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Dian Nur Endah — in Popular Literature: A Formula Analysis of Lecter Series

SERIAL KILLER IN POPULAR LITERATURE: A FORMULA ANALYSIS OF SERIES

Dian Nur Endah [email protected]

Abstract

Using textual analysis, this research attempts to find out the formula of Hannibal Lecter . These formula is analyzed and studied to acquire convention and invention in Hannibal Lecter characterization compared to other serial killer fictions. These two aspects are the foremost things that enable Hannibal Lecter series become acceptable and popular in American society. The result of this research is that there are some aspects in Hannibal Lecter characterization that are defined as convention of serial killer genre; 1) depiction of serial killer as white male, 2) depiction of serial killer as being highly intelligent and strong. Meanwhile, aspects that show invention of serial killer characerization are; 1) Depiction of serial killer as person who commits killing to bad people, 2) Performing cannibalism practice as civilized action, 3) Being woman lover, not misogynist, and 4) Being sociable man.

Keywords: serial killer, formula, convention, invention, crimes

Introduction twwentieth different languages and have sold tens of millions of copies (Random Novels and films that narrate serial killing House, 2005: Sexton). have been existing in American popular literature since the emergence of The Popularity of literary works is actually Killer Inside Me (1940). It is followed by associated with sense of familiarity in series like Robert Bloch’s Psycho (1960- which served by two conditions, first, the 1980), Patricia Highsmith’s Mr. Ripley story provides the most basic pattern that is (1970-1980) series and Hannibal Lecter acceptable in many different cultural and series (1981-2003) by . social backgrounds. This pattern is not These novels are made into various limited in any spesific stage like gender, adaptations such as films and serial age and race. Second, the story serves the television. All of them depicts serial killer spesific characteristics in which commonly as violence performer that and kill used in a society where it is produced. This their victims. characteristic is limited to certain society that it can be different from one to others. Among the series, Hannibal Lecter is the most popular one. Hannibal the cannibal This sense of familiary is not the only has fulfilled public enjoyment of serial measurement of novels or films’ killer since its emergence in 1981 in The popularity. A novel or film must have a . The sequels, The Silence of certain unique qualities that differ them to the Lambs, Hannibal and others. This unique qualities can be found have been published in more than in depiction of character, plot, setting or

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anything that deals with the intrinsic Discussion unsure of the story. This different depiction can be called as deviation or what best Depiction of Hannibal Lecter as serial called as invention. In term of popular killer comprises conventional formulas literature, this unique quality enables a that are specified into American society. certain work to be more appealing than This conventional formula enables others. Hannibal Lecter to be acceptable in society in spite of its violence descriptions. In perspective of this research, Hannibal Hannibal Lecter comprises characteristic Lecter novel series comprises sense of that are deviated from most portrayal of familiarity and unique qualities that makes serial killer. Hannibal Lecter shows them become so much popular in contradict characteristics that mostly found American society. Hannibal Lecter in one in serial killer fictions. These invention side converge and all at once deviated precisely makes Hannibal Lecter becomes from formula of serial killer convention. more appealing than others. These unique The focus of studying on Hannibal Lecter characteristics also give new information formula also means sudying social and about alteration in society. cultural background. Conventional Attributes of serial killer Methodology Conventional attributes of serial killer The data of this research are collected by comprises the depiction of white male. the technique of library research. The Hannibal Lecter is portrayed as white in primary source of the data is taken from spite of the fact that he is Italian who are the novel The red Dragon (1981), The usually portrayed as having darker skin. Silence of The Lambs (1988), Hannibal This can be seen from the description of (1999) and Hannibal Rising (2006) by four novels. This whitess is also well Thomas Harris published by St. Martin’s portrayed in movie adaptations like The Press. The secondary data taken from the Silence of The Lambs (1991), The Red movie adaptation with the same title that Dragon (2002), Hannibal (2006) and released from 1991 until 2007. Other Hannibal Rising (2007) that starred by discourses such as journal, articles, thesis, , Gaspard Ulliel and dissertation, essays, dictionaries, and . encyclopedia taken to support the thesis- writing process. Another conventional attribute of serial killer is characteristics of having physical This research uses descriptive qualitative and intellectual strength. Both of as method of analysis, and, thus, it is characteristics are only found in depiction methodologically qualitative research in of white male. Other non-white male analyzing characterization of Hannibal groups such as woman and black are in Lecter in The Red Dragon (1981), The subordinate position. Whitess in novels Silence of The Lambs (1988), Hannibal and films depict highly intelligent whether (1999) and Hannibal Rising (2006). it is attached to protagonist or anatagonist. Adi (2008) stated white villain (Euro-

2 Dian Nur Endah — Serial Killer in Popular Literature: A Formula Analysis of Hannibal Lecter Series

America) is usually described as smart and psychotic killer. Being undone from tight tech master. They are the skilled people surveillance, Lecter had bigger chance to that espionage to the varying organization escape from the cell. even with maximum security. Even if the criminal is perceived as mentally ill, still Hannibal Lecter is also narrated using his they are portrayed as highly intelligent knowledge in surgery and human anatomy (Adi, 2008). to victimize people. It can be seen through Hannibal Lecter’s method in cutting open Being violent or brutal is another agent Kendler’s skull. Using the usual characteristic that is attached to the scalpel, Hannibal Lecter cut off Kendler’s depiction of white male. Adi (2008) states, skull and picks a part of the brain without “kulit putih pucat bagi laki-laki, apalagi using local anesthesia. “Dr Lecter’s albino, dianggap sama seperti kulit hitam method in removing the top of Krendler’s sebagai simbol kejahatan dan tindakan skull was as old as Egyptian medicine, brutal” (p. 109). Description of brutal or except that he had the advantage of an violent actions are so often found in autopsy saw with cranial blade, a skull key portrayal of man that it is associated with and better anesthetics. The brain itself feels stereotype of white male as being strong. no pain” (Harris, 2000, p. 350). Laura Cardey (2013) states that white male is used to be portrayed as stronger than Another aspect that shows serial killer as female. The character is often angry and highly intelligent man is that depiction of above all, he is aggressive in the extreme Hannibal Lecter that creates such and engages in violent behavior. More complicated crime scene. He put much specifically, Cardey (2013) states effort in displaying the bodies into such description of violent behavior is work of art. It is found that Lecter moves accompanied by the lack of emotional the bodies from the actual crime scene into feeling. such strange circumstances. He also encloses some unusual details to the Serial Killer depiction as Preservation of bodies. For example, the murder inspector White Male Stereotype Rinaldi Pazzi in (Hannibal, 1999). Pazzi was found hung in the place Stereotype of white male as being highly his ancestor was hung, Palazzo Vecchio in intelligent can be seen through the way building complex, Piazza in Florence. His crimes are presented by Hannibal Lecter stomach was torn with the heart is missing, depiction. Through the novel series, replaced with the toxic flower, Belladonna. Hannibal Lecter shows crime as action that needs superior ability. In The Silence of In performing such killing or torturing, The Lambs (1988) Hannibal Lecter is Hannibal Lecter does not leave any narrated using some tricks to escape from traceable evidence or forensics detail such cell with full surveillance. He purposely as finger prints and blood sample. As lack participated in the case of in of evidence, the crime scenes are barely Memphis by telling false information since possible to understand that police and he knew that the police guards in Memphis psychiatrist demands the help from the one would treat him like a usual criminal not who is often depicted as genius to

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participate in investigation. This depiction also shows murder as actualization of of genius person becomes crucial that it physical strength. Hannibal Lecter is never emphasizes the ability of the killer’s in narrated using riffle or gun. He uses usual doing crimes. For example, depiction of equipment that needs lots of physical in The Red Dragon (1981) in strength such as rope, dagger or stick. which depicted as having great ability in analyzing human psyche. Though Graham This depiction of Hannibal Lecter as the owns such quality, still, he explains the strong man is also accompanied by difficulty of catching intelligent criminal description of him as being lack of like Hannibal Lecter. emotional feeling. Through the series, Hannibal Lecter is never narrated as being Hannibal Lecter is also depicted as the emotionally driven in killing or lone fighter. The four novels narrates the cannibalizing his victims. He is portrayed fight of Hannibal Lecter versus FBI and as tough man that commits killing and psychiatrist team. Hannibal Lecter is torturing without any fear or nervous. For narrated doing all criminal actions alone. example, Hannibal Lecter is narrated being He also has no partner that could hide him calm while striking the nurse who tries to from police chase. On the other side, examine him. “He broke her jaw to get at police force and mental health institution her tongue. His pulse never got over are in unity to arrest Hannibal Lecter. They eighty-five, even when he swallowed it” have a team that comprises some experts (Harris, 1988, p. 7). such as forensic team, psychiatrist and FBI agents. Another aspect that shows characteristic of being strong is the record of victims and Through the novel series, Hannibal Lecter cannibal practice. In sum, Hannibal is not also depicted as high intelligent man Lecter’s victims are sixteen, as follows; but also as the strong man. Depiction of two in The Red Dragon (1981), five in The him as being strong can be seen in Silence of the Lambs (1988), two in the portrayal of Hannibal Lecter as violence Hannibal (1999) and seven in Hannibal performer. Four of the novels depict Rising (2006). Meanwhile, Hannibal Hannibal Lecter as performer of punching, Lecter’s record of cannibalism practice is beating and stabbing. In Hannibal Rising that about five times throughout the novel. (2006), it is narrated that Lecter often This human organ is considered as the performed violent actions that he was trophies that it indicates Hannibal Lecter known as rebel and a bully. Such advancement for being killer. performence of violent actions enable Hannibal Lecter to be perceived as being Portrayal of Hannibal Lecter as intelligent strong. and strong man implies that conventional depiction of white male as having physical More specifically, in Hannibal Lecter and intellectual strength remains valid in novels, this depiction of being strong is society. This white male depiction seen through Hannibal Lecter’s ways of circumscribes other non-white male groups killing. Besides showing murder as action like woman and non-white race to be that needs intelligence, Hannibal Lecter portrayed as serial killer. Some serial killer

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fictions that are deviated from this the portrayal of serial killer that is mostly conventional depiction are not successful seen in other works. in their sale records, for example, 2 (2002). The film Most of serial killer stories narrate the portrays Rachel Newman, a university protagonist as the villain character. This student with tall-slim body and beautiful can be seen from the depiction of their face as the killer of men from different victims. Victims are often depicted as ages with different profession such as innocent people that they have no records university students, politician, detective in criminal action. They are people who etc. However, the film is deviated from purposely selected because they match to other serial killer fiction that it narrates the pattern that the killers use, for example, woman as its protagonist. In fact, the novel depiction of victims in Exquisite Corpse is deemed as the unrecommended thriller (1996). The victims are depicted as two films due to bad ratings. families from upper to middle class. They were selected based on the spesification of This conventional depiction also economic and profession background that circumscribes white male serial killers that the killer cannot afford. do not resemble the characteristic of having physical and intellectual strength. Description of victim as seen in serial This can be seen in portrayal of Patrick killers portrayal is the foremost thing that Bateman in American Psycho (1999). determines legality of killing they do. Adi Bateman do not resemble other (2008) states that killing and torturing are characteristic of white male as having perceived as act of evil when it comes to intellectual strength. He merely shows innocent people. On the contrary, killing killing and torturing as brutal actions. As can be considered as good actions when it the result, Bateman never gain good record happens to villain. So to speak, crime is in its sale and receives negative critic. The defined by the quality of its victims. horror magazine Bloody Disgusting (2000) Hence, character that performs violence to ranked the novel at no. 19 in its list of the bad people cannot be considered as top 20 horror book of the decade. criminal but rather as hero.

Hannibal Lecter Depiction as Deviation In victimizing those innocent people, serial killer uses their own method of killing and It is previously stated that a successful torturing. Simpson (2000) calls this work must have certain characteristics that specific method as signature of the killer. are different from other works. These Hence, every serial killer must has its own characteristics in which Cawelti (1976) spesific signature, some of them practice defines as invention are embodied in the monstrous characteristics like biting, and intrinsic unsure in the story become the cannibalism, for example, depiction of certain appeal of the work. In this way, cannibalism in American Psycho (1991). Hannibal Lecter depiction comprises some The novel depicts cannibalism through characteristics that make the series become narration of protagonist, . more appealing than others. These Bateman is narrated eating the fleshy meet characteristics can be measured through

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and the brain of the girl that is previously Ripley and John Felton have popularity killed and tortured. among people. These serial killers are depicted as general people with no Another aspect that is associated with reputation in his society, for example, serial killer depiction is that description of is only known as the owner misogynist. Many serial killer fictions of the motel, while John Felton is known depict the protagonists as the woman as football coach. hunter. Serial killers are often narrated performing , torturing and killing Since those serial killers are not towards woman. This characteristic accustomed to gather with community, somehow becomes the inherent portrayal they take a little care to their looks. Many of serial killer fictions in twentieth century. novels depict serial killer as person who Jane Caputi (1999) states out of ten serial does not bother with their outfit, for killer novels, eitght of them narrates the example, John Felton in Crimson Joy story of woman victimization. (1988). The novel depicts Felton as an ignorant man who wears training trousers Beside killing and torturing, serial killer is with sport jacket and a baseball hat on also commonly depicted as being hateful everuwhere he goes. to women. For example, John Felton in Crimson Joy, (1988) is so hateful to his Invention of Serial Killer Depiction mother that he calls her as blacky. This hatred actually comes from the traumatic Hannibal Lecter shows the contradict chldhood that caused by troublesome characteristics that mostly seen in portrayal mother as he is child. Many serial killer of serial killers like John Felton, Thomas novel and films narrates woman as aunts, Ripley and Francis Dolorhyde. Contrast mother, or grandmother that torture their those serial killers that is depicted as relatives or children physically and villain, Hannibal Lecter is depicted as psychologically that it leaves the trauma. hero. This can be seen from description of Hannibal Lecter’s victims. Those who are Serial killer fictions also depict its victimized by Hannibal Lecter are protagonist as anti-social character. This categorized as bad people. For example, can be seen from the portrayal of serial Nazi ex-soldiers who do harms to his killer as being excluded from the society family and cannibalize his sister, Mischa where they live. Their habitation is often Lecter. narrated in such remote place; far away from most general people live, for Second category of people that victimized example, depiction of Norman Bates by Hannibal Lecter are those who do not habitation in Psycho (1959). Bates lives in practice politeness especially towards the area of lonely roads where mostly women he respected. For example, it is people do not pass by. narrated that in The Silence of The Lambs (1988), Lecter kills Miggs, the imprisoned This characteristic of anti-social person patient next to him, because he threw makes serial killer to be unknown. None of cement to , an FBI agent serial killers like Norman Bates, Thomas whom Lecter respects.

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The last category of Hannibal Lecter’s In some occasion, there is depiction that victim is that people who gives the hard Hannibal Lecter kills his victims joyfully. times to woman he loved, Clarice Starling. Hannibal Lecter is narrated playing They are depicted as the character that musical instrument or singing while he only take an advantage of Starling’s kills his victims. Hannibal Lecter listened investigation in finding Hannibal Lecter. to a classical music, Glen Gough Variation, Starling’s senior partner, agent Kendler is when he dissects agent Kendler’s skull portrayed as bossy man who always tries (Hannibal, 1999). Lecter also plays a lute to interfere with Starling’s career in the before he slashes Paul Momund into pieces Bureau. Another example is that depiction (Hannibal Rising, 2006). of Dr. Chilton, the head of mental health hospital in . Dr. Chilton is Hannibal Lecter depiction as mentally ill is portrayed as man with popularity deviated from the convention of hero. In obsession that he makes use of Starling’s many films and novels, depiction of investigation on Buffalo Bill case. mentally ill precisely can be seen in portrayal of villain. Villain, according to Commit killing towards bad people indeed urban dictionary, is a character tends to makes Hannibal Lecter diverge from other have a negative effect on other character. serial killers. However, there are other More specifically, Adi (2008) stated the specific aspects that enable a character to characteristics of villain as; 1)mencari be perceived as hero. In Mitos Film Laga kekayaan 2)mengganggu masyarakat (2008), Adi (2008) explains the 3)memaksakan ideology 4)kecewa characteristics of hero as follows, 1) tidak terhadap kenyataan dan 5)mencoba pengecut, 2) pemberani, 3) memilki motif mengubah nilai (p. 106). kemanusiaan yang kuat, 4) membunuh Hannibal Lecter does not belong to those karena terpaksa, 5) penyendiri, 6) tidak characteristics. Lecter depiction as the dinamis, 7) memiliki integritas yang tinggi killer of bad people has positive effect to dan 8) mampu mengendalikan pikiran, other characters like Lady Murasaki and kemampuan dan perasaannya (p. 102- Clarice Starling. By killing bad people, 106). Lecter facilitates the safety of women he loves. Through this depiction, it is clear Based on the definition above, Hannibal Lecter depiction as serial killer does not that Lecter’s crime is not motivated by belong to the characteristics of hero. He is richness or power and neither had he had depicted as mentally ill that he kills his the primary goal to change social value. victims without remorse and guilt. As the It can be stated that though Hannibal result, Lecter does not have control to hold Lecter is depicted as mentally ill, he the urge in killing and torturing people. In cannot be perceived as villain. This Hannibal Rising (2006), Hannibal Lecter depiction of serial killer can be considered is asked by lady Murasaki to hand the as the changed conception of hero. It killer of his sister to the police but he did explains that there is alteration in not listen that he keeps torturing his conception of hero in society. Adi (2014) victim. in Anakronisme Dalam Serial TV

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has previously stated the similar thing in performs punishment of bad guys in more analyzing depiction of serial killer, Dexter painful ways. For example, five of ex-Nazi Morgan. In television series Dexter (2003- soldier who kidnapped Lecter’s sisters are 2013), Dexter Morgan is depicted as the tortured in different ways that they died protagonist who killed bad people. Dexter wretchedly. is a mental illness sufferer that his motive of killing is actually based on his Another invention found in Hannibal psychological need in seeing tortured Lecter series is that performance of bodies and blood. Adi (2014) states Dexter cannibalism practice as artistic action. Morgan portrayal as anachronism of hero Hannibal Lecter is depicted as serial killer depiction. who practices cannibalism towards his victims. He cooks human organs such as This depiction of serial killer as hero is livers, lungs or stomach with some actually associated with dramatization proteins like eggs. Sometimes, he also between evil versus good. In crime marinates them with some herbs such as narratives, dramatization between good and amarone. “A census taker tried and evil is performed by the punishment of to quantify me once. I ate his liver with the bad guy. Raney (2002) states that some fava beans and a big Amarone” depiction of punishment in which called as (Harris, 1988, p. 14). retribution is crucial that it brings sense of justice to the reader. “Criminal suspects Hannibal Lecter also treats food in best being murdered is typical of retribution way. Lecter used to show appreciation that makes statement what is fair and toward food that he serves them as appropriate retribution in which by means masterpiece. This can also be seen through conveying the sense of justice to the Hannibal Lecter way in selecting people reader” (p. 30). who taste his dishes. Hannibal Lecter invites respectable and famous people only In this way, hero becomes the agent that to his banquet, for example, in The Silence serves punishment for the bad guys. of The Lambs (1988). He fetes the dinner Therefore, how hero wins the battle over to president and conductor of the the villain becomes matter since it deals Baltimore philharmonic. with the measurement of reader’s enjoyment. “Si pahlawan harus membalas Beside showing cannibalism as aesthetic kejahatan yang dilakukan antagonis action, another invention aspect found in dengan setimpal dan cara apapun jika Hannibal Lecter is that depiction as woman diperlukan dengan cara yang lebih kejam lover. This can be seen through description daripada tindakan penjahat itu” (Adi, of his victims that are identified as men. As 2008, p. 111). previously stated, Hannibal Lecter has record of killing about fourteen. The thing Hannibal Lecter’s depiction as is that none of his victim is identified as psychopathic serial killer enables him to woman. Other than that, Hannibal Lecter is intensify enjoyment by his capability in never narrated torturing woman. doing sadistic action. Being lack of Other aspects that show Hannibal Lecter as remorse and guilt, Hannibal Lecter woman lover is his attitude in treating his

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lover. Often, Hannibal Lecter shows drugs and hypnotic therapy to instill the protective actions to his little sister, Mischa image of Mischa in Starling but it did not Lecter. For example, when he and his sister work. are left alone by the death of their parents, Hannibal Lecter protects his sister from the Hannibal Lecter’s behavior and feeling strangers that entered their lodge to take a about woman actually comes from women shelter (Hannibal Rising, 2006). This figures in his young age. Hannibal Lecter depiction of woman lover is also seen is raised by merciful women like his through Hannibal Lecter’s romantic mother, and lady Murasaki. These women expression towards his aunt, lady treat Hannibal Lecter kindly that it does Murasaki. It is verified through his way in not leave trauma for him. Hannibal calling lady Murasaki as my lady. In one Lecter’s mother is depicted as respectable occasion, Lecter also shows his affection woman who raises children lovingly by sending her flowers. “Hannibal would (Hannibal Rising, 2004). It is same with certainly bring flowers. Hannibal brought lady Murasaki. She teaches Lecter many flowers. Tulips and Casablanca lilies and things like art, language, fighting and ferns in a tall arrangement sticking up from men’s etiquette. the pillion seat of his motorcycle” (Harris, 2002, p. 154). Hannibal Lecter also shows The last thing found in Hannibal Lecter supportive actions to woman. This can be depiction is that description as sociable seen through his support to Clarice man. This can be seen through depiction of Starling’s career as FBI agent. Lecter states him as participant of different communities his admiration of her spirit to survive in in society. In The Red Dragon, (1981), Bureau that filled with hypocrite men. Hannibal Lecter is narrated attending orchestra and opera regularly that he made Unlike other serial killers that are hateful his own community with the fellow to woman, Hannibal Lecter is depicted as audience. Besides, Hannibal Lecter is also having warm feelings. This can be seen depicted taking part in educated and through his attachment to his sister, Mischa respectable circle like lecturer and Lecter. Hannibal Lecter is so attached to professor. He used to arrange some lecture Mischa that he feels so loss for her death. in front of Studiolo, it is the name for an In his adult years, Hannibal Lecter often ornate private study that often met in the imagined his togetherness with Mischa. Palazzo Vecchio. One of Lecter’s “..For years Lecter had teased the problem, acquaintances, professor Sogliato asks him wanting very much for Hawking to be to do lecture on Dante, “He is such an right the first time, for the expanding expert on Dante, let him lecture on Dante, universe to stop, for entropy to mend itself, to the Studiolo. Let him face them for Mischa, eaten, to be whole again. extempore” (Harris, 1999, p. 86). Time” Hannibal, 2002, p. 268). In other ocassion, depiction of having warm feeling Depiction of Hannibal Lecter as sociable is also seen in his admiration of Clarice man enables him to take care of his Starling. It comes from Lecter’s failure in appearance. It can be seen through replacing the image of Mischa into Clarice Hannibal Lecter depiction who always Starling. In Hannibal (1999), Lecter uses wears nice suits when he was outside the

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jail. “His dark clothing is beautifully cut, society. Depiction of Hannibal Lecter as even for Italian” (Harris, 2000, p. 208). intelligent and violent man shows that stereotype of white male as having Conclusion physical and intellectual strength is still valid in society. Meanwhile, depiction of Hannibal Lecter novel series comprises serial killer as hero implies that there is general standardization and unique alteration about the concept of hero in qualities that enable them become popular society. in American society. This general standardization serves sense of familiarity References that it makes the series acceptable in society. It is comprises two aspects; first, Adi, I. R. (2008). Mitos Di Balik Film archetypal pattern that enables the work to Laga Amerika. Yogyakarta: be known in many different society. Gadjah Mada University Press. Second, cultural pattern that makes the ______. (2011). Fiksi Populer: Teori dan Maatode Kajian. Yogyakarta: series acceptable in certain society. Pustaka Pelajar. Hannibal Lecter comprises cultural ______. (2014). Anakronisme dalam pattern of serial killer genre by depiction Serial TV Dexter. LITERA, 13 (1). of serial killer as white intelligent man. It 29-42. can be seen through; Hannibal Lecter use Alsford, M. (2006). Heroes and Villains. of intrigue in escaping from jail. Hannibal of America: Baylor University Press. Lecter also comprises the conventional Bloch, R. (1959). Psycho. United States of attribute of white man as being strong. America: Simon & Schuster. This can be seen from depiction of ______. (1982). Psycho II. United States Hannibal Lecter as violent man. He also of America: Simon & Schuster. shows the record of killing and Brite, P. Z. (1996). Exquisite Corpse. cannibalism practices. United States of America: Hannibal Lecter also comprises Touchstone Press. Cardey, L. (2013). Hollywood Whiteness some characteristics that are deviated from and Stereotypes. Atlantis, Vol. 12, most of serial killer depiction. These no. 3. 18–19. Boulder: University unique characteristics enable the novels to Press of Colorado. be more appealing than others. These Cawelti, J. G. A. (1976). Adventure, inventions consist of; first, depiction of Mystery and Romance. London: Hannibal Lecter as hero, second, depiction University of Chicago. of cannibalism practices as artistic actions Creswell, J. E. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and not monstrous action. Other two aspects Mixed Methods Approaches. 3rd that are identified as serial killer invention Edition. SAGE Publications, Inc.: in Hannibal Lecter depiction are; portrayal Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, of serial killer as sociable man, not anti- Singapore. social person, the last, depiction of serial Ellis, B. E. (1991). American Psycho. New killer as woman lover, not a misogynist. York: Vintage Books. These depictions of serial killer as Freccerò, C. (1997). Historical Violence, Censorship, and the Serial Killer: seen in Hannibal Lecter series show the The Case of American Psycho. existence of stability and alteration in Diacritics: a Review of

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Contemporary Criticism, 27(2), Simpson, P. (1964). Psycho Paths: 44-58. Tracking The Serial Killer Harris, T. (1981). The Red Dragon. New Through Contemporary American York: St. Martin’s Press. Film And Fiction. USA: Southern ______. (1988). The Silence of The Illinois University Press. Lambs. New York: St. Martin’s Storey, J. (2009). Cultural Theory and Press. Popular Culture: An Introduction. ______. (1999). Hannibal. New York: St. Pearson, Longman. Martin’s Press. Tithecott, R. (1997). Of Men and ______. (2006). Hannibal Rising. New Monsters; Jeffrey Dahmer and The York: St. Martin’s Press. Construction of The Serial Killer. McDowell, T. (1948). American Studies: Winsconsin: The University of Time and Colleges. Minneapolis: Winsconsin Press. The University of Minnesota Thompson, J. (1952). The Killer Inside Press, Me. United States of America: Parker, R. B. (1988). Crimson Joy. United Fawcett Publications. States of America: Delacorte Wood, R. (1986). Hollywood From Press. Vietnam to Reagan And Beyond. Random house. Silence of the Lambs. June New York: Columbia University 9 2014. Web. July 4. 2014. Press. http://www.randomhouse. Woods, S. (1981). Chiefs. United States of com/trade/publicity/silence of the America: Norton. Lambs.

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