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Federated States of

The Federated States of Micronesia (/ maɪkroʊ ni ʒə/ ( ˌ ˈ ː Federated States of listen); abbreviated FSM and also known simply as Micronesia Micronesia) is an independent sovereign island nation and a associated state consisting of four states – from west to east, Y ap, Chuuk, and – that are spread across the Western Pacific Ocean. Together, the states comprise around 607 islands (a 2 Flag combined land area of approximately 7 02 km or Seal 27 1 sq mi) that cover a longitudinal distance of almost Motto: "Peace, Unity, Liberty" 2,7 00 km (1,67 8 mi) just north of the equator. They lie northeast of New Guinea, south of and the Marianas, Anthem: "Patriots of Micronesia" 0:00 MENU west of Nauru and the , east of and the , about 2,900 km (1,802 mi) north of eastern and some 4,000 km (2,485 mi) southwest of the main islands of Hawaii.

While the FSM's total land area is quite small, it occupies more than 2,600,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi) of the Pacific Ocean, giving the country the 14th largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world.[6] The capital is , located on Pohnpei Island, while the largest city is Weno, located in the Chuuk .

Each of its four states is centered on one or more main high islands, and all but Kosrae include numerous outlying . The Federated States of Micronesia is spread across Capital Palikir part of the in the wider region of 6°55′N Micronesia, which consists of thousands of small islands 158°11′E [1] divided among several countries. The term Micronesia may Largest town Weno refer to the Federated States or to the region as a whole. Official language English (American and national English in legal The FSM was formerly a part of the Trust Territory of the languagea contexts, Pacific Islands (TTPI), a Trust Territory Micronesian Pidgin in other, including under U.S. administration, but it formed its own formal contexts constitutional government on May 10, 197 9, becoming a such as [2] sovereign state after independence was attained on education ) November 3, 1986 under a Compact of Free Association Recognized Chuukese · with the United States. Other neighboring island entities, regional Kosraean · languages Pohnpeian · Yapese and also former members of the TTPI, formulated their own Ethnic groups 48.8% Chuukese (2000) 24.2% Pohnpeian constitutional governments and became the Republic of the 6.2% Kosraean Marshall Islands (RMI) and the Republic of Palau (ROP). The 5.2% Yapese FSM has a seat in the United Nations. 4.5% Outer Yapese 1.8% Asian 1.5% Polynesian 6.4% Other Contents 1.4% Unknown

History Micronesian Politics Defense and foreign affairs Government Federated Administrative divisions Presidential republic Disputed sovereignty under a non- partisan Geography • President Peter Christian Transportation • Vice President Yosiwo P. George Economy Legislature Congress Society Demographics Independence from the United States Languages • Compact of November 3, 1986 Religion Free Association Health Area Culture Literature • Total 702 km2 (271 sq mi) (177th) See also • Water (%) negligible References Sources Population • 2016 estimate 104,937[3] (192nd) External links • Density 158.1/km2 (409.5/sq mi) (75th) History GDP (PPP) 2017 estimate • Total $342 million • Per capita $3,800 Historical affiliations GDP (nominal) 2017 estimate Spain 1565–1899 • Total $329 million Germany 1899–1918 • Per capita $3,400 1919–1947 [4] United States 1947–1994 Gini (2013) 40.1 Micronesia 1994–present medium HDI (2015) 0.638[5] The ancestors of the Micronesians settled over four medium · 127th thousand years ago. A decentralized chieftain-based system Currency United States dollar eventually evolved into a more centralized economic and (USD) religious culture centered on Y ap Island. (UTC+10 and +11) • Summer (DST) not observed (UTC) , consisting of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals, is often called the Venice of Date format MM/DD/YYYY the Pacific. It is located on the eastern periphery of the Drives on the right island of Pohnpei and used to be the ceremonial and Calling code +691 political seat of the Saudeleur dynasty that united Pohnpei's estimated 25,000 people from about AD 500 until 1500, ISO 3166 code FM Internet TLD .fm when the centralized system collapsed. a. Regional languages used at state and European explorers—first the Portuguese in search of the municipal levels. Spice Islands () and then the Spanish—reached the Carolines in the sixteenth century. The Spanish incorporated the archipelago to the through the capital, , and in the 19th century established a number of outposts and missions. In 1887 , they founded the town of Santiago de la Ascension in what today is on the island of Pohnpei.

Following defeat in the Spanish–American War, the Spanish sold the archipelago to Germany in 1899 under the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899. Germany incorporated it into .

During , it was captured by Japan. Following the war, the awarded a mandate for Japan to administer the islands as part of the South Pacific Mandate.

During World War II, a significant portion of the Japanese fleet was based in Truk Lagoon. In February 1944, Operation Hailstone, one of the most important naval battles of the war, took place at Truk, in which many Japanese support vessels and aircraft were destroyed.

Following World War II, it was administered by the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21.

On May 10, 197 9, four of the Trust Territory districts ratified a new constitution to become the Federated States of Micronesia. Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the chose not to participate. The FSM signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States, which entered into force on November 3, 1986, marking Micronesia's emergence from trusteeship to independence. Independence was formally concluded under international law in 1990, when the United Nations officially ended the Trusteeship status pursuant to Security Council Resolution 683. The Compact was renewed in 2004.

Politics

The Federated States of Micronesia is governed by the 197 9 constitution, which guarantees fundamental human rights and establishes a separation of governmental powers. The unicameral Congress has fourteen members elected by popular vote. Four senators—one from each state—serve four-year terms; the remaining ten senators represent single-member districts based on population, and serve two-year terms. The President and Vice President are elected by Congress from among the four state-based senators to serve four-year terms in the executive branch. Their congressional seats are then filled by special elections.

The president and vice president are supported by an appointed cabinet. There are no formal political parties.

Defense and foreign affairs

In international politics, the Federated States of Micronesia has often voted with the United States with respect to United Nations General Assembly resolutions.[7] The FSM is a sovereign, self-governing state in free association with the United States of America, which is wholly responsible for its defense. The Division of Maritime Surveillance operates a paramilitary Maritime Wing and a small Maritime Police Unit. The Compact of Free Association allows FSM citizens to join the U.S. military without having to obtain U.S. permanent residency or citizenship,[8] allows for immigration and employment for Micronesians in the U.S., and establishes economic and technical aid programs.

FSM has foreign relations with 56 countries, including the Holy See. FSM was admitted to the United Nations based on the Security Council's recommendation on August 9, 1991 in Resolution 7 03 and the General Assembly's approval on September 17 , 1991 in Resolution 46/2.[9] The FSM is an active member of the Pacific Islands Forum.[10]

Administrative divisions

The four states in the are, from west to east:

A map of the Federated States of Micronesia.

Land Population Current density Flag States[11] Capital Population[12] Governor per per km² sq mi[13] km²[12] sq mi

Yap Colonia Tony 118.1 45.6 16,436 94 243 Ganangyan

Chuuk Weno Johnson Elimo 127.4 49.2 54,595 420 1088

Pohnpei Kolonia John Ehsa 345.5 133.4 34,685 98 255

Kosrae Tofol Lyndon 109.6 42.3 [14] 66 170 Jackson 7,686

These states are further divided into .

Disputed sovereignty Spain has a claim to sovereignty over a few islands including in . A commission of cardinals under Pope Leo XIII arbitrated a dispute for the Caroline Islands and others extending from the Equator to 11°N Latitude and from 133°E to 164°E Longitude. Germany and Spain on 17 December 1885 agreed in a treaty that they were a part of the Spanish East Indies. In 1899, Spain sold "las Carolinas" to Germany. Kapingamarangi is far south of the Carolines and the people are racially and culturally Polynesian, not Micronesian or Carolinian. In 1948, Emilio Pastor Santos of the Spanish National Research Council found that the charts and maps up to 1899 had shown that Kapingamarangi and a few other islands had never been considered part of the Carolines, were not included in the description of the territory transferred to Germany and were never ceded by Spain; therefore, Spain retained sovereignty. In 1949, the Cabinet of Diplomatic Information of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued the following declaration:

"... The Ministry recognises that it is a certain fact and historic truth due to Article 3 of the Treaty of July 1, 1899, that Spain reserved a series of rights in Micronesia and for another thing, the specifications of the territories which Spain ceded in 1899 leaves apart certain groups of islands in the same zone."

Successive Spanish governments have not abandoned Spain's sovereignty, or insisted on enforcing it, or recognized the sovereignty of the Federated States of Micronesia over Kapingamarangi.[15][16] The Federated States of Micronesia claims sovereignty and has de facto control of the island.

Geography

The Federated States of Micronesia consists of 607 islands extending 2,900 km (1,802 mi) across the archipelago of the Caroline Islands east of the Philippines. The islands have a combined area of 7 02 km2 (27 1 sq mi).[11]

The islands are grouped into four states, which are Y ap, Chuuk (called Truk until January 1990), Pohnpei (known as "Ponape" until November 1984), and Kosrae (formerly Kusaie). These four states are each represented by a white star on the national A view of Kolonia Town from Ridge in flag. The capital is Palikir, on Pohnpei. Pohnpei. Transportation

The Federated States of Micronesia is served by four international airports.

Pohnpei International Airport, on the main island of Pohnpei State.[17] Chuuk International Airport, located on the main island of .[18] Kosrae International Airport, located on the main island of Kosrae State.[19] International Airport, located on the main island of .[20]

Economy Economic activity in the Federated States of Micronesia consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. Long line fishing of tuna is also viable with foreign vessels from China that operated in the 1990s. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. Financial assistance from the U.S. is the primary source of revenue, with the U.S. pledged to spend $1.3 billion in the islands in 1986–2001; the CIA World Factbook lists high dependence on U.S. aid as one of the main concerns of the FSM.[11] Geographical isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to long-term growth.[21]

Society

Demographics

The indigenous population of the nation, which is predominantly Micronesian, consists of various ethnolinguistic groups. It has a nearly 100% and Asian population: Chuukese 48.8%, Pohnpeian 24.2%, Kosraean 6.2%, Y apese 5.2%, Y ap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%, Polynesian 1.5%, other 6.4%, unknown 1.4%. A sizeable minority also have some Japanese ancestry, which is a result of intermarriages between Japanese settlers and Micronesians during the Japanese colonial period.[22] People performing a welcome ceremony There is also a growing expatriate population of Americans, on atoll. Australians, Europeans, and residents from China and the Philippines since the 1990s. English has become the common language of the government, and for secondary and tertiary education. Outside of the main capital towns of the four FSM states, the local languages are primarily spoken. Population growth remains high at more than 3% annually, offset somewhat by net emigration.

Languages

English is the official and common language. Also spoken are Chuukese, Kosraean, Pohnpeian, Y apese, Ulithian, Woleaian, , and Kapingamarangi.[11]

Other languages spoken in the country include Pingelapese, Ngatikese, Satawalese, Puluwatese, Mortlockese, and Mokilese. There are about 3,000 speakers of Kapingamarangi and Ulithian, and under 1,000 speakers of Nukuoro.

Religion

Most Micronesians are Christian. Several Protestant denominations, as well as the Roman , are present in every Micronesian state.[23] Most Protestant groups trace their roots to American Congregationalist missionaries.[23] On the island of Kosrae, the population is approximately 7 ,800; 95 percent are Protestants.[23] On Pohnpei, the population of 35,000 is evenly divided between Protestants and Catholics.[23] On Chuuk and Y ap, an estimated 60 percent are Catholic and 40 percent are Protestant.[23] Religious groups with small followings include Baptists, Assemblies of God, Salvation Army, Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and the Bahá'í Faith.[23] There is a small group of Buddhists on Pohnpei,[23] and a small group of Ahmadiyya Muslims in Kosrae. Attendance at religious services is generally high; churches are well supported by their congregations and play a significant role in civil society.[23] The US airforce has dropped presents and humanitarian aid to the islands every Most immigrants are Filipino Catholics who have joined local Christmas since 1952. Catholic churches.[23] The Filipino Iglesia ni Cristo also has a church in Pohnpei.[23] In the 1890s, on the island of Pohnpei, intermissionary conflicts and the conversion of clan leaders resulted in religious divisions along clan lines which persist today.[23] More Protestants live on the western side of the island, while more Catholics live on the eastern side.[23] Missionaries of many religious traditions are present and operate freely.[23] The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respected this right in practice.[23] The US government received no reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious belief or practice in 2007 .[23]

Health

Pingelap in Pohnpei State is notable for the prevalence of an extreme form of color blindness called Achromatopsia, and known locally as maskun.[24][25] Approximately 5% of the atoll's 3000 inhabitants are afflicted.[24][25]

Culture

Each of the four states has its own culture and traditions, but there are also common cultural and economic bonds that are centuries old. Cultural similarities include the importance of the traditional extended family and clan systems and are found on all the islands.

The island of Y ap is notable for its "stone money" (Rai stones), large disks usually of calcite, up to 4 meters (13 ft) in diameter, with a hole in the middle. The islanders, aware of A large (approximately 2.4 m or about 8 ft the owner of a piece, do not necessarily move them when in height) example of Yapese stone ownership changes. There are five major types: Mmbul, Gaw, money (Rai stones) in the village of Gachpar. Ray, Y ar, and Reng, the last being only 30 cm (12 in) in diameter. Their value is based on both size and history, many of them having been brought from other islands, as far as New Guinea, but most coming in ancient times from Palau. Approximately 6,500 of them are scattered around the island.

Micronesia is home to Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but the site is currently listed as In Danger due to natural causes.[26] The government is working on the conservation of the site. Literature

There have been very few published literary writers from the Federated States of Micronesia.[27] In 2008, Emelihter Kihleng became the first ever Micronesian to publish a collection of poetry in the .[28]

See also

Outline of the Federated States of Micronesia Index of Federated States of Micronesia-related articles Federated States of Micronesia – Wikipedia book

References

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"2016 Human Development Report" (http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.p df) (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2017. 6. The Economist (https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2016/01/daily-chart-10?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/bl/ dc/st/dropsintheocean) 7. General Assembly - Overall Votes - Comparison with U.S. vote (https://www.state.gov/documents/organizatio n/82642.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170626185544/https://www.state.gov/documents/org anization/82642.pdf) June 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. lists Micronesia as in the country with the fourth high coincidence of votes. Micronesia has always been in the top four. 8. U.S. Military Enlistment Standards (https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081001231147/http://www.us-army-i nfo.com/pages/pdfs/enlistment_standards.pdf) 9. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/2, Admission of the Federated States of Micronesia to Membership in the United Nations, adopted 17 September 1991. (https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.a sp?symbol=A/RES/46/2) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150903224742/http://www.un.org/en/ga/ search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FRES%2F46%2F2) September 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. 10. "Federated States of Micronesia" (https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/fsm). U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161023081319/https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/fsm) from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016. 11. "The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-fac tbook/geos/fm.html). Cia World Factbook. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180807215908/https://w ww.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fm.html) from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018. 12. FSM government website - Population (http://www.fsmgov.org/info/people.html) Archived (https://web.archiv e.org/web/20120629052438/http://www.fsmgov.org/info/people.html) June 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. 13. FSM government website - Geography (http://www.fsmgov.org/info/geog.html) Archived (https://web.archive.o rg/web/20160304030807/http://www.fsmgov.org/info/geog.html) March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. 14. "FSM Population" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120629052438/http://www.fsmgov.org/info/people.html). www.fsmgov.org. Archived from the original (http://www.fsmgov.org/info/people.html) on June 29, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 15. Pastor y Santos, Emilio Territorios de Soberanía española en Oceanía, Instituto de Estudios Africanos, CSIC, Madrid, 1950 16. Weaver, Zay Territories under Spanish Sovereignty in Oceania (partial translation of Pastor y Santos, Emilio Territorios de Soberanía española en Oceanía), Palau Museum, Koror, 1967 17. "Federated States Of Micronesia (FSM) Division of Civil Aviation l Pohnpei International Airport (PNI) (PTPN), Pohnpei Island, Micronesia" (http://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/pohnpei.html). Federated States of Micronesia Division of Civil Aviation. 7 August 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180808032630/http://www. ict.fm/civilaviation/pohnpei.html) from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018. 18. "Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) Division of Civil Aviation l Chuuk International Airport (TKK) (PTKK) Weno Island, Micronesia" (http://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/chuuk.html). Federated States of Micronesia Division of Civil Aviation. 7 August 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180808033120/http://www.ict.fm/c ivilaviation/chuuk.html) from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018. 19. "Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) Division of Civil Aviation l Kosrae International Airport (KSA) (PTSA) , Kosrae Island, Micronesia" (http://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/kosrae.html). Federated States of Micronesia Division of Civil Aviation. 7 August 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180808033533/http://www. ict.fm/civilaviation/kosrae.html) from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018. 20. "Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) Division of Civil Aviation l Yap International Airport (YAP) (PTYA), 'ab, Micronesia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180808034020/http://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/yap.html). Federated States of Micronesia Department of Civil Aviation. 7 August 2018. Archived from the original (htt p://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/yap.html) on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018. 21. "Federated States of Micronesia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121130043513/http://www.un.org/special- rep/ohrlls/sid/SIDS-states/profiles/fed_st_micronesia.htm). United Nations. Archived from the original (http s://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/sid/SIDS-states/profiles/fed_st_micronesia.htm) on November 30, 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012. 22. President Emanuel Mori Meets With Japan Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda (http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr1212 0a.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015858/http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr12120a.htm) September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.; AESonline.org (http://www.aesonline.org/3056) Archived (http s://archive.is/20070616091249/http://www.aesonline.org/3056) June 16, 2007, at Archive.is Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, December 12, 2007 23. International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Micronesia, Federated States of (https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rl s/irf/2007/90145.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120113040223/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/ rls/irf/2007/90145.htm) January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (September 14, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. 24. Brody JA, Hussels I, Brink E, Torres J (1970). "Hereditary blindness among Pingelapese people of Eastern Caroline Islands". Lancet. 1 (7659): 1253–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(70)91740-X (https://doi.org/10.1016/S 0140-6736%2870%2991740-X). PMID 4192495 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4192495). 25. Hussels IE, Morton NE (1972). "Pingelap and Atolls: achromatopsia" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a rticles/PMC1762260). Am. J. Hum. Genet. 24 (3): 304–9. PMC 1762260 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ticles/PMC1762260) . PMID 4555088 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4555088). 26. "Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia - UNESCO World Heritage Centre" (https://whc.unesc o.org/en/list/1503). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 7 August 2018. 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External links

Government

Government of the Federated States of Micronesia (http://www.fsmgov.org/) Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://web.archive.org/web/20130910033533/https://www.cia.gov/libra ry/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-m/micronesia-federated-states-of.html)

General information

"Federated States of Micronesia" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fm.htm l). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Federated States of Micronesia (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/micronesia.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs Federated States of Micronesia (https://curlie.org/Regional/Oceania/Micronesia,_Federated_States_of) at Curlie (based on DMOZ) Micronesia (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15494620) from the BBC News Jane's Federated States of Micronesia Home Page (http://www.janeresture.com/fedmic/index.htm) Trust Territory of the Pacific Archives (http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/ttp/ttpi.html) at the University of Hawaii Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute - Federated States of Micronesia (http://www.paclii.org/databases.ht ml#FM) Nature.org - Micronesia (http://www.nature.org/wherewework/asiapacific/micronesia/) environmental conservation myMicronesia.com (http://www.mymicronesia.com/) Online resource center about the islands of Micronesia. Provides free listings and links to all Micronesian businesses, as well as civic, cultural, health and educational organizations. .org - Outer Islands (http://www.habele.org/islands.asp) Information about the remote islands and atolls outside the four state capitals of Micronesia from an educational nonprofit. Development Forecasts for Federated States of Micronesia (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx? Country=FM)

News media

The Kaselehlie Press (http://www.kpress.info/) – The Kaselehlie Press is a Pohnpei-based newspaper that covers stories throughout the FSM. Pohnpei (http://www.navegar-es-preciso.com/news/pohnpei-un-estado-maritimo-insular-en-el-oceano-pacif ico-1-/) (Spanish)

Maps

Wikimedia Atlas of the Federated States of Micronesia Nan Madol islet complex (https://web.archive.org/web/20090312015637/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~wsayre s/Pohnpei/NanMadol.html) Provides computer based reconstruction of the main islets and features

Travel

Travel Overview of Micronesia (https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220829/http://www.anytravels.com/aus tralia/micronesia/) Yap Visitors Bureau (http://www.visityap.com/)

Weather

NOAA's National Weather Service - Chuuk, FSM (http://www.prh.noaa.gov/chuuk/) NOAA's National Weather Service - Pohnpei & Kosrae, FSM (http://www.prh.noaa.gov/pohnpei/) NOAA's National Weather Service - Yap, FSM (http://www.prh.noaa.gov/yap/)

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