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Oil Generation Rate Index Using Arrhenius Equation for Bakken Formation Chioma Judith Onwumelu

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Oil Generation Rate Index Using Arrhenius Equation for Bakken Formation Chioma Judith Onwumelu University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2017 Oil Generation Rate Index Using Arrhenius Equation For Bakken Formation Chioma Judith Onwumelu Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Onwumelu, Chioma Judith, "Oil Generation Rate Index Using Arrhenius Equation For Bakken Formation" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 2305. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2305 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OIL GENERATION RATE INDEX USING ARRHENIUS EQUATION FOR BAKKEN FORMATION by Chioma Judith Onwumelu Bachelor in Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, 2011 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2017 Copyright 2017 Chioma Judith Onwumelu ii PERMISSION Title Oil Generation Rate Index using Arrhenius Equation for Bakken Formation Department Harold Hamm School of Geology and Geological Engineering Degree Master of Science In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the school of graduate Studies. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Chioma Judith Onwumelu December 14, 2017 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .....................................................................................................xii ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................xiii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................1 Williston Basin Evolution .........................................................................2 Late Devonian to Early Mississippian in the Williston Basin ..................3 Geologic Setting of Bakken Formation ....................................................5 Stratigraphy of Bakken Formation ............................................................7 Isopach Map of Upper and Lower Bakken ...............................................10 Well Log Characteristics ...........................................................................12 Thermal Maturity ......................................................................................13 Kerogen .....................................................................................................15 Organic Maturity .......................................................................................16 Arrhenius Equation ....................................................................................17 Mass of Reactive Kerogen ........................................................................18 Hypothesis .................................................................................................19 v II. METHODS.......................................................................................................20 Study Area .................................................................................................20 Reaction Rate .............................................................................................21 Kinetic Analysis .........................................................................................22 Mass of Reactive Kerogen .........................................................................28 Source Rock Evaluation .............................................................................29 Method of Analysis ...................................................................................29 Density .......................................................................................................31 Formation Thickness .................................................................................32 Temperature Determination ......................................................................32 III RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ....................................................................34 Kinetic Analysis ........................................................................................34 Total Reactive Kerogen .............................................................................36 Temperature...............................................................................................39 Current Production Rate Index ..................................................................39 IV. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................42 Source Rock Analysis ...............................................................................43 Hydrogen Index ..............................................................................43 Oxygen Index ..................................................................................45 Production Index .............................................................................47 Quality and Quantity of Organic Matter ...................................................49 V. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................52 vi APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................53 Appendix A. List of Wells and API Number .............................................................54 Appendix B. Method of Source Rock Analysis and Results .....................................55 Appendix C. Depth, Gamma Ray and Density Values ..............................................84 Appendix D. Core Descriptions .................................................................................95 Appendix E. Burial History .......................................................................................99 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................105 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Extent of the Williston Basin with Major North Dakota Structures Shown ...........3 2. Geologic Time Scale ...............................................................................................5 3. Depositional Setting of Upper and Lower Bakken Shales......................................7 4. Williston Basin and Bakken Formation Stratigraphy ............................................9 5. Approximate Depositional Limit of Bakken Formation .........................................10 6. Lower Bakken Isopach Map ...................................................................................11 7. Upper Bakken Isopach Map ....................................................................................12 8. Well Log Response for Bakken Formation ............................................................13 9. Areas of Thermally Mature Source Rock of Bakken ..............................................15 10. Location Map of Wells ...........................................................................................21 11. Pyrogram Obtained by Source Rock Analyzer .......................................................23 12. Tp and Measured Temperature Data .......................................................................25 13. Confidence Ellipse ..................................................................................................27 14. Average Value of Frequency Factor .......................................................................28 15. Summary of Source Rock Analysis ........................................................................30 16. Plot of Activation Energy vs Tmax ........................................................................35 17. Map of Reaction Rate .............................................................................................41 18. Plot of Hydrogen Index versus Tmax .....................................................................44 viii 19. Plot of Hydrogen Index versus Oxygen Index ........................................................46 20. Plot of Production Index versus Tmax....................................................................48 21. Plot of S2 versus TOC .............................................................................................49 22. Plot of Hydrocarbon Potential versus TOC ............................................................50
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