Willis Re Summary of Natural Cat Events 2016 Event Natural Catastrophe Update Economic Impact and Insured Losses Due to Natural Disasters

Willis Re Summary of Natural Cat Events 2016 eVENT Natural Catastrophe Update Economic impact and insured losses due to natural disasters

Volume 5 Issue 3

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ...... 2 Major natural catastrophes in 2016 ...... 1 Other natural catastrophe events by peril and location ...... 30 Abbreviations ...... 40 Sources ...... 40

Apr Apr

Willis Re Natural Catastrophe Events 2016 2016

Wildfire Canada, Windstorm May Europe, May

Earthquake Earthquake Italy, Oct Thunderstorm Japan, Apr U.S.A., Nov

Hailstorm U.S.A., Typhoon Apr Chaba, Oct Typhoon Sarika, Oct Wildfire Typhoon Haima, Tennessee, Nov Oct Wildfire Israel, Flood Louisiana, Hurricane Nov Aug Thunderstorm Matthew, Oct U.S.A., Nov

Tornado U.S.A., Feb Earthquake Tropical Earthquake Ecuador, Apr Cyclone Kaikoura, Nov Vardah, Dec

Thunderstorm Australia, Nov

Figure 1. Major natural catastrophes 2016 (Source of map: Willis Re SpatialKey application)

Natural catastrophes in 2016

For further information, please contact

John E. Alarcon, PhD MSc Ashish Harbindu, PhD MSc Executive Director, Senior Technical Leader, MR&E Head of U.K. Catastrophe Analytics, APMETA

Willis Re Willis Re Willis Ltd I 51 Lime Street I London EC3M 7DQ Willis Processing Services I Vikhroli (West) Mumbai – 400 079 D +44 (0) 20 3124 8678 M +44 (0) 79 8352 6997 D +91 22 6210 8511 [email protected] [email protected]

Karl Jones Vaughn Jensen Managing Director Executive Vice President Catastrophe Analytics, Willis Re International Catastrophe Analytics, Willis Re North America

Willis Re Willis Re Willis Ltd I 51 Lime Street I London EC3M 7DQ 7760 France Avenue South I Minneapolis, MN 55435

D +49 (0)89 54336 189 D +1 952 841 6641 [email protected] [email protected]

willistowerswatson.com I willisre.com January 2017

Natural catastrophes in 2016

Major natural catastrophes in 2016

This report summarizes the economic and insured losses from the most relevant natural catastrophe events that occurred during 2016. The loss values presented include those reported by Willis Re, catastrophe model vendors, reinsurance companies and third party organizations.

The insured loss estimates from major natural catastrophes in 2016 of about USD 39.5 billion are the highest since the annual market losses of USD 60 billion observed in 2012. These losses do not include man-made disasters. The 2016 year losses have reversed the trend in loss reductions as seen from 2011 till 2015, where insured losses had gone from USD 120 billion to 23.0 billion respectively. The economic losses have been much higher than the insured losses which show low insurance penetration in the selected regions affected by the catastrophes. In terms of casualties, about 10,000 were reported in the entire year making it a deadly year.

In the U.S.A., the largest single insured loss came from Hurricane Matthew between October 1 to 8 with about USD 2.3 billion, while in Canada the Fort McMurray wildfire in May brought insured losses circa USD 3.5 billion. Europe had its largest market losses during the year in late May and early June with the combined effects of Windstorms Elvira and Friederike producing about USD 2.48 billion. In Asia, the largest event was the Kumamoto earthquake in Japan in April with losses greater than USD 4.8 billion. Finally, the event with largest impact in Latin America was the Ecuador Earthquake in Esmeraldas Province on April 16 with loss estimates around USD 325 to 850 million.

The aforementioned events and others with lower insured losses are described in detail in the first part of this report, listed in chronological order, while a summary of a number of events is provided in various tables at the end of the document, organized by peril/region affected.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 1

BL Jonas January 23 to 24, 2016

Mid-Atlantic . Jonas, a major winter storm, brought heavy U.S.A. snowfall to wide areas of Mid-Atlantic States. . State of Emergency declared in Maryland, North Carolina, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Columbia. . Levels ranged from 1.18 – 3.5 in (30 – 90 mm) including 2.8 in (70 mm) in Washington D.C. to 3 Maximum in (75 mm) in New York City; Baltimore, Snowfall: Maryland, Harrisburg and Pennsylvania received 90 cm 2.9 in (73 mm) of snow. Maximum was 3.9 in (100 mm) near Glengary, West Virginia. Insured losses . Jonas caused wind gusts of above 70 mph (in USD millions) (112.7 km/h) in at least five states. . 235 (PCS) . Strong onshore winds coupled with high Figure 2: Total snow depths as of January 24 astronomical tides led to coastal flooding in (Source: AIR and Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network) Economic losses Delaware and New Jersey. (in USD billions) . An estimated 85 million people affected; at least . 0.85 (Planalytics) 30 fatalities reported. . > 300,000 power outages reported.

. Several properties flooded, coastal erosion of up Fatalities: 30 to 15 ft (4.6 m) at Delaware and other areas of New Jersey coast. . Almost 12,000 flight cancellations, widespread road and rail disruptions. Traffic jams of over 12 hours in Kentucky and Pennsylvania.

TO U.S.A. February 23 to 24, 2016 Southern and . The southern and Mid-Atlantic U.S.A. states Mid-Atlantic impacted damaging tornadoes and strong winds. states of U.S . A total of 46 tornadoes (NWS) impacted 10 U.S. states with worst observed damages in the states of Louisiana, Florida, Alabama, and Virginia (NWS). . Highest category of tornadoes (EF3) with wind speed as high as 165 mph (265.5 km/h) reported in Evergreen, Appomattox County of Virginia state (NWS). Category 3 on the . 8 fatalities; many injured EF (Enhanced . 420 buildings damaged; damages to roofs, Fujita) Scale windows and siding; downed trees. . Strong wind knocked trees and downed powers Insured losses lines, causing power outage and fatalities. (in USD millions) 111,000 power outage reported from different Figure 3: Tornado Outbreak between February 23 to 24, 2016 in the Southern and . 767 (PCS) states, majority from Louisiana, Florida, Alabama, North Carolina and Virginia. Mid-Atlantic United States (Source: US Tornadoes) . Worst damages reported in the area of Covent, Fatalities: 8 St. James Parish of Louisiana causing damage to at least 100 mobiles home. . There have been more tornadoes in February than usual this year in the region.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 2

FL U.S.A. March 7 to 14, 2016 Louisiana, Texas, . March 7, 2016 brought on record Arkansas, breaking rainfall and flash flooding to Mississippi Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas and Mississippi.

. It was the result of upper level trough carrying moisture inland from the Eastern Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. . The rainfall continued for days leading to massive floods ceasing finally on March

Insured losses 14. Figure 4: The distribution of rainfall from March 7 (in USD millions) . Some areas received more than 20 in through 14, 2016 over the south central U.S. Purple (500 mm) of rain. indicates highest rainfall amounts (Source: NASA) . 295 (PCS) . Over a period of 72 hours, parts of Louisiana received 20 in (500 mm) of Fatalities: 6 rain, Eastern Texas; Southeast Arkansas received 7.9 in (200 mm) of rain. . The water receding into rivers caused river flooding downstream in Mississippi, southern Louisiana and southeast Texas. . > 6 fatalities, > 4,900 rescued. In Texas around 10,000 people affected, including thousands evacuated. . > 11,000 properties in Louisiana, 1,600 homes in Mississippi, > 400 homes in Texas damaged due to flooding.

. Dozens of roadways closed in the 3 states. Most due to river flooding. . Multiple bridges washed away in Texas. . Severe weather, strong winds led to cancelling of more than 150 flights in and out of Dallas – Fort Worth International Airport.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 3

HL U.S.A. March 13 to 18, 2016 Southern, Central, . Severe thunderstorm hit the areas of southern, and Eastern states central and eastern United States with hail and of U.S.A. tornadoes. . Hail size as large as 3 in (76 mm) in diameter . Worst impacted was the Fort Worth city area of north central Texas. . Other impacted areas include Arkansas, Mississippi, Illinois, Iowa, and Louisiana. . At least 40 homes damaged in Illinois. Insured losses . Over 50,000 vehicles damaged (ICT); storm Figure 5: Catastrophic Hail Storm Impacts (in USD millions) pounded cars and smashed windshields Fort Worth, Texas (Source: commericalclaimpro.com) . 600 (ICT) . Hail also impacted Forth Worth Zoo, roof . 692 (PCS) damages to several businesses.

Fatalities: 0

HL U.S.A. April 10 to 12, 2016 Southern States . Costliest Hailstorm in Texas History. of U.S.A. . Severe weather brought large hail and strong winds to several southern U.S. states, with parts of northern and southern Texas the worst affected. . Hailstones as large as 3.9 in (10 cm), wind speeds observed over 65 mph (104 km/h). . Some minor injuries reported in Wylie. Insured losses . Over 6,000 properties damaged in areas of (in USD millions) Antonio, Wylie and Plano. . Hundreds of roof homes, as well around 90 Figure 6: Radar detected hail activity on April . 2688 (PCS) 11, 2016 (Source: stormsite.com) solar panels, were damaged in Wylie. . Parts of Montague County reported breaking of Fatalities: 0 exterior siding and windows. . Over 15,000 vehicles damaged. . Many vehicles traveling on highways sustained hail damage resulting in at least 6 accidents causing injuries. . The San Antonio area of southern Texas was impacted by large size hail, which damaged thousands of cars, broke through windows and damaged roofs.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 4

EQ Japan April 16, 2016 Kumamoto . An earthquake of magnitude Mw 7.0 struck Prefecture around .62 mi (1 km) west-northwest of the city of Kumamoto on the island of Kyushu, Japan, on Magnitude 7.0 April 16 at 00:25 local time impacting Kumamoto and Oita Prefectures. . Earthquake occurred as a result of strike-slip Max. Intensity: faulting at a shallow depth of 6.2 mi (10 km) on a IX – violent (MMI) crustal fault within the upper Eurasia plate; shallow earthquakes with a moderate or large magnitude are infrequent in Kyushu (USGS). . The earthquake occurred one day after a series of foreshocks in the same region, which included Insured losses Mw 6.2 and Mw 6.0 earthquakes (USGS). . The earthquake induced extensive landslides in (in USD millions) Kyushu Island including a major one in Minami- aso. . 800 – 1200 . A moderate magnitude earthquake (Mw 6.2) (RMS) considered as foreshock of the main earthquake . 1700 – 3200 (April 15, 2016 EQ Mw 7.0) occurred April 14, at (AIR) 9:26 p.m. local time at an estimated depth of 14 mi (22.5 km) with epicenter near the town of Insured losses Mashiki in Kumamoto Prefecture (USGS). . > 65 fatalities and 1,400 injuries reported; this (in USD billions) may include fatalities from April 14, 2016 Mw 6.2 . 4.8 (Willis Re) events (FDMA). . 2.9 (GIAJ) . > 1,952 houses completely collapsed; > 9,291 Figure 7: The April 15 Kumamoto, Japan partially damaged, additionally, around 445 public Earthquake (Source: USGS) Economic losses buildings suffered some damage (FDMA). . Almost all of the residential building damage (in USD billions) occurred in Kumamoto Prefecture, although . 5.5 – 7.5 (RMS) . 10 (with 72% Fukuoka, Oita, and Miyazaki prefectures also probability, experienced some damage. USGS) . The two quakes caused power and water outages; damage to highways, bridges, and other

infrastructure; short-term cancellation of some Economic losses airline and train service; and significant supply- (in JPY billions) chain and production interruption for regional . 2400 – 4600 industries. (www.japan.go.jp) . Japan Rail suspended all operations on the Kyushu Shinkansen (bullet train) line as the ground shaking caused a train to derail on the Fatalities: > 65 line. . Landslide triggered by earthquake caused blockage in many highways and rail lines. . The earthquake also impacted a number of manufacturing plants in Kumamoto City, including Toyota Motor Corp., Honda Motor Co., Mitsubishi Electric Corp., Fujifilm Holdings Corporation, Suntory Holdings Ltd., Sony Corp., and Renesas Electronics Corp., which is likely to cause a significant drop in production.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 5

EQ Ecuador April 16, 2016 Esmeraldas . One of the earthquakes with highest impact to Province hit the Ecuador in almost 70 years. . Moment magnitude Mw 7.8 earthquake jolted Magnitude 7.8 the Esmeraldas Province of north western Ecuador at 18:58 local time (USGS) on April 16, 2016 with epicenter located near the coast Max. Intensity: approximately 109 mi (175 km) north- VIII – Severe (MMI) northeast of the city of Manta and 106 mi (170 km) west-northwest of the capital city Quito. . The earthquake occurred at a depth 11.8 mi (19 km) due to shallow thrust faulting on or near the plate boundary between the Nazca and South America plates. At the location of the earthquake, the Nazca plate sub-ducts eastward beneath the South America plate at Insured losses a velocity of 2.4 in/yr (61 mm/yr) (USGS). (in USD millions) . According to Geophysical Institute of Ecuador, . 325 – 850 (AIR) within one week past the main shock, several further aftershocks impacted Ecuador. The largest one reported as high as Mw 6.0 Economic losses earthquake that struck just off the coastline of (in USD millions) the Manabi Province (USGS). . >600 (Ministry of . A state of emergency was declared in the Finances as of provinces of Esmeraldas, Manabi, Santa June 6) Elena, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Los Figure 8: The April 16 Ecuador Rios and Guayas. Earthquake (Source: USGS) Fatalities: >655 . > 655 fatalities; > 17,600 people sustained injuries with 4,605 requiring immediate medical attention; > 29,000 displaced by the earthquake received shelter in 103 evacuation centers (SNDGR). . Almost 7,000 buildings were destroyed and a further 2,740 buildings damaged. Majority of residential buildings in urban areas of Ecuador are of masonry or reinforced concrete. Commercial buildings are primarily of masonry, concrete, or steel construction. Industrial buildings in Ecuador are typically of steel or light metal construction . 280 schools have also sustained damage. . Earthquake damage includes the tourist sector, with structural damage reported to at least 12 hotels in Portoviejo, 14 hotels in Bahía de Caráquez) and four hotels in Manta. . The Port of Manta (Manabi Province) was damaged; the control tower and passenger terminal at Aeropuerto General Eloy Alfaro (Manabi Province) collapsed; Aeropuerto Coronel Carlos Concha Torres (Esmeraldas Province) suffered infrastructure damage; runways at both airports did not receive significant damage.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 6

FL U.S.A. April 17 to 21, 2016 Houston, Texas . Most severe flood for Houston since tropical storm Allison in 2001. . Heavy rainfall on April 17 to April 21 triggered flash flooding then river flooding in south east Texas. . Characterized by extremely heavy rainfall over

a short period leading to surface flooding.

Insured losses Houston contains minimal water absorption

(in USD millions) capacity due to paved surfaces leading to flash floods. . 4.0 (ICT) . The event caused by a low pressure system

getting stuck behind a blocking high over the Fatalities: 8 East and Great Lakes.

. Water levels 9.8 – 15 ft (3.0 – 4.6 m) deep in some parts during peak flooding. Harris County received 6 in (152 mm) of rain; some Figure 9: Map representing total rainfall on parts receiving more than 12 in (305 mm). Monday, April 18, 2016 (Source: NWS)) Houston International Airport recorded 10 in (252 mm) of rain. . 8 fatalities reported. Over 1,200 people rescued from floodwaters. . > 270,000 people without power. . Harris County worst affected with over 6,700 homes flooded. Another 300 homes damaged in Waller County. . Significant transport disruption due to the floods. Another 1,000 flights cancelled.

TS U.S.A. April 29 to May 3, 2016 Plains and Midwest, . Powerful thunderstorm and torrential rain Southeast, and Mid- caused widespread damage across Texas, Atlantic of U.S.A. Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Mississippi. . Heavy rain 6 to 9 in (152 – 229 mm) caused significant flooding in southern Louisiana. . 6 fatalities reported, of which 5 were the result

of flooding in eastern Texas.

. Windows of few homes were blown out due to Insured losses high wind gust (75 mph/121 km/h) in Bastrop (in USD millions) County. . 753.0 (PCS) . Some trees were downed in the far north Figure 10: Thunderstorm report on April 29 Houston metro area in Montgomery and (Source: SPC, NOAA) Fatalities: 6 northern Harris Counties. . Reports of cars submerged in some parts.

. High speed wind gust (60 mph/96.6 km/h) shifted and damaged two planes at Austin-

Bergstrom International Airport

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 7

WF Canada May 1 to 26, 2016 Fort McMurray, Alberta . One of the costliest natural disasters in Canada’s history. . Began on May 1 in south of the city Fort McMurray in the Canadian province of Alberta. . High winds, continuous hot temperatures and

low humidity led to the spread of the fire and

the task of controlling it difficult. Insured losses . The fire intensified and spread rapidly through (in USD billions) the city, actively burning in residential areas. . 3.52 (PCS) . >1.3 million acres (526,091 hectares) have . 2.0-5.0 (Morgan burned. Stanley) . >100,000 people have been evacuated. Figure 11: Fire affected areas of Fort McMurray and surrounding areas as on May 5, 2016 . 1921 homes in Fort McMurray destroyed by (Source: Regional Municipality of Wood Fatalities: 0 the wildfire. 80% of homes in Beacon Hill in Buffalo) south of the city damaged. Abasand Heights and Waterways, also in south, severely affected. . Fort McMurray’s gas turned off, power grid damaged and water undrinkable. . 1,754 firefighters, 208 helicopters, 412 pieces of heavy equipment and 29 air tanks used for controlling the fire. . Significant business disruption to oil sands facilities north of Fort McMurray. Alberta’s daily oil output cut by up to 40%. . Fire caused minor damage to CNOOC unit at Long Lake facility of Nexen, an energy industry company. . Flames jumped roads, affecting infrastructure and leading to closure of highways. Figure 12: Fire affected areas of Fort McMurray Commercial flights suspended. and surrounding areas as on May 4, 2016 (Source: Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo)

Figure 14

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 8

WS Elvira May 28 to June 5, 2016 +Friederike France, Germany, . Two low pressure systems partially at the Belgium same time over Europe . Heavy rainfall and thundershowers led to extensive flooding in Central Europe especially Germany and France.

. The flooding was caused by a large slow moving pressure system named Elvira. . The stalling of this pressure system led to Insured losses large amounts of rain being delivered in a (in USD billions) short span of time resulting in flooding. . France received flash floods and heavy local hailstorms. Total: . Strong winds, hail and heavy rain Figure 13: Low Pressure systems Elvira and . 2.48 (Swiss Re, prevailed in Southern Germany. Several Friederike as of June 1, 2016. (Source: DWD, Munich Re) locations severely affected. wetterpate.de) . West Flanders in Belgium received 3.7 in France: (93.5 mm) of rain over a course of 24 hrs. . 0.9 – 1.4 (AFA) Other locations too received remarkable amounts of rain.

. The Seine River in France rose to 16 ft Germany: (4.9 m), twice its normal height, flooding a 1.34 (GDV) number of areas. . At least 11 deaths in Germany have been Economic losses reported. Around 3,000 people evacuated (in USD billions) in Paris. . 6,000 to 9,000 buildings affected in

France. Many buildings inundated or Total: damaged by debris. . 4.0 (Swiss Re) . Transport disruption, railway lines . 5.2 (Munich Re) blocked due to floods in France. In Germany, cars dragged away by floods France: and bridges and streets washed out. . 2.4 (AFA) . Serious business interruption. An Audi car factory stalled production. . More than 40,000 claims declaration Fatalities: 11 reported to insurance companies. . Losses cannot exactly be assigned to one single event of the two low pressure systems

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 9

FL China June 18 to 23, 2016 Southern China, . Heavy monsoon rains caused flooding and Taiwan triggered landslides and mudslides across southern China throughout June 13 to 17. . The heaviest rainfall of the year in southern China occurred on June 15 of up to 7.8 in (200 mm) in the provinces of Hunan, Guizhou and Fujian. . A maximum of 15.2 in (388 mm) recorded Insured losses from June 13 to June 16 in Guangxi and (in USD millions) Hunan provinces. . The rainfall was a cause of seasonal . 66 (CIRC) monsoon which affects the south east coast of China and Taiwan mainly. Economic losses . 50 fatalities reported. Thousands of people evacuated. (in USD billions) Figure 14: Observed precipitation in China in June . 1.7 (China’s . 7,800 homes destroyed, 500,000 homes month (Source: www.climatesignals.org) Ministry of Civil partially damaged. Affairs) . > 3.14 million acres (1.34 million hectares) of crop area damaged by heavy rainfall and

floods. Fatalities: 50

HL Netherlands June 22 to 24, 2016 North Brabant and . Severe convective storms caused by Neele Limburg low pressure system. . Position and timing of Neele influenced by Lea system over northwest U.K. . Hail stones recorded up to 9 cm in diameter . These hail stones belong to the largest observed in the Netherlands over the past 25 years. Insured losses . Large economic loss from uninsured (in USD millions) agricultural crop lines. . Significant losses to property, motor and . 551 (VvV) greenhouses.

Economic losses (in USD billions) . 1.12 (Munich Re) Figure 15: Image of the KNMI precipitation radars, on June 23 2016 (Source:www.knmi.nl)

Fatalities: 0

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 10

FL U.S.A. June 23 to 25, 2016 West Virginia . Heavy rainfall on June 23 to24 led to flash flooding in West Virginia. . The flooding is the third deadliest flood event on record for the state. . Flooding caused due to rainfall on a mountainous region which drained down into the valleys thereby flooding Insured losses communities, either by surface flooding or (in USD millions) by river flooding. . State of emergency declared in 44 . 122 (PCS) counties. Figure 16: Rainfall in West Virginia, 24 hour from 23 . > 20 fatalities, around 500 people to 24 June 2016 (source: NOAA) Fatalities: >20 stranded after a bridge being washed away. . Approximately 1,200 homes were affected. 14 businesses destroyed. . Over 58,000 homes without power . Several counties experienced damage to water infrastructure. Old White TPC golf course suffered damage leading to PGA tour being cancelled.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 11

TY Nepartak July 3 to 9, 2016 Taitung County, . Tropical cyclone Nepartak formed on July 3 Taiwan; in the West Pacific around 267 miles (430 Fujian, China km) south of Guam. It gained strength and became a typhoon of category 2 on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS) Category 5 on July 5. (SSHWS) . Super typhoon Nepartak rapidly intensified Category 2-4 at overnight to a category 5 storm due to light landfall wind shear and very warm ocean temperatures over the Philippine Sea with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h). . Nepartak made landfall on Taitung County, southeast Taiwan on July 8 at around 07:00 local time with varying intensity from category 2 to category 4 on the SSHWS. Figure 17: Super typhoon Nepartak track. Economic losses . It then made a second landfall over Fujian (Source: HKO) (in USD millions) province in southeast China as a tropical . 24.1 (Taiwan storm at around 11:00 local time with Council of maximum sustained winds of 50 – 55 mph Agriculture) (85-90 km/h). . Taiwan received heavy rainfall amidst the

lingering southwest airflow from the system. Fatalities: China received 5.9 – 11.4 in (150 – 290 mm)of rain between July 9 – 10. China: . 85 people killed in China, 3 people in Taiwan 85 and thousands injured. Taiwan: . > 25 million people evacuated in China and 17,396 evacuated in Taiwan. 3 . In China, nearly 2,300 houses collapsed and 15,000 others damaged, mostly due to flooding. In Taiwan, > 545,000 houses without power, 24,500 without running water. . Streets inundated with floodwaters, blocked with large boulders, bridges washed away in China. Nearly 1,836 trees and signboards downed in Taiwan. . 59.2 million acres (24.1 million hectares) of crops damaged in China, Taiwan’s agricultural sector suffered damages of 678 million Taiwanese dollars (USD 21.1 million). . Taiwan railways suspended services. > 600 domestic and international flights cancelled. 390 flights cancelled in Fujian Province, China.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 12

FL South Africa July 24 to 26, 2016 KwaZulu-Natal, . Heavy rain from July 24 to 26 caused flooding Eastern Cape and in the KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape and Western Cape Western Cape provinces of South Africa. provinces, South . Flooding was a result of heavy rain and led to Africa mudslides with rivers bursting from their banks. . Maximum rainfall accumulations of 10.7 in (272.6 mm) were recorded in Margate, KwaZulu-Natal province. . Intense rainfall of 2 in/hr (52 mm/hr) recorded in Barkley East, Eastern Cape which was a Figure 18: Rainfall affecting coastal areas of record for the region. South Africa (Source: Met Office, U.K.) Fatalities: 5 . Gale force winds of 40 – 60 mph (65 – 75 km/h) recorded along the southern coastlines

of the Eastern and Western Cape provinces. . 5 deaths, > 10,000 people affected. . Around 2,300 buildings in informal settlements flooded in Cape Town. Buildings flooded in Durban. 1,500 structures affected in Philippi and 800 in Khayelitsha. . Relief being provided in the form of hot meals,

blankets and flood kits. . More than 500 insurance claims for damage to residential and commercial property in Durban. . Main roads and railway lines flooded.

HL Wyoming July 27, 2016 Wyoming, Pine . Severe weather brought a hailstorm to Bluffs, southeast Wyoming with Pine Bluffs facing the Nebraska, worst. Minnesota, . Maximum hail size reported was 3 in (7.6 cm) Wisconsin, in Minnesota. The maximum hail size in Pine Montana, South Bluffs was 1.75 in (4.4 cm). Dakota, Colorado, . No fatalities or injuries reported. Kansas, North . Around 500 homes damaged in Pine Bluffs. Carolina Buildings damaged in Cheyenne, capital of Wyoming and one home damaged in Bushnell in Nebraska. . Damage to vehicles in Pine Bluffs and Cheyenne. Figure 19: NWS Filtered Storm Reports for July 27 (Source: SPC, NOAA) . Widespread crop damage occurred in Pine Bluffs. Number of trees toppled. Insured losses (in USD millions) . 704 (PCS)

Fatalities: 0

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 13

TY Nida July 30 to August 3, 2016 China, Hong Kong . Tropical storm Nida formed on July 30 and made landfall near Shenzhen over Guangdong Category 1-2 at Province on China’s southeast coast at around landfall (SSHWS) 04:00 local time on August 2. Landfall intensity varied from category 1 to category 2 storms on

the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. . Rainfall accumulations of 7.8 in – 11.8 in (198 mm – 300 mm) recorded in Guangdong Pearl River Delta region. Hong Kong received rainfall of 4.8 in (122 mm). . 68.2 million people affected, 6.9 million people evacuated and > 2,200 people given emergency Economic losses life assistance. Figure 20: Typhoon Nida Track (Source: HKO) (in USD millions) . Nearly 2,000 workers constructing the Hong . 122.18 (Ministry Kong – Zhuhai – Macau Bridge were evacuated of Civil Affairs) and more 2,000 others working on an offshore

oil platform were relocated.

Fatalities: 0 . Approximately 600 houses destroyed and 3,200 houses damaged. . More than 7,907 acres (3200 hectares) of crops destroyed. . Fallen trees, lamp ports and signs caused traffic delays. . All production and school classes suspended. . > 220 flights from Shenzhen and Zhuhai , cancelled. 180 flights cancelled from Hong Kong airport. Hundreds of trains delayed or cancelled.

FL U.S.A. July 30, 2016 Maryland and . Heavy rainfall and thunderstorms triggered flash New Jersey flooding in parts of Maryland and New Jersey . Rainfall levels of approximately 6.5 in (165.1 mm) recorded across Maryland on July 30,

equivalent to a 1 in 1,000 year event. 5 in (127 mm) of rain fell in New Jersey in a span of 3 hours which led to flooding. . State of emergency declared in both Maryland and New Jersey. . 2 fatalities, more than 100 rescued in Maryland. . In Maryland > 13,000 homes were without Insured losses power. > 19,000 homes without power in New (in USD millions) Jersey. Figure 21: Rainfall in Ellicott City, July 30 . 122.5 (PCS) . In Maryland > 200 buildings damaged, with 20- 2016 (Source: NOAA) 30 significantly so and five destroyed. . Parts of Main Street in Maryland collapsed, 170 Fatalities: 2 vehicles swept away. In New Jersey, roads were

flooded and became impassable. . Newark Liberty International airport cancelled around 92 flights along with delays.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 14

HU Earl August 2 to 6, 2016 Mexico, Belize, . Hurricane Earl originated in the Caribbean Central America Sea on August 2 at around 12:00 local time. and Caribbean . It made first landfall over Belize at around 06:00 UTC as a category 1 storm on the Saffir Category 1 at Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS). landfall (SSHWS) . It crossed the Gulf of Mexico and made a second landfall on August 6 over southeast of

Veracruz City, Mexico. Due to the high terrain of Mexico, the storm dissipated on August 6. . Mexico received 100  200 mm (4  8 in) of rain. Belize City flooded due to storm surge of about 3  5 ft (1  2 m). Honduras too hit by Insured losses heavy rains. . 51 fatalities reported. Most due to mudslides. (in USD millions) Figure 22: NHC Advisory on August 5 (Source: > 15 injuries. NOAA) . 50-150 (AIR) . In Mexico an entire hill collapsed onto a . 25 (Willis Re) village damaging > 200 houses. Mudslides buried hillsides, trees fell and buildings Economic losses collapsed. (in USD millions) . In Belize, most households without power, . 183.6 roofs blown off, power lines were down, trees (Government of uprooted. Belize) . Bridges swept off, utility poles downed. . Schools, colleges and commercial airports

closed. Fatalities: 51

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 15

FL Louisiana August 12 to 14, 2016 Louisiana, U.S.A. . Heavy rainfall in the early hours of August 12 caused widespread river flooding across 20 parishes in Louisiana. . Led to the breaking of several river records. Amite river in Magnolia exceeded its previous flood record by 6 ft (1.8 m).

. The rainfall was caused due to a slow moving

low pressure system across Southern Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico leading to Insured losses high rainfall in a relatively smaller area. (in USD millions) . The worst affected parishes were Livingston, . 1,058.17(PCS) Ascension, East and West Baton rouge and Tangipahoa. . Large parts of south eastern Louisiana Fatalities: 13 Figure 23: NWS Estimated Rainfall on August 12 received over 10 in (250 mm) of rain in a 48 (Source: RMS) hour period, with the highest record being 31 in (780 mm) in Watson, Louisiana. . Emergencies declared in the 20 parishes across Louisiana. . At least 13 people confirmed dead. > 30,000 rescued. . 64,000 homes flooded across Louisiana. 75% of homes, equivalent to 39,000 properties, at a loss in Livingston. > 15,000 homes flooded in

Ascension parish. > 7,500 buildings flooded in Tangipahoa parish. . >200 roads closed due to flooding. Significant number of bridges damaged. . Schools and offices closed down.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 16

WF California August 13 to 22, 2016 Kenwood . The event was a result of three large wildfires which have Avenue, San Luis burned over 68,000 acres (27,518 hectares) of land Obispo County, across California. Lake County . The Bluecut wildfire started on August 16 at around 10:30 local time in the Cajon Pass near Kenwood Avenue. The Chimney Wildfire started on August 13 in San Luis Obispo County. The Clayton Fire started in Lake County. . All of the wildfires were triggered and spread rapidly due to dry surface fuel, strong winds, high temperatures and

low humidity. Fatalities: 0 . Extreme high temperatures of above 38 degrees Celsius Figure 24: Fire perimeter (Source: RMS) hampered the attempts at controlling the wildfire. . > 82,640 people were evacuated in case of the Bluecut

fire. Evacuations ordered in case of both Clayton and Chimney fires. . In the Bluecut fire, over 100 homes and over 200 outbuildings were destroyed while eight structuressustained damage. The Chimney wildfire has destroyed 45 structures and damaged seven, >1000 at risk. Clayton wildfire led to the destruction of 300 structures, > 316 buildings at risk. . Transport services severely hit.

TS Dianmu August 17 to 20, 2016 Guangdong . Tropical storm Dianmu formed in the West Pacific on Province, China; August 17 at 22:00 UTC and made landfall over Haiphong and Guangdong Province, China after 08:00 UTC on August Ninh Binh 18. It made a second landfall over Haiphong and Ninh Province, Binh Province in northern Vietnam at 14:00 local time on Vietnam August 19 with maximum sustained winds of 90 km/h. . Hainan province has been majorly affected by the storm. Guangdong wasn’t highly affected despite the landfall. . 9 people killed in Vietnam and 8 others injured due to

landslides, flash floods and collapsing houses.

. 40,000 people evacuated in Hainan, 35,000 people Figure 25: TS Dianmu Track (Source: relocated in Zhanjiang. 2,100 households evacuated in GDACS) Vietnam. Fatalities: 9 . 200 homes damaged in Hainan. 2,200 homes damaged, destroyed or flooded in Vietnam. . Red alert issued in the capital of Hainan, Haikou, due to the heavy rain leading to flooding. People in mountainous regions warned of flash flooding. . Uprooted trees causing disruption to transport in Vietnam. . 14 small bridges destroyed in many sections of the national and provincial highways in Vietnam. . Public transport suspended. Train services halted. Shipping suspended. Flights cancelled in both China and Vietnam.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 17

TY Lionrock August 17 to 30, 2016 Honshu, Japan . Tropical storm Lionrock formed 1056 mi (1700 km) east southeast of Japan at 12:00 UTC on August 17. Category 1 at . It made landfall on Iwate Prefecture, Honshu, Japan, landfall (SSHWS) just prior to 18:00 local time on August 30, approximately 16 mi (25 km) northeast of the city

Ofunato as a category 1 storm on the SSHWS according to JMA. . Lionrock led to 3.1 in (80 mm) of rain in Kuji City in just an hour. . Damages due to Omoto and Kuji rivers overflowing and also due to storm surge and landslides. . 19 fatalities reported in Japan and 60 in North Korea. Economic losses . > 170,000 people were evacuated. > 44,000 people (in USD millions) displaced in North Korea. 44,000 people evacuated . 239 (China in China, 700 evacuated in Russia. Figure 26: Forecast track of Typhoon Ministry of Civil . > 10,000 homes lost electricity due to strong winds Lionrock (Source: JMA) Affairs) damaging power lines . > 2,500 homes damaged to some degree. In Iwate

Fatalities: 79 Prefecture, 10 homes collapsed, 59 partially destroyed, and 1,374 damaged or flooded. In Hokkaido, 20 homes collapsed or partially destroyed, and 933 damaged or flooded. . In North Korea, remnants of the system brought river flooding, destroying > 4,400 houses. . In eastern China, 1,300 homes destroyed or damaged. . Business Interruption in Northern Japan. Two Toyota plants suspended production and shipments from oil refineries halted. . > 120 flights and 50 bullet trains cancelled.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 18

EQ Italy August 24, 2016 Amatrice, Italy . An earthquake of magnitude Mw 6.2 struck 10 km southeast of Norcia, Italy on August 24 at Magnitude 6.2 03:36 local time. . The earthquake rated a IX (violent) on the

Modified Mercali Intensity Scale. Max. Intensity: . Shortly after, an earthquake of magnitude Mw IX – violent (MMI) 5.5 struck 2.6 mi (4.2 km) north of Norcia at around 04:33 local time. . It occurred along one of the normal faults of Apennines, in a geological setting which

promotes extension of the crust. Italy has a high seismic risk, prone to rare but high energy Figure 27: Intensity (MMI) map of affected Insured losses quakes. area (Source: RMS) (in USD millions) . 247 claimed to be dead. >368 injured. . 71 (PERILS) . Dozens of people were trapped in Amatrice, . 105 (Willis Re) Accumoli and Pescara del Tronto. . The worst affected was Amatrice with half the Economic losses town getting destroyed. . All buildings in the town of Pescara del Tronto (in USD billions) destroyed. . At least 4.5 . Tunnel collapsed in the Tre Valli area resulting (Italian Prime in roads being closed. Minister) . A bridge on the verge of collapsing. . 11 (Italian Civil . Landslide triggered by earthquake caused Protection blockage in many highways near Amatrice Department) . > 10 (with 21% probability, USGS)

Fatalities: 247

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 19

HU Hermine August 31 to Sep 7, 2016 Gulf of Mexico . Tropical storm Hermine formed on August 31 in the Gulf of Mexico, 423 mi (680 km) southwest of Category 1 at Tampa, Florida. landfall . Hermine intensified overnight into a category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) and made landfall at 02:00 (SSHWS) local time over northwest Florida with maximum sustained winds of 81 mph (130 km/h). . The town of Cedar Key experienced a 6.6 ft (2 m) storm surge, raising the high tide to 10 ft (3 m). . This portion of the gulf coast is subject to significant risk of storm surge flooding due to the shallow- sloping underwater coastline. . Storm surge also observed in North West Florida Insured losses with water rising to 6.64 ft (2 m). Figure 28: Hurricane Hermine storm Track on (in USD millions) . After making landfall, Hermine weakened to a 2 September 2014 (Source: NOAA) tropical storm, passing over Georgia, South and . < 400 (RMS) . 500 (KCC) North Carolina and entered the Atlantic. . Near record warm ocean temperatures in the gulf helped feed moisture into Hermine. Economic losses . State of emergency declared in 51 countries. (in USD billions) . > 70,000 households without power in . 1.0 (KCC) Tallahassee and coastal areas. 325,000 houses in Florida, 107,000 in Georgia, and 100,000 in South Fatalities: 0 Carolina without power. Most of them caused by falling trees. . Villages on Hatteras Island sustained up to 5ft of sound side flooding. . Few buildings damaged or collapsed. . Roads blocked. Beaches and ferry services closed.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 20

TY Meranti September 10 to 17, 2016 China, Taiwan, . Super Typhoon Meranti is the strongest storm of Philippines 2016. . Super Typhoon Meranti formed at 06:00 UTC on Category 5 September 10 in the west Pacific around 845 km (SSHWS) west of Guam and intensified quickly to category 4 strength on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Wind Category 3 at Scale (SSHWS) with maximum sustained winds landfall of 130 mph (210 km/h). . Meranti, named as Ferdie in the Philippines, further intensified into a category 5 storm (SSHWS) with maximum sustained winds of 155 mph (250 km/h). . Super Typhoon Meranti made landfall as a category 3 storm on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Insured losses Wind Scale (SSHWS) over the coast of Fujian Figure 29: Path of Super Typhoon Meranti (in USD millions) Province, China at around 20:00 UTC on (JTWC) . < 400 (RMS) September 14. . 650-1150 (AIR) . The storm dissipated over north east China on

September 17 but has caused major impacts in Economic losses both Taiwan and China. . 29 fatalities in China, 1 fatality in Taiwan. (in USD millions) . 7,300 homes collapsed and 61,000 homes . 249 (China damaged across China. 292 homes destroyed Ministry of Civil and 932 homes damaged across Philippines. Affairs) . Nearly 3.2 million homes without power and water supply in Xiamen in China. > 874,000 households Fatalities: 30 without power in Taiwan. . Xiamen severely affected with flooding in the city, shattered windows, fallen trees, crushed cars, etc. In Taiwan, wind caused the major damage with trees, vehicles, railway pylons and metal signs toppling, glass windows being shattered. . Significant disruption to business and transport in Taiwan. Rainfall leading to mudslides. . Aircrafts damaged in Xiamen-Gaoqi International airport. In China, industrial production shut down. . Schools and offices remained closed. . Flight services disrupted severely.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 21

HU Matthew October 1 to 8 , 2016 Haiti, Dominican . Hurricane Matthew has been the most powerful Republic, Cuba, hurricane in the Atlantic since Hurricane Felix in Bahamas, North 2007. Carolina, South . Matthew formed as a tropical storm on Carolina, Florida, September 28 off northwest Barbados. It Georgia strengthened into a category 5 storm by October 5 and subsequently weakened to a category 4 Category 5 storm while over the Caribbean Sea. (SSHWS) . Hurricane Matthew made landfall on Haiti’s Tiburon Peninsula on October 4 at 12:00 (UTC) Category 4,3,1 at as a category 4 storm on the Saffir Simpson landfall Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS) with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (190 km/h). . It then made landfall over Cuba’s Guantanamo as a category 4 storm. . Matthew then proceeded towards the Bahamas Figure 30: Area affected by Hurricane Matthew (Source: www.mapsofworld.com) and made a third landfall as a category 4 and category 3 storm on October 5 to 6. . It continued to weaken as it made its way along Insured losses the coast of Florida, Georgia and South Carolina (in USD billions) and made landfall at Mc Clellanville, South . 1.5 - 5.0 (RMS US) Carolina as a category 1 storm on October 8. . 1.0 - 3.0 (RMS CB) . Matthew resulted in heavy flooding in North . 2.2 - 6.8 (AIR US) Carolina due to heavy rains. In South Carolina, . 0.6 – 2.0 (AIR CB) flood records broken. Storm surge of more than . 4.0 – 7.0 (KCC US) 6ft in Charleston and of 8.5 ft (2.6 m) in Georgia . 2.3 (PCS US) on October 8. Haiti severely affected with rainfall, storm surge and tornadoes in Haiti, Dominican Republic and Cuba. Economic losses . Emergency declared across all affected states. (in USD billions) . > 1,000 killed in the Caribbean. Around 40 deaths . 10+ (Moody’s in U.S.A. Analytics) . > 2,270 people rescued and 1,500 people left . 10+ (Goldman stranded due to flooding on October 9 due to Sachs) flooding in North Carolina. > 175,000 people Figure 31: Hurricane Matthew path as on evacuated in Haiti, Around 96,000 people October 7, 2016 (Source: NOAA) Fatalities: affected in Guantanamo. > 10,00 (Caribbean) . 342,000 people without power in North Carolina, 370,000 in South Carolina, 124,000 in Georgia, 40 (U.S.A.) 100,000 in Florida. . > 880 buildings flooded in North Carolina, 300 structures damaged in South Carolina. Roofs and buildings damaged in Florida. In Haiti, 2,381 houses flooded, 25,160 ‘highly damaged’, 500 completely destroyed. Bahamas faced severe damage due to strong winds and storm surge. . Significant damage to beaches in Florida. Trees uprooted and power lines downed. Major roads and highways closed or inaccessible across all affected regions. . Three dams breached in South Carolina. Airports closed down.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 22

TY Chaba October 3 to 6, 2016 Japan, South Korea . Typhoon Chaba formed in the early hours of October 3 and reached super typhoon status Category 5 with wind speeds of 165 mph (266 km/h) (SSHWS) (equivalent to a category 5 storm). . After hammering Japan’s Okinawa Prefecture,

it weakened and made landfall over the southern coast of South Korea at around 11:00 local time. . Japan’s Okinawa Prefecture faced with strong winds and heavy rains. Island of Kume facing Insured losses winds of (216 km/h) 134 mph. Southern Korean islands and Japan affected as well. (in USD millions) . Resulted in flash flooding and landslides . 126 (GIAK) across entire affected region. . Busan and Ulsan in South Korea received 24 Figure 32: Super Typhoon Chaba Track Fatalities: 9 in (61 cm) of rainfall. (Source: HKO/JMA) . 9 fatalities reported in South Korea. . 800 people evacuated. . 4,000 households without power in Okinawa. 200,000 without power in southern South Korea. . Damage to many residential and commercial properties. . Roads blocked, vehicles damaged. . Schools and offices closed. Flights cancelled.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 23

TY Sarika October 13 to 18, 2016 Philippines, China . Tropical storm Sarika formed at 13:00 (UTC) on October 13. Category 3,2 at . It made landfall over Luzon, Philippines on landfall (SSHWS) October 16 at (03:00 local time) as a category 3 storm on the Saffir Simpson

hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS) with maximum sustained wind speeds of around 125 mph (201 km/h). . It then weakened into a category 1 storm and entered the South China Sea on October 16. . Typhoon Sarika made a second landfall Economic losses over Hainan, China on October 18 at 10:00 (in USD millions) (local time) as a category 2 storm on the Figure 33: The forecast path of typhoon Sarika as SSHWS with maximum sustained winds of on October 16, 2016 . 670 (Ministry of 105 mph (169 km/h). (Source: www.nchmf.gov.in) Civil Affairs, . It made a third landfall over China’s China) Guangxi Province on October 18 as a tropical storm on the SSHWS. . 2 fatalities and 15,700 people displaced in Fatalities: 2 Philippines. . 246,000 people without power in Philippines . 500 homes destroyed and 2,000 homes damaged to varying degrees in Hainan. . 500,000 people evacuated in Haikou, China. . Flooding and landslides in Philippines. Trees uprooted. . Telephone services disrupted in Philippines. Flights and ferry services, fishing cancelled in both China and Philippines.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 24

TY Haima October 16 to 21, 2016 Philippines, China . Typhoon Haima formed on October 16 around 360 mi (580 km) south-southwest of Category 4,2 at Guam. landfalls (SSHWS) . It intensified into a super typhoon and made landfall over Cayagan Province, Philippine, at

22:00 local time on October 19 as a category 4 storm on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS) with maximum sustained wind speeds of 134 mph (215 km/h). . Haima made a second landfall on China’s Guangdong Province as a category 2 storm Economic losses on the SSHWS with maximum sustained Figure 34: China Meteorological Advisory as on (in USD millions) winds of 96.3 mph (155 km/h). 21st October 2016 (Source: CMA) . 702 (3 provinces . Resulted in strong winds, flooding and only, Ministry of landslides and severe damages in Luzon, Civil Affairs) China and in Philippine. . 13 fatalities reported in Philippine. Fatalities: 13 . 600,000 people without power in Philippine. 2,120,000 people without power in China. . Almost all homes in Philippine damaged. 6,551 homes completely destroyed. Schools and other structures damaged too. > 1,000 homes destroyed and 5,900 homes damaged in Fujian and Guangdong provinces in China. . Roads blocked, vans overturned in Philippines. . Metro train services and buses cancelled in Hong Kong. . Schools, banks, offices closed in Hong Kong. Flights cancelled.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 25

EQ Norcia October 30, 2016 Norcia, Italy . An earthquake of magnitude Mw 6.6 struck 3.7 mi (6 km) north of Norcia, Italy on Magnitude 6.6 October 30 at 07:40 local time. . The earthquake rated as IX (violent) on the

Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. Max. Intensity: . More than 100 aftershocks followed the IX – violent (MMI) main event, measuring between Mw 4.0 and Mw 5.0. . The earthquake was a result of crustal normal faulting at a shallow depth of 6.2 mi (10.0 km) . Significant damage in the town of Norcia Insured losses and nearby places. (in USD millions) . > 14,000 people displaced. . 134 (PERIL AG) . Damaging of structures as far away as . 160-215 (Willis Rome. Re preliminary . Structures in Norcia completely destroyed. estimate at January 2017)

Economic losses (in USD billions) Figure 35: Intensity (MMI) map of affected area . Between 1 and (Source: USGS) 10 (with 35% probability, USGS)

Fatalities: 0

TS U.S.A. November 4 to 6, 2016 Texas, New . A series of severe thunderstorms hit Mexico southern areas of New Mexico and western Texas from November 4 to 6. . Resulted in flash floods and large quantities of hailstones, which led to huge disruptions

in El Paso, Texas. . Almost 10,000 homes and businesses damaged. Insured losses . Vehicles damaged. (in USD millions)

. 260 - 280 (PCS) Figure 36: NWS filtered storm report for November, 5 2016 (Source: SPC, NOAA) Fatalities: 0

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 26

EQ Kaikoura November 13, 2016 Kaikoura, New . A powerful earthquake of magnitude Mw Zealand 7.8 struck 39.1 mi (63 km) southwest of Kaikoura, New Zealand at a depth of 9.3 Magnitude 7.8 mi (15 km) on November 14 at 00:02 local time. . The earthquake was a result of reverse Max. Intensity: faulting of tectonic plates. IX – violent (MMI) . It measured IX on the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale (USGS). . At least 27 aftershocks reported, ranging between Mw 5.0 and Mw 6.5 with the largest a Mw 6.5 quake that occurred 12 Insured losses km north northwest of Kaikoura. . The worst affected were Wellington and (in USD billions) Kaikoura. A tsunami measuring 8.2 ft . 2.5 – 3.5 (RMS) (2.5 m) in Kaikoura led to the destruction . 0.76 – 3.5 (AIR) of a cottage. Landslides occurred too. . 0.70 – 3.5 . 2 fatalities. (RBNZ) . 300 displaced in Wellington. Almost 1,000 displaced in Kaikoura. Economic losses . > 300 buildings damaged or destroyed. (in USD billions) . Electricity, telephone and water supply disrupted. . 2.1 -- 5.7 (RBNZ) . Roads and railway lines closed down. Tunnels blocked. Communication Figure 37: Intensity (MMI) map of affected area (Source: USGS) Fatalities: 2 severely hampered. . Schools and offices closed.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 27

WF Israel November 22 to 26, 2016 Haifa, Israel . The Israel wildfire has been the worst fire since 2010 Mount Carmel Forest Fire. . More than 200 wildfires have erupted since November 22 due to weeks of dry weather.

. Many of the fires were difficult to control

due to strong dry easterly high winds. Economic losses . Around 32,000 acres (12,950 hectares) (in USD millions): destroyed. . 550 (ABC Net) . 600-700 homes damaged or destroyed. Trees burned down and one large Fatalities: 0 apartment block in flames in Haifa. . > 60,000 people evacuated in Haifa. . 700 households without power. . Schools and universities were shut. . Highway closed down. . Assistance sent in from U.S.A., Russia and several other countries to combat the fires.

Figure 38: Wildfire affected areas (Source: www.trustpresstv.com)

TS U.S.A. November 28 to 30, 2016 Alabama, . Severe convective storms in the Mississippi, southeast U.S.A. resulted in tornadoes, Tennessee, strong winds and hail that severely Georgia, North affected Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi Carolina, South and Tennessee. Carolina, Florida, . There were total of 44 tornadoes, 163 Louisiana strong winds and 31 hailstorms reported. . Major damage caused by tornadoes although hail and straight line winds too were to be blamed.

. 5 people killed.

. 4,200 people without power in Alabama. Figure 39: SPC filtered storm report for Many without power in Mississippi. November 29, 2016 (Source: NOAA) Insured losses Around 7,000 powerless in Tennessee. (in USD millions) 11,000 without power in Georgia, North . 180 - 200 (PCS) and South Carolina. . Up to 45 buildings and 15  20 poultry

farms damaged or destroyed by Fatalities: 5 tornadoes in Alabama. 9 homes destroyed and 12 damaged in Mississippi and > 50 in Tennessee. Some structures damaged in Georgia, North and South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. . 4 planes and 2 hangars destroyed in Alabama. Cars damaged by hailstones in Mississippi. . Schools closed in Tennessee.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 28

WF Tennessee Nov 29 to Dec 5, 2016 Sevier County, . A wildfire on Chimney Top Mountain in the Gatlinburg, Pigeon Smoky Mountains National Park of Tennessee Forge, Tennessee that started on November 29 burned over 17,000 acres (6880 hectares). . High winds leading to falling power lines might be the probable cause of the fire. Strong winds and high temperatures helped in aggravating

and spreading the fire.

. Sevier County, Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge Insured losses affected by the wildfire. (in USD millions): . 7 deaths occurred. . 620 - 650 (PCS) . 14,000 people evacuated in Sevier County and Gatlinburg, 500 in Pigeon Forge. Fatalities: 7 . 10,500 homes without power in Sevier County. . 300 properties damaged or destroyed in Figure 40: Southeast Wildfire locations Gatlinburg, 400 in Sevier County, at least 50 in (Source: USA Today) Pigeon Forge. . Great Smoky National Park closed down. . Governor declared the Catastrophe as “the largest wildfire in the last hundred years of Tennessee.”

TC Vardah December 8 to 12, 2016 Tamil Nadu, . Tropical storm Vardah formed at 12:00 UTC Andaman and on December 8 around 149 mi (240 km) Nicobar Islands southwest of Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. . The system brought rainfall to the islands in the Andaman Sea. Resulted in floods in

southern Thailand and Port Blair. . It then intensified into a very severe cyclonic storm and made landfall over Chennai, Tamil Insured losses Nadu, India, on December 12 between 15:00 (in USD millions) and 17:00 local time with wind speeds of 62.1 . 52 (Business line) – 68.4 mph (100 110 km/h). . Rainfall of up to 8.8 in (224 mm) in Chennai

between December 12 and 13 led to flooding. Economic losses . Resulted in 23 fatalities. Figure 41: Tropical cyclone Vardah track (Source: (in USD billions) . Around 15,000 people displaced. EERC) . 1.0 . 7,000 huts damaged. (ASSOCHAM) . > 12,000 trees uprooted due to the storm leading to widespread disruption of power and transactions. Fatalities: 23 . 800 transformers and 10,000 electricity poles damaged. . 312 roads blocked which severely impacted traffic. . Substantial damage to crops. . Schools and colleges, offices in Tamil Nadu remain shut. . Train services affected. A number of flights cancelled.

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 29

Other natural catastrophe events by peril and location

Events highlighted in the following tables represent those with detailed information presented in the first part of the report.

Windstorm Losses (USD Name Date Location Fatalities millions) Gertrude Jan 28 Scotland. Ireland Economic: Not significant Unknown Ireland, U.K., France, Imogen Feb 8 to 9 Economic: Not significant Unknown Germany Katie Mar 27 to 28 U.K., France Economic: Not significant Unknown Insured: 2,480 (Swiss Re) France, Germany, Elvira+Friederike May 28 to June 5 Economic: 4,000 (Swiss Re) 11 Belgium 5,200 (Munich Re) Australia East Coast Low June 4 to 8 Australia Economic: Not significant Unknown Nanette/ Angus Nov 20 U.K., Ireland Economic: Significant Unknown

Blizzard Losses (USD Name Date Location Fatalities millions) Insured: 220-250 (PCS) Economic: 350 (Planalytics) Jonas Jan 23 to 24 Mid Atlantic U.S.A. 30 2,500-3,000 (Moody) 5,00-1,000 (IHS) Japan, Taiwan, South Eastern Asia Jan 25 Economic: Not Significant 90 Korea, China

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 30

Severe Thunderstorm (Tornado/Hail/Straight wind) Name Date Location Losses (USD millions) Fatalities Insured: 750-770 (PCS) U.S.A. Outbreak Feb 23 to 24 Southern and Mid Atlantic U.S.A.A. 8 Economic: Significant Insured: 600 (ICT) U.S.A. Severe Mar 13 to 18 Southern, Central, Eastern U.S.A.A 692 (PCS) 0 Weather Economic: Significant U.S.A. Severe Mar 30 to 31 Southern U.S.A.A. Economic: Not significant Unknown Weather Outbreak Texas Hailstorm Apr 10 to 12 U.S.A.A. Insured: 2,600-2,700 (PCS) 0 Uruguay tornado Apr 15 Dolores, Uruguay Economic: Not significant 4 U.S.A. Severe Weather Apr 29 to May 3 U.S.A.A. Insured:740-760 (PCS) 6 Outbreak U.S.A. Plains and Midwest Severe May 7 to 11 U.S.A.A. Economic: Not significant 0 Convective Storms Florida tornadoes May 17 to 19 U.S.A.A. Economic: Not significant 0 Central U.S.A. May 21 to 22 Central U.S.A. Economic: Not significant 0 Hail Economic: 1,120 (Munich Re) Netherlands Hail June 22 to 24 North Brabant and Limburg 0 Insured: 550 (VvV) Yancheng June 23 Jiangsu Province, Eastern China Economic: Significant 98 U.S.A. Severe Insured: 114.7 (PCS) June 6 to 7 Colorado, U.S.A.A Unknown Weather Economic: Significant U.S.A. Severe Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Northeast, Insured: 110.6 (PCS) June 16 to 18 Unknown Weather Midwest U.S.A.A Economic: Significant U.S.A. Severe Plains, Midwest, Mid-Atlantic, Rockies, Insured: 371(PCS) July 4 to 9 Unknown Weather Southeast Economic: Significant U.S.A. Severe Insured: 299 (PCS) July 13 to 15 Rockies, Plains, Midwest, and Southeast Unknown Weather Economic: Significant U.S.A.A. Severe Insured: 88 (PCS) July 20 to 21 Upper Midwest Unknown Weather Economic: Significant Pine Bluffs Insured: 704 (PCS) July 27 Wyoming, U.S.A.A. 0 Hailstorm Economic: Significant Madison Hail Sep 19 Wisconsin, U.S.A. Economic: Significant Unknown South Australia Sep 28 South Australia Economic: Not Significant Unknown Severe Weather Thunderstorm Nov 4 to 6 Texas, New Mexico Insured: 277 (PCS) 0 U.S.A. South Australia Thunderstorm Insured: 195 (Willis Re) Nov 11 Victoria 0 Australia Economic: 75 (Agricultural Adelaide) New South Wales Southern U.S.A. Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Insured: 194 (PCS) Nov 28 to 30 5 Severe Weather Tennessee Economic: Significant

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 31

Tropical Cyclone – Atlantic Losses (USD Name Date Location Category* Fatalities millions) Alex Jan 15 to 17 Azores, Canada Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Mexico, Belize, Central Insured: 50-150(AIR) Earl Aug 2 to 6 1 51 America, Caribbean Economic: High (GDACS) Fiona Aug 17 to 21 Cape Verde Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Aug 23 to Sep Gaston Cape Verde Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown 4 Insured: <400 (RMS) Aug 31 to Hermine Gulf of Mexico 1 500 (KCC) 0 Sep 7 Economic: 1,000 (KCC) Tropical Eight Aug 30 to 31 North Carolina, U.S.A.A. Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Depression Orlene Sep 11 to 17 Colima State, Mexico 1 Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Ian Sep 12 to 14 Central North Atlantic Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Julia Sep 14 to 17 Florida Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Karl Sep 15 to 25 Bermuda Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Paine Sep 18 to 21 Central Mexico 1 Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Lisa Sep 20 to 24 Cape Verde Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Insured: U.S.A.: 1,500 – 5,000 (RMS) Sep 29 to Oct Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Matthew 5 CB: 1,000 – 3,000 (RMS) >1000 8 Caribbean Economic: 10,000+ (Moody) Nicole Oct 4 to 13 Bermuda 3 Economic: Low 0 Seymour Oct 23 Manzanillo, Mexico Tropical Storm Economic: Low 0 Otto Nov 21 Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua 2 Economic: Low 0 * Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 32

Tropical Cyclone — Eastern Pacific Name Date Location Category* Losses (M USD) Fatalities Colin Jun 5 to 7 Gulf of Mexico Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Tropical 1E Jun 8 Oaxaca, Mexico Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Depression Danielle Jun 20 Veracruz, Mexico Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Agatha Jul 2 to 4 East Pacific Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Blas Jul 3 Mexico Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Celia Jul 8 to 12 East Pacific 1 Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Estelle Jul 15 to 17 Mexico 1 Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Frank Jul 21 to 27 Guerrero, Mexico 1 Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Georgette Jul 22 to 29 East Pacific 4 Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Darby Jul 12 to 26 Hawaii Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Howard Aug 1 to 4 East Pacific Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Ivette Aug 3 to 7 East Pacific 1 Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Javier Aug 7 to 9 Southwest Mexico Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Kay Aug 19 to 22 Baja California, Mexico Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Lester Aug 25 to Sep 5 Hawaii 1/2 Economic: Medium (GDACS) Unknown Madeline Aug 27 to Sep 2 Hawaii 1 Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Newton Sep 5 to 7 East Pacific 1 Economic: High (GDACS) 5 Roslyn Sep 26 Baja California Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant Unknown Ulika Sep 27 to 28 East Pacific 1 Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Tina Nov 14 Jalisco state, Mexico Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant * Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 33

Tropical Cyclone — North-Western Pacific Name Date Location Category* Losses (M USD) Fatalities Pali Jan 11 to 12 Central Pacific Hurricane Economic: Not Significant Unknown Economic: 24.1 (Taiwan Council of Nepartak Jul 3 to 9 Taiwan, China 2-4 88 Agriculture) Mirinae Jul 26 to 28 South China Sea, China Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant 1 Jul 30 to Aug Economic: 122.18 (China Ministry of Civil Nida China, Hong Kong 1 0 3 Affairs) Omais Aug 4 to 8 Tokyo, Japan Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant Unknown Conson Aug 8 to 12 Northwest Pacific Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant Unknown Chanthu Aug 14 to 17 Hokkaido Island, Japan Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant Unknown Lionrock Aug 17 to 30 Honshu, Japan 1 Economic: 239 (China Ministry of Civil Affairs) 79 Tropical Dianmu Aug 17 to 20 China, Vietnam Economic: Significant 9 Storm Mindulle Aug 18 to 22 Chiba Prefecture, Japan 1 Economic: Not Significant 1 Kompasu Aug 19 to 22 Tokyo, Japan Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant 1 Namtheun Sep 2 to 5 Ishigaki Islands, Japan Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant Unknown Insured: >400 (Willis Re) 650 – 1150 (AIR) Meranti Sep 10 to 17 China, Taiwan, Philippines 3 (CMA) 30 Economic: 249 (China Ministry of Civil Affairs) Malakas Sep 12 to 20 Kyushu, Japan 3 Economic: Significant 1 Megi Sep 23 to 27 China, Taiwan 1/2 Economic: Significant 4 Super Insured: 126 (GIAK) Chaba Oct 3 to 6 Japan, South Korea 9 Typhoon Economic: Significant Aere Oct 7 South China Sea, HongKong Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant 0 Songda Oct 10 Western Pacific 2 Economic: Not Significant 0 Sarika Oct 13 to 18 Philippines, China 3 Economic: 0.89 (Ministry of Civil Affairs) 2 Haima Oct 16 to 21 Philippines, China 4 Economic: 702 (Ministry of Civil Affairs) 13 Meari Nov 3 Guam Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant 0 Ma-on Nov 11 Northern Mariana Islands Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant 0 Tokage Nov 24 Visayan Sea, Philippines Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant 0 Nock-Ten Dec 25 Luzon 3 Economic: Not Significant 3 * Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 34

Tropical Cyclone — Southern Pacific and Oceania Name Date Location Category* Losses (M USD) Fatalities Victor Jan 15 to 21 Asia Pacific 1 Economic: High (GDACS) Unknown Stan Jan 29 to 31 Australia Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Solo Feb 11 New Caledonia, Queensland Tropical Storm Economic: Not significant Unknown Uriah Feb 13 to 19 Asia Pacific Tropical Storm Economic: Not significant Unknown Winston Feb 20 Asia Pacific, Australia 5 Economic: Not Significant 43 14P Feb 25 Asia Pacific Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant Unknown Zena Apr 5 to 7 Fiji 1 Economic: Medium (GDACS) Unknown Port Hedland, Western Yvette Dec 21 1 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Australia * Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale

Tropical Cyclone — Indian Ocean Name Date Location Category* Losses (M USD) Fatalities Corentin Jan 21 to 25 South Indian Ocean Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant Unknown Daya Feb 10 to 12 Africa Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Fantala Apr 11 to 24 Madagascar Tropical Storm Economic: Low (GDACS) Unknown Roanu May 18 to 21 Bangladesh Tropical Storm Economic: Significant 116 Two- Arabian June 27 to 30 Asia Pacific Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant Unknown Sea Abela July 16 to 19 Africa Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant Unknown Kyant Oct 25 Dhaka, Bangladesh Tropical Storm Economic: Not Significant Unknown Nada/ Tropical Nov 30 to Dec 1 Tamil Nadu, India Economic: Not Significant Unknown Four Depression Very Severe Insured: 52 (Businessline) Vardah Dec 8 to 12 Tamil Nadu, India 23 Cyclonic storm Economic: 1000 (ASSOCHAM) * Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 35

Flood Name Date Location Losses (M USD) Fatalities Ireland and U.K. Jan 4 Ireland, United Kingdom Economic: Not Significant Unknown Albania Jan 5 to 7 Balkan Peninsula Economic: Not Significant Unknown Parana State, Brazil Jan 9 to 12 South America Economic: Not Significant Unknown Indonesia and Malaysia Feb 5 to 7 Asia Pacific Economic: Not Significant 12 Southwest Europe Feb 12 to 14 Europe Economic: Not Significant 1 Indonesia and Malaysia Feb 19 to 20 Asia Pacific Economic: Not Significant 1 Northern and Western Haiti Feb 28 Central America Economic: Not Significant 1 Java Feb 25 to Mar 1 Indonesia Economic: Not Significant 1 Serbia Mar 6 to 7 Europe Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 14 Southeast Brazil Mar 10 to 12 Brazil Economic: Not Significant 24 Insured: 290-310 (PCS) Southern U.S.A. Mar 7 to 14 U.S.A. >6 Economic: Significant Oman Mar 8 to 11 Oman, UAE Insured: 15.3 (Middle East Insurance Review) Unknown Southern China Mar 19 China Economic: Medium (GDACS) 10 Fiji Apr 3 to 6 Asia Pacific Economic: Not Significant 1 Argentina and Uruguay Apr 4 to 9 South America Economic: Significant 3 Western Russia Apr 12 Russia Economic: Medium (GDACS) Economic Houston Texas Apr 17 to 21 U.S.A. Insured: 4 (ICT) 8 South Eastern China May 4 to 16 China Economic: Not Significant >66 Insured: 66(CIRC) South China Jun 13 to 17 Southern China 50 Economic: 1700 (Ministry of Civil Affairs) Southern Japan Jun 20 to 23 South Japan Economic: Significant 6 Insured: 122.39(PCS) West Virginia Jun 23 to 25 West Virginia > 20 Economic: Significant KwaZulu Natal, Eastern South Africa Jul 24 to 26 Economic: Significant 3 Cape, Western Cape Insured:122.5(PCS) Maryland and New Jersey Jul 30 U.S.A.A. 2 Economic: Significant Macedonia Flash Flooding Aug 6 to 7 Skopje, Macedonia Economic: Significant > 21 Bangladesh, China, India, Asia Monsoon Jun 30 to Jul 25 Economic: Significant 735 Nepal, Pakistan Insured:1058(PCS) Louisiana Flooding Aug 12 to 14 Louisiana, U.S.A.A. 13 Economic: Significant Greece Flooding Sep 7 Greece, Europe Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 4 Southern and Southeast U.K. Flooding Sep 15 to 16 Economic: Significant 24 England North Carolina Flooding Sep 19 to 22 North Carolina, U.S.A.A. Economic: Not Significant 0 Forbes, New South Wales, Forbes, Australia Flooding Sept 25 Economic: Significant Unknown Australia Central Vietnam Flooding Oct 14 Vietnam Economic: Significant 25 Northwest Italy, Southeast Italy and France Flooding Nov 24 to 25 Economic: Significant 1 France Southern Spain Flooding Dec 3 to 4 Spain Economic: Significant 2

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 36

Earthquake Name Local time Location Mw Losses (M USD) Fatalities Jan 3 04:35 Manipur, India 6.7 Economic: Not Significant 15 Jan 6 06:42 Banning, California 4.4 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Jan 12 00:38 Talaud Islands, Indonesia 6.5 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Jan 14 12:25 Hokkaido, Japan 6.3 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Jan 21 01:13 Qinghai Province, China 5.9 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Jan 24 01:30 Offshore Alaska, U.S.A. 7.1 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Economic : Not Significant Jan 25 05:22 Offshore Morocco 6.1 1

Jan 30 15:25 Kamchatka, Russia 7.2 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Feb 6 03:57 South Taiwan 6.4 Insured: 7.5 (Asia Insurance Review) 47 Feb 9 21:33 Coquimbo, Chile 6.3 Economic: Not Significant 1 Feb 12 17:02 Sumba, Indonesia 6.5 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Offshore Christchurch, Feb 14 13:13 5.7 Economic: Not Significant Unknown New Zealand Feb 16 15:04 Big Pine, California 4.8 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Feb 24 16:02 Kern, California 4.9 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Offshore Espiritu Santo Apr 3 18:23 6.9 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Island, Vanuatu Apr 10 14:58 Northeast Afghanistan 6.6 Economic: Not Significant 6 Apr 13 20:25 Naypyidaw, Myanmar 6.9 Economic: Not Significant > 2 Offshore Mindanao Apr 14 02:21 5.9 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Island, Philippines Apr 14 12:26 (UTC) Kyushu, Japan 6.1 Economic: Not Significant 9 Insured: 325 – 850 (AIR) Esmeraldas Province, Economic: 0.1 – 1 B ( with 32% Apr 16 18:58 7.8 >655 Ecuador probability, USGS) >600 M (Ministry of Finances) Insured: 1,700 – 3,200 (AIR) 800 – 1,200 (RMS); Apr 16 00:25 Kumamoto, Japan 7.0 4,800( Willis Re) >66 Economic: 5,500 – 7,500 (RMS), >10 (with 72% probability, USGS) April 29 05:33 Malakula Island, Vanuatu 7.0 Economic: Not Significant 0 Yilan County, northeast May 12 11:17 5.6 Economic: Not Significant 0 Taiwan May 18 02:57 Esmeraldas Province 6.7 Economic: Not Significant 1 Jun 01 04:56 Sumatra, Indonesia 6.5 Economic: Not Significant 0 Puerto Morazan, Jun 10 21:25 6.1 Economic: Not Significant 0 Honduras Riverside County, Jun 10 01:04 5.2 Economic: Not Significant Unknown California Jun 26 11:17 (UTC) Sary-Tash, Kyrgyzstan 6.4 Economic: Not Significant 0 Jul 10 21:01 Esmeraldas Provinces 5.8 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Aug 3 21:55 Janesville, California 4.5 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Aug 15 21:58 Chivay, Peru 5.4 Economic : Not Significant 4

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Bowen, Queensland, Aug 18 14:30 5.7 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Australia Aug 24 17:04 Chauk, Burma 6.8 Economic: Not Significant 0 Insured: 71 (Perils) 105 (Willis Re) Aug 24 03:36 Amatrice, Italy 6.2 Economic: 11 (Italian Civil Protection 247 Department) >10 (USGS) North Island, New Sep 02 04:37 7.1 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Zealand Pawnee County, Sep 3 06:42 5.6 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Oklahoma Sep 4 10:38 Mindanao, Philippines 5.9 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Sep 10 15:27 Nsunga, Tanzania 5.9 Economic: Not Significant 16 Sep 11 15:10 Skopje, Macedonia 5.3 Economic: Not Significant 0 Sep 12 20:32 Kyonju, South Korea 5.4 Economic: Not Significant 0 Sep 14 20:58 Mutata, Colombia 6.0 Economic: Not Significant 0 Sep 22 21:06 Southern Mozambique 5.6 Economic: Not Significant Unknown Oct 02 21:40 Balingasay, Philippines 5.7 Economic: Not Significant 0 Oct 21 14:07 Kurayoshi, Japan 6.2 Economic: Not Significant 0 Oct 26 21:8 Visso, Italy 6.1 Economic: Not Significant 0 Insured: 134 (Peril AG) Oct 30 07:40 Norcia, Italy 6.6 160-215 (Willis Re preliminary) 0 Economic: 1000-10000 (USGS) Nov 4 13:20 Curico, Chile 6.4 Economic: Not Significant 0 Nov 6 20:44 Cushing, Oklahoma 5.0 Economic: Not Significant 0 Insured: 2500-3500 (RMS) 762-3500 (AIR) Nov 14 00:02 Kaikoura, New Zealand 7.8 2 705-3500 (RBNZ) Economic: 2100-5700 (RBNZ) Nov 22 05:59 Offshore Namie, Japan 6.9 Economic: Not Significant 0 Dec 01 17:40 Huarichancara, Peru 6.3 Economic: Not Significant 0 Dec 7 05:03 Sigli, Indonesia 6.5 Economic: Significant 102 Dec 25 14:22(UTC) Chile 7.6 Economic: Not Significant 0

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 38

Wildfire Name Month Location Acres Burnt Losses (M USD) Fatalities Waroona- Yarloop Jan 6 Western Australia 176,326 Insured: 71.25 (ICA) 2 Bushfire Insured: 3,520 (PCS) May 1 to 2,000 – 5,000 (Morgan Canada Wildfire Fort McMurray 1,300,000 0 26 Stanley) Economic: Significant Jun 23 to Erskine Wildfire California, U.S.A.A. > 43,460 Economic: Significant 2 30 California Jul 22 California, U.S.A.A. > 68,000 Economic: Significant 2 Wildfires Madeira Wildfire Aug 8 to 10 Madeira, Portugal Unknown Economic: Not Significant 3 California Aug 13 to California, U.S.A.A. > 68,000 Economic: Significant 0 Wildfires 22 Nov 22 to Israel Wildfires Israel 32,000 Economic: 550 (ABC Net) 0 28 Tennessee Nov 29 to Insured: 637 (PCS) Sevier County, Tennessee 17,000 7 Wildfires Dec 5 Economic: Significant

eVENT™ Natural catastrophes in 2016 39

Abbreviations Symbols from Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) BL Blizzard HL Hail TS Thunderstorm

Chemical Explosion ME Meteoroid VE Volcanic Eruption

DR Drought TC Tropical Cyclone WF Wildfire

EQ Earthquake TO Tornado WS Windstorm

FL Flood

Sources ABC Net (abc.net.au), ABI (Association of British Insurers: abi.org.uk), Accuweather (accuweather.com), Adelaide now (adelaidenow.com), AFA ( Association Française de l’assurance), AIR (AIR Worldwide: air-worldwide.com), AMIS (Asociación Mexicana de Instituciones de Seguros (Mexican Association of Insurance Institutions): amis.org.mx), Artemis (artemis.bm), Bahamas First Holdings (bahamasfirst.com), BoM (Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology: bom.gov.au), Business Insurance (businessinsurance.com), Brisbane Times (brisbanetimes.com.au), CDI (California Department of Insurance: insurance.ca.gov), CEDIM (Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology: cedim.de), Chicoer News (chicoer.com), China Daily (chinadaily.com.cn), CIRC(China Insurance Regulatory Commission), China’s National Earthquake Network Centre (csndmc.ac.cn), Chinese Today (chinesetoday.com), Climate Signal (www.climatesignals.org), CNTV (english.cntv.cn), CoCoRaHS (Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network: cocorahs.org), CoreLogic (corelogic.com), Credit Suisse (credit-suisse.com), Dailymail (dailymail.co.uk), DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst: dwd.de), Earth observatory (by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, U.S.A.): earthobservatory.nasa.gov), Earthquake report (by CEDIM/KIT (Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology): earthquake-report.com), ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts: ecmwf.int), Express (express.co.uk), Extreme Storm (extremestorms.com.au), FGDC (Federal Geographic Data Committee: fgdc.gov), Fitch (Fitch Ratings: fitchratings.com), FU Berlin (Freie Universität Berlin: fu-berlin.de), GDACS (Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System: gdacs.org), GDV (Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e. V. (German Insurance Association): gdv.de), GeoMAC (Geospatial Multi-Agency Coordination by USGS: geomac.gov), GIAJ (General Insurance Association of Japan: sonpo.or.jp), GIAK (General Insurance Association of Korea: knia.or.kr), Guardian (theguardian.com), HKO(Hong Kong Observatory), ICA (Insurance Council of Australia: insurancecouncil.com.au), Insurance Journal (insurancejournal.com), International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (www.ifrc.org), IHS (www.ihs.com), JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency: jma.go.jp), JTWC (Joint Typhoon Warning Center: jtwccdn.appspot.com/JTWC), KAC (Kinetic Analysis Corporation: kinanco.com), KCC(Karen Clark and Company), KNMI (Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut), Met Office (metoffice.gov.uk), Met Service (metservice.com), Meteo France (meteofrance.com), Munich Re (munichre.com), NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, U.S.A.: nasa.gov), NBC Bay Area (nbcbayarea.com), NBC Chicago (nbcchicago.com), NDRRMC (National Disaster Risk Reduction And Management Council: ndrrmc.gov.ph), NEOC (Nepal National Emergency Operation Center: neoc.gov.np), NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.A.: noaa.gov), North American Forest Fire System (fires.globalincidentmap.com), NWS (NOAA National Weather Service: weather.gov), NY Times (nytimes.com), OCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: unocha.org), PCS (Property Claim Services: verisk.com/property-claim-services), PERIL AG (perils.org), PERILS (perils.org), PwC (PricewaterhouseCoopers: pwc.co.uk), RBNZ (Reserve Bank of New Zealand), ReliefWeb (by OCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs): reliefweb.int), Reuters (reuters.com), Risk Market News (riskmarketnews.com), RMS (Risk Management Solutions: rms.com), Scientific American (scientificamerican.com), SPC (Storm Prediction Center, NOAA’s National Weather Service: spc.noaa.gov), Swiss Re (swissre.com), The Actuary (theactuary.com), Tribune 242 (tribune242.com), USGS (United States Geological Survey: usgs.gov), USTornadoes (United States Tornadoes: ustornadoes.com), Verisk Climate (veriskclimate.com), VvV (The Dutch Insurance Association, Verbond van Verzekeraars), Washington Post (washingtonpost.com), WEATHER (weather.com), Weather Underground (wunderground.com), Weatherzone (weatherzone.com.au), Webcitation (webcitation.org), wetterpate.de (Institute for meteorology), Willis Re, Willis SpatialKey Application

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