DOCSLIB.ORG

Country Study on Status of Land Tenure, Planning and Management in Oriental Near East Countries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Country Study on Status of Land Tenure, Planning and Management in Oriental Near East Countries Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for the Near East (RNE) Oriental Near East Sub-Region (SNO) Country Study on Status of Land Tenure, Planning and Management in Oriental Near East Countries C A S E O F LEBANON B y Talal Darwish (National Consultant) E d i t e d b y Faycel Chenini ( I n t e r n ational Consultant) Supervised by Moujahed Achouri (DRR - R N E , H M D T - SNO - FAO) F A O - SNO CAIRO, EGYPT - 2 0 1 2 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. ISBN 978-92-………………. All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dessimination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to: Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Reaearch and Extension FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy © FAO 2012 Cover page‟s photos from Syria and Jordan by F. Chenini and from Lebanon by S. Hajj Hassan. II Foreword Land tenure, planning and management gain increasing importance in view of accumulating problems related to natural resources degradation notably for the Oriental Near East Countries (namely the Arab Republic of Egypt, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic, Jordan, Iraq and the Islamic Republic of Iran). Natural resources degradation constitutes an important threat for the human society especially in the Near East region. Land and water degradation is affecting and will affect agriculture and all dimensions of food security, such as food availability, food accessibility, food utilization and food systems stability. Scarcity and degradation of land and water have and will have an impact on human health, livelihood assets and food production as well as growing threat to food security. The State of the World‟s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture (SOLAW), recently published, notes that food production has been associated with inappropriate management practices that have degraded the land and water systems. The global assessment of the state of the planet‟s land resources is showing that one quarter are highly degraded. Another 8 % are moderately degraded, 36 % are stable or slightly degraded and 10 % are ranked as “improving.” The remaining shares of the earth‟s land surface are either bare (around 18 %) or covered by inland water bodies (around 2%). Some 40 % of the world‟s degraded lands are located in areas with high poverty rates. Around 30 % are in areas with moderate levels of poverty while 20 % are in areas with low poverty rates. The Oriental Near East Sub-region (SNO) is one of the most affected regions by direct and indirect causes of land degradation that is remaining one of the main challenges of the twenty-first century. The threats are still present throughout all member countries and will likely worsen with important impacts on sustainable agriculture in general and food security in particular. Over the last few years, FAO has: i) dedicated considerable attention to land issues and taken a wide range of initiatives and activities, particularly in the Near East Region; ii) promoted sustainable land management constitutes one of the main priorities in the agenda of FAO Regional Office for the Near East; iii) reinforced capacity in land management and tenure for sustainable agriculture in the Sub- region; and iv) helped in the identification of appropriate actions and developing capacities in land tenure, planning and management. In response to requests from its Member Countries, FAO has also dedicated considerable attention to improve agricultural productivity and food security with special consideration to sustainable land management and natural resources conservation. FAO approaches land management by developing land degradation assessment methods and sustainable land management and decision support tools for national and local levels. Presently, FAO is more focusing on: • Land tenure and implications of climate change scenarios; • Land tenure and implications of policy options in relation to the rapid growth of land use for bio-energy production; • Land tenure in emergency and post-emergency work; • Compulsory purchase of land and compensation; • State land management; • Low-cost land tenure security; • Good governance in land administration; and • Making land information accessible for the poor.. FAO/SNO produced this country study on the “Status of Land tenure, Land Management and Land use planning in SNO Countries” – Case of Lebanon to update information and data, and subsequently, identify issues and priorities for technical and policy support, both with a sub-regional dimension and needed recommendations. It aims at providing a highlight of the current situation regarding land tenure, planning and management and making and adopting potential recommendations on what needs to change at policy and institutional and ground levels to promote interdisciplinary and inter- ministerial/institutional processes. FAO and its partners, in collaboration with member countries, will continue to cooperate and provide technical assistance with practical and feasible recommendations for promoting sustainable land III management and on what needs to change at policy and institutional and ground levels to promote interdisciplinary and inter-institutional processes on planning, tenure and management in the sub- region. Moujahed Achouri Deputy Regional Representative for the Near East, Head of the Multidisciplinary Team for Oriental Near East Sub-Region, and FAO Representative in Egypt. IV Acknowledgement Based on the complexity of the problem and multitude of issues, several experts contributed to the accomplishment of this study. Beside the main author, Dr Talal Darwish, Dr Nadine Nassif (Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, LU) contributed to the compilation of part I (Legal Approach). The following experts contributed to the preparation of part II: Dr Amin Shaban authored the section related to Water Resources. The two sections related to protected sites and forestlands were developed by Dr Carla Khater and Eng. Rita Njaim (CNRS-CRS). The new maps and image processing were done by Dr Ghaleb Faour (CNRS, CRS). The achievement of this study was possible due to the assistance of Eng. Aurore Assaker, Eng. Youmna Achkar and Eng. Roger Francis (CNRS-CRS), Dr. Ihab Jomaa (Department of Irrigation, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, LARI), Mr. Youssef el-Khoury (Operative manager of the Mediterranean Institute of Certification, MIC), Mr. Khalil Haddad (General Manager of the Libancert), Mr. Kassem Jouni (GIZ), Eng. Salime Roukoz and Dr Elie Chouairy (Ministry of Agriculture). Talal Darwish Beirut, February 2012 V Executive Summary The report deals with land tenure issues in Lebanon and analyzes major problems facing sustainable agriculture in view of natural setting, prevailing practices and existing legislation. Lebanon consists mainly of rugged mountainous regions with slopping and steep lands. The population of Lebanon in 2007 was 4 million with 407,362 residing in Beirut, the administrative capital of Lebanon. One of the main problems in land tenure and land management issues is the cadastre where a significant part of Lebanon is still outside the cadastre (North Bekaa, East Mountains). Based on rainfall amount and land occupation, Lebanon was divided into five large regions and twelve agro climatic zones. Lebanese agriculture is divided into seven agro-climatic regions with 40 homogeneous agricultural areas (Lebanese Agricultural Atlas, MoA, 2005). The land use map of Lebanon published by CDR (SDATL, 2003) showed that the major agricultural areas are located in the Bekaa followed by the Akkar plain and South Lebanon. Agricultural land use in Lebanon might be represented by three main cropping patterns, vegetables monoculture, wheat potato rotation and land under permanent crops - fruit trees or grape production. The total cultivated land area in Lebanon in 2007 was 277,000 ha (27 percent of the total land area), of which about 50 percent was irrigated. Irrigation water in the country is still primitively managed. According to national irrigation experts, the majority of watered lands in Lebanon (67%) are irrigated by gravity feed systems (furrows). The protected areas are Lebanon‟s threatened national living museums representing invaluable scientific treasure and economic security. This report will provide an overview of types of PAs in Lebanon and the institutions that are involved in the designation, protection and management of them. Lebanon has been designating protected
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mount Lebanon 4 Electoral District: Aley and Chouf
    The 2018 Lebanese Parliamentary Elections: What Do the Numbers Say? Mount Lebanon 4 Electoral Report District: Aley and Chouf Georgia Dagher '&# Aley Chouf Founded in 1989, the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies is a Beirut-based independent, non-partisan think tank whose mission is to produce and advocate policies that improve good governance in fields such as oil and gas, economic development, public finance, and decentralization. This report is published in partnership with HIVOS through the Women Empowered for Leadership (WE4L) programme, funded by the Netherlands Foreign Ministry FLOW fund. Copyright© 2021 The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies Designed by Polypod Executed by Dolly Harouny Sadat Tower, Tenth Floor P.O.B 55-215, Leon Street, Ras Beirut, Lebanon T: + 961 1 79 93 01 F: + 961 1 79 93 02 [email protected] www.lcps-lebanon.org The 2018 Lebanese Parliamentary Elections: What Do the Numbers Say? Mount Lebanon 4 Electoral District: Aley and Chouf Georgia Dagher Georgia Dagher is a researcher at the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies. Her research focuses on parliamentary representation, namely electoral behavior and electoral reform. She has also previously contributed to LCPS’s work on international donors conferences and reform programs. She holds a degree in Politics and Quantitative Methods from the University of Edinburgh. The author would like to thank Sami Atallah, Daniel Garrote Sanchez, John McCabe, and Micheline Tobia for their contribution to this report. 2 LCPS Report Executive Summary The Lebanese parliament agreed to hold parliamentary elections in 2018—nine years after the previous ones. Voters in Aley and Chouf showed strong loyalty toward their sectarian parties and high preferences for candidates of their own sectarian group.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herpetofauna of Lebanon: New Data on Distribution by Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad A
    The herpetofauna of Lebanon: new data on distribution by Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad A. Sadek, Roberto Sindaco, and Alberto Venchi Abstract. This paper reports more tIia11 400 original data on the Lebanese herpetotiuna (covering 5 mphibians and 44 reptiles), deriving liom museum collecllons and recent lield observations. The most interesting data concern: (a) C:vity1ohoi7 ornicto~~holi.~,a species known only from Mt. Hermon, reported for the first time from Mt. Lehanon Range; (b) Lrrcerto,/i.atr.,i, previously con- rldered endemic to the Mount Lebanon Range. also recorded from Antilebanon; (c) the occur- rence of Moci~~r~iperiiIehetii7rr is contir~nedw~th certainty kom two localities in the north. New records are glben Ibr many specles known in Lebanon only on the basis of very few and often old repolts. Kurzfassung. In diescr Arbeit werden iiber 400 un\~eroffcntlicliteDaten zu 5 Amphibien- und 44 Reptilien-Arten des Libanon mitgeteilt, die auf Museumssamn~lungzn und elgenen Feldbeobachtungen basieren. Die Daten umfassen, unter anderem, folgende interessante Feststellungcn: (a) Ci~i.fopotiioiicri~ictopiiolis, eine Art, die bisher nur vom Mt. Hennon bekannt ist. wurde erstmals in1 Gebiet des Mt. Lcbanon gefunden; (h) L~rcevtafi~~~rsr. die bisher als mdemlscll liir das Gcbiet des Mt. Lehanon angesehen \wrde, wurde nun auch im .Antilibanon festgestellt; (c) das sichcre Vorkommen \on Clrrci.oi,iptwr lehe/ii~tr\\id an z\\ci Stellen im &orden Jes Landes bestiitigt. Filr viele Altcn, die 311s dem Libanon nur aufgrund sehr weniger und hautig alter Zitate bekannt sind, \+erden neue Nachweiae ,nelneldet. Key words. Lc\ant, Middle East, roogeography, faun~stics,Amph~bia.
    [Show full text]
  • MOST VULNERABLE LOCALITIES in LEBANON Coordination March 2015 Lebanon
    Inter-Agency MOST VULNERABLE LOCALITIES IN LEBANON Coordination March 2015 Lebanon Calculation of the Most Vulnerable Localities is based on 251 Most Vulnerable Cadastres the following datasets: 87% Refugees 67% Deprived Lebanese 1 - Multi-Deprivation Index (MDI) The MDI is a composite index, based on deprivation level scoring of households in five critical dimensions: i - Access to Health services; Qleiaat Aakkar Kouachra ii - Income levels; Tall Meaayan Tall Kiri Khirbet Daoud Aakkar iii - Access to Education services; Tall Aabbas El-Gharbi Biret Aakkar Minyara Aakkar El-Aatiqa Halba iv - Access to Water and Sanitation services; Dayret Nahr El-Kabir Chir Hmairine ! v - Housing conditions; Cheikh Taba Machta Hammoud Deir Dalloum Khreibet Ej-Jindi ! Aamayer Qoubber Chamra ! ! MDI is from CAS, UNDP and MoSA Living Conditions and House- ! Mazraat En-Nahriyé Ouadi El-Jamous ! ! ! ! ! hold Budget Survey conducted in 2004. Bebnine ! Akkar Mhammaret ! ! ! ! Zouq Bhannine ! Aandqet ! ! ! Machha 2 - Lebanese population dataset Deir Aammar Minie ! ! Mazareaa Jabal Akroum ! Beddaoui ! ! Tikrit Qbaiyat Aakkar ! Rahbé Mejdlaiya Zgharta ! Lebanese population data is based on CDR 2002 Trablous Ez-Zeitoun berqayel ! Fnaydeq ! Jdeidet El-Qaitaa Hrar ! Michmich Aakkar ! ! Miriata Hermel Mina Jardin ! Qaa Baalbek Trablous jardins Kfar Habou Bakhaaoun ! Zgharta Aassoun ! Ras Masqa ! Izal Sir Ed-Danniyé The refugee population includes all registered Syrian refugees, PRL Qalamoun Deddé Enfé ! and PRS. Syrian refugee data is based on UNHCR registration Miziara
    [Show full text]
  • Inter-Agency Q&A on Humanitarian Assistance and Services in Lebanon (Inqal)
    INQAL- INTER AGENCY Q&A ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES IN LEBANON INTER-AGENCY Q&A ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES IN LEBANON (INQAL) Disclaimers: The INQAL is to be utilized mainly as a mass information guide to address questions from persons of concern to humanitarian agencies in Lebanon The INQAL is to be used by all humanitarian workers in Lebanon The INQAL is also to be used for all available humanitarian hotlines in Lebanon The INQAL is a public document currently available in the Inter-Agency Information Sharing web portal page for Lebanon: http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/documents.php?page=1&view=grid&Country%5B%5D=122&Searc h=%23INQAL%23 The INQAL should not be handed out to refugees If you and your organisation wish to publish the INQAL on any website, please notify the UNHCR Information Management and Mass Communication Units in Lebanon: [email protected] and [email protected] Updated in April 2015 INQAL- INTER AGENCY Q&A ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES IN LEBANON INTER-AGENCY Q&A ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES IN LEBANON (INQAL) EDUCATION ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 FOOD ........................................................................................................................................................................ 35 FOOD AND ELIGIBILITY ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hydropolitics and Issue-Linkage Along the Orontes River Basin:… 105 Realised in the Context of the Political Rapprochement in the 2000S, Has Also Ended (Daoudy 2013)
    Int Environ Agreements (2020) 20:103–121 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-019-09462-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Hydropolitics and issue‑linkage along the Orontes River Basin: an analysis of the Lebanon–Syria and Syria–Turkey hydropolitical relations Ahmet Conker1 · Hussam Hussein2,3 Published online: 13 December 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract The Orontes River Basin is among the least researched transboundary water basins in the Middle East. The few studies on the Orontes have two main theoretical and empirical shortcomings. First, there is a lack of critical hydropolitics studies on this river. Second, those studies focus on either the Turkish–Syrian or Lebanese–Syria relations rather than analysing the case in a holistic way. Gathering both primary (international agreements, government documents, political statements and media outlets) and secondary sources, this paper seeks to answer how could Syria, as the basin hydro-hegemon, impose its control on the basin? This study argues that the lack of trilateral initiatives, which is also refected in academic studies, is primarily due to asymmetrical power dynamics. Accordingly, Syria played a dual-game by excluding each riparian, Turkey and Lebanon, and it dealt with the issue at the bilateral interaction. Syria has used its political infuence to maintain water control vis-à-vis Lebanon, while it has used non-cooperation with Turkey to exclude Tur- key from decision-making processes. The paper also argues that the historical background and the political context have strongly informed Syria’s water policy. Finally, given the recent regional political developments, the paper fnds that Syria’s power grip on the Orontes Basin slowly fades away because of the changes in the broader political context.
    [Show full text]
  • Cretaceous Transition in Mount Lebanon
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by I-Revues Carnets Geol. 16 (8) Some steps toward a new story for the Jurassic - Cretaceous transition in Mount Lebanon Bruno GRANIER 1 Christopher TOLAND 2 Raymond GÈZE 3 Dany AZAR 3, 4 Sibelle MAKSOUD 3 Abstract: The stratigraphic framework of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata of Lebanon that dates back to DUBERTRET's publications required either consolidation or full revision. The preliminary results of our investigations in the Mount Lebanon region are presented here. We provide new micro- paleontological and sedimentological information on the Salima Oolitic Limestones, which is probably an unconformity-bounded unit (possibly Early Valanginian in age), and the "Grès du Liban" (Barremian in age). Our revised bio- and holostratigraphic interpretations and the new age assignations lead us to em- phasize the importance of the two hiatuses in the sedimentary record below and above the Salima, i.e., at the transition from the Jurassic to the Cretaceous. Key Words: Tithonian; Valanginian; Barremian; hiatus; unconformity; Salima Oolitic Limestones; "Grès du Liban"; amber; Balkhania. Citation: GRANIER B., TOLAND C., GÈZE R., AZAR D. & MAKSOUD S. (2016).- Some steps toward a new story for the Jurassic - Cretaceous transition in Mount Lebanon.- Carnets Geol., Madrid, vol. 16, no. 8, p. 247- 269. Résumé : Avancées dans une réécriture de l'histoire de la transition du Jurassique au Crétacé dans le Mont Liban.- Le canevas stratigraphique du Jurassique supérieur et du Crétacé inférieur du Liban date des publications anciennes de DUBERTRET et aurait donc besoin d'être soit toiletté et consolidé, soit révisé de fond en comble.
    [Show full text]
  • MAR 2 3 1987 "More Than Ever Before, Lebanon Stands Ready to Face All Challenges."
    CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND ITS ROLE IN LEBANESE ECONOMY by Nicolas Elie Chammas B.E., American University of Beirut June 1985 SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY December 1986 O Nicolas E. Chammas 1986 The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author: !F_ W _ -Department of7-Civil Engineering December 10, 1986 Certified by: F*kd Moavenzadeh Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Ole Madsen, Chairman Civil Engineering Departmental Committee ARCHIVES MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MAR 2 3 1987 "More than ever before, Lebanon stands ready to face all challenges." President Amin Gemayel Baabda Palace March 25, 1986 -2- CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND ITS ROLE IN LEBANESE ECONOMY by NICOLAS ELIE CHAMMAS Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering on December 10, 1986 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the construction sector and its main participants in the Lebanese economy. It comes at a time when the country as a whole is torn into bits and pieces and when, following eleven years of war, the economy is in shambles: the industrial sector is virtually crippled, the wheels of commerce are slowly grinding to a halt, and the national currency is fast becoming worthless. In this tormented context, the construction sector, as will become apparent in the following pages, has incredibly maintained its resilience.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria Refugee Response
    SYRIA REFUGEE RESPONSE LEBANON, Bekaa & Baalbek-El Hermel Governorate Distribution of the Registered Syrian Refugees at the Cadastral Level As o f 3 0 Se p t e m b e r 2 0 2 0 Charbine El-Hermel BEKAA & Baalbek - El Hermel 49 Total No. of Household Registered 73,427 Total No. of Individuals Registered 340,600 Hermel 6,580 El Hermel Michaa Qaa Jouar Mrajhine Maqiye Qaa Ouadi Zighrine El-Khanzir 36 5 Hermel Deir Mar Jbab Maroun Baalbek 29 10 Qaa Baalbek 10,358 Qaa Baayoun 553 Ras Baalbek El Gharbi Ras Baalbek 44 Ouadi Faara Ras Baalbek Es-Sahel Ouadi 977 Faara Maaysra 4 El-Hermel 32 Halbata Ras Baalbek Ech-Charqi 1 Zabboud 116 Ouadi 63 Fekehe El-Aaoss 2,239 Kharayeb El-Hermel Harabta 16 Bajjaje Aain 63 7 Baalbek Sbouba 1,701 Nabha Nabi Ed-Damdoum Osmane 44 288 Aaynata Baalbek Laboue 34 1,525 Barqa Ram 29 Baalbek 5 Qarha Baalbek Moqraq Chaat Bechouat Aarsal 2,031 48 Riha 33,521 3 Yammoune 550 Deir Kneisset El-Ahmar Baalbek 3,381 28 Dar Btedaai Baalbak El-Ouassaa 166 30 Youmine 2,151 Maqne Chlifa Mazraat 260 beit 523 Bouday Mchaik Nahle 1,501 3 Iaat baalbek haouch 2,421 290 El-Dehab 42 Aadous Saaide 1,244 Hadath 1,406 Haouch Baalbek Jebaa Kfar Dane Haouche Tall Safiye Baalbek 656 375 Barada 12,722 478 466 Aamchki Taraiya Majdaloun 13 905 1,195 Douris Slouqi 3,210 Aain Hizzine Taibet Bourday Chmistar 361 Baalbek 160 2,284 515 Aain Es-Siyaa Chadoura Kfar Talia Bednayel 1,235 Dabach Haouch Baalbak Brital Nabi 159 En-Nabi 2,328 Temnine Beit Haouch 4,552 Chbay 318 El-Faouqa Chama Snaid Haour Chaaibe 1,223 605 Mousraye 83 Taala 16 9 Khodr 192 Qaa
    [Show full text]
  • Request for an Inspection on the Impacts of the Bisri Dam Project in Lebanon
    June 24th, 2019 To: Executive Secretary, the Inspection Panel 1818 H Street NW, MSN 10 - 1007, Washington, DC 20433, USA REQUEST FOR AN INSPECTION ON THE IMPACTS OF THE BISRI DAM PROJECT IN LEBANON We, the Lebanon Eco Movement (LEM), are a network of 60 environmental NGOs advocating for sustainable development and the protection of the environment in Lebanon. The movement co- founded the Save the Bisri Valley Campaign in collaboration with the affected communities and a group of experts. LEM is also a member in the Arab Watch Coalition. In this request, we represent a group of residents and landowners whose addresses and signatures are enclosed below. We are also attaching a copy of a new petition that gathered more than 30,000 signatures (Annex Z.b). Our network submitted an earlier request for inspection on June 6th, 2018, and the Panel did not recommend investigation. While we acknowledge the Panel’s previous efforts to address our concerns, we believe that the first complaint was not satisfactorily answered. The Recommendation Report given by the Panel focused more on ensuring a checklist of studies is filled rather than evaluating the validity of the studies and, most importantly, the grave social, environmental and economic harms the project poses to Lebanon. Consequently, the Panel accepted inaccurate information and factual discrepancies provided by the Bank Management. Additionally, given the emergence of new evidence and circumstances, we are submitting a new request for inspection. Our concerns have been already conveyed to the relevant authorities and to the World Bank Management in Beirut. However, the concerns were either disregarded, or addressed with neglect and delay.
    [Show full text]
  • Baalbek Hermel Zahleh Jbayl Aakar Koura Metn Batroun West Bekaa Zgharta Kesrouane Rachaiya Miniyeh-Danniyeh Bcharreh Baabda Aale
    305 307308 Borhaniya - Rehwaniyeh Borj el Aarab HakourMazraatKarm el Aasfourel Ghatas Sbagha Shaqdouf Aakkar 309 El Aayoun Fadeliyeh Hamediyeh Zouq el Hosniye Jebrayel old Tekrit New Tekrit 332ZouqDeir El DalloumMqachrine Ilat Ain Yaaqoub Aakkar El Aatqa Er Rouaime Moh El Aabdé Dahr Aayas El Qantara Tikrit Beit Daoud El Aabde 326 Zouq el Hbalsa Ein Elsafa - Akum Mseitbeh 302 306310 Zouk Haddara Bezbina Wadi Hanna Saqraja - Ein Eltannur 303 Mar Touma Bqerzla Boustane Aartoussi 317 347 Western Zeita Al-Qusayr Nahr El Bared El318 Mahammara Rahbe Sawadiya Kalidiyeh Bhannine 316 El Khirbe El Houaich Memnaa 336 Bebnine Ouadi Ej jamous Majdala Tashea Qloud ElEl Baqie Mbar kiye Mrah Ech Chaab A a k a r Hmaire Haouchariye 34°30'0"N 338 Qanafez 337 Hariqa Abu Juri BEKKA INFORMALEr Rihaniye TENTEDBaddouaa El Hmaira SETTLEMENTS Bajaa Saissouq Jouar El Hachich En Nabi Kzaiber Mrah esh Shmis Mazraat Et Talle Qarqaf Berkayel Masriyeh Hamam El Minié Er Raouda Chane Mrah El Dalil Qasr El Minie El Kroum El Qraiyat Beit es Semmaqa Mrah Ez Zakbe Diyabiyeh Dinbou El Qorne Fnaydek Mrah el Arab Al Quasir 341 Beit el Haouch Berqayel Khraibe Fnaideq Fissane 339 Beit Ayoub El Minieh - Plot 256 Bzal Mishmish Hosh Morshed Samaan 340 Aayoun El Ghezlane Mrah El Ain Salhat El Ma 343 Beit Younes En Nabi Khaled Shayahat Ech Cheikh Maarouf Habchit Kouakh El Minieh - Plots: 1797 1796 1798 1799 Jdeidet El Qaitaa Khirbit Ej Jord En Nabi Youchaa Souaisse 342 Sfainet el Qaitaa Jawz Karm El Akhras Haouch Es Saiyad AaliHosh Elsayed Ali Deir Aamar Hrar Aalaiqa Mrah Qamar ed Dine
    [Show full text]
  • II. Existing Tourism Assets in Rachaya
    1 I. Objectives and scope of the study VNG International, with its headquarters based in The Hague, in assignment of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, aims at strengthening resilience of local governments Lebanon in order to be able to improve living conditions of local populations and Syrian refugees in their host communities. For the Local Government Resilience Programme (LOGOReP) VNG International will collaborate with Dutch, as well as Jordanian and Lebanese (unions of) municipalities, with the UNDP & UNHCR, and NGOs operating in the targeted areas. Within the Local Government Resilience Programme (LOGOReP) Lebanon project, VNGI and its municipal partners work on the development of local economies and municipal service provision within the context of the refugee crisis, more specifically in the West- Beqaa region. The aim of the Urban Planning and Local Economic Development (LED) in the LOGOReP is to offer tools for integrated economic and spatial development on the long term at the scale of a regional urbanized area : Rachaya, located in the Bekaa Valley. Ownership of the SEDP will be transferred to Rachaya Union and Rachaya village, source: unknown author Rachaya Municipality after its final delivery and these parties will have to use the SEDP twofold: - As their local spatial strategy; - As a blueprint for discussions with potential investing or financing parties. 2 I. Localization II. Governance III. Brief History IV. Climate V. Archeology 3 I. Localization Rachaya El- Wadi is the capital of the Caza of Rachaya. It is a small town seated on the western slopes of Mount Hermon. It is located in the South Beqaa at 85 kilometers from Beirut, in the northern side of the Wadi el Taym valley.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronos Uses the Creative Commons License CC BY-NC-SA That Lets You Remix, Transform, and Build Upon the Material for Non-Commercial Purposes
    Chronos- Revue d’Histoire de l’Université de Balamand, is a bi-annual Journal published in three languages (Arabic, English and French). It deals particularly with the History of the ethnic and religious groups of the Arab world. Journal Name: Chronos ISSN: 1608-7526 Title: Archaeology of Medieval Lebanon: an Overview Author(s): Tasha Voderstrasse To cite this document: Voderstrasse, T. (2019). Archaeology of Medieval Lebanon: an Overview. Chronos, 20, 103-128. https://doi.org/10.31377/chr.v20i0.476 Permanent link to this document: DOI: https://doi.org/10.31377/chr.v20i0.476 Chronos uses the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA that lets you remix, transform, and build upon the material for non-commercial purposes. However, any derivative work must be licensed under the same license as the original. CHl{ONOS Revue d'Histoirc de l'Univcrsite de Balamand Numero 20, 2009, ISSN 1608 7526 ARCHAEOLOGY OF MEDIEVAL LEBANON: AN OVERVIEW T ASHA VORDERSTRASSE 1 Introduction This article will present an overview of the archaeological work done on medieval Lebanon from the 19th century to the present. The period under examination is the late medieval period, from the 11th to the 14th centuries, encompassing the time when the region was under the control of various Islamic dynasties and the Crusaders. The archaeology of Le banon has been somewhat neglected over the years, despite its importance for our understanding of the region in the medieval period, mainly because of the civil war (1975-1990), which made excavations and surveys in the country impossible and led to the widespread looting of sites (Hakiman 1987; Seeden 1987; Seeden 1989; Fisk 1991 ; Hakiman 1991; Ward 1995; Hackmann 1998; Sader 2001.
    [Show full text]