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１．Differences among , Tempera painting and Kote-E painting (１) Fresco painting (２) Tempera painting (３) Kote-E painting

２．Comparison of intersections in three methods

MfG_E_comparison_KoteE Index 2

１．Differences among Fresco painting, Tempera painting and Kote-E painting

Fresco painting is colored with pigments on white lime plaster wall. Tempera painting is colored with pigment-blending egg-yolk on white lime plaster wall. Kote-E is colored with pigment-blending lime plaster on white lime plaster wall.

(１) Fresco painting Fresco painting, painting executed with water-based pigments on freshly applied plaster, usually on wall surfaces. The colors, which are made by grinding dry-powder pigments in pure water, dry and set with the plaster to become a permanent part of the wall. Fresco is the traditional medium for painting directly onto a wall or ceiling, surviving in the prehistoric cave decorations and perfected in the 16th-century Italy in the buon'fresco method.

(２) Tempera painting Tempera painting, painting executed with pigment ground in a water-miscible medium. (miscible 混和性の) The word tempera originally came from the verb temper, “to bring to a desired consistency.” Dry pigments are made usable by “tempering” them with a binding and adhesive materials. Such painting was distinguished from fresco painting, the colors for which contained no . Tempera is an ancient medium, having been in constant use in most of the world’s cultures until it was gradually superseded by oil in Europe during the period. Tempera was the original mural medium in the ancient dynasties of Egypt, Babylonia

・Mending of famous Tempera masterpieces Tempera painting is thought to be more touph than , which has a drawback of yellow-colored by secular change. However, in these years, some famous drawn in Renaissance age have been mended. And the beautiful detail drawing of these masterpieces have been reevaluated

The Birth of Venus and "Primavera" by The Last Supper by

MfG_E_comparison_KoteE Comparison・English 3

(３) Kote-E painting Japanese Kote-E is decoration method of walls, formed with colored lime plaster "Shikkui" put on the covered white lime plaster on walls. The following is a description found in the Web. It is an excellent explanation and I quote a whole sentences.

One of the Expression of "Kote-e" , the Art of Plaster Relief by Jake Davies https://www.japanvisitor.com/japanese-culture/kote-e-art-plaster-relief In the Edo Period (1603-1868), and in the city of Edo (Tokyo) itself, a new art form emerged that eventually spread across the country and is still practiced today called kote-e.

A "kote" is a type of narrow, painting-knife like trowel used by plasterers, and "e" means picture of painting, so a literal translation of kote-e would be "trowel picture", but the best translation would be "plaster relief art" and refers to the colored reliefs found most commonly on storehouses, though also found on homes and temples.

Plaster was introduced to Japan along with Buddhism and temple architecture, probably in the late 6th century from China. It was used initially as a base for religious paintings. Called "shikkui" in Japanese, the plaster used nowadays, though having some regional variations, is still made with the same ingredients as in ancient times, hydrated lime, a glue made from seaweed, and fine hemp fibres.

Making plaster was an expensive and time consuming activity, but gradually its use spread and it was used to cover exterior earthen walls to protect them against the weather. At some point early in the Edo Period plasters began sculpting in decorations into the surface of the plaster, usually up in the eaves (軒). The designs were not purely decorative, they had a purpose.

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (1483 - 1520) Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni(1475 - 1564) San Marco Museum in Firenze (1438) Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 1519) Sandro Botticelli (1445 - 1510)

MfG_E_comparison_KoteE Comparison・English 4

２．Comparison of intersections in three methods

wall (stones, baked mud) of Pompeii in ancient Rome Coarse Lime plaster The School of Athens by Raphael (1509-1511) Fine Lime plaster Last judgement by Michelangelo (1536-1541) Book of Genesis by Michelangelo (1509-1511) The annunciation, possession protection layer by San Marco Museum in Firenze (1438)

Section of Fresco painting

Panel (board) The annunciation by da Vinci (1472-1475) Last Supper by da Vinci (1495-1498) ground of plaster 1977-1999restoration pigment layer La Primavera by Botticelli(1477-78) 1981 Restoration protectyion layer The Birth of Venus by Botticelli(1485-1486) () 2000 Restoration Section of tempera Many of da Vinch (1503-1519) is oil paiting , Gioconda et cetra

wall (wood,stone, baked mud) Statues in Gandhara Statues in Dūnhuáng ground(Coarse Lime plaster) Stone coffin mural in Takamatsuzuka pigment layer (694-710) (or mixing in the ground) Murals in Horyuuji (Latter of 7th century) reinforcement materials Kote-E in the 17th century, (wood, textiles) Edo period, Japan Section of Kote-E. relief

MfG_E_comparison_KoteE Comparison・English