This is an excerpt from teh book: 'United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper ' More at: http://globalgenealogy.com/countries/canada/loyalist/resources/101060.htm

Chapter 1: Who Is A Loyalist? Chapter 1: Who Is A Loyalist?

To many people, the word loyalist loosely describes some vague To many people, the word loyalist loosely describes some vague connection to the British tradition of monarchy. Readers will learn that connection to the British tradition of monarchy. Readers will learn that a “capital L” Loyalist had definite meaning and great historical context a “capital L” Loyalist had definite meaning and great historical context for the future province of . It describes a specific person who for the future province of Ontario. It describes a specific person who was involved with the British during the American Revolutionary war was involved with the British during the American Revolutionary war and who moved to re-settle in a British region in the . and who moved to re-settle in a British region in the 1780s.

The United Empire Loyalists’ Association of Canada (UELAC) has The United Empire Loyalists’ Association of Canada (UELAC) has refined the definition of a Loyalist according to existing contemporary refined the definition of a Loyalist according to existing contemporary documentation. Whether you become a member of the Association or documentation. Whether you become a member of the Association or not, these are the general guidelines today for an ancestor’s eligibility. not, these are the general guidelines today for an ancestor’s eligibility. A Loyalist was: A Loyalist was:

. A resident (male or female) of an American colony by 19 April . A resident (male or female) of an American colony by 19 April 1775 when independence was declared from Britain; 1775 when independence was declared from Britain; . Who joined the Royal Standard before the Treaty of Separation in . Who joined the Royal Standard before the Treaty of Separation in 1783, served with an American Loyalist regiment (aka a provincial 1783, served with an American Loyalist regiment (aka a provincial corps) or demonstrated loyalty to the Crown in some other way; corps) or demonstrated loyalty to the Crown in some other way; . Who removed to British-held territory during or at the end of the . Who removed to British-held territory during or at the end of the War. War. . Six Nations Indians who removed to what became the Grand River . Six Nations Indians who removed to what became the Grand River or Tyendinaga reserves at the same time and under the same or Tyendinaga reserves at the same time and under the same circumstances. circumstances.

While the points are clear, they are not always so cut-and-dried when While the points are clear, they are not always so cut-and-dried when applied to an individual ancestor. The initially chaotic conditions of applied to an individual ancestor. The initially chaotic conditions of 18th century resettlement and the evolution of Upper Canadian 18th century resettlement and the evolution of Upper Canadian government policy and bureaucratic offices did not necessarily leave us government policy and bureaucratic offices did not necessarily leave us with a straightforward paper trail to document events and people. A with a straightforward paper trail to document events and people. A few comments on the above points: few comments on the above points:

. A Loyalist was not necessarily born in an American colony. Many . A Loyalist was not necessarily born in an American colony. Many of them had arrived from the British Isles during the 1760s (for of them had arrived from the British Isles during the 1760s (for

United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada

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Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist? Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist?

example, to the Mohawk Valley of New York) and had only example, to the Mohawk Valley of New York) and had only established themselves relatively recently, before war broke out. established themselves relatively recently, before war broke out. Some were American-born colonials of many differing Some were American-born colonials of many differing backgrounds, e.g. Dutch, British, Germanic, or other European backgrounds, e.g. Dutch, British, Germanic, or other European origins. origins.

. “Joining the Royal Standard” is a phrase that is seen many times in . “Joining the Royal Standard” is a phrase that is seen many times in contemporary documents. It meant joining the Crown forces to contemporary documents. It meant joining the Crown forces to fight for the British cause, usually by crossing to the British lines at fight for the British cause, usually by crossing to the British lines at the nearest fort or by travelling to British-held Québec. Loyalist the nearest fort or by travelling to British-held Québec. Loyalist corps were created as support units for the regular army troops, corps were created as support units for the regular army troops, from men who had crossed the lines, or by clandestine recruiters from men who had crossed the lines, or by clandestine recruiters who infiltrated the colonies. who infiltrated the colonies.

. Loyalist service of a non-combatant nature (demonstrating loyalty . Loyalist service of a non-combatant nature (demonstrating loyalty in some other way) was also performed by guides, spies, couriers, in some other way) was also performed by guides, spies, couriers, suppliers, guards, and other supernumeraries. Most Loyalists suppliers, guards, and other supernumeraries. Most Loyalists suffered loss of property, assets and even the lives of family suffered loss of property, assets and even the lives of family members. Families became separated, or refugees, dependent on members. Families became separated, or refugees, dependent on various British forts and camps. Many women became widows various British forts and camps. Many women became widows while their husbands were away. while their husbands were away.

. “Removed to British territory” was interpreted slightly differently . “Removed to British territory” was interpreted slightly differently as time went on, particularly with regard to timing. as time went on, particularly with regard to timing.

. The Six Nations confederacy included the Mohawk, Seneca, . The Six Nations confederacy included the Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, Cayuga, Oneida, and Tuscarora peoples; a few smaller Onondaga, Cayuga, Oneida, and Tuscarora peoples; a few smaller tribes were also involved. tribes were also involved.

The Background The Background Much has been written about the lofty ideals of the Loyalists who gave Much has been written about the lofty ideals of the Loyalists who gave up everything for the principles of monarchy and orderly government. up everything for the principles of monarchy and orderly government. While this was undoubtedly true in some cases, others ended up on the While this was undoubtedly true in some cases, others ended up on the “losing” side through default. Rather than argue the genesis or strength “losing” side through default. Rather than argue the genesis or strength of their loyalty, we should consider that our ancestors likely had little of their loyalty, we should consider that our ancestors likely had little different motives or ambitions than we have today about the politics different motives or ambitions than we have today about the politics which affect our daily lives. But we can’t revise history, only try to which affect our daily lives. But we can’t revise history, only try to uncover it. uncover it.

United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada

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Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist? Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist?

Britain was faced with the draining expenses of the recent war, the Britain was faced with the draining expenses of the recent war, the maintenance and resettlement of the refugees, and the reluctance of the maintenance and resettlement of the refugees, and the reluctance of the new American Republic to compensate for property confiscated within new American Republic to compensate for property confiscated within its borders. Aside from interim financial support for some who fled to its borders. Aside from interim financial support for some who fled to England itself, offering free “waste lands of the Crown” (“the King’s England itself, offering free “waste lands of the Crown” (“the King’s bounty”) to Loyalists and other settlers was about the only practical bounty”) to Loyalists and other settlers was about the only practical action Britain could take. A small percentage of the overall total was action Britain could take. A small percentage of the overall total was able to receive compensation through the Claims for Losses able to receive compensation through the Claims for Losses Commission. Commission.

Before Québec was separated into two provinces called Lower and Before Québec was separated into two provinces called Lower and Upper Canada, the -in-Chief and Captain-General of the Upper Canada, the Governor-in-Chief and Captain-General of the province of Québec, Lord Dorchester (formerly Sir Guy Carleton) province of Québec, Lord Dorchester (formerly Sir Guy Carleton) resolved in 1789 that all families who had adhered to the Unity of resolved in 1789 that all families who had adhered to the Unity of Empire would be entitled to certain privilege. Thus, besides the free Empire would be entitled to certain privilege. Thus, besides the free land allotments—which military veterans also received—a Mark of land allotments—which military veterans also received—a Mark of Honour would distinguish Loyalists from all other and future settlers Honour would distinguish Loyalists from all other and future settlers and the King’s bounty would also extend to their children. and the King’s bounty would also extend to their children.

Lord Dorchester’s Resolution Lord Dorchester’s Resolution Resolution proposed in Council at Québec 9 November 1789:2 Resolution proposed in Council at Québec 9 November 1789:2

“His Lordship intimated to the Council that it remained a “His Lordship intimated to the Council that it remained a question, upon the late Regulation for the Disposition of question, upon the late Regulation for the Disposition of the Waste Lands of the Crown, whether the Boards the Waste Lands of the Crown, whether the Boards constituted for that purpose were authorized to make constituted for that purpose were authorized to make Locations to the Sons of Loyalists on their coming of full Locations to the Sons of Loyalists on their coming of full Age and that it was his wish to put a Mark of Honour upon Age and that it was his wish to put a Mark of Honour upon the families who had adhered to the Unity of the Empire, the families who had adhered to the Unity of the Empire,

2 Library and Archives Canada, RG 1, E 1, State Minute Books, “A Copy of All the 2 Library and Archives Canada, RG 1, E 1, State Minute Books, “A Copy of All the Minutes of Council, concerning the Waste Lands of the Crown lying in the province Minutes of Council, concerning the Waste Lands of the Crown lying in the province of Upper Canada, transcribed from Land Books A and B, in the Council Office at of Upper Canada, transcribed from Land Books A and B, in the Council Office at beginning the 17th of February 1787 & ending the 20th of December 1791," Quebec beginning the 17th of February 1787 & ending the 20th of December 1791," Vol. 18, page 110; microfilm C-100. Copies of the Resolution and Dispatch No. 25 Vol. 18, page 110; microfilm C-100. Copies of the Resolution and Dispatch No. 25 from Dorchester to Lord Grenville in London are also found in Colonial Office from Dorchester to Lord Grenville in London are also found in Colonial Office papers; see next note. Technically, the resolution became a Minute of Council, from papers; see next note. Technically, the resolution became a Minute of Council, from which the Order-in-Council derived, authorizing action. which the Order-in-Council derived, authorizing action.

United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada

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Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist? Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist?

and joined the Royal Standard in America before the and joined the Royal Standard in America before the Treaty of Separation in the year 1783. Treaty of Separation in the year 1783.

“The Council concurring with his Lordship, it is “The Council concurring with his Lordship, it is accordingly Ordered. accordingly Ordered. “That the several Land Boards take Course for preserving a “That the several Land Boards take Course for preserving a Registry of the Names of all Persons falling under the Registry of the Names of all Persons falling under the Description aforementioned to the End that their Posterity Description aforementioned to the End that their Posterity may be discriminated from future settlers, in the Parish may be discriminated from future settlers, in the Parish Registers and Rolls of the Militia of their respective Registers and Rolls of the Militia of their respective Districts, and other Public Remembrances of the Province, Districts, and other Public Remembrances of the Province, as proper Objects, by their persevering in the Fidelity and as proper Objects, by their persevering in the Fidelity and Conduct so honourable to their ancestors, for distinguished Conduct so honourable to their ancestors, for distinguished benefits and privileges. benefits and privileges.

“And it is also ordered, that the said Land Boards may in “And it is also ordered, that the said Land Boards may in every such case provide not only for the Sons of those every such case provide not only for the Sons of those Loyalists, as they arrive to full Age, but for their Daughters Loyalists, as they arrive to full Age, but for their Daughters also of that Age, or on their Marriage, assigning to each a also of that Age, or on their Marriage, assigning to each a Lot of Two Hundred Acres, more or less, provided Lot of Two Hundred Acres, more or less, provided nevertheless that they respectfully comply with the General nevertheless that they respectfully comply with the General Regulations, and that it shall satisfactorily appear that there Regulations, and that it shall satisfactorily appear that there has been no Default in the due Cultivation and has been no Default in the due Cultivation and Improvement of the Lands already assigned to the Head of Improvement of the Lands already assigned to the Head of the Family of which they are Members.” the Family of which they are Members.”

This was further supplemented in Dispatch No. 25 from Lord This was further supplemented in Dispatch No. 25 from Lord Dorchester to William Wyndham Grenville, British Secretary of State Dorchester to William Wyndham Grenville, British Secretary of State for the Home Department, sent 27 May 1790:3 for the Home Department, sent 27 May 1790:3

“Order of the Governor in Council of the 9th November, “Order of the Governor in Council of the 9th November, 1789, for the Allotting of lands to the sons and daughters of 1789, for the Allotting of lands to the sons and daughters of such Loyalists, as have adhered to the Unity of the Empire such Loyalists, as have adhered to the Unity of the Empire and joined the Royal Standard before the Treaty of and joined the Royal Standard before the Treaty of Separation in 1783, and for putting a Mark of Honour upon Separation in 1783, and for putting a Mark of Honour upon their families. their families.

3 Colonial Office 42, Vol. 67, pages 367-373 (Library and Archives Canada microfilm 3 Colonial Office 42, Vol. 67, pages 367-373 (Library and Archives Canada microfilm B-47). B-47).

United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada

10 10 This is an excerpt from teh book: 'United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada' More at: http://globalgenealogy.com/countries/canada/loyalist/resources/101060.htm

Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist? Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist?

“From a Militia Roll for the Western District4 to “From a Militia Roll for the Western District4 to discriminate the families of the Loyalists before mentioned. discriminate the families of the Loyalists before mentioned.

“N.B. Those Loyalists who have adhered to the unity of the “N.B. Those Loyalists who have adhered to the unity of the empire, and joined the Royal Standard (in America) before empire, and joined the Royal Standard (in America) before the Treaty of Separation in the year 1783, and all their the Treaty of Separation in the year 1783, and all their children and their descendants by either sex, are to be children and their descendants by either sex, are to be distinguished by the following Capitals affixed to their distinguished by the following Capitals affixed to their names: names: U.E. U.E.

Alluding to their great principle, The Unity of the Alluding to their great principle, The Unity of the Empire.” Empire.”

It should be clear from this that the postnominal initials are UE and not It should be clear from this that the postnominal initials are UE and not UEL. These days we tend to verbal usage of UE as a noun and UEL as UEL. These days we tend to verbal usage of UE as a noun and UEL as an adjective. an adjective.

Privilege Privilege Dorchester’s original intent was clear: that the letters UE become a Dorchester’s original intent was clear: that the letters UE become a Mark of Honour in various recorded situations. In reality, few Loyalists Mark of Honour in various recorded situations. In reality, few Loyalists used the initials themselves. Probably the only time they used the used the initials themselves. Probably the only time they used the postnominal initials (UE or UE Loyalist) was on the land petitions they postnominal initials (UE or UE Loyalist) was on the land petitions they sent in. The letters rarely if ever appear in parish registers or later sent in. The letters rarely if ever appear in parish registers or later militia rolls, perhaps due to lack of official encouragement. This militia rolls, perhaps due to lack of official encouragement. This concept of distinguishing Loyalists and their children from other concept of distinguishing Loyalists and their children from other settlers became most evident in the land granting process. settlers became most evident in the land granting process.

It was really the officials in the land granting department of Upper It was really the officials in the land granting department of Upper Canada who adopted these initials as bureaucratic shorthand to identify Canada who adopted these initials as bureaucratic shorthand to identify persons of privilege. They also promulgated SUE (Son of United persons of privilege. They also promulgated SUE (Son of United Empire Loyalist), DUE (Daughter of United Empire Loyalist) and MC Empire Loyalist), DUE (Daughter of United Empire Loyalist) and MC

4 “Western District” in this sense refers to the western part of the colony of Québec, 4 “Western District” in this sense refers to the western part of the colony of Québec, i.e. west of the Ottawa River and what would become Upper Canada. However, the i.e. west of the Ottawa River and what would become Upper Canada. However, the printed forms, which were produced within a month or so, allowed a blank space for printed forms, which were produced within a month or so, allowed a blank space for the insertion of a specific District name. the insertion of a specific District name.

United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada

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Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist? Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist?

to distinguish amongst Loyalists, their children, and Military to distinguish amongst Loyalists, their children, and Military Claimants. This is also evident when officials found the need to create Claimants. This is also evident when officials found the need to create lists of privileged persons, in an attempt to cull those not entitled to lists of privileged persons, in an attempt to cull those not entitled to privilege. It is in the land granting records where these initials are privilege. It is in the land granting records where these initials are commonly and consistently used. commonly and consistently used.

Owning land was the source of livelihood and potential wealth in a Owning land was the source of livelihood and potential wealth in a society where cash was limited and farming was a necessity for society where cash was limited and farming was a necessity for survival. Loyalist privilege which extended to their children was so survival. Loyalist privilege which extended to their children was so attractive that any number of men attempted post-facto to meet the attractive that any number of men attempted post-facto to meet the Loyalist requirements. Some of these were not precisely “qualified” but Loyalist requirements. Some of these were not precisely “qualified” but a few were successful. a few were successful.

Let us be clear that for all types of settlers in Upper Canada, the land Let us be clear that for all types of settlers in Upper Canada, the land itself was free—no cost per acre—until significant changes were itself was free—no cost per acre—until significant changes were implemented in 1827. However, fees were required for the actions and implemented in 1827. However, fees were required for the actions and paperwork of the different land granting officials who necessarily had paperwork of the different land granting officials who necessarily had to keep track of who was receiving what, how much and why. The fees to keep track of who was receiving what, how much and why. The fees to be paid for their work became an urgent issue by the late 18th and to be paid for their work became an urgent issue by the late 18th and early 19th century, since so many privileged exemptions were adding early 19th century, since so many privileged exemptions were adding nothing to the provincial coffers. Fee tables and rates were proposed nothing to the provincial coffers. Fee tables and rates were proposed and debated many times. This was another reason for the critical and debated many times. This was another reason for the critical examination of the Loyalist lists held in different departments, since examination of the Loyalist lists held in different departments, since UE, DUE, SUE and MC were exempt from fees (see more detail in UE, DUE, SUE and MC were exempt from fees (see more detail in Chapter Four). Chapter Four).

A very clear statement from British correspondence read at an A very clear statement from British correspondence read at an Executive Council meeting of 6 December 1798 and its ensuing Executive Council meeting of 6 December 1798 and its ensuing proclamation of 15 December 1798 (which also explicitly made 28 July proclamation of 15 December 1798 (which also explicitly made 28 July 1798 the deadline for residency in Upper Canada for any Loyalist) 1798 the deadline for residency in Upper Canada for any Loyalist) included:5 included:5

“His Majesty has been pleased to signify his Gracious pleasure “His Majesty has been pleased to signify his Gracious pleasure that the first Loyalists, and their Sons, and Daughters shall that the first Loyalists, and their Sons, and Daughters shall continue to receive His Majesty’s bounty of 200 acres each as continue to receive His Majesty’s bounty of 200 acres each as

5 Library and Archives Canada, RG 1, E 1, Upper Canada State Book B (1797-1799), 5 Library and Archives Canada, RG 1, E 1, Upper Canada State Book B (1797-1799), page 304; microfilm C-97. page 304; microfilm C-97.

United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada

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Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist? Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist?

heretofore, free from all expences whatever.” heretofore, free from all expences whatever.”

What “Kind” of Loyalist? What “Kind” of Loyalist? Novices to genealogy, or to the Loyalist concept, may find “qualifiers” Novices to genealogy, or to the Loyalist concept, may find “qualifiers” attached to the word Loyalists. The study of Loyalists—both historical attached to the word Loyalists. The study of Loyalists—both historical and genealogical—shows, and will continue to show, a variety of and genealogical—shows, and will continue to show, a variety of adjectives applied to them. Clearly, the Executive Council and its Land adjectives applied to them. Clearly, the Executive Council and its Land Committee at Québec, and later Upper Canada, struggled to define Committee at Québec, and later Upper Canada, struggled to define some rules for allotting land according to the size of a Loyalist’s some rules for allotting land according to the size of a Loyalist’s family, or his rank in a Loyalist regiment. family, or his rank in a Loyalist regiment.

An early Council minute shows us this preoccupation with An early Council minute shows us this preoccupation with categorizing, the wish to make distinctions between Loyalists, veterans, categorizing, the wish to make distinctions between Loyalists, veterans, and regular or ordinary settlers with no claim to privilege: and regular or ordinary settlers with no claim to privilege: “The [Land] Committee divided them into six classes:6 “The [Land] Committee divided them into six classes:6 1st Loyalists who have suffered from their attachment to the King’s 1st Loyalists who have suffered from their attachment to the King’s Government. Government. 2nd Discharged Soldiers. 2nd Discharged Soldiers. 3rd Artificers discharged from the King’s works after the war. 3rd Artificers discharged from the King’s works after the war. 4th Sailors and others who served on the Lakes &c. 4th Sailors and others who served on the Lakes &c. 5th Men who bore Arms in the winter of the Blockade. 5th Men who bore Arms in the winter of the Blockade. 6th Petitioners who have no particular pretensions to the King’s bounty, 6th Petitioners who have no particular pretensions to the King’s bounty, but who pray for Crown lands as faithful subjects wishing to make but who pray for Crown lands as faithful subjects wishing to make immediate settlement on the Lots that may be granted them.” immediate settlement on the Lots that may be granted them.”

The above dwells more on distinctions among types of military service. The above dwells more on distinctions among types of military service. Many soldiers and navy personnel who were discharged in North Many soldiers and navy personnel who were discharged in North America and remained here, or returned here to settle, definitely America and remained here, or returned here to settle, definitely qualified for Military Claimant privilege. qualified for Military Claimant privilege.

Here is a brief attempt to describe other distinctions we hear today, Here is a brief attempt to describe other distinctions we hear today, merely to point out that when they are being used, they may give clues merely to point out that when they are being used, they may give clues to a Loyalist’s origins or history. Some are not heard as commonly as to a Loyalist’s origins or history. Some are not heard as commonly as

6 Library and Archives Canada, RG 1, L 1, Québec Land Book 1787-1791, pages 65- 6 Library and Archives Canada, RG 1, L 1, Québec Land Book 1787-1791, pages 65- 66; microfilm C-100. The date of this meeting was 29 December 1788. 66; microfilm C-100. The date of this meeting was 29 December 1788.

United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada

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Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist? Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist?

others, some overlap each other, and some are debatable in context and others, some overlap each other, and some are debatable in context and usage. usage.

Pre-Loyalists is a term which has no meaning per se for Loyalists. It is Pre-Loyalists is a term which has no meaning per se for Loyalists. It is generally applied to people who lived in before generally applied to people who lived in British North America before the revolutionary war began, most often to “planter” settlers from the revolutionary war began, most often to “planter” settlers from Britain or New England who went to the Saint John River valley of Britain or New England who went to the Saint John River valley of what later became . Their residence in a colony which what later became New Brunswick. Their residence in a colony which remained loyal did not meet an accepted criterion for Loyalists. See remained loyal did not meet an accepted criterion for Loyalists. See Chapter Six: Esther Clark Wright, Planters and Pioneers, , Chapter Six: Esther Clark Wright, Planters and Pioneers, Nova Scotia, 1749-1775. 1749-1775.

First Loyalists is occasionally used to describe the refugees who fled First Loyalists is occasionally used to describe the refugees who fled to the British zones of North America well before the war ended. to the British zones of North America well before the war ended.

Maritime(s) Loyalists originally settled in eastern British territory Maritime(s) Loyalists originally settled in eastern British territory during or after the war and applied for land grants there, e.g. Nova during or after the war and applied for land grants there, e.g. Nova Scotia, , and New Brunswick (created 1784). A Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick (created 1784). A surprising number of them or their children later came to Upper Canada surprising number of them or their children later came to Upper Canada where in theory they could not again claim privilege. Little has been where in theory they could not again claim privilege. Little has been written about these families as a migrant group. The contemporary written about these families as a migrant group. The contemporary provincial in the Maritimes did not follow Dorchester’s lead provincial governors in the Maritimes did not follow Dorchester’s lead regarding the UE honour, and may have been actively discouraged regarding the UE honour, and may have been actively discouraged from doing so. See Chapter Six: Neil McKinnon, This Unfriendly Soil, from doing so. See Chapter Six: Neil McKinnon, This Unfriendly Soil, the Loyalist Experience in Nova Scotia, 1783-1791. the Loyalist Experience in Nova Scotia, 1783-1791.

Associated Loyalists came together during the tumultuous situation in Associated Loyalists came together during the tumultuous situation in New York City in the summer of 1783. Guy Carleton, then New York City in the summer of 1783. Guy Carleton, then Commander of the Forces, encouraged unattached provincial veterans Commander of the Forces, encouraged unattached provincial veterans and civilian refugees to organize the evacuation of thousands by sea to and civilian refugees to organize the evacuation of thousands by sea to Nova Scotia. The majority sailed to Port Roseway in Nova Scotia, but Nova Scotia. The majority sailed to Port Roseway in Nova Scotia, but some (under the leadership of Major Peter Van Alstyne and Captain some (under the leadership of Major Peter Van Alstyne and Captain Michael Grass) opted for Québec as a destination. See Chapter Six: Michael Grass) opted for Québec as a destination. See Chapter Six: Larry Turner, Voyage of a Different Kind, the Associated Loyalists of Larry Turner, Voyage of a Different Kind, the Associated Loyalists of Kingston and Adolphustown. Kingston and Adolphustown.

Treasury Loyalists were, by and large, British and American colonists Treasury Loyalists were, by and large, British and American colonists who went to England during or immediately after the war. There they who went to England during or immediately after the war. There they received pensions and other financial aid through the Treasury. received pensions and other financial aid through the Treasury.

United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada United Empire Loyalists, A Guide to Tracing Loyalist Ancestors in Upper Canada

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Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist? Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist?

Eventually most dispersed throughout Great Britain. The Treasury and Eventually most dispersed throughout Great Britain. The Treasury and imperial authorities sought to reduce their expenditures and proposed imperial authorities sought to reduce their expenditures and proposed commuting these pensions to subsidized passage and free land in the commuting these pensions to subsidized passage and free land in the “new” . In 1792 about 100 families were recruited for Upper “new” Canadas. In 1792 about 100 families were recruited for Upper Canada; clusters of them settled in Frontenac and Prince Edward Canada; clusters of them settled in Frontenac and Prince Edward Counties and the town of York, while some stayed in Montreal or went Counties and the town of York, while some stayed in Montreal or went to the Niagara District. See Chapter Six: Mary Beth Norton, The British to the Niagara District. See Chapter Six: Mary Beth Norton, The British Americans, the Loyalist Exiles in England 1774-1789. Americans, the Loyalist Exiles in England 1774-1789.

Late Loyalists a.k.a. Simcoe Loyalists are two terms used sometimes Late Loyalists a.k.a. Simcoe Loyalists are two terms used sometimes to describe those who came to Upper Canada in the 1790s after to describe those who came to Upper Canada in the 1790s after Governor Simcoe extended an invitation to pro-British Americans to Governor Simcoe extended an invitation to pro-British Americans to become new settlers. Some of them claimed retroactive loyalty, but become new settlers. Some of them claimed retroactive loyalty, but they seldom provided solid evidence of having joined the Royal they seldom provided solid evidence of having joined the Royal Standard, or of property losses. However a few may have been Standard, or of property losses. However a few may have been successful in receiving UE privilege. Late Loyalists is also used for successful in receiving UE privilege. Late Loyalists is also used for loyal individuals who were not behind the British lines by the end of loyal individuals who were not behind the British lines by the end of the war and whose arrival in Upper Canada was delayed for legitimate the war and whose arrival in Upper Canada was delayed for legitimate reasons. Some will say that the term Simcoe Loyalists applies most reasons. Some will say that the term Simcoe Loyalists applies most directly to people who were living outside the official border between directly to people who were living outside the official border between the two countries as outlined in Jay's Treaty of 1794. Especially the two countries as outlined in Jay's Treaty of 1794. Especially affected were settlers who had lived in the Detroit area for decades, affected were settlers who had lived in the Detroit area for decades, many of whom participated in the action under British Command. That many of whom participated in the action under British Command. That border was not implemented until 1796, when Britain surrendered its border was not implemented until 1796, when Britain surrendered its western posts, including Detroit and Michilimackinac. Simcoe western posts, including Detroit and Michilimackinac. Simcoe promised new land grants within the jurisdictional boundaries of Upper promised new land grants within the jurisdictional boundaries of Upper Canada to those loyal settlers. Canada to those loyal settlers.

Black Loyalists were a significant minority group, mainly in the Black Loyalists were a significant minority group, mainly in the evacuation to Nova Scotia. British authorities had offered freedom to evacuation to Nova Scotia. British authorities had offered freedom to slaves who joined the Royal Standard and supported its war effort (as slaves who joined the Royal Standard and supported its war effort (as did the Americans).7 However, within a decade about half the black did the Americans).7 However, within a decade about half the black immigrants in Nova Scotia, faced with dissatisfaction and immigrants in Nova Scotia, faced with dissatisfaction and

7 Before embarking for Nova Scotia, black Loyalists were enumerated in a register 7 Before embarking for Nova Scotia, black Loyalists were enumerated in a register known as Carleton’s . See Library and Archives Canada MG 23, B known as Carleton’s Book of Negroes. See Library and Archives Canada MG 23, B 1, document 10. See also the Sir Guy Carleton Branch UELAC project to index the 1, document 10. See also the Sir Guy Carleton Branch UELAC project to index the Carleton Papers, called “Carleton’s Loyalist Index and The Book of Negroes” at Carleton Papers, called “Carleton’s Loyalist Index and The Book of Negroes” at . .

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Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist? Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist?

discrimination, opted to emigrate once again, this time to the new discrimination, opted to emigrate once again, this time to the new African colony of . See Chapter Six: Walker’s The Black African colony of Sierra Leone. See Chapter Six: Walker’s The Black Loyalists, the Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Loyalists, the Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870. A smaller number came to Québec—as ex-members Leone, 1783-1870. A smaller number came to Québec—as ex-members of the Black Pioneer corps or perhaps the Armed Boatmen, or as slaves of the Black Pioneer corps or perhaps the Armed Boatmen, or as slaves in Loyalist households. Those who were free blacks received land in Loyalist households. Those who were free blacks received land grants in Upper Canada, but few remained for long; their land may grants in Upper Canada, but few remained for long; their land may have been in undesirable locations, or as single men, they were drawn have been in undesirable locations, or as single men, they were drawn back to their families in the former colonies. back to their families in the former colonies.

Florida Loyalists or St Augustine Loyalists had a slightly different Florida Loyalists or St Augustine Loyalists had a slightly different history. East Florida (St Augustine) and West Florida (Pensacola) were history. East Florida (St Augustine) and West Florida (Pensacola) were British colonies from 1763 to 1783, but in 1781—in the midst of the British colonies from 1763 to 1783, but in 1781—in the midst of the War—the inhabitants of Pensacola were driven out by Spanish (not War—the inhabitants of Pensacola were driven out by Spanish (not American) forces to St Augustine. Most of the tradesmen, craftsmen American) forces to St Augustine. Most of the tradesmen, craftsmen and others who depended on the British military for their livelihood and others who depended on the British military for their livelihood were finally evacuated by ship as refugees to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, were finally evacuated by ship as refugees to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, in 1783. See more in Chapter Six on this subject. in 1783. See more in Chapter Six on this subject.

American Loyalists or Loyal Americans are usually generic phrases American Loyalists or Loyal Americans are usually generic phrases that simply denote the Loyalists. that simply denote the Loyalists.

As already stated, contemporary treatment regarding eligibility was not As already stated, contemporary treatment regarding eligibility was not always consistent. The descendant who investigates original documents always consistent. The descendant who investigates original documents and lists may find that the ancestor or his children had conflicting and lists may find that the ancestor or his children had conflicting “official” decisions at different times. The lists created and maintained “official” decisions at different times. The lists created and maintained by different government departments do not necessarily coincide with by different government departments do not necessarily coincide with each other, or show all the same names. This can be a source of each other, or show all the same names. This can be a source of frustration or challenge (positive thinking!) for the family researcher. frustration or challenge (positive thinking!) for the family researcher. Wherever there’s a rule or regulation, you can be sure to find Wherever there’s a rule or regulation, you can be sure to find exceptions. exceptions.

It may be enlightening to comment on “categories” who were not It may be enlightening to comment on “categories” who were not considered Loyalists, because all settlers in early Upper Canada could considered Loyalists, because all settlers in early Upper Canada could receive free land grants. But here too, there are conflicting cases. receive free land grants. But here too, there are conflicting cases.

. Soldiers of the regular were not Loyalists. They were . Soldiers of the regular British Army were not Loyalists. They were hired and paid to fight for the King. This category includes the hired and paid to fight for the King. This category includes the regiments hired by the British War Office from Germanic areas of regiments hired by the British War Office from Germanic areas of

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Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist? Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist?

Europe. Some of the soldiers had had previous experience fighting Europe. Some of the soldiers had had previous experience fighting in North America, and some chose to remain and settle here after in North America, and some chose to remain and settle here after the Revolution. These were given preferential treatment in the Revolution. These were given preferential treatment in acquiring land grants, without payment of certain fees. See also acquiring land grants, without payment of certain fees. See also Chapters Five and Six: Virginia DeMarce, German Military Chapters Five and Six: Virginia DeMarce, German Military Settlers in Canada, after the . Others have Settlers in Canada, after the American Revolution. Others have written about specific German regiments of this time period. written about specific German regiments of this time period.

. Quakers (Society of Friends), Mennonites, and other religious . Quakers (Society of Friends), Mennonites, and other religious groups were professed pacifists which precluded the taking up of groups were professed pacifists which precluded the taking up of arms. Here too, there are exceptions because many of them were arms. Here too, there are exceptions because many of them were made to suffer for refusing allegiance to the American patriots. made to suffer for refusing allegiance to the American patriots. Some of them managed to give active assistance to the British Some of them managed to give active assistance to the British cause without overt military participation. See Chapter Six: G cause without overt military participation. See Chapter Six: G Elmore Reaman, The Trail of the Black Walnut, and Arthur G Elmore Reaman, The Trail of the Black Walnut, and Arthur G Dorland, The Quakers in Canada, a History. Dorland, The Quakers in Canada, a History.

. Women were seldom considered Loyalists since they were not . Women were seldom considered Loyalists since they were not obvious participants in the fighting forces and did not often have obvious participants in the fighting forces and did not often have other opportunities to demonstrate acts of loyalty. The majority other opportunities to demonstrate acts of loyalty. The majority were concerned with the protection of their families, whether they were concerned with the protection of their families, whether they remained in their American homes while their men were absent, or remained in their American homes while their men were absent, or subsisted in British forts and refugee camps. Many widows applied subsisted in British forts and refugee camps. Many widows applied for and received Loyalist benefits on the strength of their husbands’ for and received Loyalist benefits on the strength of their husbands’ service to the King and their losses. Occasionally their own names service to the King and their losses. Occasionally their own names have been entered on lists as UE. In fact, more women are now have been entered on lists as UE. In fact, more women are now being recognized as Loyalists in their own right, as descendants being recognized as Loyalists in their own right, as descendants compile convincing evidence. See Chapter Six: Janice Potter- compile convincing evidence. See Chapter Six: Janice Potter- McKinnon, While the Women Only Wept. McKinnon, While the Women Only Wept.

. Men of either British or French descent who lived in colonies that . Men of either British or French descent who lived in colonies that did not rebel—such as Nova Scotia or Québec—who participated did not rebel—such as Nova Scotia or Québec—who participated in the British war effort were not treated the same as Loyalists. The in the British war effort were not treated the same as Loyalists. The "technical" hitch was that they had not suffered loss of homes or "technical" hitch was that they had not suffered loss of homes or property; they were behind the lines, so to speak, before the property; they were behind the lines, so to speak, before the fighting began. Examples re those who defended Québec city from fighting began. Examples re those who defended Québec city from invading rebels in 1775-1776; those who joined the ill-fated invading rebels in 1775-1776; those who joined the ill-fated Burgoyne campaign from Québec; those who manned vessels in Burgoyne campaign from Québec; those who manned vessels in the Lake Service; those who performed militia the Provincial Marine Lake Service; those who performed militia

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Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist? Chapter 1: Who is a Loyalist?

duties at Detroit. While they were recognized as military claimants, duties at Detroit. While they were recognized as military claimants, their children were not entitled to special privilege. their children were not entitled to special privilege.

In your personal hunt for a Loyalist, all these many kinds of terms and In your personal hunt for a Loyalist, all these many kinds of terms and phrases can alert you to stop, think, read and research. Each reference phrases can alert you to stop, think, read and research. Each reference you come across will require careful examination in conjunction with you come across will require careful examination in conjunction with as much other source material you can find. as much other source material you can find.

Archives of Ontario, RG 1-145-1, Fiats for Land Grants-Old Regulations, Archives of Ontario, RG 1-145-1, Fiats for Land Grants-Old Regulations, Certificate for Family Lands John Detlor; MS 693, reel 4. Certificate for Family Lands John Detlor; MS 693, reel 4.

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