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Zur Dissertation Aus dem Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin (Direktor Univ. Prof. Dr. med. Thomas Kraus) Verletzungen und Überlastungsschäden bei Bogenschützen auf Leistungsniveau Der Medizinischen Fakultät der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen vorgelegte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Medizin von Claudia Katharina Niestroj aus Bonn Für meine Familie Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation wurden unter folgendem Titel zur Publikation akzeptiert: Niestroj, C. K.; Küpper, Th., Schöffl, V.: Acute and overuse injuries in elite archers; J Sports Med Phys Fitness 7828, accepted for printing 13.09.2017 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einführung ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Geschichte des Bogenschießens .......................................................... 1 1.2 Bogenschießen in der heutigen Zeit ...................................................... 6 1.3 Material und Ausrüstung ........................................................................ 8 1.4 Wettkampfregularien ............................................................................ 13 1.5 Technik des Bogenschießens .............................................................. 14 1.6 Anatomische Grundlagen des Bogenschießens .................................. 18 1.7 Aktueller Forschungsstand .................................................................. 23 2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit ................................................................................ 27 3 Material und Methoden .............................................................................. 28 3.1 Untersuchungskollektiv und Messort ................................................... 28 3.1.1 Deutsche Meisterschaft ................................................................. 28 3.1.2 Europameisterschaft ..................................................................... 29 3.2 Inhaltliche Beschreibung des Fragebogens ......................................... 31 3.3 Datenauswertung ................................................................................. 33 4 Ergebnisse ................................................................................................. 36 4.1 Rücklauf ............................................................................................... 36 4.2 Epidemiologische Daten ...................................................................... 36 4.3 Trainingserfahrung ............................................................................... 39 4.4 Wettkampferfahrung ............................................................................ 42 4.5 Überlastungsschäden .......................................................................... 46 4.5.1 Häufigkeit und Anzahl der Überlastungsschäden .......................... 46 4.5.2 Lokalisation der Überlastungsschäden .......................................... 47 4.5.3 Art der Überlastungsschäden ........................................................ 49 4.5.4 Folgen der Überlastungsschäden ................................................. 51 4.5.5 Klassifikation des Schweregrades der Überlastungsschäden ....... 55 4.6 Unfallbedingte Verletzungen ................................................................ 56 4.6.1 Häufigkeit und Anzahl der unfallbedingten Verletzungen .............. 56 4.6.2 Lokalisation der unfallbedingten Verletzungen .............................. 57 4.6.3 Art der unfallbedingten Verletzungen ............................................ 57 4.6.4 Folgen der unfallbedingten Verletzungen ...................................... 58 4.6.5 Schweregrad der unfallbedingten Verletzungen ............................ 58 4.7 Überlastungsschäden und Verletzungen pro 1000 Sportstunden ........ 59 4.7.1 Zusammenhänge .......................................................................... 60 5 Diskussion ................................................................................................. 62 5.1 Rücklauf ............................................................................................... 62 5.2 Anthropometrische Daten .................................................................... 64 5.3 Trainingsparameter .............................................................................. 68 5.4 Überlastungen und unfallbedingte Verletzungen ................................. 73 5.5 Überlastungsschäden .......................................................................... 78 5.5.1 Überlastungsschäden der Schulter ............................................... 79 5.5.2 Überlastungsschäden des Armes.................................................. 83 5.5.3 Sonstige Überlastungsschäden ..................................................... 84 5.5.4 Behandlung und Folgen der Überlastungsschäden....................... 89 5.6 Unfallbedingte Verletzungen ................................................................ 91 5.6.1 Unfallbedingte Verletzungen des Armes ....................................... 91 5.6.2 Sonstige unfallbedingte Verletzungen ........................................... 92 5.6.3 Behandlung und Folgen unfallbedingter Verletzungen .................. 94 5.7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick ......................................................... 95 5.7.1 Verhaltensvorschläge für den Bogenschützen .............................. 95 5.7.2 Limits und Ausblick ........................................................................ 98 6 Zusammenfassung .................................................................................. 100 7 Summary ................................................................................................. 101 8 Literatur.................................................................................................... 102 9 Anhang .................................................................................................... 112 9.1 Abbildungsverzeichnis ....................................................................... 112 9.2 Tabellenverzeichnis ........................................................................... 113 9.3 Zulassungsringzahlen Deutsche Meisterschaft Halle 2012................ 115 9.4 Fragebogen Deutsche Meisterschaft ................................................. 116 9.5 Probandeninformation Deutsche Meisterschaft ................................. 134 9.6 Fragebogen Europameisterschaft ...................................................... 138 9.7 Probandeninformation Englisch Europameisterschaft ....................... 167 9.8 Probandeninformation Französisch Europameisterschaft.................. 170 10 Danksagung .......................................................................................... 174 Erklärung § 5 Abs. 1 zur Datenaufbewahrung ................................................ 176 Eidesstattliche Erklärung gemäß § 5 Abs. (1) und § 11 Abs. (3) 12. der Promotionsordnung ......................................................................................... 177 Lebenslauf ...................................................................................................... 178 Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abkürzung Bedeutung ACG Acromioclaviculargelenk BMI Body Mass Index BWS Brustwirbelsäule DBSV Deutscher Bogenschützenverband DFBV Deutscher Feldbogenverband DM Deutsche Meisterschaft DOSB Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund DSV Deutscher Schützenbund EM Europameisterschaft EMAU European and Mediterrean Archery Union = Europäische Bogensportunion, Bezeichnung bis 2011 FITA Fédération Internationale de Tir à l’Arc = Internationale Bogensportorganisation, Bezeichnung bis 2011 HWS Halswirbelsäule IFAA International Field Archery Association IOC Internationales Olympisches Komitee Jhdt. Jahrhundert K. o. Knock out lb, lbs Pound (1 lb = 0,45359237 kg) LWS Lendenwirbelsäule n. Chr. nach Christus NACA National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics = US-Amerikanische Raumfahrtforschungsbehörde (heute NASA) PP Positionsphase nach Haidn TOS Thoracic Outlet Syndrome UIAA Union International des Associations d'Alpinisme = Internationale Bergsportorganisation v. Chr. Vor Christus WA World Archery Federation = Internationale Bogensportorganisation, Bezeichnung seit 2011 WAE World Archery Europe = Europäischer Bogensportverband, Bezeichnung seit 2011 WM Weltmeisterschaft 1 Einführung 1.1 Geschichte des Bogenschießens Bogenschießen ist eine der ältesten Kunstfertigkeiten, die immer noch prakti- ziert wird (Hibner 2004 p.1). Die Geschichte dieses Sportes reicht bis an die Anfänge der Menschheitsgeschichte zurück und ist eng mit ihrer Entwicklung verknüpft (McKinney & McKinney 1997 p.13, Hibner 2004 p.1). Manche Autoren vergleichen das Bogenschießen in seiner Wichtigkeit sogar mit der Entwicklung der Sprache, des Rades und der Kunst Feuer zu entfachen (Schröter 1983 p.6, Hibner 2004 p.1, Kinney 2005 p.7). Tatsächlich hat man mittlerweile auf allen bewohnten Kontinenten Hinweise darauf gefunden, dass Pfeil und Bogen seit vielen Jahrhunderten zu verschie- denen Zwecken verwendet wurden. Man kann nicht genau feststellen, wann und wo die ersten Bögen und Pfeile entwickelt wurden, da deren Material, Holz, mit der Zeit zerfällt. Aus diesem Grunde basieren die Vermutungen auf den Funden von Pfeilspitzen, die aus Stein, Knochen oder aber auch Horn herge- stellt wurden (McKinney & McKinney 1997 p.15, Haidn et al. 2010 p.13). Die ältesten Pfeilspitzen, die entdeckt wurden, werden auf gut 50.000 Jahre v. Chr. datiert (Kinney 2005 p.7, Haidn et al. 2010 p.13, Gegg
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