DOCSLIB.ORG

Language and Identity Reconstruction Through the Experiences of Somali-American Diaspora Returning to Their Country of Origin Shukria Barre Omar St

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Language and Identity Reconstruction Through the Experiences of Somali-American Diaspora Returning to Their Country of Origin Shukria Barre Omar St St. Cloud State University theRepository at St. Cloud State Culminating Projects in English Department of English 10-2016 Home Away From Home: Language and Identity Reconstruction Through The Experiences of Somali-American Diaspora Returning to their Country of Origin Shukria Barre Omar St. Cloud State University Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/engl_etds Recommended Citation Omar, Shukria Barre, "Home Away From Home: Language and Identity Reconstruction Through The Experiences of Somali- American Diaspora Returning to their Country of Origin" (2016). Culminating Projects in English. 82. https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/engl_etds/82 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of English at theRepository at St. Cloud State. It has been accepted for inclusion in Culminating Projects in English by an authorized administrator of theRepository at St. Cloud State. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Home Away From Home: Language and Identity Reconstruction Through the Experiences of Somali-American Diaspora Returning to Their Country of Origin by Shukria B. Omar A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of St. Cloud State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in English: Teaching English as a Second Language May, 2017 Thesis Committee Michael Schwartz, Chairperson Choonkyong Kim Semya Hakim 2 Abstract This paper examines the ongoing large number of Somali-American diaspora living in Minnesota returning to their country of origin or country of birth. This ideology of returning to the motherland is often referred to ‘counter diasporic migration’ to describe this phenomenon of immigrants or diasporas longing for a visit to their ancestral homeland. This thesis closely inspects the role language and identity plays in their return back to Minnesota. I will do this by exploring the ambiguous views of place, home, belonging, and identity, along other core elements responsible for Somali-diaspora visiting their home and motives for coming back to their other home, Minnesota. The findings are based on data collected through two semi-constructed interviews with 10 Somali-Americans who have returned from Somalia in the past five years residing in Minnesota. Eight of the participants are second generation Somalis and two of the participants interviewed are first generation Somalis all residing in Minnesota. The participants were also asked to complete a demographic questionnaire, which asked for general information about their lives in Minnesota and questions, that dealt with the construction of two identities in two homes and which was the core elements of this research project. Through this qualitative research project, it was found that the idea of ‘home’ was a very complex word to many of the participants who returned to their country of origin. Where is ‘home’ when you were born and raised in Minnesota, but your still regarded as an outsider? The research showed that for Somali-American diaspora who grew up in Minnesota, the process of identification with Somalia was especially complex when they returned to their country of origin. Politically, religiously and ethnically, these young people were up against powerful forces from both worlds that made identification with Somalia and America a special challenge. For these reasons, the participants easily aligned themselves with different aspects of their identity depending on where they were and who they were with. The researcher looked at the reconstruction of identity that occurred in the return to Somalia and back to Minnesota. While the research showed that the return to Somalia is a grim reality complicated by major obstacles for Somali-Americans who are in between two worlds, the researcher hopes that through the stories of people, she will show some fresh ideas in the minds of researchers and bring raw data to the diverse community in Minnesota. Keywords: Diaspora, Somali identity, dhaqan celis, qurbo joog, counter diasporic migration, homeland, country of origin, return 3 Acknowledgments In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful I would first like to express thanks to Allah (God) the almighty, for giving me the strength and guidance on completing this project. With that being said, I’d like to acknowledge the individuals who have made this project possible at its various stages. First, I would like to thank my thesis advisor and mentor, Dr. Michael Schwartz who has persistently contributed to this project and provided meaningful advice and suggestions as well as his expertise in writing an effective qualitative study. I thank him for his creative thinking, encouragement, and his generosity with his time and always providing tremendous support when I needed it the most. I would also like to express thanks to Dr. Semya Hakim for providing me with her expertise in this field and providing me with valuable resources on this topic which has limited resources. My greatest thanks goes to the study of the participants who have shared their beautiful stories with me. This project would not have been possible without your stories and your courage to share your identity struggles, identity reaffirmation through a trip, which may have been difficult to discuss. I want to thank them for granting me their time, patience and, the opportunity to share their lives with me. Lastly, I would like to give a big thanks to my family who has provided me with encouragement, love, and remarkable support. This thesis would not have been possible without the presence and support of my beloved mother, Amina Afrah. Special thanks goes to you hooyo (mom) for never giving up or giving in, for helping me through it all. I would also like to thank my sisters for always asking me about my project’s progress. Thanks to my 4 sisters Nasra, Maryan, Rahma, Ubah and Ayan. I would lastly like to thank my close friend Deqa Yusuf who has provided me with tremendous emotional support throughout this whole project. I’d also like to thank every each person who has entered my life, even for a short or long time. Without the help and presence of people in our lives, we all would not be where we are today. Life is beautiful and you can’t live it alone…we all need little or sometimes lots of help. 5 To my family, friends, and to the growing Somali-American community in Minnesota. 6 Table of Contents Page List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 9 Purpose of Study .............................................................................................. 9 2. Literature Review .................................................................................................. 13 Identity ............................................................................................................. 13 Somalinimo or Somaliness: What is the Somali Identity? .............................. 17 Racial Categories: Blackness, Assimilation into American Mainstream Society ....................................................................................................... 18 Language ......................................................................................................... 19 Defining “Country of Origin”, “Motherland”, “Homeland” ........................... 23 Forms of Migration: “Return Migration” ........................................................ 24 Research Questions ......................................................................................... 29 3. Research Methodology .......................................................................................... 30 Participants ...................................................................................................... 30 Materials .......................................................................................................... 31 Procedure ......................................................................................................... 33 4. Results ................................................................................................................... 36 How Do Somali-Americans Identify Themselves in Minnesota? ................... 38 Difference of “Returning” and “Visiting” ....................................................... 49 7 Chapter Page Reasons for Somali-Americans Returning to Their Country of Origin .......... 53 Participants Encounters with the Locals in Their Country of Origin .............. 57 Impact of the Return on Identity ..................................................................... 61 Reaffirmation of Identity ................................................................................. 66 5. Discussion .............................................................................................................. 67 Limitations ....................................................................................................... 68 6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 70 References ......................................................................................................................... 75 Appendices A. Introductory Letter ................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Somalis in Europe
    INTERACT – RESearcHING THIRD COUNTRY NatiONALS’ INTEGratiON AS A THREE-WAY PROCESS - IMMIGrantS, COUNTRIES OF EMIGratiON AND COUNTRIES OF IMMIGratiON AS ActORS OF INTEGratiON Somalis in Europe Monica Fagioli-Ndlovu INTERACT Research Report 2015/12 CEDEM INTERACT Researching Third Country Nationals’ Integration as a Three-way Process - Immigrants, Countries of Emigration and Countries of Immigration as Actors of Integration Research Report Country Report INTERACT RR 2015/12 Somalis in Europe Monica Fagioli-Ndlovu PhD candidate in Anthropology, The New School, New York This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Requests should be addressed to [email protected] If cited or quoted, reference should be made as follows: Monica Fagioli-Ndlovu, Somalis in Europe, INTERACT RR 2015/12, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European University Institute, 2015. The opinions expressed are those of the author(s) only and should not be considered as representative of the official position of the European Commission or of the European University Institute. © 2015, European University Institute ISBN: 978-92-9084-292-7 doi:10.2870/99413 Catalogue Number: QM-04-15-339-EN-N European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ http://interact-project.eu/publications/ http://cadmus.eui.eu INTERACT - Researching Third Country Nationals’ Integration as a Three-way Process - Immigrants, Countries of Emigration and Countries of Immigration as Actors of Integration In 2013 (Jan.
    [Show full text]
  • Transnational Crimes Among Somali-Americans: Convergences of Radicalization and Trafficking
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funding provided by the U.S. Department of Justice to prepare the following resource: Document Title: Transnational Crimes among Somali- Americans: Convergences of Radicalization and Trafficking Author(s): Stevan Weine, Edna Erez, Chloe Polutnik Document Number: 252135 Date Received: May 2019 Award Number: 2013-ZA-BX-0008 This resource has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. This resource is being made publically available through the Office of Justice Programs’ National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Transnational Crimes among Somali-Americans: Convergences of Radicalization and Trafficking Stevan Weine, Edna Erez, and Chloe Polutnik 1 This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This project was supported by Award No. 2013-ZA-BX-0008, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. 2 This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia's Missing Million: the Somali Diaspora and Its Role in Development
    SOMALIA’S MISSING MILLION: THE SOMALI DIASPORA AND ITS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT MARCH 2009 1 A report for UNDP by Hassan Sheikh and Sally Healy on the Role of the Diaspora in Somali Development. “The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of UNDP.” 2 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 6 Locating the Somali Diaspora – in Search of the Missing Million ............................... 6 Waves of Migration......................................................................................................... 11 Some Characteristics of the Somali Diaspora .............................................................. 13 Political Engagement ...................................................................................................... 15 Economic Support to Somalia ....................................................................................... 18 Remittances ................................................................................................................... 18 Economic Recovery ...................................................................................................... 20 Humanitarian and Emergency Assistance .................................................................... 23 Development Assistance (Service Delivery) ................................................................ 25 Human Resources ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ordonnance Instituant Des Mesures À L'encontre De Personnes
    946.203 Ordonnance instituant des mesures à l’encontre de personnes et entités liées à Oussama ben Laden, au groupe «Al-Qaïda» ou aux Taliban1 du 2 octobre 2000 (Etat le 23 janvier 2007) Le Conseil fédéral suisse, vu l’art. 2 de la loi fédérale du 22 mars 2002 sur l’application de sanctions internationales (loi sur les embargos)2,3 arrête: Art. 14 Interdiction de fournir de l’équipement militaire et des biens similaires 1 La fourniture, la vente et le courtage d’armements de toute sorte, y compris d’armes et de munitions, de véhicules et d’équipement militaires, de matériels para- militaires de même que leurs accessoires et pièces de rechange aux personnes physi- ques et morales, aux groupes ou aux entités cités à l’annexe 2 sont interdits.5 2 ...6 3 La fourniture, la vente et le courtage de conseils techniques et de moyens d’assistance ou d’entraînement liés aux activités militaires aux personnes physiques et morales, aux groupes ou aux entités cités à l’annexe 2 sont interdits.7 4 Les al. 1 et 3 ne s’appliquent que dans la mesure où la loi du 13 décembre 1996 sur le contrôle des biens8, la loi fédérale du 13 décembre 1996 sur le matériel de guerre9 ainsi que leurs ordonnances d’application ne sont pas applicables. Art. 1a10 Art. 211 RO 2000 2642 1 Nouvelle teneur selon le ch. I de l’O du 1er mai 2002 (RO 2002 1646). 2 RS 946.231 3 Nouvelle teneur selon le ch. I de l’O du 30 oct.
    [Show full text]
  • FBI054535 ~~N Diaspora Customs Traditions :··
    ACLURM055018 FBI054535 US Somali Diaspora 8 Clan I0 Islamic Traditions II Flag . 12 Cultural Customs 16 Language ··13 .1ega[.Jssues .. :.... :"'. :·· .•... ;Appendix :,:·.\{ ... ~~N FBI054536 ACLURM055019 ~~ ~A~ History (U) 21 October. 1969: Corruption and a power vacuum in the Somali government Somalia, located at the Horn of Africa (U) culminate in a bloodless coup led by Major near the Arabian Peninsula, has been a General Muhammad Siad Barre. crossroads of civilization for thousands of years. Somalia played an important role in (U) 1969-1991: Siad Barre establishes the commerce of ancient Egyptians, and with a military dictatorship that divides and later Chinese, Greek, and Arab traders. oppresses Somalis. (U) 18th century: Somalis develop a (U) 27 January J99J: Siad Barre flees culture shaped by pastoral nomadism and Mogadishu, and the Somali state collapses~ adherence to Islam. Armed dan-based militias fight for power. (U) 1891-1960: European powers create (U) 1991-199S:The United Nations five separate Somali entities: Operation in Somalia (UNISOM) I and II- initially a US-led, UN-sanctioned multilateral » British Somaliland (north central). intervention-attempts to resolve the » French Somaliland (east and southeast). civil war and provide humanitarian aid. » Italian Somaliland (south). The ambitious UNISOM mandate to rebuild » Ethiopian Somaliland (the Ogaden). a Somali government threatens warlords' >> The Northern Frontier District (NFD) interests and fighting ensues. UN forces of Kenya. depart in 1995, leaving Somalia in a state (U) ., 960: Italian and British colonies of violence and anarchy. Nearly I million merge into the independent Somali Republic. refugees and almost 5 million people risk starvation and disease. Emigration rises (U} 1960-1969: Somalia remains sharply.
    [Show full text]
  • The Path of Somali Refugees Into Exile Exile Into Refugees Somali of Path the Joëlle Moret, Simone Baglioni, Denise Efionayi-Mäder
    The Path of Somalis have been leaving their country for the last fifteen years, fleeing civil war, difficult economic conditions, drought and famine, and now constitute one of the largest diasporas in the world. Somali Refugees into Exile A Comparative Analysis of Secondary Movements Organized in the framework of collaboration between UNHCR and and Policy Responses different countries, this research focuses on the secondary movements of Somali refugees. It was carried out as a multi-sited project in the following countries: Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, the Netherlands, Efionayi-Mäder Denise Baglioni, Simone Moret, Joëlle South Africa, Switzerland and Yemen. The report provides a detailed insight into the movements of Somali refugees that is, their trajectories, the different stages in their migra- tion history and their underlying motivations. It also gives a compara- tive overview of different protection regimes and practices. Authors: Joëlle Moret is a social anthropologist and scientific collaborator at the SFM. Simone Baglioni is a political scientist and scientific collaborator at the SFM and at the University Bocconi in Italy. Denise Efionayi-Mäder is a sociologist and co-director of the SFM. ISBN-10: 2-940379-00-9 ISBN-13: 978-2-940379-00-2 The Path of Somali Refugees into Exile Exile into Refugees Somali of Path The Joëlle Moret, Simone Baglioni, Denise Efionayi-Mäder � � SFM Studies 46 SFM Studies 46 Studies SFM � SFM Studies 46 Joëlle Moret Simone Baglioni Denise Efionayi-Mäder The Path of Somali Refugees into Exile A Comparative
    [Show full text]
  • Forced Migration and Forced Return to Somalia: a Critical Review of the Literature
    Bildhaan Vol. 20 Forced Migration and Forced return to Somalia: A Critical review of the Literature Abdinur Sheikh Mohamed Mohamud I. Introduction Since the fall of the Somali state and the exodus of Somalis in and out of the country, researchers and practitioners have begun to write about and look for solutions to the Somali migration problem. The goal of this article is to provide a critical overview of some of the academic and non-academic research on migration within and from Somalia.1 These include research studies, and practitioner reports on both forced migration and return from Somalia, displacement, and encampment inside the country as internally displaced persons (IDPs) or as a refu- gees.2 Many of these studies focus on the migration process, the socio- psychological effects of migrants, and the treatment of refugees and IDPs by managing authorities. Other studies highlight the absence of integration opportunities for both refugees and IDPs3, legal challenges for refugees to make livelihoods outside of the camps, host country policies and politics regarding refugees, the role of INGOs for advo- cacy and provision of services, and the ability of the home country to prepare for and receive returnees.4 114 Abdinur Sheikh Mohamed Mohamud Key word Description Forced migration Involuntary displacements due to conflicts, natural or environ- mental conditions, famine, and other disasters Protracted displacement Repatriation or resettlement needs beyond emergency assis- tance Drivers of migration Conflict, droughts, and environmental changes Remittances Money transfers to families and friends back home Irregular migration Illegal migration and entry into or exit from the state of origin, transit, or destination Repatriation Voluntary return with safety and dignity Durable solution When the displaced no longer need assistance or protection II.
    [Show full text]
  • Djibouti: Z Z Z Z Summary Points Z Z Z Z Renewal Ofdomesticpoliticallegitimacy
    briefing paper page 1 Djibouti: Changing Influence in the Horn’s Strategic Hub David Styan Africa Programme | April 2013 | AFP BP 2013/01 Summary points zz Change in Djibouti’s economic and strategic options has been driven by four factors: the Ethiopian–Eritrean war of 1998–2000, the impact of Ethiopia’s economic transformation and growth upon trade; shifts in US strategy since 9/11, and the upsurge in piracy along the Gulf of Aden and Somali coasts. zz With the expansion of the US AFRICOM base, the reconfiguration of France’s military presence and the establishment of Japanese and other military facilities, Djibouti has become an international maritime and military laboratory where new forms of cooperation are being developed. zz Djibouti has accelerated plans for regional economic integration. Building on close ties with Ethiopia, existing port upgrades and electricity grid integration will be enhanced by the development of the northern port of Tadjourah. zz These strategic and economic shifts have yet to be matched by internal political reforms, and growth needs to be linked to strategies for job creation and a renewal of domestic political legitimacy. www.chathamhouse.org Djibouti: Changing Influence in the Horn’s Strategic Hub page 2 Djibouti 0 25 50 km 0 10 20 30 mi Red Sea National capital District capital Ras Doumeira Town, village B Airport, airstrip a b Wadis ERITREA a l- M International boundary a n d District boundary a b Main road Railway Moussa Ali ETHIOPIA OBOCK N11 N11 To Elidar Balho Obock N14 TADJOURA N11 N14 Gulf of Aden Tadjoura N9 Galafi Lac Assal Golfe de Tadjoura N1 N9 N9 Doraleh DJIBOUTI N1 Ghoubbet Arta N9 El Kharab DJIBOUTI N9 N1 DIKHIL N5 N1 N1 ALI SABIEH N5 N5 Abhe Bad N1 (Lac Abhe) Ali Sabieh DJIBOUTI Dikhil N5 To Dire Dawa SOMALIA/ ETHIOPIA SOMALILAND Source: United Nations Department of Field Support, Cartographic Section, Djibouti Map No.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity Documents and Travel Documents (January 2000 - June 2004) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Ottawa
    Home > Research > Responses to Information Requests RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) New Search | About RIRs | Help 29 July 2004 SOM42806.E Somalia: Identity documents and travel documents (January 2000 - June 2004) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Ottawa Identity Documents Information on Somali identity documents was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate. According to a report prepared by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum research and Documentation (ACCORD) on the Seventh European Country of Origin Information Seminar, which was held in Berlin, Germany, from 11-12 June 2001, identity documents were not being issued anywhere in Somalia in 2001 (UNHCR/ACCORD 11-12 June 2001, 146). In 2001, Somaliland authorities were, however, issuing drivers' licenses, which could be used to establish the identity of those who held them (ibid.). In May 2004, the Home Office of the United Kingdom (UK) issued an "Operational Guidance Note" on Somalia, in which it stated that it is impossible to verify the authenticity of any documents presented by Somalis who apply for asylum in the UK because there is no central government or authority in Somalia that keeps official records of the population or of the issuance of such documents to enable verification (Sec. 5.3.1). Additionally, the official records that had been kept prior to the collapse of the government were destroyed during the civil war (UK May 2004, Sec. 5.3.1). While the UK Home Office acknowledged that "[s]ome local administrations such as Somaliland and the TNG [Transitional National Government] authorities issue documents (birth certificates, passports etc.), [it also pointed out that] these are not issued under any internationally recognised authority and are not verifiable" (ibid.).
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Diaspora in the Civil Society Development of Somalia/Somaliland: Reflections on the Finland-Based Somali Diaspora Päivi Pirkkalainen
    JOURNAL FÜR ENTWICKLUNGSPOLITIK vol. XXXI 1–2015 CIVIL SOCIETY, COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Schwerpunktredaktion: Tiina Kontinen, Henning Melber Herausgegeben von: Mattersburger Kreis für Entwicklungspolitik an den österreichischen Universitäten Inhalt 4 Civil Society, Cooperation and Development Tiina Kontinen, Henning Melber 13 Civil Society in Sub-Saharan African Post-Conflict States: A Western Induced Idea(l)? Simone Datzberger 30 Civil Society Under Different Political and Aid Regimes in Nicaragua Axel Borchgrevink 48 NGOs, Aid Withdrawal and Exit Strategies Rachel Hayman 65 Ethical, Managerial and Methodological Perspectives in Knowledge Creation in Two Finnish Civil Society Organisations Tiina Kontinen, Hisayo Katsui 83 The Role of the Diaspora in the Civil Society Development of Somalia/Somaliland: Reflections on the Finland-based Somali Diaspora Päivi Pirkkalainen 100 Caught in the Funding Game: The Challenges of NGO Research within Development Aid Sirpa Rovaniemi 117 Book Review 119 Editors and Authors of the Special Issue 123 Impressum Journal für Entwicklungspolitik XXXI 1-2015, S. 83–99 The Role of the Diaspora in the Civil Society Development of Somalia/Somaliland: Reflections on the Finland-based Somali Diaspora PÄIVI PIRKKALAINEN 1. Introduction Since the early 1990s and the end of the Cold War, civil society has been perceived as relevant for strengthening development and democracy (Lewis 2002: 569). It became a much used concept in development cooperation, linked to the discourse of ‘good governance’, in the hope of progressing democratisation and as an answer to poverty and marginalisation (Lewis 2002; Salamon/Sokolowski 2004). Recently, the idea of strengthening civil society as a path to sustainable democratic development has coincided with the discussion of migrants being potential agents of development in their countries of origin; this is a discourse articulated both in academia and in international and regional organisations such as the United Nations, the European Union and the African Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Evidence from the Labor Market Marina Mileo Gorsuch St
    Race, Religion, and Immigration: Experimental Evidence from the Labor Market Marina Mileo Gorsuch Deborah Rho Department of Economics & Political Science Department of Economics St. Catherine University University of St. Thomas [email protected] [email protected] In this project, we examine employers’ response to black immigrants compared to native-born black Americans. Between July 2017 and December 2018, we applied to publicly advertised positions using fictional resumes that are manipulated on perceived race and ethnicity (Somali American, African American, and white American) and examine the proportion of resumes that are contacted by employers. We find that male African American applicants are 5 percentage points less likely to be contacted than equivalent white American applicants. Somali American applicants are 11 percentage points less likely to be contacted by employers than equivalent white American applicants and 6 percentage points less likely to be contacted than equivalent African American applicants. For female applicants, the effects followed a similar pattern, but were muted. Signals of language ability, education, and religiosity showed little impact on the proportion contacted by an employer. This project would not have been possible without our amazing team of research assistants. We are incredibly grateful for the hard work of Pachia Xiong, Joshua Edelstein, Anna Starks, Jenna Czarnecki, Carina Anderson, Hannah Lucey, Jordan Ewings, Zach LeVene, and Michael Gleason. We thank the Russell Sage Foundation, the University of St. Thomas and the Minnesota Population Center (P2C HD041023) for generously providing funding for this project. 1 Discrimination against black Americans is often thought of as monolithic – with prejudice targeting all black Americans equally.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Resilience to Violent Extremism Among Somali‐Americans in Minneapolis‐St
    Building Resilience to Violent Extremism Among Somali‐Americans in Minneapolis‐St. Paul August 2012 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence Based at the University of Maryland 3300 Symons Hall • College Park, MD 20742 • 301.405.6600 • www.start.umd.edu National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence About This Report The authors of this report are Stevan Weine, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago and Osman Ahmed of Minneapolis‐St. Paul. Questions about this report should be directed to Stevan Weine at [email protected]. This report is part of a series sponsored by the Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, in support of the Prevent/Deter program. The goal of this program is to sponsor research that will aid the intelligence and law enforcement communities in identifying potential terrorist threats and support policymakers in developing prevention efforts. This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate’s Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division (HFD) through Grant Award Number 2009ST108LR0003 made to the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the United States Government or START.
    [Show full text]