Examining the Stigma and Stereotypes Related to Involuntarily Childless Women Using the Stereotype Content Model and Weiner’S Attribution Affect Action Model
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Building a Singapore That Is Made for Families an Overview of Support for Marriage & Parenthood Making Singapore a Great Place for Families 3 Contents
Building a Singapore that is Made For Families An overview of support for Marriage & Parenthood Making Singapore A Great Place For Families 3 Contents Introduction 3 Support Housing 4 for Your Community & Workplace Support 7 Marriage & Preschool & Education 10 Parenthood Journey Better Health 13 Caring for Our Children 16 Transport 19 Supporting Singaporeans in fulfilling their plans to get married Examples of Benefits for Different Families 21 and raise families is a key national priority. The Marriage & Parenthood Package provides comprehensive support that is made for families, and has been enhanced over the years to address the evolving needs of Singaporeans. This booklet provides an overview of the support that is available to support Singaporeans at every stage of their marriage and parenthood journey. Everyone can play a part in building a Singapore that is Made For Families! 4 Making Singapore A Great Place For Families Making Singapore A Great Place For Families 5 HELPING FAMILIES Housing LIVE CLOSER TOGETHER Proximity Housing Grant (PHG) of up to $30,000 for families buying a resale flat to live with or near their parents/children (within 4km) 3Gen flats, Married Child Priority Scheme (MCPS) and Multi- Generation Priority Scheme (MGPS) for those who are buying new flats and wish to live with or near their parents/married children FASTER ACCESS TO HOUSING MORE AFFORDABLE HOUSING Shorter waiting time of about Families awaiting the completion of The monthly household income From September 2019, eligible 2 to 3 years for some Build-To- -
Childlessness and Inter-Temporal Fertility Choice ∗
Childlessness and Inter-Temporal Fertility Choice ∗ Fabian Siuda ifo Institute University of Munich Latest Version Here December 14, 2019 This paper develops and estimates a dynamic structural model of fertility with en- dogenous marriage formation, linking the timing of fertility to its intensive (number of children) and extensive (having children) margin. The model features rational, forward-looking agents who make decisions on marriage and fertility, and are ex- posed to declining fecundity rates over time. In every period, agents face a trade-off between work and child-rearing, and across time there is a trade-off between having children early or late in life. The model parameters are identified using four distinct facts of the 2008 and 2012 German Microcensus: (i) fertility until age 30 decreases with education for married and single women, (ii) fertility after age 30 increases with education for married and single women, (iii) childlessness increases with women’s education, (iv) marriage rates decrease with education for women and increase with education for men. I obtain three main insights. First, postponement of childbirth combined with the natural decline of fecundity over time can explain up to 15% of childlessness, depending on education. Second, by estimating the model separately for East and West Germany, I find that institutions and economic conditions mat- ter: the two major factors for childlessness in West Germany are postponement of childbirth and high opportunity costs of children due to lack of public childcare. By contrast, in East Germany, social sterility plays a larger role. Finally, using the estimated model parameters for counterfactual analysis, I evaluate consequences of reoccurring labor market interruptions and policies aimed at reconciling work and family life. -
Burden of Reproductive Ill Health
Chapter 2 Burden of Reproductive Ill Health Alex Ezeh, Akinrinola Bankole, John Cleland, Claudia García-Moreno, Marleen Temmerman, and Abdhalah Kasiira Ziraba INTRODUCTION surgical complications and long-term risk of poor repro- ductive outcomes, especially during delivery. This chapter presents the burden of global reproductive ill health and, where data permit, regional estimates for selected conditions. Ill health refers to morbid conditions Approach to Data Presentation and Limitations such as infections and injury and to nonmorbid measures The greatest challenge in undertaking this work is the of reproductive health that directly contribute to adverse lack of appropriate data at the global, regional, national, reproductive health outcomes, including unwanted preg- and subnational levels. Even available data are often nancies and violence against women. The chapter is not adequately disaggregated by important character- organized into six subsections: unintended pregnancies, istics. Differences in methods and designs adopted by unsafe abortions, non-sexually transmitted reproductive the various studies often limit the comparative value. tract infections (RTIs), infertility, violence against women, In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and female genital mutilation (FGM). Unintended preg- sexual concerns are often not discussed with third nancies lead to unintended births and induced abortions. parties, which impedes health care seeking. Measuring Unintended births often occur among young women who and quantifying most -
An Economic Analysis of the Australian Baby Bonus Sarah June
An Economic Analysis of the Australian Baby Bonus Sarah June Sinclair A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Economics School of Economics, Finance and Marketing, College of Business RMIT Declaration of Originality I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work that has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research programme; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed. Signed: Sarah J Sinclair Date: ii Publication Acknowledgement Research related to Chapter 4, Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 has been developed into papers for publication. A paper relating to Chapter 4 has been published in the Economic Record . The official reference is as follows: Sinclair, S., Boymal, J. & De Silva, A. (2012). A re-appraisal of the fertility response to the Australian Baby Bonus. Economic Record , 88 , 78–87. A paper developed from the empirical analysis presented in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 has been peer reviewed at Demography , although not accepted for publication was acknowledged as a well written paper addressing an important topic. The associated working title and reference is as follows: It is currently submitted to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A Sinclair, S., Boymal, J. & De Silva, A. (2012). -
America's One-Child Policy
Published on The Weekly Standard (http://www.weeklystandard.com) America’s One-Child Policy What China imposed on its population, we’re adopting voluntarily. Jonathan V. Last September 27, 2010, Vol. 16, No. 02 For the last several months, Chinese officials have been floating the idea of relaxing the country’s famed “One- Child” policy. One-Child has long been admired in the West by environmentalists, anti-population doomsayers, and some of our sillier professional wise men. In Hot, Flat, and Crowded (2008), for instance, Tom Friedman lauded the policy for saving China from “a population calamity.” What Friedman and others fail to understand is that China is built upon a crumbling demographic base. One-Child may or may not have “saved” China from overpopulation, but it has certainly created a demographic catastrophe. Between 1950 and 1970, the average Chinese woman had roughly six children during her lifetime. Beginning in 1970, the Chinese government began urging a course of “late, long, few,” and in a decade the fertility rate dropped from 5.9 to 2.1. But that wasn’t enough for the government. In 1979, they instituted the One-Child policy—which is more complicated than it sounds. Under One-Child, couples wanting a baby were required to obtain permission from local officials. (In 2002, the government relaxed this provision; you can now have one child without government clearance.) After having one child, urban residents and government employees were forbidden from having another. In rural areas, however, couples are often allowed to have a second baby five years after the first. -
Childlessness, Childfreeness and Compensation∗
7 0 - Childlessness, 19 Childfreeness and Compensation Marie-Louise Leroux, Pierre Pestieau and Gregory Ponthiere Cahier de recherche Working paper Décembre / December 2019 est une chaire multi-institutionnelle qui s’appuie sur un partenariat avec les organisations suivantes : Les opinions et analyses contenues dans les cahiers de recherche de la Chaire ne peuvent en aucun cas être attribuées aux partenaires ni à la Chaire elle-même et elles n’engagent que leurs auteurs. Opinions and analyses contained in the Chair’s working papers cannot be attributed to the Chair or its partners and are the sole responsibility of the authors. © 2019 Marie-Louise Leroux, Pierre Pestieau et Gregory Ponthiere. Tous droits réservés. All rights reserved. Reproduction partielle permise avec citation du document source, incluant la notice ©. Short sections may be quoted without explicit permission, if full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Dépôt légal : Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec et Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, 2019. ISSN 2563-0008 Childlessness, Childfreeness and Compensation Marie-Louise Lerouxy Pierre Pestieauz Gregory Ponthierex December 5, 2019 Abstract We study the design of a fair family policy in an economy where parent- hood is regarded either as desirable or as undesirable, and where there is imperfect fertility control, leading to involuntary childlessness/parenthood. Using an equivalent consumption approach in the consumption-fertility space, we first show that the identification of the worst-off individuals is not robust to how the social evaluator fixes the reference fertility level. Adopting the ex post egalitarian social criterion, which gives priority to the worst off in realized terms, we then examine the compensation for involuntary childlessness/parenthood. -
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
CHALLENGES STRATEGIC PRIORITIES SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH Ending child marriage: Despite progress, of the world’s 1.1 billion The SDGs include a specific target on ensuring universal access to girls, 22 million are already married and hundreds of millions more sexual and reproductive health-care services as part of the health goal, AND RIGHTS are at risk, and the number will only grow as populations increase.11 and several targets on sexual and reproductive rights are included under the gender goal. All components of sexual and reproductive The MDG 5.B target for sexual and reproductive health and rights that sought to “achieve universal Eradicating FGM: Annually, more than 3 million girls are potentially at health such as family planning, prevention of unsafe abortion, 51 access to reproductive health” was added in 2007. This target covers a wide range of health issues, from risk of FGM in Africa. The available evidence suggests only a modest eliminating harmful practices such as female genital mutilation, decline in prevalence of FGM from the mid-1990s to the present.112 addressing violence against women, and ensuring access to sexual contraception to FGM, which makes it difficult to agree on a manageable set of appropriate indicators for and reproductive health services by all who need them, including the target. In the SDG, the sexual and reproductive rights are included in the gender goal. Stopping intimate partner violence: 30% of “ever partnered” women adolescents, are being addressed within the new Global Strategy experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence in their lifetimes. for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health launched by the The highest rates are in the South-East Asia Region (38%) and the Secretary-General in September 2015. -
Voluntary Childlessness in the United States
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2006 Voluntary childlessness in the United States: recent trends by cohort and period Laurie Chancey Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Chancey, Laurie, "Voluntary childlessness in the United States: recent trends by cohort and period" (2006). LSU Master's Theses. 717. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/717 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS IN THE UNITED STATES: RECENT TRENDS BY COHORT AND PERIOD A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of Sociology by Laurie Chancey B.A., McNeese State University, 2001 May 2006 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my advisor, Mariano Sana, for his thoughtful, attentive, and enthusiastic guidance throughout the production of this thesis. I also thank Susan A. Dumais and Joachim Singelmann for their support and service on my committee. The three of you have made numerous valuable contributions to my continuing development as a professional sociologist. I am grateful to many others I have met in the LSU Sociology Department for random acts of friendship that have helped make me feel at home here over the past two years. -
The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Gender Equity in New Zealand: Case Studies
The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Gender Equity in New Zealand: Case Studies A thesis suBmitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Political Science Mandy Stratford University of Canterbury 2016 1 Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 6 ABstract ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter One: Introduction – why is paid parental leave important for gender equity? .................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 The nature of paid parental leave ................................................................................. 8 1.2 Terminology – what is the difference Between gender equity and gender equality? ..................................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Understanding ‘gender equity’ through opportunities and outcomes in the workplace .................................................................................................................................. 12 1.4 Why study paid parental leave with respect to gender equity? ....................... 13 1.5 How much can paid -
Voluntary Childlessness: a Critique of Existing Research and Suggestions for Future Study
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 217 300 CG 015,906 AUTHOR 'Levant, Ronald F. TITLE Voluntary Childlessness: A Critique of Existing Research and Suggestions for Future Study. PUB DATE Jul 79 NOTE 25p.; Paper.presented at the InterAmerican Congress on Psychology (17th, Lima, Peru, July 1979). EDki PRICE .MF01/PC01 Plus Postage: DESCRIPTORS *Decision Making; .Developmental Tasks; Family Influence; *Family Planning; *Interpersonal Relationship; Literature Reviews; *Marriage; *Quality Of Life; Research Methodology; Sex Role; *Spouses IDENTIFIERS *Voluntary Childlessness ABSTRACT This paper presents a discussion of thecimportance of voluntary childlessness as a contemporary social phenomenon. The negative attitudes associated with voluntary childlessness are discussed in a brief summary of recent literature. An exploration of the methodological limitations of existing research is included which emphasizes its usefulness for hypothesis formation and points to the need for more in-depth studies. A research strategy based in a theoretical foundationis outlined in terms of five propositions . dealing with both thartecedents and consequences of fertility choices, including: (1)the husband's and wife's freedom from traditional sex role identification; 1/0-sex role identification and fertility values formed by-experieicet'in the family of origin; (3) decision-making patterns in the- marriage; (4) the quality of a marriage without children; and (5) the potential for individual development in a childless mirriagi,:-A chart illustrating a schema for couple's development is also provided, (Author/MCF) ti A **********i*****************************************'******************* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original docUment. *' ********11******i****************************************************** N- 0, e--1 Ni t VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS: A CRITIQUE OF EXISTING d" RESEARCH AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY* Ronald F. -
Paid Parental Leave: an Investigation and Analysis of Australian Paid Parental Leave Frameworks with Reference to Selected European OECD Countries
The University of Notre Dame Australia ResearchOnline@ND Theses 2018 Paid parental leave: An investigation and analysis of Australian paid parental leave frameworks with reference to selected European OECD countries Greg Lynn The University of Notre Dame Australia Follow this and additional works at: https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses Part of the Law Commons COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Publication Details Lynn, G. (2018). Paid parental leave: An investigation and analysis of Australian paid parental leave frameworks with reference to selected European OECD countries (Master of Laws by Research). University of Notre Dame Australia. https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses/225 This dissertation/thesis is brought to you by ResearchOnline@ND. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of ResearchOnline@ND. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Notre Dame Australia School of Law PAID PARENTAL LEAVE: AN INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF AUSTRALIAN PAID PARENTAL LEAVE FRAMEWORKS WITH REFERENCE TO SELECTED EUROPEAN OECD COUNTRIES Greg Lynn LLB (Murdoch University) MA (The University of Notre Dame Australia) This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Laws by Research 2018 DECLARATION This thesis does not, to the best of my knowledge, contain previously published or written material by another person except where due reference is made in the text, or any other material previously submitted for a degree in any other higher education institution. -
The Influence of Childlessness on Female Empowerment
THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDLESSNESS ON FEMALE EMPOWERMENT Sarah Doornenbal Family structure and gender roles have beliefs can be traced back to mythology and been dramatically transformed in recent folklore. Women were often childless because history. In particular, women, have become they were barren or unmarried, and thus more empowered as they have withdrawn pitied. In some cases, the childless woman from the traditional housewife role. Raising was viewed as evil and self-serving, and often children and keeping house is no longer the played the role of the protagonist. Classical only option for ambitious, independent tales affirm similar beliefs. Women without females. Particularly in western culture, men children were portrayed in a deficient or no longer dominate society or individual negative light, and cast aside as simply households as they did in the past. In addition, unwilling or unable to fulfill their maternal the workforce is changing, and while women role (Ireland 7). seek to empower themselves through different means, some have done so by focusing on This ideological prejudice persisted their careers rather than on motherhood. through the 20th century. If a woman was These factors may be contributing to a without children, it was assumed she was growing trend in childlessness over the recent either infertile or unfit to reproduce. But with years. In my research, I plan to study the the transition in gender roles, along with influence of female empowerment and growing awareness of female rights, attitudes changing gender roles on childlessness. I towards childless women have changed. project that there will be a clear connection Movements such as women’s suffrage, between the two phenomena of female abortion rights, and improvements in empowerment and childlessness.