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Home , Atpadi, Kadegaon, Khanapur (Vita), Kolhapur district, Miraj, Renavi

Contents 1.0 DISTRICT AT A GLANCE ...... 2 2.0 Introduction ...... 4 3.0 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING ...... 4 3.1 Introduction: ...... 4 4.0 LOCATION AND GEOLOGY ...... 4 4.1 LOCATION:- ...... 4 4.2 GEOLOGY:-...... 6 5.0 PHYSICAL SETTING OF THE REGION: ...... 6 5.1 RELIEF: ...... 7 A. Central area ...... 7 6.0 DRAINAGE: ...... 8 6.1 A...... 8 6.1.1 Sonhira Odha:- ...... 9 6.1.2 Kapur Nala:- ...... 9 6.2 B. Agrani River :- ...... 9 6.3 C. :- ...... 9 6.4 D. Warana:- ...... 9 7.0 CLIMATE ...... 11 7.1 A. South – west monsoon season (June to September) :- ...... 11 7.2 B. Post –monsoon period:- ...... 12 7.3 C. Cold Weather Season:- ...... 12 7.4 D. Hot Weather Season:- ...... 13 8.0 Rainfall : ...... 13 8.1 General distribution of rainfall:- ...... 13 8.2 Seasonal Distribution of Rainfall:- ...... 13 8.3 Rainy days and Rainfall:- ...... 14 9.0 SOILS:- ...... 15 9.1 A. COARSE SHALLOW SOILS: ...... 16 9.2 B. MEDIUM BLACK SOILS:- ...... 16 9.3 C. DEEP BLACK SOILS:- ...... 16 10.0 NATURAL VEGETATION:- ...... 17

1.0 DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

Geographical location : North Latiitudes 16.4 to 17.1 East Longitude 73.43 to 75.00 Rainfall : 400-450 mm ( Average )

Geographical Area : 8601.5 Sq. Kilometer.

Tahasil's -( 10) : 1. 2. 3. Kavathe Mahankal 4. Jath 5. (Vita) 6. Palus7. 8. Walwa 9. 10. Gram Panchayat : 705 Mahanagar Palika (1) -Miraj and Kupwad city : Corporation : 1.Vita 2. Ashta Nagar Palika (4) 3.Tasgaon 4. Islampur

AGRICULTURE DETAILS

Major Crops : Bajra, Jowar, Wheat, Rice Gram, Sugarcane, Groundnut, Termeric Soybean, Pomogranate, Grapes Annual Crop : Sugarcane

Area under cultivation : Irrigated - 1,20,302 Hector

IRRIGATION

Major Projects : 1 Medium Projects : 5 Krishna Khore : - There are 1 Major , 5 Medium and 54 minor projects ( total - 60 ) are in progress by Krishna Valley Development Corporation.

TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION

Total Railway track : 173.70 KM Broadguage : 81.1 KM Villages Conn by roads : 2272 KM National Highway : 30 KM State Highway : 921 KM Dist. Roads : 1,983 KM

Population Taluka wise at the 2011 Census

Shirala : 162,911 Walwa : 456,002 Palus : 164,909 Kadegaon : 143,019 Khanapur (Vita) : 170,214 Atpadi : 138,455 Tasgaon : 251,401 Miraj : 854,581 Kavathemahankal : 152,327 Jat : 328,324

2.0 Introduction is located in the western part of . It is bounded by , districts to the north, Vijapur district to the east, and Belgum districts to the south and district to the west. Sangli district is situated in the river basins of the Warna and Krishna river. The physical settings of Sangli district shows a contrast of immense dimensions and reveals a variety of landscapes influenced by relief, climate and vegetation. The climate ranges from the rainiest in the Chandoli (Shirala) region, which has an average annual all of over 4000 mm to the driest in Atpadi and Jath tehsils where the average annual rainfall is about 500 mm. The vegetal cover too varies from the typical monsoon forest in the western parts to scrub and poor grass in the eastern parts

3.0 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING

3.1 Introduction: The Sangli district is situated in the Southern part of Maharashtra and is a part of . It is endowed with the gift of fertile black soils in the central parts. The rainfall decreases from west to east. The eastern part of Sangli district has a scanty drought prone belt of the state. Thus there are regional disparities. The central part of Sangli district is cultivable area. The eastern part include Jat, Kavathe-Mahankal tahsils are drought prone area and has insignificant irrigation facilities. The northern part of Sangli district also rain shadow area. There is always acute shortage of drinking water. The Sangli district consists of Ten tahsils, namely district Walwa, Shirala, Atpadi, Khanapur, Tasgaon, Miraj, Jat, Kavathe Mahankal, Kadegaon and Palus. Topographically the region has large diversified surface. Climatically the region falls under the rainshadow region of Sahyadri Mountain. Temperature increases from west to east and rainfall decreases from west to east. Climatically, the region shows four seasons, namely monsoon, post-monsoon, cold season and hot season. The region is drained by Krishna and its tributaries as Yerala and Agrani.

4.0 LOCATION AND GEOLOGY

4.1 LOCATION:- The Sangli Disrict is one of the most district of Mharashtra state.It is sistuted between the latitudes 16º45’ N and 17º33’ N and longitudinal of 73º41’East and 75º41’East. The district is bounded by on the North western side. Southern is boarded by Belgam and district of Karnataa Sate.At the Centers and East and the lies on West of Sangli district.The total area of the district According to 1991 cencs about 8601.5 Sq.km. According to 2001 cences the population is 2581835 Lakh and the literacy rate is about 76.6%.The district is divided in to Five Administrative sub division mainly Khanapur, Walwa, Miraj, Tasgon, Palus. The Shirala and Walwa Talua was included in Walwa Sub Division. The Miraj Sub division Comprises of Jath,Kavthe Mhanal and Miraj.The khanapur Sub division includes Atpadi and Khanapur and Palus Sub Division Include Kadegaon and Palus.

4.2 GEOLOGY:- The Deccan traps, which cover almost major portion of Maharashtra state, were erupted as horizontal lava sheets during the Cretaceous - Eocene times and are supposed to have welled out from the long and the narrow fissures in the earth crust. These formations are termed ‘traps’ because of their step like terraced appearance, a characteristic and a common feature in the scenery of the Traps Deccan. The chief varieties of the Traps are hard, compact Basalt and vesicular Traps. The Sangli district is a part of Deccan plateau. Basalt is the main rock in the Sangli district. The geological formation of Sangli district is only the Deccan trap. The Deccan lava flows are found usually in the form of horizontally bedded sheets. They are more or less uniform in composition corresponding to basalt. These are dark gray or greenish gray in colour. Some parts of the Sangli district particularly the river valley are occupied by the typical black soil. These soils are formed from the Deccan trap. The black soil contains high alumina and carbonates of calcium and magnesium with variable amount of potash, low nitrogen and phosphorous. The deposits of calcium carbonate are found in the form of ‘kankar’ in the eastern part of Miraj taluka. The hill in the region contains hard besalt rock, which is found in beds of river Yerala. The river beds are main source of sand for construction.

5.0 PHYSICAL SETTING OF THE REGION: The terrain of any region throws a powerful illumination on the land use, the growth and distribution of population and settlement. Relief features are the product of geological formation of the region. It exercises a direct influence on land use, cropping pattern, particularly through elevation and slope. In the Sangli district, there are two main systems of hills. Viz. Sahyadri range and its offshoots, and the spur of Mahadev range. The Machhindragad – Kamal Bhairav hill range extend in North West–southeast direction. This range is offshoot of Mahadev range, which runs along the borders of Tasgaon and Khanapur tahsils. An offshoot of this range in the form of Aundh hills in Satara district separates the catchments of river Krishna and river Yerala. The main range continues further south-eastward and separates the Man River.

5.1 RELIEF:

The region is a part of Deccan plateau. The topography of the Sangli district becomes uneven. The general slope of the land is from north to south and south-east. There is Mahadev range and its offshoots. The relief divisions of the region are as below. a. Central area. b. South-eastern area.

A. Central area: It includes Khanapur taluka. This region comprises the part of Khanapur plateau of Deccan tableland. In this, the western hilly area includes DongaraiTadasar ranges and Apsinge-Nerli ranges continue to the western part of Khanapur tahsil and Kadegaon tahsil. They run in west-east direction. Figure No.

The eastern hilly ranges are spread in northwest to southeast direction. They are named as Solkai Dongar, Dongar, Dargoba shukracharya Dongar etc. The plateau region comprises mainly western part of Khanapur tahsil.

B. South-eastern area: The Dandoba range is comprises in the north of Miraj tahsil. The Dandoba range is water divider of Agrani and Krishna River. The general nature of the range is featured by the occurances of alternate spurs and small valleys. The altitude foot hill ranges from 600 to 900m. Presenting undulated topography. In the eastern part of this area includes Kavathe Mahankal tahsil and some part of the Jat tahsil. There are local hills spread over these areas towards east-west and south to east - west. The land on the hills is more or less heightened; normally these hills are covered with jungle grass.

6.0 DRAINAGE: Water resources emerge from nature’s gift of rain, wells, rivers, lakes and streams. Irrigation water i.e. dams, canals are important and assured source for agriculture. Availability potable drinking water is also equally important today. In the Sangli district, the river Krishna, Yerala and Warana and its tributaries make the region fertile. River Krishna flows the south- western border of the region and also makes the region fertile.

6.1 A. Yerala River: The Yerala, the largest river of the left bank of the northern feeders of the Krishna rises in Solkanath hills in the extreme north of Khatav. It flows north to south in a valley flanked by the Vardhangad - Machhindragad range on the right or west and by the – range on the left or east. It flows 90 kms in Tasgoan and Miraj tahsil joins the Krishna near the Bramhnal. The east bank tributaries of the Yerala are generally longer though somewhat drier than those of the west. The important west bank tributary of the Yerala is Nani River. It has parallel to the Vardhangad – Machhindragad range and is joined by several small tributaries which drain the eastern slopes of that range, the chief of which is Mahadev Odha. Half a mile below the junction of the latter, the Nani has been dammed at Chikhli and the chikhli canal taking off from it on the western bank of the river affords some limited irrigation facilities between it and the river.

6.1.1 Sonhira Odha:- The Sonhira Odha is another west bank tributary of the Yerala flowing eastwards on the northern side of the Kamal Bhairav mountain into the Yerala. 6.1.2 Kapur Nala:- It is most importance because it has a good subterranean flow of water under the sands even in the dry season. Oil pumps installed on wells on its banks tap this subterranean flow and regular crops of sugarcane, plantain and chilli are raised. At Tasgaon there are even coconut and chilli gardens on the banks of this stream.

6.2 B. Agrani River :-

The Agrani River is second most important river in the Sangli district. The origin of the river begins from the temple of Agasthi Hrushi near village Ainwadi (Venapur) in Khanapur tahsil. After flowing about 32.18 km. in a southward direction, river turns towards the south – east. The river has narrow valley bottom. There are number of small a tributaries which joins the river Agrani. One important tributary of the Agrani River rises on the plateau some 3.21 km. above Kundlapur and flows due southwards passing by Kuchi and Kavathe Mahankal before joining the Agrani.

6.3 C. Krishna River:-

River Krishna is a main source of supply of water for drinking, industries and irrigation. It flows south – western border of the Sangli district especially Walwa and Miraj talukas. Yerala joins the Krishna river by border the Sangli district but Agrani joins it just outside. The Krishna valley of the Sangli district is the most fertile.

6.4 D. Warana:- The Western Part of Sangli district is Bordard by Warana Rivar. The Origian in the Sahyandri range.

7.0 CLIMATE: Climatically, this region falls under the great monsoon and associated with the rainshadow region of the Sahyadri Mountain.The character of monsoon with four months of rainy season followed by eight months of relatively dry period of winter and summer. The annual climate cycle consists of the region has four season. A. South – west monsoon season–June to September. B. Post – monsoon season-October to mid December. C. Cold weather season–Mid December to February. D. Hot weather season–March to May.

7.1 A. South – west monsoon season (June to September) :- June to September is a south–west monsoon period. About 85 per cent of the total rainfall of the region occurs during this period. The average annual rainfall in the Yerala region is 559mm and in the Agrani region is 470mm.In general the rainfall decreases from west to east. In part of Miraj tahsil the climate is pleasant. The air is highly humid in the four southwest monsoon months, while in other months it is dry. The winds are strong, particularly on the hills, in south west monsoon season. In the rest of the year, they are light moderate. The maximum temperature of May is 420c and minimum temperature of January is 7.50c in Yerala region. And the maximum temperature is 420c and minimum temperature is 60c in Agrani region. Table Average rainfall in Sangli District Sr.No Tahsil Rainfall (in mm.) %

1 Walwa 692.7 12.1

2 Shirala 1019.0 18.0

3 Khanapur 543.4 9.5

4 Kadegaon N.A. -

5 Palus 619.3 11.0

6 Tasgaon 616.9 10.85

7 Miraij 643.4 11.31

8 Kavathe Mahanakal 529.7 9.31

9 Jat 553.2 9.7 10 Atpadi 468.1 8.2

Total 5685.1 100

Source – Socio-Economic Abstract 2007-08 Rainfall in Sangli District (mm)

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Fig-

7.2 B. Post –monsoon period:- October to mid December is a post – monsoon period. The south – west monsoon withdraws from the region by first half of October. But sometimes rainfall occurs with thunder showers in this period. October marks the transition from rainy season to winter. There is a sudden change in temperature that produces a familiar phenomenon of ‘October Heat’ and there is a certain amount of precipitation accompanied by thunderstorms. Wind, during this period, all over the region is generally light to moderate.

7.3 C. Cold Weather Season:-

Mid December to February is cold weather period. It is the period of cool and bracing climate. During the season fine weather prevails with strong dry easterly winds. Sometimes local inversion of temperature takes place during the early morning hours. December is the coldest month. In this month the mean daily maximum temperature is 28.90c. While the mean daily minimum temperature is 14.30c.The range of temperature is 14.60c. The minimum temperature may sometimes go below 70c.

7.4 D. Hot Weather Season:-

March to May is hot weather period. May is the hottest month. The mean daily maximum temperature is 37.10c and the mean daily minimum temperature is 20.80c. The range of temperature is 8.30c. The heat is intense and the maximum temperature may sometimes go up to 420c. Afternoon thundershowers bring welcome relief from the heat on some days. This season is of low humidity.

8.0 Rainfall :- Rainfall is the very important factor, which influence the agricultural activities as well as the dairy activities in the Sangli district. The region lies in the rain-shadow region of Sahyadri. The rainfall varies in different parts of the region. The important aspects of rainfall which are to be studied are – 1. General distribution of rainfall 2. Seasonal distribution of rainfall 3. Intensity of rainfall and 4. Number of rainy days.

8.1 General distribution of rainfall:- The general distribution of rainfall in the Sangli district is very uneven. The rainfall decreases from west to east. Khanapur tahsils in the north and Kavathe Mahankal and Jat tahsils in the east receives, whereas it is above 600mm in the central tahsils such as Palus, Tasgaon and Miraj tahsils.And Abovu 80 0to1000 mm in walwa and Shirala Thasil. The Sangli district receives the rainfall of below 500mm. Therefore, rainfall is not sufficient to agricultural development and farming without irrigation is not possible. Since, dairy activity is very essential to subsidiary occupation for agriculture in Sangli district. 8.2 Seasonal Distribution of Rainfall:- Seasonality is an important characteristic of the rainfall of the region other than uneven distribution and uncertainty. Although the rainfall is received in all the seasons. It is mainly during the south–west monsoon and north–east monsoon periods. However the principal rainy season is from June to September and quite a large percentage above 52 to 54 per cent of the mean annual rainfall of the region is received during south–west monsoon as shown in map 2.6. A. July and August are the rainiest months throughout the region. Rainfall decreases from west to east. From the second half of September, south–west monsoon looses its strength and north–eastern monsoon takes its place. Rainfall during this period is maximum (30%) in the Agrani valleys and low (26%) in Yerala valley. At the close of November, north–eastern monsoon decreases its influence and cool season starts. From December to February rainfall is very mearge through the region. The rainfall (below 2%) is received in the eastern part (Agrani valley) and no rainfall available towards west and north–west (Yerala valley). During the hot season, rainfall occurs occasionally with the thunderstorms and heavy showers of rain or hails and speedy winds. Its distribution shows that maximum rainfall (22%) is received in the western parts and decrease towards east.

8.3 Rainy days and Rainfall:- Table Rainy days and Rainfall in mms. (2008)

Sr.No. Tahsils/centre. Rainfall in mms. No. of Rainy days.

1 Walwa 868.6 44

2 Khanapur 708.0 41

3 Kadegaon 653.0 50

4 Tasgaon 452.7 37

5 Palus 247.5 27

6 Miraj 433.6 32

7 Kavathe Mahankal 462.0 29

8 Jat 406.2 29

9 Shirala 977.0 59

10 Atpadi 420.0 34

Source: - socio – Economic Abstract 2007-08 Sangli and Satara district.

The above table reveals that the tahsilwise amount of rainfall in mms and number of rainy days. The Walwa,Shirala tahsil receives highest rainfall amounts about 868.6mm and Shirala 977mm. The Palus tahsil receives lowest rainfall amounts about 247.5mms and receives 34 days rainfall. The Vita Centerof Khanapur tahsil receives 41 days rainfall and amounts about 708mm. The Miraj tahsil receives 32 days rainfall and amounts about 433.6mms rainfall. The Kavathe Mahankal and Jat tahsil receives 29 and 29 days rainfall and amounts about 462mm and 406.2mms. rainfall respectively.

9.0 SOILS:- Soil is considered to be very important resources because it is the soil that acts as medium for the cultivation of crops. being an agricultural country. Soil is the primary resource of India. All our food, clothing and many other daily requirements are derived directly or indirectly from the soil. soil occupies very important in India’s economy. The soils of the region are derived from the Deccan trap. The characterisitic and distribution of soils in the region are influenced by essentially by nature and intensity of weathering, mode and rapidity of fluvial transport. These are generally classified as follows. (Map -) A. Coarse shallow soils. B. Medium black soils. C. Deep black soils.

9.1 A. COARSE SHALLOW SOILS: In the Sangli district, 25 per cent soils are coarse shallow type soils. These are located in the north, north east, south and south–eastern parts of the region, especially broad area of eastern part of Miraj taluka, southern part of Kavathe Mahankal and part of Jat tahsil. These are light brown in colour and loamy to sandy in texture having low depth. These soils are deficient in Nitrogen, organic carbon and phosphrous. They are less productive and generally groundnuts, Jowar, Bajara, Grapes, wheat, potato, Tomato are grown in these soils.

9.2 B. MEDIUM BLACK SOILS:- 53 Per cent soils are medium black soil in the Sangli district. These soils are found a large part of the region. These are located in the south–west parts of Khanapur, Atpadi, Tasgaon and Kavathe Mahankal tahsils of the region. These soils are loamy to clayee in texture. Sugarcane, cotton, wheat, Jowar, Maize, Soyabean, and Vegetables are cultivated in these soils.

9.3 C. DEEP BLACK SOILS:- 20 per cent soils are deep black soils in the Sangli district. The broadest belt of this rich soil is found in the Yerala river valley. The soil is very rich in calcium and magnesium but poor in nitrogen and phosphorus. These soils are black in colour due to the presence of titaniferrous magnetite, iron and humus content. The soils are very deep along the river valleys in Warana and Krishana rivar besin particular in east part talua and Weast of Miraj Thasil. The advantage of the soil lies in its possessing a high water holding capacity but poor in drainage and excessive water makes in water logged. Therefore, water management is very essential in the river area.

10.0 NATURAL VEGETATION:-

The geographical area of Sangli district 32 thousand hectares area under forest in the Sangli district. The Sangli district includes Ten Tahsils. Out of these tahsils Yerala valley includes the Khanapur, Kadegaon, Tasgaon, Miraj and some part of Kavathe Mahankal tahsil and Agrani valley includes the some part of Atpadi , Khanapur and Tadgaon tahsils and larger area of Kavathe Mahankal and a small part of Jat tahsil. The spatial distribution of forest reveals that the northern and western region occupies large area under forest cover, while the eastern region occupy less than northern and western region under forest. In the Sangli district, vegetation is sparse and the trees are of dry decidues and thorny bush types. Neem, Babhul, Tamarind, and Mango are the major trees found in Miraj tahsil. In the eastern part of this tahsil especially on the fallow land thin grass is found. The grassy area with sparse tree growth in Jat tahsil i.e. Khair, Tarwad trees etc. Scattered tree growth exists in three villages viz. Belunkhi, Jirgyal and khalati in Jat. Other areas in Jat taluka are rocky and murmad and grow only inferior type of grass. Forests in Tasgaon and Khanapur talukas are scrub forests with bare and bush sprinkled hills to the east of the Krishna-river. The main species are Babhul, Khair, Tarwad, Neem, Chinch, Jambhul, Bor (ziziphus jujuba), Mango are found in the Sangli district.