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their economic performance and the status of basic infrastructure and housing in them, along with an exercise attempting at the prioritization of government and HUDCO’s investments in the basic infrastructure and housing sectors. The central message of the report is that metropolitan regions are extremely important from a policy perspective, and not just because in the coming decades more people will live there; but because they are the engines of growth.The processes of metropolization in India have meant that there has been a concentration of people, economic mass, jobs, and an even more concentration of quality jobs in the metros. However, most of the growth momentum in terms of population as well as that of jobs has shifted to the periphery from the core cities. There is evidence of huge sprawls around the metros, especially the small ones. Also, there is a strong evidence of the manufacturing sector Foreword shifting from the metropolitan cities to the non-metropolitan urban areas. We hope that this report would help in the process of informed decision making of the governments at various levels, and may help formulate a stratified urban policy; and manufacturing and labour policies aligned to exploit the positive externalities of the urban agglomeration economies. It is expected to help in framing the metropolitan policy framework for phase two of JNNURM and Rajiv Awas Yojna (RAY). Jagan Shah Director, NIUA his report is a culmination of research conducted at the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), TNew Delhi, under the Phase I of the HUDCO Chair project during the period 2012-13. The report titled “ Metropolitan cities of India: Demographic, economic and social structures, and the status of basic infrastructure and housing” is a part of a three-year study which looks at the size class wise differences across urban settlements in India. Phase I of the study is based on an in-depth analysis of the available secondary data of all the metropolitan cities; and discussions with several stakeholders, officials and functionaries responsible for designing, implementation and management of basic infrastructure, including housing, in the two study cities of Jaipur and Bhopal, to generate a more granular picture. At the end of the three-year period, the expected output is an integrated report on all towns and cities in India, that would bring out the potential and the crises faced across the size classes of urban settlements with regard to their demography, economy and social structures; and the status of basic infrastructure and housing. This report is based on a research carried out by Mr. Dibyendu Samanta, Research Fellow, NIUA. The report documents the challenges faced by the metropolitan cities of India, by building up a comprehensive portrayal of the metropolitan cities after analyzing the trends of urbanization, agglomeration economies, economic growth, structural transformation, employment and wage differentials, poverty, inequality, basic infrastructure, housing, and levels of the social indicators. The report looks at the proportionate significances of population, economic mass and employment in the metros; the differences of the metros with the cities and towns of other size classes and rural India; within the metros; and between the metropolitan core cities and their peripheries. The study then tries to come up with some policy recommendations that emerge from the analysis of the different aspects of metropolitan India. Specifically, a categorization of the metros has been attempted in terms of ii iii Acknowledgement Contents 1 Background 1 2 Introduction 2 3 Why are urbanization, concentration and metropolization important fields of study? 5 e would like to gratefully acknowledge the support provided by Shri V.P. Baligar, former 4 Need for the study and structure of the paper 7 WChairman and Managing Director, HUDCO in sanctioning the HUDCO Chair at NIUA. We would like to put on record our sincere thanks to Dr. M. Ravi Kanth, current Chairman and Managing 5 Demographic analysis of the metropolitan cities of India 17 Director, HUDCOandShriN.L. Manjoka, Director (Corporate Planning), HUDCO for their kind support. We would like to thank Shri A.N. Krishnamurthy, former Executive Director (Training), HSMI and Dr. S.K. Gupta, current Executive Director (Training), HSMI for their support and encouragement for 6 Analysis of the economy and employment of metropolitan carrying out this research study. Mr.Alok Joshi, Senior Fellow, HSMI, who was the co-ordinator of the NIUA HUDCO Chair, has given his time generously and has been very helpful in facilitating the cities of India 27 study tours to Jaipur and Bhopal; and arranging interactions with officials from state governments, parastatals and urban local bodies in these cities. We are obliged to him. Finally, we are grateful to Dr. 7 Analysis of infrastructure, basic service delivery and Akshaya Kumar Sen, Fellow, HSMI for his detailed comments on the draft Report. housing of metropolitan cities of India 47 Prof O.P. Mathur was extremely helpful in several discussions while finalizing the policy recommendations section of the Report.Ms. Rashmita Patel helped with unit level analysis of the National Sample Survey 8 Social indicators in metropolitan cities of India 57 data. Ms. Sheela Bajaj has done the copy-editing, and Mr. Utsav Bhattacharya the designing of the report.Thanks are due to all of them. 9 Case studies of two small metros: Jaipur and Bhopal 63 We would like to put on record our thanks to the several officials of the State Governments, Urban 10 Conclusions, future challenges and policy implications Development Agencies, Housing Boards, Parastatals engaged in the provisioning of basic infrastructure and housing; and Municipal Corporations sparing their valuable time for discussions during the 80 study tours to Jaipur and Bhopal. We are grateful to Mr. B.N. Moolchandani, Mr. K.K. Bhatnagar, Mr. of the study P.K. Pandey, Mr. JaideepDhullar, Mr. R.S. Gunawat, Mr. SudhirBhatnagar, Mr. N. Chandrasekhar, Mr. OmkarmalRajotiya, Mr. D.K. Meena, Mr. Sanjay Gupta, Mr. Hemant Sharma, Ms. Hiteshi Jain, Mr. 11 Appendix Tables 97 Subhash Sharma, Mr. P.R. Beniwala and Mr. J.S. Nagpal at Jaipur. Dr. H.S. Gill, Mr. SurendraSinghai, Mr. MadhukarUgemuge, Dr. Richard Slater, Prof. H.M. Mishra, Mr. S.K. Mehar, Mr. Ajay Gopal, Mr. Jolly 12 Annexures A and B 128 Jain, Mr. P.K. Jain, Mr. M.K. Srivastava, Mr. Anand Singh, Mr. DharmendraKathal and Mr. VinodModi at Bhopal deserve special mention. Last but not the least, this research could not be completed without the help and guidance of Prof. Jagan Shah, Director NIUA. Debolina Kundu Associate Professor HUDCO Chair, NIUA iv v CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 Background Introduction he HUDCO Chair Project at the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) during the three- ith 54 per cent or 3.9 billion of the people on earth living in cities in 2014 and urban populations Tyear perThe HUDCO Chair Project at the NIUA aims to undertake an in-depth analysis of the Wgrowing, the global population as a whole has become more urban and less rural. According demographic, economic and social structures as well as the status of basic infrastructure and housing, to the World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights the sustained increase of the of the different sizes of urban settlements in a three year period of October 2012-September 2015. urban population combined with the pronounced deceleration of rural population growth will result The first year (October 2012-September 2013) analysis has sought to concentrate on the metropolitan in continued urbanization, that is, increasing proportions of the population living in urban areas. cities of India, the deliverables of which would comprise of reports on four activities as enumerated The world urban population is projected to increase to from 54 per cent in 2014 to 66 per cent by below: 2050, from 3.9 billion in 2014 to 6.3 billion in 2050. Virtually all of the expected growth in the world 1. Demographic Analysis of the metropolitan cities. population will be concentrated in the urban areas of the developing countries, whose population is 2. Analysis of Economic Growth and Employment Status of the metropolitan cities. projected to increase from 2.9 billion in 2014 to 5.2 billion in 2050. Over the same period of time, the 3. Analysis of Infrastructure, Basic Service Delivery and Housing of the metropolitan cities. rural population of the developing countries is expected to decline from 3.1 billion to 3 billion. In the 4. Social Analysis of the metropolitan cities. more developed regions, the urban population is projected to increase modestly, from 1 billion in 2014 to 1.1 billion in 2050. In addition, case studies of two metropolitan cities, viz Jaipur and Bhopal have been conducted as a part of the research project, to analyse their demographic, economic and social structures as well as While three in every five people living in urban areas reside in cities smaller than 1 million inhabitants status of basic infrastructure and housing. in 2011, this proportion is expected to decline in the future. By 2025, only one person out of two will live in cities of this size. In contrast, cities of 1 million and more inhabitants, accounting for about 40 At the end of the three year period (October 2012 -September 2015), the end result would be an per cent of the world urban population in 2011, are expected to account for 47 per cent of the world integrated Report on urban India as a whole, that would strive to unravel the variances and inequities urban population by 2025. Indeed, the future urban population will be increasingly concentrated across the size classes of urban settlements, and pointing out the relative significances of each of in large cities of one million or more inhabitants.