DOCSLIB.ORG

SWIG Users Manual

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SWIG Users Manual SWIG Users Manual Version 1.1 June 1997 David M. Beazley Department of Computer Science University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 [email protected] Copyright (C) 1996,1997 All Rights Reserved SWIG Users Guide 2 SWIG Users Manual Copyright (C) 1996, 1997 David M. Beazley All Rights Reserved You may distribute this document in whole provided this copyright notice is retained. Unautho- rized duplication of this document in whole or part is prohibited without the express written consent of the author. SWIG 1.1 is Copyright (C) 1995-1997 by the University of Utah and the Regents of the Universiy of California and is released under the following license : This software is copyrighted by the University of Utah and the Regents of the University of Cali- fornia. The following terms apply to all files associated with the software unless explicitly dis- claimed in individual files. The authors hereby grant permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and license this software and its documentation for any purpose, provided that (1) existing copyright notices are retained in all copies and that this notice is included verbatim in any distributions and (2) redistributions including binaries reproduce these notices in the supporting documentation. No written agree- ment, license, or royalty fee is required for any of the authorized uses. Substantial modifications to this software may be copyrighted by their authors and need not follow the licensing terms described here, provided that the new terms are clearly indicated on the first page of each file where they apply. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR, THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE UNIVER- SITY OF UTAH, OR THE DISTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDI- RECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, ITS DOCUMENTATION, OR ANY DERIVATIVES THEREOF, EVEN IF THE AUTHORS OR ANY OF THE ABOVE PARTIES HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSI- BILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. THE AUTHORS, THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH, AND DISTRIBUTORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PAR- TICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE AUTHORS AND DISTRIBUTORS HAVE NO OBLIGATION TO PRO- VIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS. Version 1.1, June 24, 1997 SWIG Users Guide 3 Table of Contents Preface . 7 Introduction. 7 SWIG resources . 7 About this manual. 8 Credits. 8 What’s new? . 9 Bug reports . 9 SWIG is free . 9 Introduction . 10 What is SWIG? . 10 Life before SWIG . 10 Life after SWIG . 11 The SWIG package. 11 A SWIG example . 12 C syntax, but not a C compiler . 16 Non-intrusive interface building. 17 Hands off code generation . 17 Event driven C programming . 17 Automatic documentation generation. 18 Summary. 18 SWIG for Windows and Macintosh . 18 Scripting Languages . 21 The two language view of the world. 21 How does a scripting language talk to C?. 22 Building scripting language extensions . 26 Shared libraries and dynamic loading. 27 SWIG Basics . 29 Running SWIG . 29 Simple C functions, variables, and constants . 31 Pointers and complex objects . 34 Getting down to business . 37 Structures, unions, and object oriented C programming. 42 C++ support . 48 Objective-C. 55 Conditional compilation . 59 Code Insertion. 61 A general interface building strategy . 63 Version 1.1, June 24, 1997 SWIG Users Guide 4 Multiple files and the SWIG library . 68 The %include directive . 68 The %extern directive. 68 The %import directive . 69 Including files on the command line. 69 The SWIG library . 69 Library example . 70 Creating Library Files. 70 Working with library files. 71 Static initialization of multiple modules. 73 More about the SWIG library . 73 Documentation System . 74 Introduction. 74 How it works. 74 Choosing a documentation format . 75 Function usage and argument names . 75 Titles, sections, and subsections . 75 Formatting. 76 Adding Additional Text . 79 Disabling all documentation . 80 An Example . 80 ASCII Documentation . 86 HTML Documentation . 86 LaTeX Documentation . 88 C++ Support . 89 The Final Word? . 89 Pointers, Constraints, and Typemaps . 90 Introduction. 90 The SWIG Pointer Library . 90 Introduction to typemaps . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Object Oriented Programming
    No. 52 March-A pril'1990 $3.95 T H E M TEe H CAL J 0 URN A L COPIA Object Oriented Programming First it was BASIC, then it was structures, now it's objects. C++ afi<;ionados feel, of course, that objects are so powerful, so encompassing that anything could be so defined. I hope they're not placing bets, because if they are, money's no object. C++ 2.0 page 8 An objective view of the newest C++. Training A Neural Network Now that you have a neural network what do you do with it? Part two of a fascinating series. Debugging C page 21 Pointers Using MEM Keep C fro111 (C)rashing your system. An AT Keyboard Interface Use an AT keyboard with your latest project. And More ... Understanding Logic Families EPROM Programming Speeding Up Your AT Keyboard ((CHAOS MADE TO ORDER~ Explore the Magnificent and Infinite World of Fractals with FRAC LS™ AN ELECTRONIC KALEIDOSCOPE OF NATURES GEOMETRYTM With FracTools, you can modify and play with any of the included images, or easily create new ones by marking a region in an existing image or entering the coordinates directly. Filter out areas of the display, change colors in any area, and animate the fractal to create gorgeous and mesmerizing images. Special effects include Strobe, Kaleidoscope, Stained Glass, Horizontal, Vertical and Diagonal Panning, and Mouse Movies. The most spectacular application is the creation of self-running Slide Shows. Include any PCX file from any of the popular "paint" programs. FracTools also includes a Slide Show Programming Language, to bring a higher degree of control to your shows.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shogun Machine Learning Toolbox
    The Shogun Machine Learning Toolbox Heiko Strathmann, Gatsby Unit, UCL London Open Machine Learning Workshop, MSR, NY August 22, 2014 A bit about Shogun I Open-Source tools for ML problems I Started 1999 by SÖren Sonnenburg & GUNnar Rätsch, made public in 2004 I Currently 8 core-developers + 20 regular contributors I Purely open-source community driven I In Google Summer of Code since 2010 (29 projects!) Ohloh - Summary Ohloh - Code Supervised Learning Given: x y n , want: y ∗ x ∗ I f( i ; i )gi=1 j I Classication: y discrete I Support Vector Machine I Gaussian Processes I Logistic Regression I Decision Trees I Nearest Neighbours I Naive Bayes I Regression: y continuous I Gaussian Processes I Support Vector Regression I (Kernel) Ridge Regression I (Group) LASSO Unsupervised Learning Given: x n , want notion of p x I f i gi=1 ( ) I Clustering: I K-Means I (Gaussian) Mixture Models I Hierarchical clustering I Latent Models I (K) PCA I Latent Discriminant Analysis I Independent Component Analysis I Dimension reduction I (K) Locally Linear Embeddings I Many more... And many more I Multiple Kernel Learning I Structured Output I Metric Learning I Variational Inference I Kernel hypothesis testing I Deep Learning (whooo!) I ... I Bindings to: LibLinear, VowpalWabbit, etc.. http://www.shogun-toolbox.org/page/documentation/ notebook Some Large-Scale Applications I Splice Site prediction: 50m examples of 200m dimensions I Face recognition: 20k examples of 750k dimensions ML in Practice I Modular data represetation I Dense, Sparse, Strings, Streams, ... I Multiple types: 8-128 bit word size I Preprocessing tools I Evaluation I Cross-Validation I Accuracy, ROC, MSE, ..
    [Show full text]
  • SWIG and Ruby
    SWIG and Ruby David Grayson Las Vegas Ruby Meetup 2014-09-10 SWIG ● SWIG stands for: Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator ● SWIG helps you access C or C++ code from 22 different languages, including Ruby SWIG inputs and outputs Ruby C extension SWIG interface file (.i) source (.c or .cxx) Simple C++ example libdavid.h: libdavid.i #include <stdio.h> %module "david" class David %{ { #include <libdavid.h> public: %} David(int x) { class David this->x = x; { } public: David(int x); void announce() void announce(); { int x; }; printf("David %d\n", x); } int x; }; Compiling Simple C++ example extconf.rb require 'mkmf' system('swig -c++ -ruby libdavid.i') or abort create_makefile('david') Commands to run: $ ruby extconf.rb # create libdavid_wrap.cxx and Makefile $ make # compile david.so $ irb -r./david # try it out irb(main):001:0> d = David::David.new(4) => #<David::David:0x007f40090a5280 @__swigtype__="_p_David"> irb(main):002:0> d.announce David 4 => nil (This example worked for me with SWIG 3.0.2 and Ruby 2.1.2.) That example was pretty simple ● All code was in a .h file ● No external libraries ● Simple data types ● No consideration of deployment ...but SWIG has tons of features C: C++: ● All ISO C datatypes ● All C++ datatypes ● Global functions ● References ● Global variables, constants ● Pointers to members ● Structures and unions ● Classes ● Pointers ● (Multiple) inheritance ● (Multidimensional) arrays ● Overloaded functions ● Pointers to functions ● Overloaded methods ● Variable length arguments ● Overloaded operators ● Typedefs ● Static members ● Enums ● Namespaces ● Templates ● Nested classes ... SWIG Typemaps ● Define custom ways to map between scripting- language types and C++ types. ● Can be used to add and remove parameters from of exposed functions.
    [Show full text]
  • PHP Beyond the Web Shell Scripts, Desktop Software, System Daemons and More
    PHP Beyond the web Shell scripts, desktop software, system daemons and more Rob Aley This book is for sale at http://leanpub.com/php This version was published on 2013-11-25 This is a Leanpub book. Leanpub empowers authors and publishers with the Lean Publishing process. Lean Publishing is the act of publishing an in-progress ebook using lightweight tools and many iterations to get reader feedback, pivot until you have the right book and build traction once you do. ©2012 - 2013 Rob Aley Tweet This Book! Please help Rob Aley by spreading the word about this book on Twitter! The suggested hashtag for this book is #phpbeyondtheweb. Find out what other people are saying about the book by clicking on this link to search for this hashtag on Twitter: https://twitter.com/search?q=#phpbeyondtheweb Contents Welcome ............................................ i About the author ...................................... i Acknowledgements ..................................... ii 1 Introduction ........................................ 1 1.1 “Use PHP? We’re not building a website, you know!”. ............... 1 1.2 Are you new to PHP? ................................. 2 1.3 Reader prerequisites. Or, what this book isn’t .................... 3 1.4 An important note for Windows and Mac users ................... 3 1.5 About the sample code ................................ 4 1.6 External resources ................................... 4 1.7 Book formats/versions available, and access to updates ............... 5 1.8 English. The Real English. .............................. 5 2 Getting away from the Web - the basics ......................... 6 2.1 PHP without a web server .............................. 6 2.2 PHP versions - what’s yours? ............................. 7 2.3 A few good reasons NOT to do it in PHP ...................... 8 2.4 Thinking about security ...............................
    [Show full text]
  • Validated Processor List
    NISTIR 4557 Programming Languages and Database Language SQL VALIDATED PROCESSOR UST Including GOSIP Conformance Testing Registers Judy B. Kailey Editor U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology National Computer Systems Laboratory Software Standards Validation Group Gaithersburg, MD 20899 April 1991 (Supersedes January 1991 Issue) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Robert A. Mosbacher, Secretary NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY John W. Lyons, Director NIST > NISTIR 4557 Programming Languages and Database Language SQL VALIDATED PROCESSOR LIST Including GOSIP Conformance Testing Registers Judy B. Kailey Editor U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology National Computer Systems Laboratory Software Standards Validation Group Gaithersburg, MD 20899 April 1991 (Supersedes January 1991 Issue) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Robert A. Mosbacher, Secretary NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY John W. Lyons, Director lib t TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose 1 1.2 Document Organization 1 1.2.1 Language Processors 1 1.2.2 Contributors to the VPL 2 1.2.3 Other FIPS Conformance Testing Products 2 1.2.4 GOSIP Registers 2 1.3 FIPS Programming and Database Language Standards 3 1.4 Validation of Processors 3 1.4.1 Validation Requirements 3 1.4.2 Placement in the List 4 1.4.3 Removal from the List 4 1.4.4 Validation Procedures 4 1.5 Certificate of Validation 4 1.6 Registered Report 4 1.7 Processor Validation Suites 5 2. COBOL PROCESSORS 7 3. FORTRAN PROCESSORS 13 4. Ada PROCESSORS 21 5. Pascal PROCESSORS 35 6. SQL PROCESSORS 37 APPENDIX A CONTRIBUTORS TO THE LIST A-1 APPENDIX B OTHER FIPS CONFORMANCE TESTING B-1 APPENDIX C REGISTER OF GOSIP ABSTRACT TEST SUITES C-1 APPENDIX D REGISTER OF GOSIP MEANS OF TESTING D-1 APPENDIX E REGISTER OF GOSIP CONFORMANCE TESTING LABORATORIES E-1 .
    [Show full text]
  • Analytic Center Cutting Plane Method for Multiple Kernel Learning
    Ann Math Artif Intell DOI 10.1007/s10472-013-9331-4 Analytic center cutting plane method for multiple kernel learning Sharon Wulff · Cheng Soon Ong © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Abstract Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL) is a popular generalization of kernel methods which allows the practitioner to optimize over convex combinations of kernels. We observe that many recent MKL solutions can be cast in the framework of oracle based optimization, and show that they vary in terms of query point generation. The popularity of such methods is because the oracle can fortuitously be implemented as a support vector machine. Motivated by the success of centering approaches in interior point methods, we propose a new approach to optimize the MKL objective based on the analytic center cutting plane method (accpm). Our experimental results show that accpm outperforms state of the art in terms of rate of convergence and robustness. Further analysis sheds some light as to why MKL may not always improve classification accuracy over naive solutions. Keywords Multiple kernel learning · accpm · Oracle methods · Machine learning Mathematics Subject Classification (2010) 68T05 1 Introduction Kernel methods, for example the support vector machine (SVM), are a class of algorithms that consider only the similarity between examples [1]. A kernel function S. Wulff Department of Computer Science, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] C. S. Ong (B) NICTA, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia e-mail: [email protected] S. Wulff, C.S. Ong k implicitly maps examples x to a feature space given by a feature map via the identity k(xi, x j) = (xi), (x j) .
    [Show full text]
  • Python and Epics: Channel Access Interface to Python
    Python and Epics: Channel Access Interface to Python Matthew Newville Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sciences University of Chicago October 12, 2010 http://cars9.uchicago.edu/software/python/pyepics3/ Matthew Newville (CARS, Univ Chicago) Epics and Python October 12, 2010 Why Python? The Standard Answers Clean Syntax Easy to learn, remember, and read High Level Language No pointers, dynamic memory, automatic memory Cross Platform code portable to Unix, Windows, Mac. Object Oriented full object model, name spaces. Also: procedural! Extensible with C, C++, Fortran, Java, .NET Many Libraries GUIs, Databases, Web, Image Processing, Array math Free Both senses of the word. No, really: completely free. Matthew Newville (CARS, Univ Chicago) Epics and Python October 12, 2010 Why Python? The Real Answer Scientists use Python. Matthew Newville (CARS, Univ Chicago) Epics and Python October 12, 2010 All of these tools use the C implementation of Python. NOT Jython (Python in Java) or IronPython (Python in .NET): I am not talking about Jython. Why Do Scientists Use Python? Python is great. The tools are even better: numpy Fast arrays. matplotlib Excellent Plotting library scipy Numerical Algorithms (FFT, lapack, fitting, . ) f2py Wrapping Fortran for Python sage Symbolic math (ala Maple, Mathematica) GUI Choices Tk, wxWidgets, Qt, . Free Python is Free. All these tools are Free (BSD). Matthew Newville (CARS, Univ Chicago) Epics and Python October 12, 2010 Why Do Scientists Use Python? Python is great. The tools are even better: numpy Fast arrays. matplotlib Excellent Plotting library scipy Numerical Algorithms (FFT, lapack, fitting, . ) f2py Wrapping Fortran for Python sage Symbolic math (ala Maple, Mathematica) GUI Choices Tk, wxWidgets, Qt, .
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Library Interface by Daniel Adler Dia Applications That Can Run on a Multitude of Plat- Forms
    30 CONTRIBUTED RESEARCH ARTICLES Foreign Library Interface by Daniel Adler dia applications that can run on a multitude of plat- forms. Abstract We present an improved Foreign Function Interface (FFI) for R to call arbitary na- tive functions without the need for C wrapper Foreign function interfaces code. Further we discuss a dynamic linkage framework for binding standard C libraries to FFIs provide the backbone of a language to inter- R across platforms using a universal type infor- face with foreign code. Depending on the design of mation format. The package rdyncall comprises this service, it can largely unburden developers from the framework and an initial repository of cross- writing additional wrapper code. In this section, we platform bindings for standard libraries such as compare the built-in R FFI with that provided by (legacy and modern) OpenGL, the family of SDL rdyncall. We use a simple example that sketches the libraries and Expat. The package enables system- different work flow paths for making an R binding to level programming using the R language; sam- a function from a foreign C library. ple applications are given in the article. We out- line the underlying automation tool-chain that extracts cross-platform bindings from C headers, FFI of base R making the repository extendable and open for Suppose that we wish to invoke the C function sqrt library developers. of the Standard C Math library. The function is de- clared as follows in C: Introduction double sqrt(double x); We present an improved Foreign Function Interface The .C function from the base R FFI offers a call (FFI) for R that significantly reduces the amount of gate to C code with very strict conversion rules, and C wrapper code needed to interface with C.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Message-Oriented Middleware with Open Sound Control and Odot
    http://www.cnmat.berkeley.edu/publications/dynamic-message-oriented-middleware-open-sound-control-and-odot Dynamic Message-Oriented Middleware with Open Sound Control and Odot John MacCallum1, Rama Gottfried1, Ilya Rostovtsev1, Jean Bresson2, and Adrian Freed1 1Center for New Music and Audio Technologies, Department of Music, University of California, Berkeley, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2UMR STMS: IRCAM-CNRS-UPMC, Paris, [email protected] ABSTRACT coding, and the odot framework provides a set of tools for constructing such a layer in a dynamic and agile fashion. We present recent work on odot, a system that extends Open We begin with brief descriptions of Message-Oriented Mid- Sound Control and facilitates the rapid and dynamic con- dleware, OSC, and odot. We then discuss our ongoing work struction of Message-Oriented Middleware providing an in- to provide support for a variety of host and nested host envi- teroperability layer for communication between applications. ronments that can be made to communicate by passing OSC Unlike traditional middleware systems, odot, when embedded between them. Finally, we conclude by discussing a number in a host environment, provides a node where computation of examples and future work. can take place, allowing middleware to take shape dynami- cally as the needs of the system develop. 2. OPEN SOUND CONTROL AND ODOT 2.1 Open Sound Control (OSC) 1. INTRODUCTION Open Sound Control[1][2][3] is a popular encoding in the In the course of a complex design project we often encounter music and media/arts programming communities for moving the need to use multiple applications to satisfy a diverse set data between sensors and actuators, as well as processes and of requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Programovacı Jazyky Pro Vy´Uku Programova´Nı Na
    MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA }w¡¢£¤¥¦§¨ FAKULTA INFORMATIKY !"#$%&'()+,-./012345<yA| Programovacı´jazyky pro vy´uku programova´nı´na SSˇ DIPLOMOVA´ PRA´ CE Bc. Luka´sˇRy´dlo Brno, 2012 Prohla´sˇenı´ Prohlasˇuji, zˇe tato diplomova´pra´ce je my´m pu˚vodnı´m autorsky´m dı´lem, ktere´ jsem vypracoval samostatneˇ. Vsˇechny zdroje, prameny a literaturu, ktere´jsem prˇi vypracova´nı´pouzˇı´val nebo z nich cˇerpal, v pra´ci rˇa´dneˇcituji s uvedenı´m u´plne´ho odkazu na prˇı´slusˇny´zdroj. Vedoucı´pra´ce: doc. RNDr. Toma´sˇPitner, Ph.D. iii Podeˇkova´nı´ Ra´d bych podeˇkoval vedoucı´mu sve´pra´ce, doc. RNDr. Toma´sˇi Pitnerovi, Ph.D. za ochotu ve´st me´te´ma, nevsˇednı´vstrˇı´cnost a trpeˇlivost i konkre´tnı´tipy. v Abstrakt Pra´ce prˇina´sˇı´zhodnocenı´ru˚zny´ch programovacı´ch jazyku˚, metodik a prostrˇedı´ pro potrˇeby vy´uky na strˇednı´ch sˇkola´ch. V u´vodnı´kapitole jsou popsane´teoreticke´ koncepty, formy vy´uky, analy´za metodik v oblasti vy´uky programova´nı´, vhodnost jednotlivy´ch paradigmat. Druha´kapitola prˇina´sˇı´prˇehled za´kladnı´ch metod graficke´ho popisu algoritmu, jejich vhodnost a vyuzˇitelnost prˇi vy´uce. Trˇetı´kapitola zacˇı´na´na´vrhem metodiky hodnocenı´programovacı´ch jazyku˚pro potrˇeby vy´uky a jejich prˇehledem. Dalsˇı´ka- pitola hodnotı´pro zmeˇnu ru˚zna´vy´vojova´prostrˇedı´, at’uzˇpouzˇı´vana´v beˇzˇne´praxi nebo urcˇena´prˇı´mo pro vy´uku. Za´veˇr pra´ce je veˇnova´n vy´ukovy´m materia´lu˚m pro semina´rˇz programova´nı´na gymna´ziu v jazyce Java metodou objects first, resp.
    [Show full text]
  • SWIG-1.3 Documentation
    SWIG−1.3 Documentation SWIG−1.3 Documentation Table of Contents SWIG−1.3 Development Documentation..........................................................................................................................................1 Sections...................................................................................................................................................................................1 SWIG Core Documentation............................................................................................................................................1 Language Module Documentation..................................................................................................................................1 Developer Documentation...............................................................................................................................................1 Documentation that has not yet been updated.................................................................................................................2 1 Preface...............................................................................................................................................................................................3 1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................3 1.2 Special Introduction for Version 1.3................................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Checking Type Safety of Foreign Function Calls ∗
    Checking Type Safety of Foreign Function Calls ∗ Michael Furr Jeffrey S. Foster University of Maryland, College Park University of Maryland, College Park [email protected] [email protected] Abstract guages. Such interfaces are important for accessing system-wide We present a multi-lingual type inference system for checking type libraries and legacy components, but they are difficult to use cor- safety across a foreign function interface. The goal of our system is rectly, especially when there are mismatches between native and to prevent foreign function calls from introducing type and mem- foreign type systems, data representations, and run-time environ- ory safety violations into an otherwise safe language. Our system ments. In all of the FFIs we are aware of, there is little or no consis- targets OCaml’s FFI to C, which is relatively lightweight and illus- tency checking between foreign and native code [4, 8, 15, 16, 17]. trates some interesting challenges in multi-lingual type inference. As a consequence, adding an FFI to a safe language potentially The type language in our system embeds OCaml types in C types provides a rich source of operations that can violate safety in subtle and vice-versa, which allows us to track type information accu- and difficult-to-find ways. rately even through the foreign language, where the original types This paper presents a multi-lingual type inference system to are lost. Our system uses representational types that can model check type and garbage collection safety across foreign function multiple OCaml types, because C programs can observe that many calls.
    [Show full text]