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The Mount Isa Deep Copper Orebodies

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The Mount Isa Deep Copper Orebodies The Mount Isa Deep Copper Orebodies Characteristics and Structural Controls on Mineralisation by Steve R. Law, BSc (Hons) Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Exploration Geoscience University of Tasmania (April, 1999) This Thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the Thesis. To the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made is contained in the text of this Thesis. Steve R. Law This thesis may be made available for loan. Copying of any part of this thesis is prohibited for two years from the date this statement was signed; after that time limited copying is permitted in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Steve R. Law Acknowledgements I wish to thank Mount Isa Mines Limited for their support during the preparation of this thesis. Thanks also to my supervisors Ron Berry and Peter McGoldrick for their much needed advice, and to Peter Jones for helpful discussions on ideas about the structural nature of the 3500 Orebody. I am grateful for the encouragement from my work colleagues Anita Pendreigh, Matt Ridgway and Jillian Lee and to Steve de Kruijff for reading the original draft of the thesis. Abstract The 3000 and 3500 orebodies form part of the world class copper deposit at Mount Isa. The Deep Copper Mine (now renamed Enterprise Mine) came into production in 1993 and provided the opportunity to study the characteristics of these orebodies and the structural controls on copper and cobalt mineralisation. In the Enterprise Mine orebodies, chalcopyrite and silica rich breccia cores are surrounded by a halo of recrystallised dolomitic shales and siliceous shales with lesser dolomite breccias. A distinctive talc+pyrrhotite alteration zone occcurs on the footwall of the 3500 Orebody adjacent to a band of sub-economic Ag-Pb-Zn mineralisation, which has associated phyllosilicate alteration. The Ag-Pb-Zn mineralisation is unrelated to the chalcopyrite and silica-dolomite alteration. The two orebodies are situated on the west dipping limb of the Mount Isa Fold, which formed during the third period of regional deformation (D3). There are two main structural controls that localised the copper bearing hydrothermal fluids: (1) The basement contact fault is a large scale regional fault that has been affected by all three regional deformation periods. It separates the Urquhart Shale (orebody host sequence) from the older Eastern Creek Volcanics. The position of D3 related flexures in the basement contact fault are a major control on the localisation of copper mineralisation and possibly of cobalt mineralisation. (2) Bedding parallel shear zones and associated splay shear zones form an anastomosing network within the orebodies. The orientation of bedding and faults, and indicators that bedding plane slip was an important process, suggest that the shear zones formed towards the latter stages of development of the Mount Isa Fold and that the shear zone geometry strongly influenced the position of the orebodies. The bedding parallel shear zones were pathways for the hydrothermal fluids, especially in the up-dip direction. They have a strong influence on local variations in copper distribution. The shear zones flatten in dip towards the basement contact fault and propagate from D3 flexures. The shear zone networks are most extensively developed in the more laminated sections of the.original stratigraphy, and occur as contacts between different layers variously affected by the carbonate and silica bearing hydrothermal fluids. Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Scope 1 1.3 Methodology 2 1.3.1 Structural Study 2 1.3.2 Grade Distribution Study 2 1.4 History 3 1.5 Regional Geology 4 1.7 Mine Sedimentology 7 1.7.1 Urquhart Shale 7 1.7.2 Native Bee Siltstone 7 1.7.3 Depositional Model 8 1.8 Regional Structure 8 1.9 Mine Structure 10 1.9.1 Early Structural Ideas 10 1.9.1.1 1942 10 1.9.1.2 1961 11 1.9.1.3 1972 12 1.9.2 Contemporary Ideas 12 Alteration 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 'Rock Type' Descriptions 17 2.2.1 Shale and Pyritic shale 18 2.2.2 Fractured siliceous shale 18 2.2.3 Siliceous shale 18 2.2.4 Irregularly brecciated dolomitic shale 19 2.2.5 Recrystallised shale 19 2.2.6 Summary 19 2.3 Rock type Distribution and Formation 20 2.3.1 Distribution 20 2.3.1.1 Deep Copper orebodies 20 2.3.1.2 Comparison with 1100 orebody 22 2.3.2 'Rock Type' Formation 25 2.3.2.1 Silicification and Dolomitisation Alteration Processes 25 2.4 3500 Orebody Footwall Alteration 29 2.4.1 Footwall Pyrite Band 29 2.4.2 Talc Alteration 29 2.4.3 Pb - Zn Mineralised Zone and Phyllosilicate Alteration 29 2.4.4 Interpretation 30 2.4.4.1 Talc Alteration 30 2.4.4.2 Phyllosilicate Alteration and Pb-Zn Mineralisation 31 2.5 Copper Grade Relationship with Silicification 32 2.5.1 Observations 32 2.5.2 Interpretation 35 2.6 Conclusions 35 Basement Contact Fault 37 3.1 Contact Zone and Basement Rock Types 37 3.1.1 Carbonaceous Mylonite 38 3.1.2 Buck Quartz 38 3.1.3 Character of the basement contact fault 38 3.1.4 Slaty Shale 42 3.1.5 Quartzite 42 3.1.6 Greenstone 42 3.1.7 Siliceous Greenstone 42 3.2 Geometry of Basement Rocks 43 3.3 Significance of geometry of Eastern Creek Volcanics 47 3.4 Basement Contact Fault Geometry 47 3.4.1 3000 Orebody 48 3.4.2 3500 Orebody 48 3.5 Slaty Shale Distribution 56 3.6 Copper Distribution 56 3.7 Discussion 59 3.8 Conclusions 62 Orebody Structure 63 11 4.1 Introduction 63 4.1.1 Terminology 63 4.2 Physical Character 64 4.2.1 3000 Orebody 64 4.2.2 3000 Orebody Hangingwall Contact 70 4.2.3 3500 Orebody 78 4.3 Local Copper Grade Variations 81 4.3.1 Detail of 3500 Orebody - 6390 mN section 81 4.4 Shear Zone Geometry and Distribution Patterns 84 4.4.1 3000 Orebody shear zones 84 4.4.2 3500 Orebody shear zones 84 4.4.3 Urquhart Shear 95 4.4.4 Mount Isa Fold Zone 96 4.5 Fault Movement 98 4.6 Orientation Data 101 4.7 Discussion 105 4.7.1 Orebody Formation 105 4.7.2 Ductility contrasts 106 4.7.3 Fracture Networks 108 4.7.4 Geometrical Considerations 111 4.7.5 Reactivation of Pre-existing Structures 113 Copper and Cobalt Mineralisation 114 5.1 Introduction 114 5.2 Copper - Relationship to 'Rock type' 114 5.3 Copper Distribution 115 5.3.1 3000 Orebody 116 5.3.2 3500 Orebody 116 5.4 Copper — Relationship to Structure 138 5.5 Cobalt - Relationship to 'Rock type' 141 5.6 Cobalt Distribution 142 5.6.1 3000 Orebody 142 5.6.2 3500 Orebody 143 5.7 Cobalt - Relationship to Copper and Structure 143 5.8 Discussion 147 Synopsis 148 References 151 iv List of Figures Fig 1.1: Locality Map (Adapted from Blake, 1986). 6 Fig 1.2: Leichhardt River Fault Trough (Adapted from Blake, 1987). 6 Fig 1.3: 1972 Interpretation of the Deep Copper orebodies (After Stoker, 14 1972). Fig 1.4: Surface plan of the Mount Isa Fold Zone. (From MINI internal 15 exploration review, 1992). Fig 1.5: Cross section 6085 mN (From MIM internal exploration review, 16 1992). Fig 2.1: Generalised distribution of alteration 'rock types' around the Deep 21 Copper orebodies. Fig 2.2: Alteration 'rock type' distribution in the 1100 Orebody at 4200 mN 24 (Adapted from Waring, 1990). Fig 2.3: Cross sections at 6175 mN, 6330 mN and 6480 mN showing the 28 distribution of the footwall pyrite band, talc+pyrrhotite zone and Pb- Zn mineralised zone. Fig 2.4: Section 6205 mN - Silicification and economic mineralisation. 33 Fig 2.5: Plan 25A (2150 mRL) - Silicification and economic mineralisation. 34 Fig 3.1a: 740 Xcut 29E. Basement contact fault. Layered buck quartz and 40 carbonaceous mylonite. Clay gouge on sharp lower contact with green stone Fig 3.1b: 740 Xcut 29E. Interpretation of figure 3.1a. 41 Fig 3.2: Equal area stereogram of poles to bedding in quartzites. 43 Fig 3.3: Detailed mapping of the Eastern Creek Volcanics beneath the 45 basement contact fault on 28D. Fig 3.4a & b: Photograph and interpretative sketch of a quartzite/greenstone contact. 46 T62 Decline 30A sublevel. Fault is dipping east and bedding in quartzite is dipping west (Width of view 1.5m, looking south). Fig 3.5a: Contour map of the upper surface of the basement contact fault 50 (contours at 10m intervals). The marked locations are those where the fault zone orientation was measured and where the detailed information for Figs 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9 was collected. Fig 3.5b: Equalarea stereograms of poles to fault planes, from the six localities 51 shown in Fig 3.5a. Fig 3.6: Detailed mapping of the basement contact fault on 26L below the 3000 52 Orebody. Fig 3.7: Detailed mapping of the basement contact fault on 26B below the 3000 53 Orebody. Fig 3.8: Detailed mapping of the basement contact fault on 26D below the 54 3000 Orebody. Fig 3.9: Detailed mapping of the basement contact fault on 29E adjacent to the 55 3500 Orebody.
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