645 2-3, 208, 307 configuration, 674–691 alarms, 208, 235–236 Fast Ethernet interface configuration, 634 AIS (alarm indication signal), 237 Gigabit Ethernet interface configuration, 635 B1 errors, 238 IEEE 802.1Q tunneling, 656–661 B2 errors, 238 1052x01.book.fm Page 803 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) 803

B3 errors, 238 multiplexing, 216–218 BIP-2 errors, 238 DS1 signals, 218 LOF (loss-of-frame) alignment, 237 DS2 signals, 219 LOP (loss-of-pointer) alignment, 237 DS3 signals, 220 LOS (loss-of-signal) alarm, 237 E1 signals, 218–219 LSS (loss of sequence synchronization), E3 signals, 219 238 E4 signals, 220 OOF (out-of-frame) alignment, 237 multiservice metro optical SONET/SDH case RDI (remote defect indication), 238 study, 699–722 REI (remote error indication), 237 network elements, 208, 241 RFI (remote failure indication), 238 add/drop multiplexers, 242–243 circuits, provisioning, 518–553 BDCS (broadband digital cross-connect), electrical signals, 213–214 243–244 ESCNP (extended SNCP) mesh networks, 442, digital loop carriers, 245 517–518 MSPPs (multiservice provisioning Ethernet, 274, 556 platforms), 245–246 Ethernet over SDH, 557 regenerators, 241 E-Series provisioning, 556, 595–623 terminal multiplexers, 241–242 G-Series provisioning, 556, 585–595 WDCS (wideband digital cross-connect), framing, 208, 220–221 244–245 higher-level framing, 208, 239–241 network management, 208, 271–272 pointers, 223 nodes STM-1 frames, 221–222 inventories, 466–467 tributaries, 222–223 IP networking for OAM&P, 446–478 gateways, enabling, 468–470 static routes, 470–473 initial provisioning tasks, 447 optical signals, 213–214 basic node information, 449–450 PDH (plesiochronous digital hierarchy), CTC (Cisco Transport Controller), 210–211 447–449 protection architectures, 208, 253-255 network information setup, 450–452 protection groups, provisioning, 457–461 security, 452–457 PTE (path-terminating equipment), 215 users, 452–457 ring architectures, 208, 255–271 IP, 556 rings, subtending, 446, 502–508 K3 bytes, remapping, 490 SDH MSPP, provisiooning, 447 layers, 208 SNCP (subnetwork connection protection), multiplex section, 215 configuration, 478–485 path layers, 215 standards, 4 photonic layers, 216 STM-N (Synchronous Transport Module-N), regenerator section layer, 216 213–214 linear ADMs, configurations, 446, 508–517 synchronization, 212–213 MSPP (multiservice provisioning platform), TDM signals, integration, 208–214 446 topologies, 208, 246 MS-SPRing fiber diversity, 250–252 configuration, 446, 485–502 fiber routing, 250–252 nodes, 492–497 hub topology, 247–248 provisioning, 490–492 meshed topology, 249–250 trunk cards, 500–502 point-to-multipoint topology, 247 upgrading, 497–499 1052x01.book.fm Page 804 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

804 SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

point-to-point topology, 246–247 single points of failure, eliminating, 4 ring topology, 248–249 single-card EtherSwitch manual cross-connect, transport overhead, 224 provisioning, 577–579 AU pointers, 226 Ethernet over SDH, 611–615 MSOH (Multiplex Section Overhead), single-mode dual-step index, fiber-optic cables, 60–62 226–229 SMF span alaysis, fiber-optics, 88–89 POH (path overhead), 229–233 SNCP (subnetwork connection protection), RSOH (Regenerator Section Overhead), 6, 262, 446 225–226 circuits, removing, 485 SONET interworking, 233–235 configuration, SDH, 478–485 secondary circuits, traffic monitors, creating, 437–438 ESNCP (Extended SNCP) mesh networks, section data communications channel (SDCC), 446 205, 442 linear ADMs. converting from, 510–513 section layer (SONET), 140, 147 nodes section overhead (SOH), SONET, 154–155 adding, 483–484 section-terminating equipment (STE), 147 removing, 484–485 security, initial provisioning tasks ports, enabling, 481–482 SDH, 452-457 ring traffic, switching, 482–483 SONET, 362-366 subtending rings, 504 self-phase modulation (SPM), fiber-optics, 69 trunk cards, installing, 479–481 sensitivity curves, receivers, 82 Snitzer, Elias, 49 service affecting, 409 SOH (section overhead), SONET, 154–155 service interface cards, ONS 15454 MSTP service SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 2-3, 307 interface cards, 335 alarms, 140, 163 service profile IDs (SPIDs), 44 AIS (alarm indication signal), 164 SES (severely errored second), E1 signal format, 38 B1 errors, 164 SF (superframe), 30–32 B2 errors, 165 SH 1310-4 electrical cards, 328 B3 errors, 165 shared packet ring (SPR). See SPR (shared BIP-2 errors, 165 paket ring) LOF (loss-of-frame) alignment, 163 shared protection, 201 LOP (loss-of-pointer) state, 163 signals, 12 LOS (loss-of-signal) alarm, 163 analog signal processing, 18 LSS (loss of sequence synchronization), analog-to-digital conversions, 21–24 165 CAS (channel-associated signaling), 26 OOF (out-of-frame) alignment, 163 CCS (common channel signaling), 27 RDI (remote defect indication), 164 electrical signals, 140, 144–145, 213–214 REI (remote error indication), 164 optical signals, 140, 144–145, 213–214 RFI (remote failure indication), 164 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation), 23 C2 byte values, 161 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation), 23 DCC tunnels, provisioning, 442–444 TDM signals electrical signals, 140, 144–145 SDH integration, 209–214 Ethernet, 556 SONET, 140–143 Ethernet over SONET, 274, 557 SONET integration, 140 E-Series provisioning, 556, 565–584 signal-to-noise ratio, WDM (wavelength-division G-Series provisioning, 556–565 multiplexing), 130–133 framing, 140, 148–149 STS-N framing, 151–153 1052x01.book.fm Page 805 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

span analysis, fiber-optics 805

initial provisioning taskes, 356 SPE, 150–151 IP (Internet Protocol), 556 standards, 4 LTE (line-terminating equipment), 147 STE (section-terminating equipment), 147 MSPP (multiservice provisioning platform), synchronization, 144–145 356-357 TDM signals multiplexing, 140, 174–175 integration, 141–143 multiservice metro optical SONET, case study, integration of, 140 699–722 TNM (Telecommunications Network NEs (network elements), 140, 175 Management) model, 140 ADM (add/drop multiplexer), 176–177 topologies, 140, 180 BDCS (broadband digital cross-connect), diversity, 184–186 178 fiber routing, 184–186 digital loop carriers, 179–180 hub topologies, 182 MSPPs (multiservice provisioning meshed topologies, 184 platforms), 180 point-to-multipoint topologies, 181–182 regenerator, 175 point-to-point topologies, 181 TM (terminal multiplexer), 176 ring topologies, 183 WDCS (wideband digital cross-connect), transport overhead, 153 178–179 LOH (line overhead), 155–159 network management, 205–206 POH (path overhead), 159–162 OC-N line rates, 149 SOH (section overhead), 154–155 optical interface layers, 140, 146 transpot overhead, 140 line layer, 147 VTs (virtual tributaries), 165–166 path layer, 146–147 groups, 166–171 photonic layer, 148 POH (path overhead), 173–174 section layer, 147 superframes, 171–173 optical signals, 140, 144–145 SONET/SDH (Synchronous Optical Network/ protection architectures, 140, 187 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 2-7 APS (automatic protection switching), DACS (digital access cross-connect systems), 3 187–189 DWDM (dense wavelength-division PTE (path-terminating equipment), 147 multiplexing), 13–16 ring architecture, 189–190 legacy SONET/SDH, 6–7 asymmetrical delay, 198 MSPPs (multiservice provisioning platforms), bidirectional rings, 190–191 4, 8–12 BLSR (bidirectional line-switched rings), bandwidth efficiency, 10–11 198–205 Ethernet encapsulation, 11–12 DRI (dual-ring interconnect), 194–196 provisioning, 12 four-fiber rings, 191–193 QoS (quality of service), 11 line switching, 193–194 signaling, 12 path switching, 193–194 Multiservice SONET/SDH, 3 two-fiber rings, 191–193 southbound traffic, 308 unidirectional rings, 190–191 span analysis, fiber-optics, 83 UPSR (unidrectional path switched rings), dynamic range, 84 196–197 margin calculations, 84–86 ring architectures, 140 MMF span analysis, 86–88 SDH (Synchronous Digital Overhead), power budget, 84–86 233–235 receiver sensitivity, 84 1052x01.book.fm Page 806 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

806 span analysis, fiber-optics

SMF span analysis, 88–89 STM-N (Synchronous Transport Module-N), transmitter launch power, 83–84 213–214 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). See STP (Spanning Stoke’s low-wavelength waves, 70 Tree Protocol) STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) spatial reuse, RPRs (resilient packet rings), 292–293 configuration, 645–650 SPE, 150–151 Ethernet ports, enabling, 582-584, 620–621 SPIDs (service profile IDs), 44 Stratum 3 (ST3) clocks, 370 splicing fiber-optic cabling, 75–76 stratum clock hierarchy, 146 SPRs (shared packet rings), 274, 277 STS-N framing, SONET, 151–153 bridges, 279 submarine cable systems (fiber-optics), 77 design constraints, 281–282 subnetwork connection protection (SNCP). See SCP E-Series card ports, 282 (subnetwork connection protection) matching nodes, 286 Subnetwork Explorer, CTM (Cisco Transport ML-Series card ports, 283–285 Manager), 347–348 double tagging, 279 subtending rings, 5, 446, 502–508 Ethernet over SDH, 603–606 configuration, 356, 413–418 EtherSwitch provisioning, 571–574 superframes. See SF (superframe) and ESF STP model, 279 (extended superframe) VLAN identifiers, 279 SVCs (switched virtual circuits), 7 ss bits (SDH), 234 switching traffic SSM (Synchronization Status Messaging), 370 MS-SPRing, 493 ST connectors, fiber-optic cable termination, 74 SNCP rings, 482–483 static routes switching database manager, ML-Series cards, CTCs, 473 691–692 multiple CTCs, 380–381 switching protection, ONS 15454 cards, 320, 331 nodes, 470–473 synchronization static routes, ONS nodes, 378–380 SDH, 212–213 statistical TDM, 20 SONET, 144–145 STE (section-terminating equipment), 147 Synchronization Status Messaging (SSM), 370 stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), fiber-optics, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). See SDH 70 (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) stimulated emission, 106 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET). See stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), fiber-optics, 70 SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) STM-1 frames (SDH), 221–222 synchronous TDM, 20 STM1 SH 1310 optical cards, 328 Synchronous Transport Module-N (STM-N). See STM16 EH 100-GHz DWDM electrical cards, 328 STM-N (Synchronous Transport Module-N) STM16 LH AS 1550 electrical cards, 328 STM16 SH AS 1310 electrical cards, 328 STM1E 1, FMECs (front-mounted electrical T connections), 326 STM1E-12 electrical cards, 327 T-carrier system, 18, 27–29 STM1SH 1310-8 electrical cards, 328 DS framing, 29 STM4 LH 1310 electrical cards, 328 DS multiframing formats, 29–32 STM4 LH 1550 electrical cards, 328 TCC2 cards, 413, 503, 719 STM4 SH 1310 electrical cards, 328 TDM (time-division multiplexing), 2, 18-20, 694 STM64 LH 1550 electrical cards, 329 analog signal processing, 20–24 STM64 LH ITU DWDM electrical cards, 329 circuit-switched networks, 26–27 1052x01.book.fm Page 807 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

transmitters 807

E-carrier system, 32–34 Multiservice SONET/SDH, 3 alarms, 36, 38–39 SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), CRC error checking, 36–37 2, 208, 246 errors, 36, 38–39 fiber diversity, 250–252 FAS (frame alignment signal), 34–35 fiber routing, 250–252 MFAS (multiframe alignment signal), hub topology, 247–248 35–36 meshed topology, 249–250 network elements, 18, 46 point-to-multipoint topology, 247 channel banks, 47 point-to-point topology, 246–247 cross-connect systems, 47 ring topology, 248–249 CSU/DSU, 46 SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), DACS, 47 2, 140, 180 repeaters, 46 diversity, 184–186 schematics, 19 fiber routing, 184–186 SONET/SDH, 3 hub topologies, 182 statistical TDM, 20 meshed topologies, 184 synchronous TDM, 20 point-to-multipoint topologies, 181–182 T-carrier system, 27–29 point-to-point topologies, 181 DS framing, 29 ring topologies, 183 DS multiframing formats, 29–32 traffic TDM signals bidirectional traffic matrix, 703 SDH integration, 208–214 monitoring, secondary circuits, 437–438 SONET integration, 140–143 MS-SPRing, switching, 493 technology analysis, network design, 710–712 northbound traffic, 308 Telecommuncations Network Management (TNM). SNCP, switching, 482–483 See TNM (Telecommunications Network southbound traffic, 308 Management) uniderectional traffic matrix, 702 tensile loading, fiber-optic cabling, 76–77 UPSR traffic, switching, 389 termination, fiber-optic cables, 48, 73-75 traffic protection, RPRs (resilient packet rings), TFFs (thin film filters), 114–115 293–294 through timing, SDH, 212 tranmitter launch power, span analysis, 83–84 tight buffer cable plants, loose buffer cable plants, transceivers, 100 compared, 76 transmission impairments, WDM (wavelength- time slot 16 AIS alarm, E1 signal format, 38 division multiplexing), 92, 127–133 time-division multiplexing (TDM). See TDM FEC (forward error correction), 128–130 (time-division multiplexing) optical signal-to-noise ratio, 130–133 timing, ONS 15454 timing, 370-374 transmitters SDH, 461–466 fiber-optic communications systems, 78–80 SONET, 356 WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing), 106 timing references, 372 chirp, 111 TM (terminal multiplexers) distributed Bragg reflector lasers, 107–108 SDH, 241–242 distributed feedback lasers, 106–107 SONET, 176 modulators, 111–113 TNM (Telecommunications Network tunable lasers, 108–109 Management), 140 vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, topologies, 2-7 110–111 discoveries, RPRs (resilient packet rings), 290–291 1052x01.book.fm Page 808 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

808 transport overhead

transport overhead unidirectional WDM, 96–97 SDH, 224 Upgrade BLSR dialog box, 401 AU pointers, 226 upgrading MSOH (Multiplex Section Overhead), BLSRs, 400–402 226–229 MS-SPRing, 497–499 POH (path overhead), 229–233 optical networks, 723–730 RSOH (Regenerator Section Overhead), UPSRs (unidirectional path-switched rings), 225–226 6, 356 SONET interworking, 233–235 BLSRs SONET, 140, 153 subtending from, 414–415 LOH (line overhead), 155–159 subtending to, 415–416 POH (path overhead), 159–162 configuration, 356 SOH (section overhead), 154–155 circuits, editing, 439–440 tributaries, SDH, 222–223 configuration, 385–392 trunk cards linear ADMs, converting from, 420–423 BLSR trunk cards nodes, adding/removing, 388–392 installing, 394–395 ports, enabling, 388 moving, 409–412 SONET, 196–197 installing, 479–481 traffic, switching, 389 MS-SPRing trunk cards trunk cards, installing, 386 installing, 486–488 user data channels (UDCs), AIC-I cards, 324 moving, 500–502 users UPSR trunk cards, installing, 386 creating tunable lasers, WDM (wavelength-division SDH, 456 multiplexing), 108–109 SONET, 365 two-fiber BLSRs, upgrading, 400–402 deleting two-fiber MS-SPRing, upgrading, 497–499 SDH, 457 two-fiber rings SONET, 366 four-fiber rings, compared, 257–259 editing SONET, 191–193 SDH, 457 SONET, 366 initial provisioning tasks, 362–366 U UAS (unavailable seconds), E1 signal format, 38 V U-band (ultra-long wavelength) optical frequency bands, WDM systems, 96 V5 bytes (SDH), 232 UDCs (user data channels), AIC-I cards, 324 VACT (virtual concatenation), ML-Series cards, 691 unavailable seconds (UAS), E1 signal format, 38 Van Heel, Abraham, 48–49 unidirectional circuits, multiple drops, creating, VC payload pointers (SDH), 224 436–437 VCSELs (vertical cavity surface emitting lasers), unidirectional path-switched ring (UPSR). See WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing), UPSR (unidirectional path-switched ring) 110–111 unidirectional rings vendors, selecting, 699 bidirectional rings, compared, 256–257 virtual tributaries (VTs). See VTs (virtual tributaries) SONET, 190–191 VLANs unidirectional traffic matrix, 702 configuration, ML-Series cards, 651–655 1052x01.book.fm Page 809 Thursday, February 19, 2004 10:34 AM

Yellow CFA (carrier failure alarm), superframes 809

Ethernet ports, provisioning for membership, DWDM (dense wavelength-division 581–582 multiplexing), 92, 101 identifiers, SPRs, 279 ITU grid, 102–104 membership, provisioning, 618–620 multiplexers, 113–121 VRF lite, configuration, ML-Series cards, 667–671 need for, 93 VTs (virtual tributaries), 140 optical frequency bands, 96 SONET, 165–166 optical multiplexers, 113–121 groups, 166–171 AOTFs (acousto optical tunable filters), POH (path overhead), 173–174 117–118 superframes, 171–173 arrayed waveguides, 115–116 circulators, 119 couplers, 119 W-Z Fabry Perot cavity filters, 117 fiber Bragg grating, 115 wander, E1 signal format, 38 frequency slicers, 120 WANs (wide area networks), building, technology interleavers, 120 options, 275 isolators, 119 wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). Mach-Zehnder interferometers, 118–119 See WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing) periodic filters, 120 wavelengths TFFs (thin film filters), 114–115 attenuation, compared, 65 optical-fiber media, 125–127 cutoff wavelengths, 61 receivers, 125-127 OC-192/STM-64 ITU wavelengths, 724 schematic, 94 WDCS (wideband digital cross-connect) systems, 94 SDH, 244–245 transmission impairments, 92, 127–133 SONET, 178–179 FEC (forward error correction), WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing), 92-96, 128–130 104-105 optical signal-to-noise ratio, 130–133 amplifiers, 121–125 transmitters, 106 distributed amplifiers, 124 chirp, 111 EDFAs (Erbium-Doped fiber distributed Bragg reflector lasers, amplifiers), 123 107–108 hybrid amplifiers, 124 distributed feedback lasers, 106–107 RFAs (Raman fiber amplifiers), 124 modulators, 111–113 bidirectional WDM, 96–98 tunable lasers, 108–109 band-separation method, 98 vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, circulator method, 99 110–111 interleaving-filter method, 98–99 unidirectional WDM, 96–97 channel spacing, 99 characteristics, 92, 127–133 XC10G cross-connect (XC) cards, 314, 323, 720 compensation, 92, 133–134 XCVT cross-connect (XC) cards, 313 CWDM (coarse wavelength-division XC-VXL-10G cross-connect (XC) cards, 323 multiplexing), 92, 100 XC-VXL-2.5G cross-connect (XC) cards, 324 dispersion, 92, 133–134 chromatic dispersion, 134–136 Yellow CFA (carrier failure alarm), superframes, 32 polarization mode dispersion, 136–138