9C

LEARNING STRAND > AND WORSHIP

The Eucharist and the ’s Year

RELIGIOUS EDUCATION PROGRAMME

FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND THE LOGO

The logo is an attempt to express Faith as an inward and outward journey. This faith journey takes us into our own hearts, into the heart of the world and into the heart of who is God’s love revealed. In Christ, God transforms our lives. We can respond to his love for us by reaching out and loving one another. The circle represents our world. , the colour of light, represents God. Red is for the suffering of Christ. Red also represents the . Yellow represents the risen Christ. The direction of the lines is inwards except for the cross, which stretches outwards. Our lives are embedded in and dependent upon our environment (green and blue) and our cultures (patterns and textures). Mary, the Mother of Christ, is represented by the blue and white pattern. The blue also represents the Pacific…

Annette Hanrahan RSJC © Copyright 2016 by National Centre for Religious Studies

No part of this document may be reproduced in any way, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, without the prior permission of the publishers.

Imprimatur + Leonard Boyle DD of Dunedin Episcopal Deputy for Religious Studies October 2002 Authorised by the New Zealand Catholic ’ Conference.

Design & Layout Kraftwork PO Box 19085 Wellington New Zealand

Published By National Centre for Religious Studies Catholic Centre PO Box 1937 Wellington New Zealand www.ncrs.org.nz

Māori words and advanced words are highlighted in red in the text. You can click on highlighted words in the text to view their meaning. You can also view all the Māori words in a glossary on PAGE 66. PART ONE The Idea of a Cycle

Focus: • Everything in nature, including our lives, WORDS TO is part of a cycle. UNDERSTAND

The Natural Cycle lunar Today it is very hard for us to avoid knowing what the solar time is. Watches, clocks, computers, radios, TVs and fixed school bells constantly tell us what the time is and moveable remind us that ours is a world ruled by time. We are praised for being on time and hassled if we are late for a class or an appointment. A sense of time is so much a part of our life style it is impossible for us to imagine a world without it.

The idea that the first people did not know about time is hard for us to grasp. But it seems that a sense of time developed only gradually as our ancestors came to make sense of te ao mārama (the world around them – the world of light). As they realised that nature operated according to regular patterns or cycles, te tangata (humans) developed the familiar units of time we call the day, the week, the month and the year.

The Day: The idea of a 24-hour day came from studying the sun. For us, a new day starts at midnight but originally it was measured from sunrise to sunrise, or from sunset to sunset. Although it took a long time for people to work it out, the length of the day was determined by the time it took the earth to spin on its own axis.

4 THE IDEA OF A CYCLE

The Week: Early cultures then began to think in terms of larger units of time. Our seven-day week was based mainly on the Jewish creation story where Te Atua (God) took six days to make the world before resting on the seventh. This seventh day, a day of rest, led the Jews to establish their Sabbath.

The Month: The idea of the month developed when ancient people realised that it took about 29½ days for the moon to go around the earth. Throughout history many religious observances have been linked to this monthly lunar cycle. For example, the date of Te Aranga () is set according to the movements of the moon.

The Year: From the time that people first started to plant crops and harvest them they came to realise that certain times were better for the different aspects of cultivation than others. Hot and cold temperatures, wet and dry conditions all served different purposes. Eventually people realised these different conditions or seasons were all related to the changing position of the sun in the sky and that the sun’s distance from the earth seemed to follow a set pattern that took 365 days to complete. Science now tells us that the solar year of 365 days is the time that it takes for the earth to move around the sun.

Task One Draw a diagram or design a poster using pictures and words that show some aspect(s) of the cycles we find in nature.

5 THE IDEA OF A CYCLE

Task Two

Complete this crossword about the natural cycle:

Across Down 2. Our seven-day week is based on this 1. There are four of these each year. story. 3. There are twenty-four of these in a day. 5. A regular repeating pattern in nature. 4. The cycle of the four seasons takes this 6. This idea developed when people long to complete. realised how long it took for the moon to 6. When our day begins. go around the earth. 10. The date of this Christian feast is set 7. God did this on the seventh day. according to the moon's movements. 8. A day is the time it takes for the earth to 11. The Jewish day of rest. spin on this. 13. Our tūpuna (ancestors) got the idea of a 9. Watches and clocks measure this. twenty-four hour day by studying this. 12. To do with the sun.

14. To do with the moon. 1 15. It takes 365 days for this planet to orbit 2 the sun.

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The Māori Calendar Long before the Pākehā arrived in New Zealand, Māori had their own calendars which set the months of the year and the days of the month. The Māori year began in what we now call the month of June. The Māori month was divided into thirty days or nights based around the movements of the moon. Each month had set times for carrying out certain activities such as planting crops, harvesting, fishing, gatheringkai moana (seafood), catching eels, conservation, sea travel and exploring.

The followingmaramataka (lunar Māori Christ, Julia Lynch RSM (1896–1975) calendar) on PAGE 9 gives the days of the month and the activities that happen on those days. Whiro, the first day of the month, falls after the new moon. Rākaunui, the fifteenth day, falls on the day after the full moon.

7 THE IDEA OF A CYCLE

Task Three Work in small groups.

a. Each group is to be responsible for a different activity. Work out your group’s activity with the teacher.

Planting Group Fishing Group Crayfishing Group Eeling Group

Questions to help you plan your activity: 1. What are the best days for your activity? 2. What other days are good or fair for it? 3. What days should you not do the activity?

Using the information on the Māori calendar on PAGE 9 plan out the month’s programme for your group’s activity.

b. You are planning a trip by waka (canoe) to trade with a neighbouring tribe up the coast. • On what days would you not want to travel? • Which day would you choose to go on the trip?

Something to Think About The Maramataka was based around the movements of the moon. What are some of the ways in which the moon affects people’s lives today?

8 THE IDEA OF A CYCLE

Maramataka (Monthly Calendar) 1. Whiro: 2. Tirea: 3. Ohoata: 4. Oue: 5. Okoro: A good day for planting A good day for A very good day for A good day Just another day. and fishing. planting, crayfishing, planting ku-mara and for planting, also for and catching eels by any seeds; also for fishing. torchlight. crayfishing or torching for eels.

6. Tamatea Angana: 7. Tamatea Āiō: 8. Tamatea: 9. Tamatea 10. Ari: Fair for planting and A very good day for Eels, fish, and ku-mara Whakapau: Fair for A bad day. fishing. Windy, with fishing, but watch out are plentiful but small planting from midday strong sea currents; for the weather. Big in size. When boating only, also fair for expect a change of waves will come up, keep an eye on the fishing. weather. and the weather will weather. be overcast. Good for cropping.

11. Huna: 12. Mā wharu: 13. Atua: 14. Turu: 15. Rākaunui: A bad day (fish very A very good day for Not a very good day for A fair day for fishing A very good day for timid). planting but food does fishing and planting. and planting from planting and fishing not keep very long: also midday to sunset. (but not eeling). a good day for fishing.

16. Rākaumatohi: 17. Takirau: 18. Oike: 19. Korekore Tē 20. Korekore Rawa: A very good day for The moon is losing its Just another day. Not Whiwhia: A bad day. planting and fishing. brightness. the best for planting A bad day. Kūmara planted on and fishing. this day are small; also crayfish and eels.

21. Korekore Piri Ki 22. Tangaroa Ā Mua: 23. Tangaroa Ā Roto: 24. Tangaroa Kiokio: 25. Tangaroa Tangaroa: A very good day for A very good day for A very good day for Whakapau: A very good day from planting and fishing planting and fishing for planting and fishing for A very good day for midday to sunset for for crayfish and eels. crayfish and eels. crayfish and eels. planting and fishing for planting, fishing, and so Anything planted on crayfish and eels. on. the days of Tangaroa produces size and number.

26. Ōtā ne: 27. Ōrongonui: 28. Maurea: 29. Mutu: 30. Mutuwhenua: A very good day for A very good day for Not a very good day for A bad day. A bad day. planting and fishing for planting, and fishing for planting and fishing, or The world is in crayfish and eels. crayfish and eels; also a eeling, and crayfish are darkness, according to good day for business. very elusive. Maori belief.

NOTE: INFORMATION ADAPTED FROM TIKANGA WHAKAARO: KEY CONCEPTS IN MĀORI CULTURE BY CLEVE BARLOW (AUCKLAND, 2001) 9 THE IDEA OF A CYCLE

Our Year in Aotearoa Following the pattern of nature, our calendar in New Zealand is organised on a yearly cycle.

Our year begins on the 1 January, New Year’s Day and ends on 31 December. People will usually stay up celebrating past midnight on New Year’s Eve, to farewell the old year and welcome in the new. The New Year is usually greeted with the words ‘Happy New Year’. It is a time when we recognise that for ourselves and others the year brings fresh opportunities for new growth. Making New Year resolutions and wishing each other health, wealth and happiness are some of the tikanga (customs) associated with the New Year. These traditions came about because people recognise that the New Year is full of promises and possibilities. It won’t be like last year. It will be the best year yet.

While most New Zealanders celebrate New Year on 1 January, it is celebrated on other dates by those communities who operate according to their own calendars. The Jewish New Year, Muslim New Year, and Chinese New Year, for example, are celebrated at different times from our New Year.

Other times of the year have their own special mood or spirit, and their own traditions. We take part in different activities and experience different emotions according to the different seasons and times: spring or autumn, school term or holiday time, winter sports or summer pastimes. We live each of these differently and move from one to the other as part of the natural cycle. Together these seasons make up our year. Through them we live out the promise the year holds for us.

10 THE IDEA OF A CYCLE

Our Special Days The year is marked for all of us with • New Year’s Day special days of commemoration or • Waitangi Day celebration. Here are some of the • Anzac Day important days in the New Zealand • Mothers’ Day national calendar, those days that are • Queen’s Birthday special to us as a nation. Different parts • Fathers’ Day of the country also have their own • Labour Weekend special days. • Local Anniversary Days (these vary from province to province)

Task Four a) Work in pairs or groups to fill in the chart on PAGE 12. Use the dates for this year. Some of these special days are fixed (they occur on the same date each year); others are moveable (the dates change from year to year).

b) Write about any other important days for New Zealanders in the blank spaces on the chart.

c) Try to include some special days that are important to other cultures living in Aotearoa.

For example, the Jewish New Year, the Muslim New Year and the Chinese New Year.

11 THE IDEA OF A CYCLE

This year is 2

Special Day Date this Fixed or Reason for Special Activities Year Moveable Commemoration or Customs or Celebration

New Year’s Day

Waitangi Day

Anzac Day

Mothers’ Day

Queen’s Birthday

Fathers’ Day

Labour Day

Local Anniversary Day

12 THE IDEA OF A CYCLE

Task Five a) If you could introduce a new holiday in Aotearoa what would it be? Fill out the details on the chart below.

New Special Date this Fixed or Reason for Special Activities Day Year Moveable Commemoration or Customs or Celebration

b) What reason would you give to convince the government we should have this new holiday?

Task Six Print out the New Zealand calendar for this year from http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/ and mark each of the special days from page 12 (including your new special day).

Extension Exercise For those special days which are moveable (where the date changes from year to year) there is always a rule that is used to set the date. Find out the rule that sets each moveable special day.

13 THE IDEA OF A CYCLE

Task Seven Within our own families we also go through a yearly cycle of special occasions. Add these important days in your own year to the calendar in the workbook. Show as many of the following as you can as well as others that are special to you.

1. The four seasons: spring, summer autumn, winter. 2. School holidays. Shade these in. 3. Your own birthday. 4. Family birthdays. 5. Special family occasions (anniversaries, , deaths etc.) 6. Other days that are important to you.

Something to Discuss • Why is it important to celebrate special days in our country? • Why is it important to celebrate special days in our own whānau (family)? • Why is it important to celebrate special days with our friends? BIGSTOCKPHOTO.COM

14 THE IDEA OF A CYCLE

Seasons and Times in the The Book of Ecclesiastes in the speaks of the different seasons and times that make up the human life cycle.

There is a season for everything, a time for every occupation under heaven:

A time for giving birth, A time for searching, a time for dying; a time for losing; a time for planting, a time for keeping, a time for uprooting what has a time for throwing away. been planted. A time for tearing, A time for killing, a time for sewing; a time for healing; a time for keeping silent, a time for knocking down, a time for speaking. a time for building. A time for loving, A time for tears, a time for hating; a time for laughter; a time for war, a time for mourning, a time for peace. a time for dancing. Ecclesiastes 3:1-8 A time for throwing stones away, a time for gathering them; a time for embracing, a time to stop from embracing.

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Task Eight Copy out those statements that you think are true according to Ecclesiastes, then put a tick next to any that especially appeal to you.

• Everything in life is part of the natural cycle • Life is always changing • Some things in nature have a purpose • Life doesn’t make any sense • Things happen when they are meant to happen • Humans should try to control time • Human experience is full of opposites • We should go where life takes us

Something to Think About Ecclesiastes was written a long time ago.

• Is there anything said there that is especially important today? Why?

• Is there any statement that you think doesn’t apply to life today? Why not?

16 PART TWO The Church’s Year

Focus: • Te tau me ona ritenga tapu (the Church’s Year) WORDS TO follows a cycle centred on the important events UNDERSTAND in the life of Jesus – his birth, ministry, death liturgical and resurrection. seaons and feasts • The different seasons and feasts of the Church martyr are associated with different colours and symbol symbols.

The Church’s Cycle All religions have their important religious celebrations, many originally linked to the cycles of nature. Every year different religions set aside special days or seasons that they consider .

The Christian Church has its own special calendar called the ‘liturgical year’, an annual cycle of seasons and major feasts. Throughout the Church’s year the events of Jesus’ life, death and Resurrection are remembered and celebrated.

Sunday Going to , joining in the prayer of the Mass, is the most important thing that Catholics do. The day set aside for going to Mass is . It is the first day of the week, the day on which Hehu rose from the dead.

17 THE CHURCH’S YEAR

By going to Mass each week Catholics become part of the Church’s yearly liturgical cycle which celebrates the important events of Jesus’ life, ministry, death and Resurrection.

Many weekdays are dedicated to the memory of and martyrs, people who witnessed to Jesus in a special way.

The Church’s year is divided into five major seasons: • Advent • Easter • • Time • Lent

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Each of the five seasons celebrates a different aspect of the life and message ofHehu (Jesus).

Advent The Church’s year begins late in November or early in December with Advent. Advent is a four-week period of waiting and preparation for the birth of Hehu at Christmas. During Advent, we look forward with hope to the coming of Te Atua among us. As each Sunday of Advent passes, a new candle is lit on the Advent wreath in the church to show that Christ’s coming is getting closer.

Christmas Christmas is the second great festival of the Christian year, and celebrates the birth of Jesus.

The word ‘Christmas’ comes from the old English ‘Chrestes Maesses’ or ‘Christ’s Mass’. The December date was originally a Roman sun festival; no one knows the exact day when Hehu was born. Choosing that date was a way of turning an existing celebration into a Christian one. In the Northern Hemisphere, where it falls in the middle of winter, Christmas is seen as a promise of the new life that Jesus brings. gather in churches all over the world late on , the day before Christmas. They hold midnight services, sing carols andwaiata (songs) and offer thanks for the birth of Jesus. Many Catholics will attend . Crib scenes are often set up in churches, with models of Jesus, Mary and Joseph in the stable at Bethlehem where Jesus is believed to have been born.

Ordinary Time Ordinary Time begins early in January after the celebration of Jesus’ by John in the River Jordan. This first section of Ordinary Time lasts six to nine weeks depending on the date of Easter. It is a time to get back to normal after Christmas and get on with our daily lives. Many of the readings at this time show us what an amazing teacher Jesus was.

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Lent and The season of Lent lasts for forty days. Its name comes from an old word for ‘spring’ – because Easter is a springtime festival in the northern hemisphere. Lent is used to prepare those wanting to be Christians for Baptism and it is spent by many in remembering Jesus’ time in the wilderness, as a preparation for Easter.

Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent. On this day many Christians receive a cross of ashes on their foreheads, as a sign of their sorrow for sins, and as a reminder of death. Lent is a time of prayer, and almsgiving. Christians do without certain foods at this time. Some do not eat meat; others avoid alcohol or sweet things. Almsgiving, the sharing of their money and possessions with those in need, helps Christians direct their attention to God. It is also a way of working for justice in the world. Not all Christians mark Lent, but many deliberately do without something they normally enjoy. They believe this helps them to understand the suffering that Hehu (Jesus) experienced.

Palm Sunday is the first day in Holy Week, the week before Easter. It marks the day when Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey, and was welcomed by crowds who threw down palm branches to greet him. This is re- ISTOCKPHOTO.COM told around the world in Palm Sunday and plays. Some Christians carry enormous palm branches, while others use small crosses made from palm leaves that have been blessed by a . The palm crosses link Palm Sunday with and are also burned the following year to make the ash used during Ash Wednesday services.

In many parts of the world Passion plays and processions are performed during Holy Week. ‘Passion’ means suffering, and the plays are based on the stories about Jesus’ arrest and trial, and his death on the cross. Some processions are especially famous, like those in Seville, in Spain. People dressed completely in black, with even their faces masked from view, parade to show their sorrow for their sins. Many carry crosses and statues of Hehu through the streets of their town.

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The Thursday before Easter is calledHoly Thursday. It was the day that Jesus turned the and into his body and when he celebrated the first Eucharist at the . This day also recalls the of love that Jesus gave to his disciples after washing their feet (John 13:34). Many Church leaders wash the feet of people in their churches. This reminds everyone of Jesus’ command that his followers should serve others.

Good Friday is called ‘Good’ because on that day Jesus showed the greatest sort of goodness possible. It is the most solemn day in the Christian year. Church services often take place at 3pm – the time that Jesus died on the cross. Some Christians spend the whole day in prayer and silence.

Easter Te Aranga is the most important Christian season. It is a happy time because it celebrates the rising of Jesus from the dead on Easter Sunday after the sadness of Good Friday. Most Christians hold services at midnight on Easter Saturday to celebrate the beginning of Easter Day. Many use candlelight as a sign that Christ has risen from death – and those words are used in their greetings to each other. ‘Christ has risen!’ cries the priest. ‘He has truly risen!’ reply the congregation. The truth of the resurrection is a living reality for Christians.

The Easter season ends with two important feasts.The Ascension, which comes forty days after Easter, recalls Jesus leaving this world to be with Te Atua (God). celebrates the coming of Te Wairua Tapu (the Holy Spirit) and the birthday of the Church.

Ordinary Time (again) The Church is now back to its regular life with a longer period of Ordinary Time. This season takes us back to where we started – Advent. Feasts during this time include Sunday, the Transfiguration, the Assumption, All Saints, and All Souls Days. Ordinary Time ends with the celebration of .

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Task Nine Complete the following puzzle based on your knowledge of the Church’s year.

Across Down 5. The first season of the Church's 1. This feast forty days after Easter recalls Jesus leaving this year takes up most of this month. world to return to God. 7. This day of the week is called 2. This season prepares us for Christmas. good because it was the day Jesus 3. This period of forty days leading up to Easter gets its gave his life for us. name from an old word meaning 9. The date of Christmas was Spring. originally a Roman ______festival. 4. This time when the priest wears green occurs twice in 11. This feast celebrates Jesus' birth. the Church's year. 12. Another name for the Church's 6. The most important Christian festival and a time of great year. happiness. 14. The place where Hehu was 8. On Holy Thursday Jesus washed his disciples’______born. as a sign of arohanui (great love) 15. People welcomed Jesus with and service. these when he rode into Jerusalem. 10. This name is used to describe the week before Easter. 13. On the first day of Lent these are placed on Christians’ foreheads.

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Task Ten Different seasons and feasts in the Church are connected with different colours. Each colour is a sign of the mood or spirit of its season or feast. Copy out each statement filling in the missing letters to spell the names of the correct Church feasts or seasons.

Purple or Violet This colour stands for preparation and . It is worn in d n and L t.

Green This colour is for life and growth. It is worn in y T .

Red This colour, the colour of the Holy Spirit, is a sign of inspiration, commitment and martyrdom. This colour is seen at P c and the feasts of M t y .

White and Gold These are the colours of joy and royalty. They are worn at the important feasts of Jesus, including t r, t s and the A s .

The Church helps us to understand the meaning of Christ’s life and to grow in our Christian life, by following the events of Jesus’ life, Sunday by Sunday, through the year.

The different colours used in church remind us of the meaning of each Christian season.

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Task Eleven Pictured on this and the following page are eight important symbols or events connected with different seasons and feasts in the liturgical year.

a. Name or describe the event or symbol that is pictured. b. Explain the meaning behind the event or symbol. c. Say what liturgical season or feast the symbol or event belongs to.

a. b.

Event Event

Meaning Meaning

Season/Feast Season/Feast c. d.

Event Event

Meaning Meaning

Season/Feast Season/Feast

24 THE CHURCH’S YEAR

e. f.

Event Event

Meaning Meaning

Season/Feast Season/Feast

g. h.

Event Event

Meaning Meaning

Season/Feast Season/Feast

Task Twelve a) Print out the calendar of important seasons and feasts of the Church’s Year on PAGE 26. b) Shade in each season or feast with its correct colour. c) Add any other feasts (of Mary or the saints) that you are familiar with. d) Illustrate the different seasons and feasts on the calendar with suitable symbols and drawings. 25 THE CHURCH’S YEAR

FEBRUARY JANUARY

MARCH

DECEMBER

APRIL

THE

NOVEMBER LITURGICAL CALENDAR Te tau me ona

ritenga tapu MAY

OCTOBER

JUNE

SEPTEMBER

JULY AUGUST

Something to Discuss • Why does the Church celebrate the same feasts and seasons every year? • The Church’s calendar with its seasons and feasts was designed for the northern hemisphere. What difficulties does this cause for us in Aotearoa when we come to celebrate feasts like Christmas and Easter? How can we deal with these difficulties?

26 PART THREE Holy Places, Holy Things and Holy Actions

Focus: • Certain places, objects and actions are WORDS TO considered tapu (holy) because they speak to us UNDERSTAND in a special way of God’s presence in the world. rituals • Church buildings and many of the things found there are sacred because through them Jesus draws us closer to Te Atua (God). • Those things that help us meet Jesus in the closest possible way during the action of the Eucharist are especially holy.

Taonga Task Thirteen When someone we care for very deeply Do you or your family have any taonga gives us one of their own special or heirlooms? belongings as a gift we treasure it not • What is the taonga or because of its cost or its usefulness but heirloom? because it belonged to the person we • Did it come from anybody love. Later, if that person dies or goes special? away their gift becomes even more • How did you or your family precious. It reminds us of the special come to get it? times we shared with our loved one and • Why is it so precious? helps us keep our memory of them alive. • What do you do to keep it Some taonga (treasured possessions) safe? become so important to a whānau or community that they are carefully handed down from one generation to the next and become heirlooms. 27 HOLY PLACES, HOLY THINGS AND HOLY ACTIONS

Task Fourteen Task Fifteen People are sacred. But certain objects, Tapu places such as marae also have places, and whare (buildings) can also their own tikanga (rituals), especially to be tapu. do with welcoming new arrivals. What do you know about these? In your group brainstorm to see how many different sacred objects, places In groups or pairs use the words from and buildings you can name. Use your the box to discuss what happens on a knowledge of different cultures to marae when visitors arrive: help you. • Manuhiri • Tangata whenua Extension • Turanga waewae Urupā or cemeteries are also tapu • Karanga places. How do we respect the • Tapu sacredness of these places? • Koha • Hui • Kai

The Church – Sacred Space Catholics treat whare karakia (church buildings) and the special things found in them with love and respect. This is because they belong to Hehu and help make him present among us in a special way.

A church is built and set aside for the worship of Te Atua. It is the place where Mass and other are celebrated, where people come to pray in the presence of Jesus. All through history Christians have gone to a great deal of trouble to make God’s house beautiful and to furnish it well. Over time certain churches have become so important to God’s people that they are loved by Christians all over the world.

Something to Think About How is a marae like a church? How are they different?

28 HOLY PLACES, HOLY THINGS AND HOLY ACTIONS

Task Sixteen a. When Catholics enter or leave a church, because we are entering or leaving a holy place, we carry out certain actions called rituals. Fill in the spaces with words from the box to complete the statements about what these are. When we enter a church: 1. We our fingers in holy water and make the of the over ourselves in the name of the Father, the and the Holy . This reminds us of our Baptism, our entry into Christ’s family, the Church.

2. We face the direction of the and bend the right till it touches the . This is called . We do this because Jesus is really present in the tabernacle in the form of .

3. If the tabernacle is not in the main part of the church we in the direction of the . The altar is honoured because it is on the altar that Jesus becomes present during the .

Sign Mass Dip Spirit Bow

Son Knee Cross Ground Bread b. How else can we show respect for God’s house?

29 HOLY PLACES, HOLY THINGS AND HOLY ACTIONS

Inside a Church Whare karakia come in all shapes and GGETTY IMAGES sizes but whatever the style and type of building certain things will be found in Catholic churches all over the world.

• The altar • The lectern • The tabernacle • The crucifix • The • Holy water stoups or fonts Liverpool Metropolitan , Merseyside, UK • The lamp • The priest’s or bishop’s chair Task Seventeen • The Stations of the Cross a. How many of the items on • Statues and pictures (of Our the above list can you identify Lady, the , the in your local church or school Saints) chapel? • The b. What other items are there • The reconciliation room but are not on the list? Add • The pews or seats for the people them to it. • The organ or piano Task Eighteen Draw a plan of your local Church or school chapel or use the plan given to you by your teacher. Mark on the plan where the list items are found.

30 HOLY PLACES, HOLY THINGS AND HOLY ACTIONS

Task Nineteen Some things found in a church are more tapu or more important than others. In your group go through the above list and number the items in order from the most tapu to the least tapu, the most important to the least important. Which things are essential items? Make sure you can justify your opinions.

Special Items used during Mass Today when we celebrate Mass we usually do so in a church. Many of the things we find in the Church, the way these are arranged and used, have a special purpose to do with the Mass. When we gather for Eucharist these things help us to meet Hehu in the closest way possible.

Task Twenty Go into the of your Church or chapel. Sketch and label the following items which are all used during Mass:

a. The g. The b. The altar h. The purificator c. The wine and water jars i. The () j. The d. The candles k. The e. The lectionary l. The sacramentary f. The

31 HOLY PLACES, HOLY THINGS AND HOLY ACTIONS

Task Twenty-One How well do you remember the different items that are used at Mass? Complete each of the following descriptions by choosing the correct term for each item.

a. The is a long white robe reaching from the neck to the feet that is worn by the priest. b. Lighted burn beside the lectern and on the altar during Mass to honour the presence of Christ. c. The is a , usually made of precious metals, into which the priest pours the wine and a few drops of water that will be changed into the Precious . d. The is the priest’s outer garment. It is usually a long silk robe. The colour of the chasuble varies according to the liturgical season and feast being celebrated. The colours used are red, white, purple, green, and gold. e. The is a container usually made of precious metals which contains the altar breads to be consecrated during Mass. Any consecrated hosts left over after are kept inside the tabernacle in this. f. The is a cloth which the priest places on the altar for the chalice and ciborium to rest on. g. The are the small jugs that contain the wine and water that are poured into the chalice. h. The are the round, flat, white pieces of that become the . i. The is the book containing the scripture readings that are read at Mass. j. The is a linen cloth used for cleansing the chalice. k. The , a sign of priestly power, is a long band worn over the shoulders. The colour of the stole varies according to the liturgical season and feast being celebrated. The colours used are red, white, purple, green, and gold. l. The is the book containing all the prayers needed by the priest for Mass.

32 PART FOUR Preparing for a Celebration

Focus: • It is important to prepare properly for the WORDS TO UNDERSTAND celebration of the Eucharist or Mass so we may respond more fully to Jesus’ presence. sign Task Twenty-Two Listen to the story that your teacher will read to you.

a. List all the things the host did b. In your opinion, which were to prepare for the celebration. the most important? Why?

33 PREPARING FOR A CELEBRATION

Task Twenty-Three a. If you were responsible for organising a class party, school dance, or other gathering of your own choice what preparations would you need to make?

b. Why is it important to be well organised for such occasions?

34 PREPARING FOR A CELEBRATION

Preparing For Mass Task Twenty-Four is always present in the Eucharist Hehu In your group, brainstorm all the whether it is well-prepared or badly different things that need to be done organised. But a carefully prepared to get ready for the celebration of the is a much better sign that Jesus is Mass. really present among his people.

Task Twenty-Five (game) Preparing For Mass Play the game “Preparing for Mass”. You will need a dice and counters for the game.

The rules If you land on a square with a tick (Ç), a cross (Ó), or a question (?) throw again to see what happens. The number you get will provide the instructions. Each turn continues until the player lands on a blank square.

◊ Ticks 1. You arrive at the church in 4. You practise reading the plenty of time to get things Prayer of the Faithful and ready. Have an extra turn. calm down your nervous 2. You place the lectionary on friend who is reading with the lectern and open it at the you. Move forward four page for the first reading. spaces. Move ahead six spaces. 5. You remember to have some 3. You check that the priest has matches and a taper handy in remembered to prepare the case a candle blows out. Have gifts of bread and wine that an extra turn. you are bringing up in the 6. You notice that the tabernacle . Have key is not where it should two extra turns. be and tell a of the Eucharist. Go to 42.

35 PREPARING FOR A CELEBRATION

Ó Crosses 1. You spill some wine when you 4. An OHP transparency is are pouring it too carelessly missing and it is too late into the . Go back to 5. to get it from the sacristy. 2. Because you are in a hurry Nobody sings the opening you knock over a lighted song. Go back 20 spaces. candle and spill wax on the 5. You notice that the purificator . Miss two turns. is not with the chalice but 3. You forget to check the don’t tell the priest because scripture readings and read it is not your business. Miss a the wrong one. Go back ten turn. spaces. 6. Your friend who is a Eucharistic minister is sick and asks you to stand in for her. You can’t be bothered. Go back to 8.

? Chances 1. No one can hear the readers 4. You remember to bring because you didn’t turn some money to put in the on the microphone. Go back collection. Have an extra turn. to 3. 5. You laugh and joke loudly 2. You adjust the OHP so that with your friends and disturb it is focusing well. Even the others who are trying to people at the back will be pray before Mass. Go back able to see the words. Have 10 spaces. two extra turns. 6. As the Mass begins you start 3. You are in the music group to panic because you might but haven’t taken time to have forgotten something learn the new communion important. You trust in the song. Go back to 8. Lord. Move ahead 12 spaces.

36 PREPARING FOR A CELEBRATION

Preparing For Mass

1 start 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42

50 EL--COM finish W

Task Twenty-Six After you have completed the game make a list of guidelines about what needs to be done to prepare for Mass.

37 PART FIVE The Structure of the Mass

Focus: • Jesus is present to us in a special way in the WORDS TO Eucharist. UNDERSTAND • The two most important parts of the Mass are liturgy the Liturgy of the Word and the structure Liturgy of the Eucharist. mystery • In the Liturgy of the Word we listen to Te Atua postures speaking to us. gestures • In the Liturgy of the Eucharist, we offer ourselves to God in union with Hehu who is God’s special gift to us. • During the Eucharist we participate with our bodies, voices and thoughts.

Understanding the Mass Ever since Jesus said, “Do this in memory of me” at the Last Supper, the Eucharist or Mass has been the central act of worship for Catholics. For centuries, in all sorts of places – , prisons, palaces, slums and battlefields – all types of people have gathered for that celebration which unites them all in a mysterious way with Te Atua and each other.

Each time we celebrate the Eucharist (which is the Greek word for ‘thanksgiving’) we are doing what millions of people, the famous and the completely unknown, have been doing for nearly two thousand years. We are meeting in the real presence of the Lord.

38 THE STRUCTURE OF THE MASS

Although a person may have attended hundreds of Masses in their lifetime, and may attend hundreds more, there is always something new to experience and appreciate about the Mass. Because the Mass is a mystery its meaning can never be fully understood, but we can enter the mystery and grasp its meaning ever more deeply.

In Year Ten there is a whole topic designed to help you appreciate better the meaning and the significance of the Eucharist. But to begin with, it is important to have an understanding of the different parts of the Mass and its overall structure if we are to make the most of our attendance at the Eucharist and appreciate the great gift Jesus has given us.

The Mass has two main parts – the Liturgy of the Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist. The celebration focuses on these two importantrites . Everything else is less important. The introductory and concluding have their place in the total flow of the Mass, but they are not high points.

This diagram is one way of remembering the main parts of the Mass. Copy it into your books.

Introductory Rites The Liturgy Of The Word The Liturgy Of The Eucharist Concluding

The structure of the Mass reminds us that every time we meet to celebrate the Eucharist, the of Jesus, we do a number of important things:

• We gather • We receive • We listen • We go • We give thanks and we join in sacrifice

39 THE STRUCTURE OF THE MASS

Task Twenty-Seven a. Fill in the gaps using the word(s) from the box that fit(s) best.

gather listen give thanks join in sacrifice receive go

1. We the body and blood of Jesus in communion.

2. We to God’s word from the Scriptures.

3. We to give praise to our loving Creator God.

4. We to God for our lives and for God’s great gift to us of Jesus.

5. We with Jesus who offers himself to God on our behalf.

6. We to be people of hope and peace.

b. Decide on the correct order for each of the statements.

The Liturgy of the Word Introductory Rite On Sunday we usually begin Mass with a waiata (song) as we gather to give praise to God. The priest and other ministers come through the church to the altar and we all make the together. The priest asks us to think ofTe Atua who loves us and forgives our sins. In a time of quiet we bring to mind anything we have done wrong and tell God we are sorry. We then praise and thank God with a special karakia which we usually sing or say together. The priest reads the prayer for the day.

The Liturgy of the Word During the Liturgy of the Word we listen to God’s word from Te Paipera Tapu (the Holy Bible).

40 THE STRUCTURE OF THE MASS

The first reading, which usually comes from the Old Testament (sometimes called the Hebrew Scriptures), often deals with some aspect of the special relationship God had with the Jewish people before the time of Hehu. A psalm is then sung or read. After each verse we join in the response. The second reading is usually taken from a letter written by one of the apostles to a group of early Christians. Often book is carried to the lectern and we welcome God’s word by standing and singing the Alleluia or another acclamation. The Gospel tells ofTe Rongo Pai (the Good News) of Jesus. Each year we focus on a different Gospel by one of Matthew, Mark or Luke. On some occasions we read from John. During the , the priest talks to us about how God speaks to us in the scripture readings we have just heard. We are encouraged to see how Te Atua is present and acting in our lives. We then say the Profession of Faith or together. Here we state that we believe in God, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, and in the teachings of the Church. The Liturgy of the Word ends with the Prayer of the Faithful, also called the General Intercessions. In these we pray as a community for all of God’s world. EL--COM W

41 THE STRUCTURE OF THE MASS

Task Twenty-Eight How well do you know the Introductory Rite and the Liturgy of the Word? Use your own experience of the Mass and a copy of the words of the Mass to complete the following.

a. Using the words in blue on the right, fill in the names of the missing parts of the Introductory Rite in the correct order:

Introductory Rite 1. Glory to God 2. Sign of the Cross and Greeting 3. Penitential Rite 4. Entrance Procession and Song 5. Opening Prayer

b. Using the words in blue on the right, fill in the names of the missing parts of the Liturgy of the Word in the correct order:

The Liturgy of the Word 1. Responsorial Psalm 2. Profession of Faith 3. Second Reading 4. General Intercessions / Prayer of 5. Gospel the Faithful

6. Alleluia or Gospel Acclamation 7. Homily 8. First Reading

42 THE STRUCTURE OF THE MASS

Task Twenty-Nine Match up the items in the left-hand column with the corresponding part of the Liturgy of the Word in the right-hand column by writing the matching letter in the space provided.

1. A passage from the A. The Greeting

2. What Catholics believe B. The Penitential Rite

3. Words of welcome C. The Gloria

4. One of the 150 Psalms D. The First Reading

5. Usually from the Old Testament E. The Responsorial Psalm

6. Reflection on readings by priest F. The Second Reading

7. The Prayers of the People gathered G. The Gospel

8. ‘Glory to God in the Highest...’ H. The Homily

9. From Matthew, Mark, Luke or John I. Profession of Faith (Creed)

10. The “I confess ...’ J. The Prayer of the Faithful

The Liturgy of the Eucharist During the Liturgy of the Eucharist, the priest prays a special prayer of and thanksgiving over the bread and wine. During this prayer the bread and wine are changed into the Body and Blood of Hehu.

The Liturgy of the Eucharist begins with the preparation of the gifts of bread and wine that are usually brought to the altar in a procession. The priest then prays over the bread and wine and invites us to join in offering the gift ofHehu to God our Father.

During the Eucharistic Prayer we remember God’s goodness to us and give thanks and praise. The and Holy, Holy, Holy lead us directly into the Eucharistic Prayer. We hear the story of how the Eucharist came into being through Jesus’

43 THE STRUCTURE OF THE MASS words and actions at the Last Supper – this is sometimes called the institution narrative. The priest then says the words of . It is the Word of Christ and the action of the Holy Spirit that change the bread and wine into

Jesus’ Body and Blood. ISTOCKPHOTO.COM © WOJTEK KRYCZKA

After we join in proclaiming , we remember that Jesus suffered, died and rose from the dead to save us. The priest, on our behalf, then offers Jesus back toTe Atua as the holy and perfect sacrifice. Following other karakia for the dead and ourselves, the Eucharistic Prayer ends with the priest holding up the Body and Blood of Christ while he prays a final great prayer of praise to God. We respond in word or song, “Amen”.

Next we say together the Lord’s Prayer before praying for peace for the world and each other. We then share a Sign of Peace. As the priest breaks the consecrated bread, the Body of Christ, we sing or say together the as we prepare for Holy Communion. During Communion we go to receive the Body and Blood of Jesus. After receiving Communion we pray silently in our hearts or sing together. It is a time when we thank Te Atua for the gift of Jesus, for the Church, our whānau, our friends and our world. The priest then says akarakia which asks that we may be changed by receiving Jesus in Holy Communion.

Concluding Rite As we come to the end of our celebration of the Mass the priest blesses us. We are sent out into the world to do good works, praising and blessing the Lord in our daily lives.

44 THE STRUCTURE OF THE MASS

Task Thirty How well do you know the Liturgy of the Eucharist and the Concluding Rite? Use your own experience of the Mass and a copy of the words of the Mass to complete the following.

Fill in the names of the missing parts of the Liturgy of the Eucharist and the Concluding Rite in the correct order in the spaces provided:

The Liturgy of the Eucharist

1. Eucharistic Prayer 2. Prayer over the Gifts Lord’s Prayer 3. 4. Preparation of the Gifts

5. Lamb of God a. Preface Sign of peace b. c. Dismissal d. Offering Institution Narrative and e. Great Amen Consecration 4. Communion Rite Communion a. Holy, Holy, Holy b. c. Breaking of the Bread

d. Concluding Rite e. 5. Blessing f. Prayer after Communion 6.

45 THE STRUCTURE OF THE MASS

Task Thirty-One Read this extract from the first Eucharistic prayer for children, and answer the following questions in your Workbook:

God our Father, you are most holy and we want to show you that we are grateful. We bring you bread and wine and ask you to send your Holy Spirit to make these gifts the body and blood of Jesus your Son. Then we offer to you what you have given to us.

On the night before he died, Jesus was having supper with his Apostles. He took bread from the table. He gave you thanks and praise. Then he broke the bread, gave it to his friends, and said: “Take this, all of you, and eat it: this is my Body which will be given up for you”.

When supper was ended, Jesus took the cup that was filled with wine. He thanked you, gave it to his friends, and said: “Take this, all of you, and from it: this is the cup of my Blood, the Blood of the new and everlasting . It will be shed for you and for all so that sins may be forgiven.” Then he said to them: “Do this in memory of me.”

We do now what Jesus told us to do. We remember his death and resurrection and we offer you, Father, the Bread that gives life and the Cup that saves us. NCIA BRASIL NCIA Ê AG

46 THE STRUCTURE OF THE MASS

According to the prayer: 1. Who do we ask the Father to send to us?

2. Who is it that the Father has given to us and we wish to give to him?

3. When did Jesus have his last supper?

4. Who was at the supper with Jesus?

5. Eucharist means ‘give thanks’. Why do you think this prayer is called a Eucharistic prayer?

6. What did Jesus say the bread was?

7. What did Jesus say the wine was?

8. What does Jesus say his blood will be shed for?

9. What instruction does Jesus give to his followers?

10. What incidents in Jesus’ life does the prayer mention?

11. In the middle of this prayer we hear a story. When does the story in the prayer begin and end?

47 THE STRUCTURE OF THE MASS

Postures and Gestures When we worship Te Atua we do so with our bodies as well as with our voices and thoughts.

At different times during Mass we use the following movements of our body depending on what is happening: • The Sign of the Cross • Standing or kneeling to pray • Sitting to listen • Bowing to show reverence • Moving forward to present and receive • Exchanging the Sign of Peace

Task Thirty-Two In pairs or groups go through the different parts of the Mass (the ones you listed in Tasks Twenty-Eight and Thirty) and work out which actions go with which prayers.

48 PART SIX Jewish Worship and the Mass

Focus: • The Eucharist reflects aspects of Jewish WORDS TO worship at the synagogue, the Temple and UNDERSTAND the meal. synagogue Synagogue and Temple Temple The Eucharist or Mass is the coming – our Mass reflects what happened at together of God’s people. It unites us more both the synagogue and the Temple. The fully with Christ and with one another. Liturgy of the Word is like the synagogue service because we listen to God’s word In Jesus’ day the Jews came together to and are instructed by it. The Liturgy of worship Te Atua in two different places – the Eucharist is like the Temple service the synagogue and the Temple. There was in that it involves sacrifice, not the a synagogue in every town but only one offering of animals or crops, but Jesus Temple, in Jerusalem. offering himself toTe Atua on our behalf. The synagogue was a place of prayer and instruction where people gathered to listen to God’s word. The Temple was also Task Thirty-Three a place of prayer but its special purpose a. How is the Liturgy of the was as a place of sacrifice. People Word like the synagogue gathered there to make offerings to God. service? Hehu worshipped at both the synagogue b. How is the Liturgy of the and the Temple. Eucharist like the Temple In its two main parts – the Liturgy of the service? How is it different? Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist

49 JEWISH WORSHIP AND THE MASS

The Passover Just before his death, Jesus, during a hākari (special meal or feast) with the twelve Apostles, gave all his followers down through time the greatest sign of his aroha – the Eucharist.

Jesus arrived in Jerusalem at the time of the Passover, the most important religious feast of the Jews. The Passover recalled God freeing the Jews from slavery hundreds of years earlier. Jesus knew that going to Jerusalem was dangerous as it would bring him close to those Jewish leaders who saw him as a threat. In spite of the protests of the disciples Hehu was ready to face whatever was waiting – even death.

As they sat at table in the Upper Room Jesus said to the apostles: “I have very much wanted to eat this Passover with you before I suffer.” During the meal he passed on to his disciples his greatest gift of love – a gift that would make sure his presence was with his followers for all time. St Paul describes how this gift, the Eucharist, came about:

For the tradition I received from the Lord and also handed on to you is that on the night he was betrayed, the Lord Jesus took some bread, and after he had given thanks, he broke it, and he said, “This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me.” And in the same way, with the cup after supper, saying, “This cup is the in my blood. Whenever you drink it, do this as a memorial to me.”

1 Corinthians 11:23-25

The Eucharist was Jesus’ greatest sign of love because it represented the suffering and death he was prepared to undergo for all humanity. Ever since that night Christians have gathered to follow Jesus’ command to remember and make present his sacrifice by eating the bread and drinking ‘the cup of eternal salvation’. At the time the apostles did not fully appreciate the meaning of Jesus’ actions and what he was asking them to do. But they remembered what he said, and they believed his words to be true.

Gradually Jesus’ followers realised that the Lord’s Supper completely fulfilled the Passover, so they understood and celebrated it differently.

50 JEWISH WORSHIP AND THE MASS

Task Thirty-Four When Hehu gathered with his disciples at Passover time he was celebrating an important event in Jewish history, the escape of the Israelites from Egypt.

Read Exodus Chapter 12 to find out more about the first Passover. Fill in the gaps below.

God told the people of Israel to: • Get the head of each family to choose or young to eat. • the animals. • Put the animal on the door posts and above the . • Roast the animals and eat them with bitter and made without . • Eat the meal, dressed and ready to . In return God promised the people of Israel he would: • Pass through Egypt and kill the firstborn in every Egyptian family and the firstborn of all the animals. • Punish the gods of . • Pass over the houses of the Israelites when he saw the on their doors. • Bring terrible disasters on .

The people of Israel followed God’s instructions and were able to escape from the Egyptians. Ever since, the Jews at God’s command have celebrated the feast of the Passover in memory of this saving event. The seder meal is the Jewish celebration of from Egypt.

51 JEWISH WORSHIP AND THE MASS

The Passover at the Time of Jesus The seder (from the Hebrew word for “order’’) is eaten on the first two nights of Passover. So when Hehu gathered for the Last Supper with his friends they were probably gathering for the seder meal, a meal still eaten at Passover by Jews today. In the New Testament times the Passover lamb was slaughtered in the Temple, but the meal could be eaten in any house inside Jerusalem. A group such as that of Jesus and his disciples would celebrate the Passover as a whānau.

During the meal, the story of the escape of the Jews from Egypt is retold and re- experienced by those gathered. Special foods are eaten in a set order during the ceremony, including: • matzoth, the unleavened bread or thin bread that God told the Jews to eat at the time of their escape • maror, or bitter herbs (grated horseradish), commemorating the bitterness of slavery • baitzah, a hard-boiled egg, symbolic of life’s cycle of birth and death • zaroah, roasted Iamb representing the paschal Iamb • haroseth, chopped nuts, apples, and wine, symbolic of the clay used by the slaves to make bricks • karpas, parsley, lettuce or other greens, as a reminder of the new growth of spring

Four of wine are drunk during the ceremony, and an extra cup of wine is placed on the seder table in the hope that the prophet Elijah, whose appearance is said to speed up the coming of the Messiah, will enter and drink the wine that is there for him.

Something to think about How is the Last Supper like a Passover meal? How is it different?

52 bigstockphoto.com JEWISH WORSHIP AND THE MASS

Task Thirty-Five Complete the word puzzle about the Passover and the Eucharist.

Across Down 3. The Eucharist is Jesus' greatest gift and a 1. At the Last Supper Jesus changed the bread into sign of this. his ...... 4. The bread that was eaten at Passover time. 2. In this city Jesus celebrated the Passover with his 6. During the Last Supper Jesus changed this apostles. into his blood. 5. This Old Testament book tells the story of how 8. This meat was eaten at Passover time. the Jews were freed from slavery. 12. In New Testament times the Passover 7. This liturgy of the Mass re-enacts Jesus' sacrifice. lamb was often killed here. 9. The taste of the herbs eaten at the Passover 14. In this Jewish place of worship instruction meal. took place. 10. At Passover meals a cup of wine is placed on the 15. This along with prayer was an important seder table for this prophet. activity at the Temple. 11. This Jewish feast recalls the escape of the 16. This was sprinkled around the doors so Israelites from Egypt. that the Angel of God would not kill the first 13. This liturgy of the Mass reflects the synagogue born males of the Israelites. service. 17. This name is given to the Passover meal. 18. At the seder this food represents the cycle of birth and death.

The Passover and 4 2 the Eucharist 3

4 5

6 7 8 9

10

11 12

13

14

15

16

17 18 53 PART SEVEN Early

Focus: • The Eucharist celebrated by the early WORDS TO Christians soon became a rite of its own. UNDERSTAND • The different prayers and actions that were pagan important aspects of the early Christian celebration of Eucharist are still part of our Mass today.

A New Way of Worshipping

In the days following Jesus’ death and resurrection, the GETTY IMAGES disciples continued to attend the Jewish synagogue and practise Jewish customs, but they also began to meet in each other’s homes for karakia and breaking bread. As time went by, they struggled to build a new Church with its own way of worship.

When the first Christians gathered to celebrate the The Last Supper, 1648 (oil on canvas). Artist Champaigne, Lord’s Supper, they met in the late afternoon and the Philippe de (1602-74) service was followed by a meal. Towards the middle of the second century the Eucharist as we know it became a rite of its own. At that time, the celebration was moved to the early hours of Sunday morning, the first day of the week, instead of the Jewish Sabbath, the last day of the week. This grew from their belief that Hehu rose from death on that day. The Eucharist was joined to a service of reading and preaching. A liturgy began to take form.

54 EARLY CHRISTIAN WORSHIP

An Early Mass The earliest written description of the Mass comes from Justin theMartyr in a letter he wrote around 155 AD. Justin was writing to the pagan Emperor to explain what Christians did when they gathered:

On that day we call the day of the sun, all who live in the towns and in the country gather together in the same place for the communal celebration. And then the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits.

After the has finished, the one presiding gives a talk, urging his hearers to practise these beautiful teachings in their lives. Then we all stand up together and offer prayers for ourselves and others. After the prayers are over we exchange the . The bread and the wine mixed with water are brought forward, and the person presiding over the gathering offers up prayers and thanksgivings, for a considerable time, in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. The people join in with an ‘Amen’.

Then takes place the distribution to all those present of the things over which the thanksgiving had been spoken. Those we call bring a portion to those who are absent.

Those who are well-off give whatever they can; what is collected is left with the president, who uses it to help orphans and widows, those in want owing to sickness or any other cause, prisoners, travellers, and in short anyone who is in any need.

55 EARLY CHRISTIAN WORSHIP

Task Thirty-Six a) The prayers and actions that were part of ’s Eucharist are part of our Mass today. Fill in the names of those parts of our Mass which match those Justin described. Choose from the box below.

• People put money in the collection basket • The priest gives a homily • The koha of bread and wine are brought up in an offertory procession • Holy Communion is given out • We pray for the needs of the Church, the community and the world • The scriptures are read • We prepare for the mass by calling to mind the reason why we have assembled together • Through the prayers and of the priest the bread and wine become the Body and Blood of Christ • Everyone says ‘Amen’ at the end of the Eucharistic Prayer

Justin’s Eucharist Our Mass

The people gather together.

The memoirs of the apostles or writings of the prophets are read.

The one presiding gives a talk.

All stand and recite prayers.

The bread and wine mixed with water are brought forward.

The president offers up prayers and thanksgivings.

The people join in with an ‘Amen’.

The distribution to all those present of the things over which the thanksgiving had been spoken takes place.

Those who are well-off give whatever they can.

56 EARLY CHRISTIAN WORSHIP

b) Do any of the prayers and actions of our Mass come in a different order from the way Justin describes them?

c) Is there anything important in our Mass that does not seem to be part of Justin’s Eucharist?

Easter Mass at the Cathedral of the Assumption of Virgin Mary in Zagreb, Croatia on 5 April, 2015. BIGSTOCKPHOTO.COM

57 EARLY CHRISTIAN WORSHIP

High Standards Expected Many people were attracted by Christian teaching. It is clear that high standards of behaviour were expected of the growing number of believers who gathered to celebrate the Eucharist.

Less than one hundred years after Hehu died the Roman historian Pliny wrote that Christians worshipped in the countryside as well as the towns of the Roman Empire. This is what he said: They were in the habit of meeting on a certain fixed day before it was light, when they sang an anthem to Christ as God, and bound themselves by a solemn oath not to commit any wicked deed but to abstain from all fraud, theft and adultery, never to break their word, or deny a trust when called upon to honour it; after which it was their custom to separate, and then meet again to partake of food, but food of an ordinary and innocent kind.

The , an important document of the early Church, gives instructions for worship and leadership: On Sunday, the Lord’s own day, come together, break bread and carry out the Eucharist, first confessing your sins so that your offering may be pure. Let no one who has quarrelled with his friend join the meeting until they have been reconciled, so that your offering is not polluted. For this is the offering spoken of by the Lord: ‘Everywhere and at all times offer me a pure sacrifice. For my kingdom is great, says the Lord, and my name is wonderful among the nations. Appoint for yourselves, therefore, bishops and deacons worthy of the Lord; men who are meek and not money-lovers, true and approved, for they also perform for you the ministry of prophets and teachers. So do not despise them; they are the honourable men among you, together with the prophets and teachers.’

58 EARLY CHRISTIAN WORSHIP

Task Thirty-Seven Something to List what early Christians were think about expected to do and how they were supposed to behave if they wanted What is your response to these to join in the Eucharist. requirements about joining in the Eucharist?

Something to find out Today are there any instructions we

PUBLIC DOMAIN need to follow or things we need to do if we wish to receive Holy Communion? What are they?

The Last Supper, by Hans Holbein the Younger (1497–1593).

59 PART THREEEIGHT Jesus’Later Developmentspeople – their historyin the Mass and religion

Focus: • The central meaning of te Miha (Mass) and its WORDS TO importance for Christians has UNDERSTAND always remained the same. • Over the centuries the way the Mass has been celebrated has changed. Second Vatican Council ‘Ever old yet ever new’ Over the centuries the central meaning of the Mass and its importance for Catholics has always stayed the same but the style of the Mass – the way in which it is celebrated – has changed. Maybe that is why the Eucharist is sometimes described as being ‘ever old yet ever new’.

For its first four hundred years, especially during the periods when Christians were persecuted for their faith, the Eucharist was often held in and mostly in private homes. The community aspect of the celebration was strong and worship was centred around a meal. Because Greek was the common language of the people it was also the language that was used for Eucharist.

When was made the official religion of the Roman Empire in 321 and worship moved into large public buildings or , the style of the Eucharist started to change.

Over the next one thousand five hundred years te Miha developed in ways that the early Christians would not have imagined.

60 LATER DEVELOPMENTS IN THE MASS

Task Thirty-Eight Here are some of the features of the Mass as it has been celebrated in the centuries up to 1965 and as it is celebrated today.

Write A. or B. against each of the following statements to identify features from before and after 1965. We have started you off with two answers.

A. Some features of the Mass as it was at times in the past (up to 1965). B. Some features of the Mass as it is today.

B The Mass is celebrated in the Communion is received in the hand language of the local people Lay people read and distribute A Throughout the world the Mass is Communion celebrated in Latin There are no lay readers or The altar is placed against the ministers of Communion church’s wall The people are only able to receive The altar is freestanding Communion in the form of bread The priest faces the people The people are able to receive The priest has his back to the Communion in the form of both people bread and wine The Liturgy of the Word is not The people join in by saying the considered so important responses and through singing The scripture readings are The people quietly say their own considered very important prayers while the priest gets on with the Mass Important words are whispered by The focus of the Mass is on the priest worshipping Jesus as God present Important words are said clearly by in the Eucharist the priest for everyone to hear The Mass celebrates Jesus present Communion is received only on the among the community of believers tongue

61 LATER DEVELOPMENTS IN THE MASS

Something to think about Talk to some older family members or friends who were around before the Second Vatican Council finished in 1965. Ask them what it was like going to Mass before it changed. Some may still have their old Mass books (missals) with the words in Latin for you to look at.

Some Key Dates in the Development of the Mass After the 4th Century 321 16th century »» Sunday becomes a day of rest »» Tabernacles are placed on the altar 384 1910 »» Latin becomes the language of the »» Pope Pius XII encourages more Liturgy frequent Communion and lowers 6th century the Communion age »» begin to say private Masses 1960s »» The altar is moved away from the »» Vatican II allows the people to people and against the church’s end participate more in the Mass wall »» Communion under both kinds again 1000 »» Use of the language of the people as »» Communion has to be received on in the early Church the tongue »» The priest faces the people once 1570 more »» Rules for the celebration of Mass are laid down which would apply for the next 400 years

62 LATER DEVELOPMENTS IN THE MASS

Task Thirty-Eight Make a timeline that presents some of the important information about developments in the Mass over the last 2000 years. Don’t worry about trying to fit in all the dates. Illustrate your timeline.

500 1 000 1 500 2 000

Something to learn One of the obvious differences between today’s Mass and the Mass as it was celebrated before the Second Vatican Council is that it is spoken in the language of the people rather than in Latin.

In Aotearoa we have two official languages, Maori and English.

Compare the Sign of the Cross – the prayer that begins the Mass – in the three versions: English, Māori and Latin.

Can you say all three versions?

In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.

Ki te ingoa o te Matua, o te Tamaiti, o te Wairua Tapu. Amene.

In nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. Amen.

63 PART NINE Summary

• Everything in nature, including our lives, is part of a cycle.

• Te tau me ona ritenga tapu (the Church’s Year) follows a cycle centred on the important events in the life of Jesus – his birth, ministry, death and resurrection.

• The different seasons and feasts of the Church are associated with different colours and symbols.

• Certain places, objects and actions are considered tapu (holy) because they speak to us in a special way of God’s presence in the world.

• Church buildings and many of the things found there are sacred because through them Jesus draws us closer to Te Atua.

• Those things that help us meet Jesus in the closest possible way during the action of the Eucharist are especially holy.

• Hehu is present to us in a special way in the Eucharist.

• It is important to prepare properly for the celebration of the Eucharist or Mass so we may respond more fully to Jesus’ presence.

• The two most important parts of the Mass are the Liturgy of the Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist.

• In the Liturgy of the Word we listen to Te Atua speaking to us.

• In the Liturgy of the Eucharist, we offer ourselves to God in union with Hehu who is God’s special gift to us.

64 PART NINE – SUMMARY

• During the Eucharist we participate with our bodies, voices and thoughts.

• The Eucharist reflects aspects of Jewish worship at the synagogue, the Temple and the Passover meal.

• The Eucharist celebrated by the early Christians soon became a rite of its own.

• The different prayers and actions that were important aspects of the early Christian celebration of Eucharist are part of our Mass today.

• The central meaning of the Mass and its importance for Christians has always remained the same.

• Over the centuries the way the Mass has been celebrated has changed.

65 GLOSSARY of Māori terms

This glossary gives explanation of Māori terms which are italicised in the text. The first time a Māori term appears in the text, its English meaning appears in brackets after it.

Pronunciation – correct pronunciation of Māori comes only with practice in listening to and speaking the language. The English phonetic equivalents provided under each Māori word are intended to provide a reasonably accurate guide for students. If in doubt please seek assistance from someone practised in correct pronunciation of Te Reo Māori.

´ indicates stressed syllable

Aroha In general, means love and/or compassion. úh-raw-huh Note that the word is used in two senses: 1. a joyful relationship involving the expression of goodwill and the doing of good, empathy. 2. sympathy, compassion towards those who are unhappy or suffering.

Atua The Māori word Atua has been used to úh-too-uh describe God in the Christian sense since missionary times. Before the coming of Christianity, Māori used the word atua to describe many kinds of spiritual beings (in the way we now use the word “spirit”) and also unusual events.

66 GLOSSARY OF MĀORI TERMS

Hākari A feast. úh-raw-huh

Hehu Jesus. héh-hoo

Hui A meeting or gathering. hóo-ee

Kai To eat food. Food. kúh-ih

Kai Moana Sea food. kúh-ih máw-uh-nuh

Karakia Prayer, ritual. kúh-ruh-kee-uh

Karanga Call to welcome visitors on to a marae. kúh-ruh-nguh

Koha Gift or donation of money to the hosts. káw-huh

Manuhiri Visitors to a marae. múh-noo-hih-ree

Marae The traditional meeting place of the Māori múh-ruh-eh people.

Maramataka Monthly calendar. múh-ruh-muh-tuh-kuh

Rākaunui The fifteenth day of the month. ráh-kuh-oo-noo-ee

67 GLOSSARY OF MĀORI TERMS

Tangata Person, people. túng-uh-tuh

Tangata Whenua Indigenous people of the land, or their túng-uh-tuh féh-noo-uh descendants. Local people, home people, people of a marae are usually spoken of as hunga kāinga, iwi kāinga or tangata kāinga,not tangata whenua.

Taonga A treasure; something greatly valued. túh-aw-nguh It may be something physical such as a carved heitiki, or it may be something intangible such as the language – te reo Māori.

Tapu Sacred, holy. túh-poo Please note: when tapu refers to the Tapu of God it is written as Tapu.

Te Ao Mārama The world of light – this world, which God teh úh-awe máh-ruh-muh created out of darkness.

Te Aranga The Resurrection. teh úh-rung-uh

Te Miha The Mass. teh mee-huh

Te Paipera Tapu The Holy Bible. teh púh-ih-peh-ruh túh-poo

Te Rongo Pai The Gospel or Good News. teh ráwng-aw púh-ee

68 GLOSSARY OF MĀORI TERMS

Te Tau Me Ona Ritenga Tapu The Liturgical Year. teh túh-oo meh aw-nuh rih-teh-ng-uh túh-poo

Te Wairua Tapu The Holy Spirit. teh wúh-i-roo-uh túh-poo

Tikanga Custom or protocol; a particular way of tíh-kung-uh doing things.

Turangawaewae The standing place from where one gains tóo-rung-uh-wuh-eh-wuh-eh the authority to belong.

Urupā A burial place or cemetery of the extended oo-roo-páh family.

Waiata Song or . wúh-ee-uh-tuh

Waka Canoe wúh-kuh

Whānau Extended family. fáh-nuh-oo

Whare A house or building. fúh-reh

Whare Karakia Church building. fúh-reh kúh-ruh-kee-uh

Whiro The first day of the month. fíh-raw

69 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LOGO: Annette Hanrahan RSCJ

FIRST EDITION (1991) This booklet was part of a series prepared by the members of a Writing Party:

David Hawke FSC (Auckland) Rita Haase (Auckland) Anne Ward RSJ (Hamilton) Barbara Henley RNDM (Palmerston North) Gary Finlay (Wellington) Mervyn Duffy SM (Wellington) Marcellin Wilson RSM (Wellington) Charles Shaw (Christchurch) Edwige Fava (Dunedin) SYLLABUS CO-ORDINATOR: Gary Finlay (NCRS, Wellington)

EDITORS: Gary Finlay (NCRS, Wellington) Elizabeth M Russell SJC (NCRS, Auckland)

THEOLOGICAL CONSULTORS: + John Mackey DD Paul Williamson SM, S.T.D., M.A. (Hons)

SECOND EDITION (2001) CO-ORDINATOR/EDITOR: Charles Shaw THEOLOGICAL CONSULTOR: Mons. Vincent Hunt LITURGICAL CONSULTOR: Rev. Anthony Harrison CONTACT FOR MĀORI CONSULTATION: Rev. Bernard Dennehy NCRS: Gary Finlay, Director Joan Parker RNDM, Editing Marilyn Roberts, Secretary

DIGITAL EDITION (2016) NCRS: Chris Duthie-Jung, Director DESIGN: Rose Miller, Kraftwork

COVER IMAGE: The Last Supper, 1630–31 (oil on canvas), Rubens, Pieter Paul (1577–1640). Collection of the State A. Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow / Getty Images.

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