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Language editing: Will Simonson (Cambridge), and Proofreading Pal Translation of abstracts to Portuguese: Ana Filipa Guerra Silva Gomes da Piedade Page desing & layout: Marit Arnold, Klaus A. Hess, Ria Henning-Lohmann Cover photographs: front: Thunderstorm approaching a village on the Angolan Central Plateau (Rasmus Revermann) back: Fire in the woodlands, (David Parduhn) Cover Design: Ria Henning-Lohmann

ISSN 1613-9801

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Suggestion for citations: Volume: Revermann, R., Krewenka, K.M., Schmiedel, U., Olwoch, J.M., Helmschrot, J. & Jürgens, N. (eds.) (2018) Climate change and adaptive land management in southern – assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions. Biodiversity & Ecology, 6, Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek.

Articles (example): Archer, E., Engelbrecht, F., Hänsler, A., Landman, W., Tadross, M. & Helmschrot, J. (2018) Seasonal prediction and regional climate projections for . In: Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa – assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions (ed. by Revermann, R., Krewenka, K.M., Schmiedel, U., Olwoch, J.M., Helmschrot, J. & Jürgens, N.), pp. 14–21, Biodiversity & Ecology, 6, Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek.

Corrections brought to our attention will be published at the following location: http://www.biodiversity-plants.de/biodivers_ecol/biodivers_ecol .php Biodiversity & Ecology

Journal of the Division Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology of , Institute for Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg

Volume 6:

Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa

Assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions

Edited by

Rasmus Revermann1, Kristin M. Krewenka1, Ute Schmiedel1, Jane M. Olwoch2, Jörg Helmschrot2,3, Norbert Jürgens1

1 Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg 2 Southern African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management 3 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University

Hamburg 2018

RPlease cite the article as follows:

De Cauwer, V., Knox, N., Kobue-Lekalake, R., Lepetu, J.P., Matenanga, O., Naidoo, S., Nott, A., Parduhn, D., Sichone, P., Tshwenyane, S., Yeboah, E. & Revermann, R. (2018) Woodland resources and management in southern Africa. In: Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa – assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions (ed. by Revermann, R., Krewenka, K.M., Schmiedel, U., Olwoch, J.M., Helmschrot, J. & Jürgens, N.), pp. 296-308, Biodiversity & Ecology, 6, Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek. doi:10.7809/b-e.00337

Forest resources Amber Nott mayo, 2011; Chirwa et al et Chirwa 2011; mayo, or woodland Miombo (Timberlake & Chidu- example for region, the in “woodland” named commonly is forest classifi vegetation mountain forest, in the south (Fig. 1). Most as well as forest, humid and dry tropical sub- to north the in rainforest and moist tropical from range types Forest cover. forest 32% of average an with forests of ha million 190 about Southern has Africa Introduc * Correspondingauthor:[email protected] 6 InstituteforPlantScienceandMicrobiology, UniversityofHamburg,Ohnhorststr. 18,22609 Hamburg,Germany Germany 5 InstituteofSocialandCultural Anthropology, UniversityofHamburg,Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1,20146Hamburg, 4 IntegratedRuralDevelopmentandNatureConservation,POBox24050,Windhoek,Namibia 3 NaturalResourcesandtheEnvironment,CouncilforScienti 2 BotswanaUniversityof Agriculture andNaturalResources,PrivateBag0027,Gaborone, PrivateBag13388,Windhoek,Namibia 1 FacultyofNaturalResourcesandSpatialSciences,NamibiaUniversityScience Technology, Vera DeCauwer in southern Africa Woodland resourcesandmanagement 296 more open canopy cover and the charac- the and cover canopy open more diff lands gestão das matas. fl discutida, com a maior parte da informação proveniente da Áfric míbia e Botswana, concentrando-se na sua composição e recursos referidas como matas. O artigo apresenta uma visão geral das ma luz sufi fl Estas trópicos. Resumo: current status of woodland monitoring and management is summari Threa region. the in sector forestry commercial largest the has briefl is forestry Plantation resources. non-wood and wood tion, Abstract: of theMiombo, allow the development of a rich grass layer. Generally, these f dry tomoistforestsaredeciduous orestal na região. São destacadas as ameaças às matas da Áfric da matas às ameaças as destacadas São região. na orestal er from forests because of their of because forests from er ciente chegueaosoloparapermitirodesenvolvimentodeumac Ɵ 4 on , DavidParduhn The countries of southern Africa have an average forest cover Os países da África Austral têm uma cobertura fl cobertura uma têm Austral África da países Os

1 e b FO s tropical as FAO by ed *, NicholaKnox orestas secas ou húmidas são decíduas, com algumas espécies de espécies algumas com decíduas, são húmidas ou secas orestas . , 2014). Wood-2014). , andMopanewoodlandsof , Zambia,Namibia,andBotswana 5 , PriscillaSichone 1 , RosemaryKobue-Lekalake with afewevergreen mist forests of South Africa, we refer to refer we Africa, South of forests mist and coastal mountain, dense the on tion informa- For here. discussed not are ests for- and Afromontane rainforests tropical that highlight to and convention regional follow to article this in “woodland” term 2016). WeMalhi, & the Oliveras use will al storey et Ratnam 2010; Redford, & (Putz under- the in grasses of presence teristic pared to C3 grasses grasses C3 to pared al et (Ratnam com- shade to tolerant less but drought and temperatures higher to tolerant them es. The C4 photosynthetic pathway makes cal woodlands are dominated by C4 grass- . , 2011; Oliveras & Malhi, 2016). Tropi- C A 6 , Seoleseng Tshwenyane orestal média de 32%, com a maioria das fl das maioria a com 32%, de média orestal orests are referred to as woodlands. The article gives an overv 2 , JoyceP. Lepetu ts to the southern African woodlands are highlighted, and the and highlighted, are woodlands southern African the to ts y discussed with most information from South from information which most Africa, with discussed y . The opencanopyallowsenough a do Sul, a qual tem a maior indústria comercial de exploração fi tas de Miombo, c andIndustrialResearch,POBox395,Pretoria, lenhosos e não-lenhosos. A plantação fl a Austral e é resumido o estado actual de monitorização e monitorização de actual estado o resumido é e Austral a sed. amada ricadeherbáceas.Nogeral,estasfl of 32% with most forest situated in the tropics. These 2 , Elizabeth Yeboah . , 2011;, 2 Baikiaea , OmpelegeMatenanga folha perene. A copa aberta permite que permite aberta copa Aperene. folha wt te con oe bten 10% between cover crown tree 2012) with (FAO, – m 5 of height minimum a reach to able plants woody – trees by defi we and 2010) Redford, and (Putz woodland defi accepted internationally no is ( There 10% 2012). FAO, of cover forest whichspecifi defi FAO the on based are they as sensing, remote through collected and assessments FAO’sresources from forest data to referring when retained however, is, “forest” term The 2009). Vermeulen, 2017a; Ngubeni, 2015; Seifert et al., 2014; 2017b, al., et studies Mensah other (e.g. e Mopane de Angola, Zâmbia, Na- 2 n i a vgtto characterised vegetation as it ne andRasmusRevermann and focusesontheircomposi- light toreachtheground orestal é brevemente orestas situadas nos situadas orestas es a minimumcanopy 2 , SashaNaidoo orestas são nto for nition nition for nition 6 iew

3 , pear, and the open woodlands gradually woodlands open the and pear, mercial forestry industry in the region. South Africa, whichhas from originating information most with briefl is countries SASSCAL the in forestry Plantation took 1). (Fig. place projects SASSCAL most where Botswana, northern and Namibia, ern southern of Angola, western Zambia, north- resources woodland the on focuses article This area. forest small relatively a have climate, semi-arid predominantly their Namibia, with Africa, 1). South Bo and (Tab. tswana Zambia and An- as gola such precipitation, of amount higher a receive of which Africa, southern areas northern the in found is land B E 6 pinioideae Caesal- subfamily legume the of species woodlands decreases, progressively more the of cover canopy the swana, 2011). Further south, in Namibia and Bot- al et kiaea and Mopane drier and open more by replaced is Miombo and declines ally gradu- diversity species woody Zambia, south-western and Angola southern In 1). (Fig. woodlands Miombo by terised charac- are Angola and Zambia of Most Woodland composi where C4 grasses are present. al et Kutsch (FAO, 2012) and 60% (Hi rota et al with forestincludingwoodland Table 1: Area offorestandlossinsouthern Africa andtheSASSCAL countriesbasedonFAO (2015)and(ingrey)Hansene ĞŽŚϯϯ ϵ Ϯϭ ϳͲϰϯϬϬ ϲϬ ϰϵ Ϯϲϰ ϭϬ  ϳϱ Ϭ ϭϰϱ ϯϴϳ Ϯϳϰϲ ϭϮϵ Ϭ ϭϴ  Ͳϭϭ͘ϲ Ϯϭϱϱ ϯϰ͘ϰ Ͳϭϰ͘ϯ Ϭ ϴϯϭ ϭϱ͘ϭ ϭϯ͘ϯ ϵϭϯ ϭϯ ϴ͘ϲ ϭϯϭϲ ϲϰ ϵϱϯ Ͳϲϴ ϲ Ͳϳ ϰϴϯϮ ϴϰϮϱ ϰϮϭϵ ϱ͘ϭ ϰϮϬ ϭϲ͘ϭ Ϭ͘Ϭ ϭϵϯϮ ϭϯϱ ϴϳ ϯϮϰϴ ϳϯϯ ϭϳ ϭϱ͘ϲ ϱ͘ϰ ϰϭϵ ϱϵϱ ϯ͘Ϯ ϳϱ Ϯϰϵϵ Ϯϰϭϭ ϰϮϯϳϯ ϭϭϭϯ ϭϮ Ϭ ϮϮϭϲ ϭϲϵϱ ϰϮ ϳϭϳϵ ϯϰ ϲϰ ϯϲ ϯϳϭϰϭ Ϭ ϯϯ Ϯ ϭϴϳϮ Ϭ ϭϳϲϯ ϰϴ ϭϵϱϮ ϯϭϲϭϲ ϭϯ  ϱϱϳϴϰ ϱϴϲ  ϭϮϱ ϭϰϬϲϮ ϳϭϮϱ ϭϬϮϭϲϰ ϱϰ ϯϭϰϳ ϲϱ ϰϵ ϭϯϭϱϬϲ ϭϴ ϯϴϲϴϱ ϯϳϵϰϬ ϲϯϯϱϳ ϴ Ϯϵ ϭϳϮϬ ϴ ϵϰϮϴ ϱϵϬϵϲϰ ϭϵ ϳϴϲϯϴ ϰϲ ϯϬϯϱ ϰϴϲϯϱ ^ŽƵƚŚĞƌŶĨƌŝĐĂdKd> KƚŚĞƌƚŽƚĂů ϭϯϯϰϵϭ ϲϵϭϵ ŝŵďĂďǁĞ ϵϮϰϭ ϳϰϯϯϵ ^ǁĂnjŝůĂŶĚ ϭϬϴϰϬ ϰϱϵϰϱϴ ϱϳϴϱϲ DŽnjĂŵďŝƋƵĞ ϴϮϯϮϵ DĂůĂǁŝ ϭϮϭϰϰϳ >ĞƐŽƚŚŽ ϱϲϲϳϯ ϭϮϰϲϳϬ KƚŚĞƌƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶĨƌŝĐĂŶ ^^^>ƚŽƚĂů ĂŵďŝĂ ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ EĂŵŝďŝĂ ŽƚƐǁĂŶĂ ŶŐŽůĂ ^^^> ŽƵŶƚƌLJ The largest extent of forest and wood- and forest of extent largest The . , 2002; Timberlake & Chidumayo, & Timberlake 2002; , odad (AO 20; Scholes (FA 2000; woodlands O,

frel ap- (formerly Mimosoideae) . 21) ad n understory an and 2011), , >ĂŶĚĂƌĞĂ ;ϭϬϬϬŚĂͿ the largest com- Ɵ on . y discussed y ĐŽǀĞƌхсϭϬй

ǁŝƚŚĐĂŶŽƉLJ &ŽƌĞƐƚĂƌĞĂ Baikiaea ;ϭϬϬϬŚĂͿ 2018 . , 2011; Bai- Ϯϱ Ϯϭϰϯ ϲϱϭ Ϯϲϴϱ ϭϰϰϱϯϳ ϯϮ ϵϮϳϱ

;йŽĨůĂŶĚĂƌĞĂͿ Province, 4.CuandoCubango,5.Kavango’s, and6.North-West Province. the locationsofforestinventoriessummarisedin Table 2:1.Huíla,2.Bié,3.Western indication ofecoregionsaccordingtoWWF(Olsonetal.,2001). The numbers1to6indicate Figure 1:ForestecologicalzonesintheSASSCAL countriesaccordingtoFAO (2000)with &ŽƌĞƐƚĐŽǀĞƌ ĐŽǀĞƌхсϮϱй ǁŝƚŚĐĂŶŽƉLJ &ŽƌĞƐƚĂƌĞĂ ;ϭϬϬϬŚĂͿ ĨŽƌĞƐƚĂƌĞĂ ;ϭϬϬϬŚĂͿ WůĂŶƚĞĚ ϮϬϬϬʹϮϬϭϱ &ŽƌĞƐƚůŽƐƐ ;ϭϬϬϬŚĂͿ ϲϰϴϮϲϲ ϭϭϳϳ ϲϵϲϱ ϴ͘Ϯ ϱϲϬϰ &ŽƌĞƐƚůŽƐƐǁŝƚŚŝŶ ϮϬϬϬʹϮϬϭϱ ĨŽƌĞƐƚĂƌĞĂ ;йͿ ϮϬϬϬʹϮϬϭϮ &ŽƌĞƐƚůŽƐƐ ;ϭϬϬϬŚĂͿ   ϮϬϬϬʹϮϬϭϮ &ŽƌĞƐƚŐĂŝŶ t al.(2013) ;ϭϬϬϬŚĂͿ 297

Forest resources Forest resources endemism that is characterised by semi- by characterised is that endemism of centre of regional Zambezian extension White’s an ecoregion, Miombo revised the of part form woodlands The al et Chirwa 2011; Chidumayo, (Ti & S mberlake 19° approximately south of found are woodlands Com- bretaceae and Mopane Africa, South ern north- and Botswana southern In 2014). al et Scholes 2002; change into semi-arid scrublands (Bu rke, The diameteratbreastheight(DBH)of10cm.Onlylivingtreesweremeasured.Multiplestemsmeasuredexceptforlocation6. Table 2:Structuralcompositionoftypicalwoodland typesintheSASSCAL regionbasedonforestinventorydatafortreeswithm (Photo: D.Parduhn). woodland withZambia’s GreatNorthRoad nects alargerillegalsettlementwithinthe end oftherainyseason. The roadcon- Forest, CentralProvince,Zambia,atthe Figure 2:MiombointheSerenjeNational 298 DĂdžŝŵƵŵŚĞŝŐŚƚ;ŵͿ DĂdžŝŵƵŵ,;ĐŵͿ DĞĂŶ,;ĐŵͿ ŽĂŝŶŶŵĞϭ ϯ ϱ ϲ ϱ ϰ ϯ DŝŽŵďŽ ^ƚĞŵĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ;ŚĂ DŝŽŵďŽ Ϯ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉůŽƚƐ DŝŽŵďŽ DĞĂŶĂŶŶƵĂůƌĂŝŶĨĂůů;ŵŵͿ ϭ WƌŽǀŝŶĐĞͬZĞŐŝŽŶ ŽƵŶƚƌLJ &ŽƌĞƐƚƚLJƉĞ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ  ĂƐĂůĂƌĞĂ;ŵ location numbersareindicatedinFigure1. Ϯ

͘ŚĂ . Ͳϭ , 2002; Chirwa et al et Chirwa 2002; , Ͳϭ Ϳ Ϳ . , 2014). , ŶŽĂ ŶŽĂ ĂďĂ ŶŽĂ ĂŝŝŽƚƐǁĂŶĂ EĂŵŝďŝĂ ŶŐŽůĂ ĂŵďŝĂ ŶŐŽůĂ ŶŐŽůĂ ƵůĞ ĞƚƌĂĚƵĂŐ<ǀŶŽt EŽƌƚŚͲtĞƐƚ <ĂǀĂŶŐŽtͬ ƵĂŶĚŽƵďĂŶŐŽ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ ŝĞ ,ƵşůĂ ϬϬ ϭϬ ϱϳϬ ϱϰϱϬ ϱϱϬ ϳϬϬ ϵϱϬ ϭϭϬϬ ϭϬϬϬ ϭϭ ϵϲ ϰϱ ϱϯ Ϯϴ ϯϵ͘ϲ ϭϴ͘ϴ ϱϮ͘ϴ Ϯϵ͘ϵ ϲϱ͘ϯ ϯϵ͘ϯ ϰϰ͘ϱ ϭϴ͘ϯ ϯϵ͘ϲ ϭϳ͘ϳ ϯϭ͘ϭ ϭϳ͘ϵ ϬϯϲϮϭϰ ϭϱ ϭϭϰ Ϯϰ ϲϬ ϯϱ ϭϬϳ ϳϯϬ ϴϴϭϲ ϭϲϮ ϭϭϲ ϴϳ ϰϴϬ ϯϳϬ Ϯϳϳ ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘ϴϭ ͘ϱ͘Ϯ ϱ͘ϲ ϴ͘ϭ ϭϯ͘ϵ ϭϭ͘ϰ ϳ͘ϭ .  , iin f h diff the of sition compo- structural and species the about The followingsectionsgivemoredetails lake & Chidumayo, 2011; LPWG, 2017). (Tim Caesalpinioideae) ber- (previously subfamily legume the of trees of composed woodland deciduous or 1.3 m) in a stand. stems atDBH(diameterbreastheight, tree of areas cross-sectional the of sum the is it biomass; and volume wood for others. Basal area (BA) is used as a proxy (201Scholes and Shackleton of work amongst 1), the to refer we which for and where no SASSCAL activities took place woodlands Combretaceae the for except and stegia boehmi,Brachystegiaspiciformis (198 White of work the cite 2000) Frost, 2014; al., et (e.g authors Many 1996). Frost, Chirwa . (Whi 1983; m) te, 15 < height canopy mm, 1000 < (rainfall Miombo dry and m), 15 > height canopy mm, 1000 > fall rain- (annual Miombo wet Miombo: of Chirwa et al linia ly Caesalpinioideae): ly three genera of the Detarioideae (former- by characterised woodland a is 2), (Fig. Miombo true or stricto, sensu Miombo Miombo woodland bernardia C A globi T brae Ciuao 2011; Chidumayo, (Ti & mberlake ϯϲ Ϯϭ Ϯϲ ϮϬ ϵ͘Ϯ ϭϮ͘Ϭ ϭϮ͘ϲ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϭϯ͘ϲ and, to a lesser extent, lesser a to and, . , 2014). There are two types 3) to indicate that indicate to 3) eet odad types, woodland erent fl ora are the dom- Brachy- Isober- , ĂŬĂĂ ĂŝŬŝĂĞĂ ĂŝŬŝĂĞĂ Jul-

approximately 16° S (Rev al S et 16° ermann approximately of latitude a at limit southern their reach they and genera Miombo the of species and Angola, ern south- of Miombo dry the in However, woodlands. Miombo dry in trees inant in press; Baptista, 2014). 58 persons per km approximately with populated, most the in Bié (Tab. 2). The study area in Huíla is the BA in Huíla only half of that recorded western Angola to western Zambia, with maximum DBH,andBA increasedfrom density, stem that show They wet Miombo. and dry of border the at thus and mm) (950–1100 rainfall annual mean similar of areas Miombo in performed total BA. Important timber species such species timber Important BA. total the of 14% contributing species, tioned aforemen- two the as common as was Bié, In BA. tree, representing 13% of both stems and longifolia Huíla, In respectively. la, to 36% and45%oftheBA contributed combination in which were areas Miombo Angolan the in species human interventions. The most common of result the reasons, other amongst is, ra (iar e al (Lina et areas rd 6 persons per km ASA frs ivnois were inventories forest SASSCAL Brachystegiabakeriana J. paniculata was another important canopy Erythrophleum africanum Julbernardia paniculata 2 for the other fi 2 compared to less than . and 21) Is o BA low Its 2012). , inBiéandHuí- B. spiciformis Brachystegia DŽƉĂŶĞ are the only the are inimum ve study . , ,

sion and non-diff and sion gue that gue ar- (2016) al. et Cauwer De woodlands. Baikiaea-Burkea parts of the of parts eastern the in than dominant less is spe- cies the that however, show, 2) (Tab. Namibia and Angola southern in tories al et (Bapti 2014; Revermann S sta, 16° of latitude a at is Angola in boundary northern whose juga species the by terised The Baikiaea B E 6 petea as (< 0.6% BA). pus angolensis fer to these woodlands as woodlands these to fer al by lowed western the in the most dominant canopy tree (23% BA) over larger areas show that Baikiaea the in BA total the of respectively 34% and 10%, 18%, to up contributed which lensis, species, is similar to that of the other co-dominant BA(5–14%) total (3–11%)and stems of bution of 1993; Mitlöhner, De 1987; Cauwer et al Walker, & 1 9; uk, 2002), Burke, 1996; (7.9 m of Chidumayo (1987a ) for the same area the BA wasmuchhigherthaninastudy while mm, 950 of rainfall annual mean with woodland Miombo for high ably remark- m, 22 of maximum a average on reached sites Zambian the at height abundant not but sent BA). (1–3% angolensis as dotaxus exfoliatum bourtia coleosperma were species canopy Other important BA. total the of 49% tributing is eodd were spe- recorded common cies most the that showed . In the Zambian Miombo, inventories Miombo, Zambian the In , 2016). Several authors therefore re- therefore authors Several 2016). , Pericopsis angolensis Pericopsis angolensis, Baikiaea Srhac & eesn 20) or 2007) Petersen, (Strohba & ch Fg 3, n motn tme tree timber important an 3), (Fig. 2 .ha (6% BA). Timber species such species Timber BA). (6% and B.africana,Pterocarpus ango- B. africana B. plurijuga study areas. Forest inventories Forest areas. study -1 B. plurijuga and woodland ). Baikiaea Schinziophyton rautanenii, Burkeaafricana Baikiaea . a a o occurrence low a had , 2016). In fact, the contri- odad ae charac- are woodlands erentiating . ( Stellme al et s 21) Frs inven- Forest 2015). , is an is woodland (Child woodland es J. paniculata 1% A and BA) (10% to the total number tgte con- together , Burkeo-Pterocar- D Cauw et (De er woodlands, fol- woodlands, Baikiaea pluri- and Burkea

B. africana subsp. early succes- early Pterocarpus species, and species,

Pterocar- are pre- . , 2013) , (Frost, 2018 pseu-

and Gui- Tree is

Namibia (Photos:R.Revermann and V. DeCauwer). plurijuga Figure 3: a b withonehistoricallyfelledstemin theMashareareaofKavangoEast,northern Baikiaea woodlands:(a)overviewduringthe growthseasonand(b) Baikiaea 299

Forest resources Forest resources Colophospermum Figure 4:MopanewoodlandintheSerongaarea,Okavangopanhandle,Botswana. 300 woodlands. name the propose er than the BA of 8–10 m 8–10 of BA the than er the Namibian for BA 2). (Tab. higher was DBH erage av- the but Miombo, in than lower much the BAin and at the Namibian site. Total stem densities 1% to decreased this but BA, total the of Angolan the at 0.05 m instead of DBH. BA isbasedonastemdiameteratheight to 2011),latter Scholes, the & although n (Shackle- woodlands Combretaceae the of mm) (480–650 rainfall similar with (Photos: R.Revermann). E. africanum Baikiaea Baikiaea

Baikiaea

a sil ey common very still was mopane Baikiaea-Pterocarpus site was also low- woodlands were woodlands ie ih 10% with site can beseeninbothits(a)shrubformand(b)treeform. 2 .ha -1 in areas in

Mopane Mopane woodland fall of 400 to 700 mm (Chirwa et al rain- annual an with areas covers 1) (Fig. woodland Mopane of range distribution & Golding, 2008) or a (Fig. 4). The (Geldenhuys tall m 20–25 to up tree a as pane, ed by the species the by ed frost, minimum temperature, dry season dry temperature, minimum frost, infl mainly is and here, cussed as itincludesscrubland,which is notdis- species the of range and Miombo towards transformation gradual no is there boundaries; distinct has and C A Baikiaea which structurally can occur either occur can structurally which

woodlands are strongly dominat- woodlands. The distribution Colophospermum C. mopane uenced by uenced is larger is . , 2014) a b

mo- madagascariensis, G.coleosperma, were Cusseque in struction The most important species used for con- 2016). Firmino, Silva sanga da Vicente (Kis- construction house for remainder fi for was 78% which of capita, per kg 484 to amounted wood of la, showed that total annual consumption central fuel. Cusseque, Ango- Ain study as also but area, Okavango the in port trans- of form for main the canoes, dug-out used is Namibia, in Manketti and tanenii, of wood soft The poles. as wood B. plurijuga fi especially resources, land in Reserve northern Forest Botswana rely heavily on Chobe wood- the to close living villagers that showed 311 Task SASSCAL example, For purposes. tion construc- for trees standing harvest tent al et Chirwa 2007; (Shackleton Clarke, energy & tic fi region. Local users mainly collect (dead) the in users commercial and local both for resource woodland major a is Wood Wood forlocaluse Woodland resourcesuse which has the widest distribution range distribution widest the has which is use local for species timber preferred most The targeted. is type tree suitable most the only purpose, each For wood. local from made also are slingshots and sticks, ing cook- mortars, and pestles handles, axe and coffi granaries, furniture, frames, dow win- fences, roofs, walls, outside clude in- construction in poles of Uses 2016). spp. (Kissanga Vicente da Silva Firmino, with together fuel, for tree J. paniculata et al (Fraser et al length, and a preference for clay-rich soils BA, respectively. Acacia erioloba canopy tree species were other only The 2). (Tab.BA the of 81% to up contributing 4), (Fig. tree small a as occurs mainly it where Botswana, in of all woody species in a forest inventory rwo, piay ore f domes- of source primary a rewood, ns. Domestic tools such as hoe and hoe as such tools Domestic ns. . , 2014). The species represented 79% called . , and earn cash from selling from cash earn and , . , 1987; Burke, 2006; Stevens , the latter also an important , 2014), and to a lesser ex- lesser a to and 2014), ,

Pterocarpus angolensis, ugno n Botswana in Mungongo with 11% and 7% of the of 7% 11%and with rewood and the and rewood B. plurijuga rewood from rewood Brachystegia Bobgunnia S. rau- and and

is on the rise (IRDNC, 2015a). Demand 2015a). (IRDNC, rise the on is la), and Muzauli (Zambia), and its harvest (Ango- Musivi (Namibia), Ushivi names under the tradename of Rosewood or local as the much harder wood of wood harder much the as for construction depend on the area, such (Moses, 201 3). Other timber species used woodcrafts other and bowls, doors, ing, deck- furniture, of manufacturing the for (ITTO,2017 stability its for used is and ) and northern Namibia ( teak). (Mokusi) Botswana northern (Mukusi), and bia, angolensis (Moses, 201 3). value carbon the surpasses size, harvest Kiaat, estimated at ZAR 485, for a tree of tilised. Even then, the timber use value of remaining harvested wood being underu- the with 2013), (Moses, Kiaat for ume vol- wood timber utilisable the of 28% approximately is which traded, are logs ( sis of that was wood traded most The 6). (Fig. China and rica identifi tween Namibia, Angola and Zambia were between 2010 and 2014. Trade routes be- Namibia via exported were timber golan m 15,547 and timber Zambian of B E 6 a medium density (620 kg·m has Kiaat 5). (Fig. (Angola) Girassonde or (Zambia) Mukwa Africa), South and (Namibia Kiaat as to referred gionally trees timber Cauwer (De African al et southern all of trade and showed that at least 15,229 m 15,229 least at that showed and trade highlighted the extent of the cross-border carpus tinctorius. B. plurijuga, are region SASSCAL the of species timber enous indig- important most commercially The bo et al., 2013, Parduhn & Frantz, 2018). aff most saka and Luanda, where it constitutes the regions’the Lu- in in especially capitals, dwellers and then sold in nearby towns or rural by tim- harvested is charcoal Most ber. and charcoal produce to species specifi harvest users Commercial plantations forcommercialuse Wood ofnaturalwoodlandsand B. plurijuga) The wood of Fg 5, olwd y abz teak Zambezi by followed 5), (Fig. ed, with fi ordable source of energy (Gum- energy of source ordable B. plurijuga Mbna i cnrl Zam- central in (Mubanga)

G. coleosperma Ol te merchantable the Only . Pterocarpus angolensis, G. coleosperma nal markets in South Af- . , 2014). Its wood is re- is wood Its 2014). , ASA Ts 035 Task SASSCAL Pterocarpus angolen- in southern Zambia southern in -3 ), is and Pericopsis

is known 3

2018 Ptero- known c tree c of An- 3

Figure 6: Trade routesofimportanttimberspeciesinsouth-western Africa (IRDNC,2015b) Australian Pinus consist of exotic species of three genera: mainly and area surface total country’s South Africa account for about 1% of the ( Yellowwoodindigenous the or species on other species, such as exotic Only 0.3% of the plantation area is based o te od of wood the for 2014 (Phiri et a l P. chrysothrix Angola and Zambia (FAO, 2015). in being area remaining the with 2017), S Africa, (Forestry outh Africa South in situated is ha, million 1.22 proximately ap- region, the in area forest planted the of Most 2017). S Africa, (Forestry outh respectively 30% and 29% of are America States United and Union European (Tab.area the for values Comparative 1). tal forest cover and 0.4% of the total land to- the of 1.5% only representing region, SASSCAL the in ha million 1.95 about for accounts plantations by covered area tant than in other regions of the world. The the harvesting and trade of on moratorium a impose to government on the growing stock caused the Zambian knowledge limited the and harvesting of the Chinese market. The consequent rates driven recently, fairly (ITTO, started 2017), region SASSCAL the Padouk outside as known and Mukula named Podocarpus latifolius The commercial timber plantations in Plantation forestryismuchlessimpor- (a softwood) Acacia is used in Zambia) in used is . , 2015). P. tinctorius , and bt hardwoods). (both ) (Forestry So (Forestry ) uth Eucalyptus P. tinctorius Quercus (synonym , locally and

by

in based on exotic tree species. SASSCAL also are Zambia and Angola in tations plan- Most 2018). al., et Toit(du tions specifi resources, woodland alternative investigate to tor sec- the compel carbon- commodities friendly renewable, on emphasis and an population growing uses. a land However, other to given priority of because expansion for scope is limited there where Africa, South eastern of zones rainfall high the in situated is forestry industrial Most 2016). Africa, Figure 5:Wood of (Photos: P. NicholandV. DeCauwer). locally calledKiaat,MukwaandGirrasonde cally in dryland situa- dryland in cally Pterocarpus angolensis 301 , .

Forest resources Forest resources oil. (virgin) cold-pressed of production cial commer- the for potential their cating fl sun- of those to comparable and (60%) for yields oil The S. rautanenii of The beverages. alcoholic make to Grewia Strychnos G. coleosperma especially the In 2010). Gumbo, (Shackleton & income an important source of nutrition and cash providing woodlands, region’s the from extracted are products other and dicinal me- vegetables, wild fruits, of range A Non-wood forest products Moxico province, Angola. along contour lines to combat erosion in Eucalyptus urograndis of use the trialled Task173 SASSCAL recently. very or times colonial during lyptus of composed mainly are Angola 1957; Piearce, 1979). The plantations in a et l (Groome times colonial during established were Kiaat) (e.g. species indigenous with plantations trial strategies. Afew livelihood their into lypts euca- and pine from timber include to start Zambia central of District Serenje the in households that found 037 Task 302 oe ad ent is 4–5) indi- (45–55%), oils peanut and ower a Bauhinia petersiana B. petersiana pce ad ee ihr planted either were and species Baikiaea p. r drcl etn r used or eaten directly are spp. Sclerocarya birrea p. Mne oag) and orange), (Monkey spp. il go qaiy oils. quality good yield woodlands, the fruits of fruits the woodlands, ,

Dialium englerianum, i yed ae lower are yields oil S. rautanenii , amongst others, Mgs) and (Mogose) (Marula), are high are Euca- . ,

and ropes (preferably from (preferably ropes and beehives make to bark harvest dwellers eu, and , the from spinach wild (e.g. vegetables wild as well as 2017)), al., et boehmii (e.g. trees from fruits collect households son, sea- the on Depending products. edible subsp. boehmii Disa, Satyrium genera orchidioid three from harvested signis/munkoyo (e.g. roots 7), (Fig. rooms plement. suitability of the oil as a health food sup- potential the demonstrating thus 2009), al et (Tsuzuki cancer breast inhibit can and agent ing suppress- α-ESAtumour that a shown is in tected de- also was (α-ESA) acid α-eleostearic of presence The acids. fatty saturated un- 72% about has which oil, olive like tanenii unsaturated in acids fatty 73–80% of presence the demonstrated also 335 TaskSASSCAL bean oil (17–22%) (Yeboah et al soy- of those to comparable but (19%) the extraction of oil from as such processing and after sometimes sale, consumption home both for used are They 2003)). al., (Velempiniet okra n h Mob wolns rural woodlands, Miombo the In C A Uapaca kirkiana , comparable to good quality oils quality good to comparable , suffruticans , and S. rautanenii Parinari curatellifolia . Corchorus olitorius B. petersiana , 2004; Grossmann et al et Grossmann 2004; , and , ues eg chikanda (e.g. tubers ), ), and a wide range of range wide a and ), Habenaria oil. Studies have Studies oil. , P. curatellifolia Rhychosia in- Brachystegia Anisophyllea and Amaranthus (Veldman . ), mush- ), , 2017). S. rau- /Wild . ,

for medicinal purposes. used are trees local all almost of leaves and wild hares (katili). The roots, bark or ( rats cane by followed popular, most being beba) fi with households, most to importance of also is consumption home for meat Bush unpublished). (Kachali, (Nyanja) Vinkhubala and (Bemba) mi Ifi as known family commonly Saturniidae, the to belonging 7) (Fig. caterpillar edible an is Zambia in value commercial highest the with insect The . as well as species caterpillar of variety a collect households of number carpus Erythrophleum, Bobgunnia, stegia, Julbernardia, Cryptosepalum, from trees,mainlyofthegenera instead but plants herbaceous from not collected mainly is nectar regions, ate temper- to contrast & In 2010). Gumbo, (Shackleton woodlands Miombo the in income cash of source major a is bees wild from collected Honey kernels. Miombo woodland(Photos:D.Parduhn). (b) mushroomscollectedinZambian products: (a)ediblecaterpillarsand Figure 7:Examplesofnon-woodforest pane worm ( Mo- The 2009). Curtis, & Mannheimer Po 1999; & tgieter, (Madzibane worms Mopane for plant food a is it and ropes, for bark young and animals, domestic and game for fodder medicines, terial, provides fi quality good It uses. economic many has nema, 2002). the indigenous people (Headings & Rah- source of protein (61% of dry matter) for urban centres and centres urban fore consumption or sale in both rural and C. mopane of leaves the on primarily feeds which pillar of another moth of the Saturniidae, In the Mopane woodlands, Mopane the In b (Gröngröft et al., 2015). A small A2015). al., et (Gröngröft . The caterpillars are dried be- Thryonomys Imbrasia belina rewood, construction ma- construction rewood,

provide an important an provide sp./insengele), eld mice (im- mice eld ) is and C. mopane

the cater- Brachy- Ptero- shu-

woodlands, ees t al et Dewees 1987 (Chidumayo, common b; not is bo al et (McNicol decades many takes similarity 2016). However, reachingcompositional sulting in permanent clearings permanent in sulting fi Chirwa et al et Chirwa cies well represented (Luoga et al spe- tree Miombo key the of many with stumps, remaining of coppicing through especially quick, is regeneration felling, cession (Chirwa et al with tree stands in diff landscape mosaic a in resulting cultivation 8), (Fig. shifting through mainly is woodland Miombo in agriculture ence Subsist- place. takes also tobacco like crops cash for clearing although 2018), al., 2010; Rudel, 2013; Parduhn & Frantz, et (Pröpper Latin America and east Asia south- in than deforestation African in Small farmers play a more important role settlements. of expansion and purposes mainly driven by clearing for agricultural is region the in Deforestation 1). (Tab. B E 6 al et (Hansen forests dry and moist tropical dense the in also but rainforests, tropical the in prevalent most is Deforestation tropics. the of areas other in than lower are Africa in deforestation of rates The Threats et al et anbe avs o woln resources woodland of harvest tainable are slash and burn agriculture and unsus- ers of woodland degradation in the region et al. , 2009).Nexttofi (Bombelli deforestation than emissions fi by including degradation, woodland that diffi is tion jani, 2016). Kaba- 2001; DFSC, 2016; Cauwer, (De for and Angola, southern and Namibia northern of lands G. coleosperma angolensis for especially problematic, appears species fruit and timber portant o n nul an f eey 0 km 700 merely of gain annual an to compared 2000–2012, period the region during SASSCAL the in year per lost ed ad s sot alw eid, re- periods, fallow short use and elds re, is a much larger contributor to carbon . While the extent of woodland degrada- , 2013). About 3,246 km . . , 2010) , Miom- growth old thus and 2015) cult to assess, it is estimated is it assess, to cult , . farmers remain on the same the on remain farmers . Strychnos cocculoides, Natural regeneration of im- of regeneration Natural , 2014; Syampungani et al et Syampungani 2014; , . 21) I the In 2011). , n the in B. plurijuga . erent stages of suc- , 2014). After clear- re, themajordriv- Baikiaea 2 of forest were Pterocarpus in Zambia in

Baikiaea (Pröpper . wood- 2018 , 2 004; and . 2 ,

(Photo: D.Parduhn). Figure 8:FreshclearanceofZambianMiombowoodlandforsubsistenceagriculture ec frs dgaain (Geldenhuys, degradation forest hence fi root or bark especially resources, woodland other of harvest size, tree and species on Depending 2015). al., et Pröpper 2013; al., et Gumbo 2013; Chidumayo, 2006; al., et (Zweede spp.) Brachystegia (e.g. specifi and large trees target canopy harvesters as occur does degradation woodland distance, trading within are centres urban However,when 2018). Frantz, & (Parduhn degradation woodland of source primary the not is expan- therefore and cultivation shifting or sion agricultural with conjunction in done often is charcoal for harvesting wood Zambia, In 2016). Firmino, Silva Vicente(Kissanga da year per woodland Miombo of hectares 6 approximately of 1085 inhabitants corresponded to an area of population local the by used biomass wood the that showed Angola southern in study A5). section (see levels ability sustain- assess to limited too often are data 2013 quantitative mayo, although ), (Chidu- harvested unsustainably is resource that woodland main the is Wood 199 Shahar, 2008). (Ben al., et Edkins 8; region the of parks national near and in degradation woodland of driver ditional Large elephant populations can be an ad- Silva Firmino, 2016; Schelstraete, 2016). Kamwi etal.,2015;Kissanga Vicente da 2014; 2013 al., (Chidumayo, et Chirwa ; bres, can lead to tree mortality and mortality tree to lead can bres, c re species tree c mechanism (Kamwi et al., 2015). coping a as still important more was aid food although resources, woodland on more even rely to locals caused mibia Na- of region Zambezi the in incidences fi higher and drought of periods that showed 033 TaskSASSCAL 2014). al., al. et (Thuiller cies et Cauwer De 2006; , spe- tree of ranges distribution changing 2 al., et (Allen mortality and tree 010) in 2015), and ultimately a potential increase al., et (Enright recruitment tree creasing de- 2007), al., et Therrell 2006; al., et et in tree growth (Fichtler et al. , 2004; Trou- stress (Munalulaetal. , 2016),adecrease quency of droughts will cause more plant fi evapotranspiration increased temperatures, rising by caused Increasing 2016). al., et Munalula 2016; al., et Cauwer De 2015; al., et 2006; Enright (Hewitson, decrease to projected is rainfall summer fi changing and temperatures increasing of because region African southern the of parts large in degradation woodland of rate the accelerate to likely is change Climate 2015). al., et al Kamwi 2013; ., in formerly “pristine” areas (Schneibel et especially place, takes degradation and deforestation both which along vectors major the are roads, sealed tar especially and Roads, 2015). Ngubeni, 2010; al., et Shackleton 2009; 200 Vermeulen, 4; r feuny ad n nraig fre- increasing an and frequency, re re regimes, especially in the areas where 303 re

Forest resources Forest resources ih nosset ehd ad defi and methods inconsistent with outdated sensing, remote with established of maps extrapolations concern mainly studies Desk top 2015). (FAO, quality medium to low of sub- data mitted that Africa South and Namibia, for case the Angola, is as ies, Botswana, FAO stud- desktop national of consist mainly of assessment forest 10-yearly to 5- the to submitted Data limitations. tions and methodologies, each with their diff on based country per cover forest lists 1 Tab. unknown. also is countries SASSCAL the in coverage rales-Hidalgo, (Mo- countries the of any in place in is peated national forest monitoring system re- no as scant are data forest regional and tree population dynamics. However, biomass total stock, growing the on tion informa- at, aimed is biomass carbon or timber as such resources of production if and, cover) (forest woodlands with covered area the of knowledge quires re- management woodland Sustainable Forest andwoodlandmonitoring Woodland management 304 (Searchinger et a l for biodiversity and carbon sequestration costly, including very negative trade-off highly be would this Environmentally, in southern Africa (Gasparri et al conversions of dry forests and woodlands large-scale threatens agriculture trialised indus- of frontier emerging an addition, biodiversity loss (Leadley et al to regard with threatened most world’s the of one region the make population growing a by caused degradation land wood- and changes threatened land-use The a plant. as listing its in resulting as such ing, harvest- for targeted species of removal resistant species (De Cauwer, 2018) or by fi more of survival the by either tion, composi- species alters also degradation al Gum & (Chidumayo et Kutsch 2010; bo, wars and droughts during net safety a as act and sink, carbon a as serve climate, regional the regulate soil, the protect to radation aff . Both deforestation and woodland deg- woodland and deforestation Both , 2011; Chidumayo, 2013). Woodland2013). Chidumayo, 2011; , ect the ability of the woodland S. rautanenii 05. h eat forest exact The 2015).

. , 2015). eet defi erent in Botswana, in . , 2010). In . , 2016). ni- ni- re- s et al et (Naidoo forest tropical dry by covered surface the underestimate sys- tematically methods sensing remote optical traditional with estimated cover forest Howe ver, 2014c). (FAO, 1990–2015 ed remote sensing surveys for the period repeat- included which project, (ILUA) Assessment Use Land Integrated an on quality for forest cover as they are based good of data submitted Zambia 2015). al et (Hansen countries between used tions radar and LiDAR (Mathieu et al., 2018). long-term from MODIS time series, while Task 205 used derived descriptors structural and phenology using 033 and Taskswith 032 methods sensing remote other explored program SASSCAL The database. sensing remote consistent a of availability the however, is, monitoring forest regional for prerequisite portant (Phillips et al et (Phillips tree growth, mortality, and regeneration especially dynamics, woodland on tion informa- derive to one allow plots ple (Chirwa et al et (Chirwa needed is roots), (including biomass tal to- for especially datasets, regional of Cauwer, (De 2016). region the in country another bet of perform model a than ter mass such as that of Chave et al. (2014) bio- aboveground for models tropical Chidumayo, 2014), and sometimes pan- al ited to specifi lim- are equations allometric Regional Angola. for planned being is inventory forest national a while 2004), jonen, (Poh- Zambia in be to appears region the in inventory forest recent national al et (Zweede country a in area woodland complete the covering always not ries, invento- forest old on based are they as outdated or inaccurate often are lands wood- natural the in volume wood tal exception of the continuous monitoring continuous the of exception the with However, 2010). al., et (Allen change climate for warning early as act also can mortality and growth eration, (Seifert et al fl in- that variables the as well as 2007), une hm uh s re competition tree as such them uence . . Estimates of the growing stock or to- or stock growing the of Estimates , 199 2013; , Moses, 2005; Hofstad, 7; 20 , most The 2015). Cauwer, De 06; C A . . , 20 , al et Bastin 16; , 2 , Cauwer, De FAO,2014b,a; 013; The compilation and expansion and compilation The . c species or sites (Abbot et , 2 014). Data on tree regen- . . , 20 sam- , Permanent 14). , 2003; Namaalwa et al et , Namaalwa 2003; . , 2017). An im- 2017). An , . , ous monitoring. measured and marked to allow continu- biodiversity the observatories in Angola are in trees while Namibia, northern in plots sample permanent established program SASSCAL The Zambia. tral cen- of woodland Miombo in 1990 in established plots sample permanent of radation and recovery based on the data (2013) recently assessed woodland deg- been published for decades. Chidumayo gion or their monitoring results have not re- the in present are plots sample nent perma- few plantations, commercial of n 1 m 10 and 5 between BA stand with 20% < cover (canopy woodland con- open very of seasonality,sisted temperature relatively lower a had Angola southern and productiv- of ity highest the with sites The al rica (De Cauwer, 2016; Van Holsbeeck et Af- southern of parts other in growth to Angola. This is relatively high compared southern and Namibia northern in year Pterocarpus angolensis of growth diameter stem mean the that illustrated was It 038. Task SASSCAL by used was analysis ring Tree rainfall. because of cold temperatures or a lack of interruption growth seasonal a is there tree rings, as is the case in climates where ysis. This ispossibleiftreeshaveannual over long periods of time is tree ring anal- 5 kg.ha 254 approximately is Angola southern and Namibia northern of woodlands natural of increment biomass with felling of valuable timber species timber valuable of felling with employed, is system harvesting lective se- A concessionaires. by done mainly is region the in harvesting timber cial Commer- 2011). a l., et Dewees (e.g. natural limited very is region the in of woodlands management Systematic ment systems Regional woodlandmanage- 2016). jug while Namibia, higher growthratesthan nalia sericea 2017). al., et Cauwer (De plains . Another method to monitor tree growth , 2016; De Cauwer et al et Cauwer De 2016; , a grew slower (Van Holsbeeck et et (VanHolsbeeck slower grew a al P. angolensis -1 2 . ha .year and -1 ad ee iutd on situated were and ) B. africana -1 D Cue, 2016). Cauwer, (De S. rautanenii in northern Namibia northern in P. angolensis P. angolensis s . m per mm 5.5 is and . , 2017). The 2017). , B. pluri- showed Termi- in in . , manage and sell woodland resources to resources woodland sell and to manage rights transferring by communities empower and support to aims program The (CBNRM). Program Management Resource Natural Community-Based the under communities local by managed B E 6 dumayo, 2013). Clar & (Shackleton place Chi- 2007; ke, eration, mainly through coppicing, takes regen- natural which after felling, clear through mainly is production charcoal for Harvesting agencies. forest national missing because of a lack of resources in the often is permit harvest the of conditions to adherence for Inspection size. harvest minimum a reached have that oe Bnod 02 Schelstraete, 2016). 2012; Binford, & cope (Pri- population expanding the to threat greater ever an poses and trend rising a sive, asthenumberofactivefi inten- resource increasingly is task The fi and burning) early applying fi maintaining and tablishing fi both cludes fi integrated implementing for established was Fire” on “Working program ation job-cre- government-funded the Africa, and communal forest managers. In South governments regional with shared often is this although agencies, forest national of responsibility a is woodlands owned state- or communal of management Fire Binford, 2012). & (Pricope place takes eff more where and Botswana to compared area, conservation the of parts mibian, Na- also but Zambian, and Angolan the in high is annually burned area the that demonstrated also Area Conservation Transfrontier Kavango-Zambezi the in stud A 2015). y (FAO, respectively 4% rica was lower, varying between 7% and Af- South and Botswana, Namibia, in annually burned area The 2003–2012. period the in basis annual an on burned 27% to 24% respectively of the land area with Zambia, and Angola cover, forest largest the with countries the in situated burned (FAO, 2015). Most of this area is is countries SASSCALfocus the in area land the of 14% year,about Every with. deal region the in managers woodland r mngmn. ie aaeet in- management Fire management. re In Namibia, many woodland areas are areas woodland many Namibia, In that problems main the of one is Fire re prevention (e.g. by es- by (e.g. prevention re etv fi ective r management re rebreaks or rebreaks refi res shows

ghting. 2018 offi government and users woodland tween be- particularly stakeholders, the tween be- relationship improved an need may approach collaborative a such However, reserve. the of protection improve hence and ownership of sense a promote can it roles and expectations from all parties, as outlined clearly with stakeholders, all of management regimes should be inclusive forest that argue communities The ment. manage- forest collaborative or patory partici- to management forest state from port the transfer of Chobe sup- Forest Reserve communities local the that found SASSCALTaskBotswana, 311In them. pendence on wood for energy appears a caused byregularfi degradation woodland Currently, tres. cen- population near and roads along especially degradation, woodland and deforestation by threatened are they However, economies. national lo- and cal the to contribution important an provide region the in ecosystems land ecosystem important wood- natural the functions, regulating their to Next Conclusion wer et al., 2018). Cau- (De species tree indigenous several and 038 are involved in the cultivation of 335 Tasks SASSCAL stocks. resource woodland and forest natural on pressure the reduce would it and communities of independence economic and rity local secu- food improve would species tree timber and fruit indigenous Cultivating al et (Dewees woodland future in invest to taken are actions no where operation a to compared rather be can thus and resources of extraction land management is restricted to the bare wood- Hence, plantations. commercial the in for except region, SASSCAL the in managers forest by practised is rarely It rotations. of use the and pruning, planting, thinning, in- as includes such terventions and production, pole or and/ bark charcoal, timber, example for specifi for woodland or forest a tending of practice the is Silviculture Silviculture cials. res andthehighde- c purposes, c . 201 , 1). land loss. wood- of trend the countering in assist could expansion their and limited very currently are silviculture and forestry Plantation needed. therefore are data plot sample permanent more to access and inventories forest national current Re- change. climate of impact the and resources, woodland the of value the degradation, and loss forest of extent the assess to data more need managers formerly natural woodlands. Woodland of conversion large-scale to lead may ture industrialisedagriculturalschemes some studies predict that in the near fu- However, farmers. subsistence of sion is mainly caused by agricultural expan- which deforestation, than threat bigger Ben Shahar, R. (1998) Changes in structure of structure in Changes (1998) R. Shahar, Ben Torsten Hoche. and Ham, Cori and Kleinn Christoph by lead team Göttingen-Stellenbosch the Baptista, Ninda Kabajani, Miya Seifert, Thomas Graz, Patrick Finckh, Maiato, Manfred Francisco Chissingui, Valter fi work that allowed us to compile Table the 2: in involved everyone Wethank 01LG1201M. number promotion under (BMBF) Research and Education sored by the German Federal Ministry of the in spon- out was SASSCALand of framework carried was research The Acknowledgements Bastin, J.-F., Berrahmouni, N., Grainger, A., Ma- Baptista, N. (2014) H., Chenchouni, A.K., Macalady, C.D., Allen, Abbot, P., Lowore, J. & Werren, M. (1997) Mod- References savanna woodlands in northern Botswana fol- Science (2017) The extent of forest in dryland biomes. Sparrow,& E.M. N., B. Abraham, Picard, C., niatis, D., Mollicone, D., Moore, R., Patriarca, Windhoek, Namibia. & Portugal Lisbon, Project, Okavango Future the colonialera southeastern Angola withfocusondatafrom Miombo vegetationandforest managementin and Management four Miombo woodland types. in volume tree single of estimation the for els est EcologyandManagement emerging climate change risks for forests. of overview drought and heat-induced global tree mortality reveals A (2010) E.T. Hogg, D.D. & Breshears, A., Rigling, T., Kitzberger, M., Vennetier, N., McDowell, D., Bachelet, , 356 , 635–638. , Polytechnic of Namibia - The Literature study ofthewoody , 97 , 25–37. , Forest Ecology 259 , 660–684. eld- 305 For-

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