Rnascope® Probes for Viral Pathogens Get Probes for Your Virus of Interest Designed and Manufactured in Two Weeks

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Rnascope® Probes for Viral Pathogens Get Probes for Your Virus of Interest Designed and Manufactured in Two Weeks Probe List Series Viral Pathogens RNAscope® Probes for Viral Pathogens Get probes for your virus of interest designed and manufactured in two weeks Featured Publications using RNAscope® Probes for Detection of Viral RNA RNAscope® Technology Infectious diseases have a devastating effect on worldwide public health and mortality. With recent CD8(+) Lymphocytes Are Required for outbreaks of Zika and Ebola viruses, early and precise detection of viral pathogens is critical for treatment Maintaining Viral Suppression in SIV- Infected Macaques Treated with Short- and containment. RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) has been instrumental in the detection of viral RNA in tumor Term Antiretroviral Therapy. Cartwright samples, including human papilloma virus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Overall, the detection of viral EK, et. al. Immunity 2016 Sep PMID: pathogens by RNA ISH can be a powerful tool to establish the etiology of pathogenic diseases in various hosts. 27653601 The RNAscope® in situ hybridization technology provides single-cell gene expression resolution with spatial Zika Virus Infection in Mice Causes and morphological context, ideal for viral detection applications. Panuveitis with Shedding of Virus in Tears. Miner JJ, et. al. Cell Reports • Single-molecule sensitivity enables detection of individual viral particles even in low viral loads 2016 Sep PMID: 27612415 • High specificity delivers accurate detection among highly homologous species or strains Defining HIV and SIV Reservoirs in • Speed of workflow and probe design make RNAscope® ISH a responsive solution for emergent Lymphoid Tissues. Deleage C, et. al. or novel viruses Pathog Immun 2016 PMID: 27430032 • Viral localization enables elucidation of transmission, pathogen-host interactions, hidden reservoirs, etc. Specific Detection of Two Divergent Simian Arteriviruses Using RNAscope • Differential detection targeting the sense or anti-sense strand enables differentiation of viral stages In Situ Hybridization. Yú SQ, et. al. 2016 Mar PLoS One PMID: 26963736 ® Localization of Bovine Papillomavirus RNAscope probes can be designed for any type of virus Nucleic Acid in Equine Sarcoids. Gaynor AM, et. al. Vet Pathol. 2016 DNA Viruses RNA Viruses Retro-Transcribing Viruses May PMID: 26215759 ds DNA ss DNA ds RNA ss RNA ss RNA ss RNA ds DNA RNAscope® ISH has been featured in I II III IV V VI VII over 140 virology publications acdbio.com/publications DNA (+/-) DNA (+) RNA (+/-) RNA (+) RNA (-) RNA (+) DNA (+/-) RNA (-) Reverse Reverse Transcription Transcription DNA (+/-) DNA (+/-) DNA (+/-) mRNA Proteins Visualize, localize and quantify viral RNA today acdbio.com/viralpathogens DETECTION OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) IN HUMAN CANCER SAMPLES USING RNASCOPE® 2.0 OR 2.5 HD ASSAY–BROWN V-HPV-HR7 V-HPV-E6-E7 Head and neck cancer Head and neck cancer V-HPV-HR18 V-HPV-HR18 Head and neck cancer Cervical cancer DETECTION OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) IN HUMAN LIVER AND KIDNEY TISSUES USING RNASCOPE® 2.5 HD ASSAY–BROWN V-CMV V-CMV Liver Kidney 2 Probe List Series DETECTION OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) IN HUMAN CANCER SAMPLES USING RNASCOPE® 2.5 HD ASSAY–BROWN V-EBV-EBER1 V-EBV-EBER1 Lymphoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma DETECTION OF ZIKA VIRUS (ZIKV) SOLELY IN INFECTED MOUSE SAMPLES USING RNASCOPE® 2.5 HD ASSAY-RED. NO SIGNALS SEEN IN UNINFECTED SAMPLES. V-ZIKA-pp V-ZIKA-pp Mouse infected brain Mouse infected kidney V-ZIKA-pp V-ZIKA-pp Mouse uninfected brain Mouse uninfected kidney Viral Pathogens 3 RNAscope® Probes for Viral Pathogens Multiple probes are available for each viral species listed below. Read more at acdbio.com/viralpathogens Adeno-associated virus Frog virus Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Rodent hepacivirus virus Alpaca polyomavirus Hedgehog hepatovirus Rodent hepatovirus Macacine herpesvirus Andes virus Hendra virus Rotatvirus Marburg virus Avian infectious bronchitis virus Hepatitis A virus Rubella virus Measles virus Bat hepadnavirus Hepatitis B virus SARS coronavirus Merkel cell polyomavirus Bat hepatovirus Hepatitis C virus Self-complementary Middle East respiratory adeno-associated virus Bovine astrovirus Hepatitis D virus syndrome coronavirus Seneca valley virus Bovine papilloma virus Hepatitis E virus Mumps virus Severe fever with Bovine parvovirus Hepatitis GB virus Murine herpesvirus thrombocytopenia Canine bocavirus Human betacoronavirus syndrome virus Mus musculus papillomavirus Canine herpesvirus Human bocavirus Shrew hepadnavirus Newcastle disease virus Canine papilloma virus Human coronavirus Shrew hepatovirus Nipah virus Canine parvovirus Human coxsackievirus Simian hemorrhagic fever virus Norovirus Cercopithecine herpes virus Human endogenous retrovirus Simian immunodeficiency virus Ovine herpesvirus Chikungunya virus Human herpesvirus Simian parvovirus Parechovirus Circovirus Human immunodeficiency Simian virus 40 Parvo-like virus virus 1 Citrus tristeza virus Sin Nombre hantavirus Phocoenid herpesvirus Human papillomavirus Cynomolgus macaque Theiler’s disease- Porcine astrovirus cytomegalovirus Human parechovirus associated virus Porcine parainfluenza virus Dengue virus Human parvovirus Vaccinia virus Powassan virus Eastern equine Human rhinovirus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Rabies virus Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 encephalitis virus Enterovirus Raccoon polyomavirus Influenza virus Vesicular stomatitis Equid herpesvirus Respiratory syncytial virus Indiana virus Japanese encephalitis virus Equine arteritis virus Retroperitoneal fibromatosis- Yellow fever virus Kirkovirus associated herpesvirus Felid herpesvirus Zaire ebolavirus Langat virus Rhesus cytomegalovirus Feline immunodeficiency virus Zika virus Lassa virus Feline infectious peritonitis virus Feline papillomavirus If probes for your virus of interest is not yet available, RNAscope® Made-to-Order Target Probes can be designed and manufactured within 2 weeks for visualization of virtually ANY gene of ANY viral species in ANY infected tissue. Learn more at acdbio.com/target-probes-made-order Visualize, localize and quantify viral RNA today acdbio.com/viralpathogens For Research Use Only. Not for diagnostic use. RNAscope is a registered trademark of Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc. in the United States or other countries. All rights reserved. ©2016 Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc. Doc #: MK 51-082/Rev A/Effective date 013017 California, USA.
Recommended publications
  • Identification of an Overprinting Gene in Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Provides Evolutionary Insight Into the Birth of Viral Genes
    Identification of an overprinting gene in Merkel cell polyomavirus provides evolutionary insight into the birth of viral genes Joseph J. Cartera,b,1,2, Matthew D. Daughertyc,1, Xiaojie Qia, Anjali Bheda-Malgea,3, Gregory C. Wipfa, Kristin Robinsona, Ann Romana, Harmit S. Malikc,d, and Denise A. Gallowaya,b,2 Divisions of aHuman Biology, bPublic Health Sciences, and cBasic Sciences and dHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 Edited by Peter M. Howley, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and approved June 17, 2013 (received for review February 24, 2013) Many viruses use overprinting (alternate reading frame utiliza- mammals and birds (7, 8). Polyomaviruses leverage alternative tion) as a means to increase protein diversity in genomes severely splicing of the early region (ER) of the genome to generate pro- constrained by size. However, the evolutionary steps that facili- tein diversity, including the large and small T antigens (LT and ST, tate the de novo generation of a novel protein within an ancestral respectively) and the middle T antigen (MT) of murine poly- ORF have remained poorly characterized. Here, we describe the omavirus (MPyV), which is generated by a novel splicing event and identification of an overprinting gene, expressed from an Alter- overprinting of the second exon of LT. Some polyomaviruses can nate frame of the Large T Open reading frame (ALTO) in the early drive tumorigenicity, and gene products from the ER, especially region of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), the causative agent SV40 LT and MPyV MT, have been extraordinarily useful models of most Merkel cell carcinomas.
    [Show full text]
  • Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Patients with Respiratory Disease
    Journal of Medical Virology 83:2220–2224 (2011) Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Patients With Respiratory Disease Bahman Abedi Kiasari,1,3* Pamela J. Vallely,1 and Paul E. Klapper1,2 1Department of Virology, Genomic Epidemiology Research Group, School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom 2Clinical Virology, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom 3Human Viral Vaccine Department, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Hesarak, Karaj, Iran Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was identi- INTRODUCTION fied originally in association with a rare but aggressive skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma. In the past few years, a number of new human poly- The virus has since been found in the respirato- omaviruses, KI, WU, human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6), ry tract of some patients with respiratory human polyomavirus 7 (HPyV7), trichodysplasia spi- disease. However, the role of MCPyV in the nulosa virus (TSV), human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9), causation of respiratory disease has not been and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) have been established. To determine the prevalence of discovered [Allander et al., 2007; Gaynor et al., 2007; MCPyV in 305 respiratory samples from Feng et al., 2008; Schowalter et al., 2010; van der immunocompetent and immunocompromised Meijden et al., 2010; Scuda et al., 2011]. MCPyV was patients and evaluate their contribution to re- discovered by digital transcriptome subtraction from a spiratory diseases, specimens were screened human skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma [Feng for MCPyV using single, multiplex, or real-time et al., 2008]. The finding of MCPyV in human Merkel PCR; co-infection with other viruses was exam- cell carcinoma suggests a role for this virus in the ined.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview on Human Polyomaviruses Developing Cancer
    The Journal of Medical Research 2020; 6(4): 125-127 Review Article An overview on human polyomaviruses developing cancer in JMR 2020; 6(4): 125-127 humans July- August ISSN: 2395-7565 Mohammad Salim1, Mohammad Shahid Masroor2, Shagufta parween3, I.P. Prajapati1 © 2020, All rights reserved 1 Sanjay Gandhi Smriti Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi, (affiliated to APS University, Rewa), Madhya Pradesh- www.medicinearticle.com 486661, India Received: 22-06-2020 2 People’s College of Dental Sciences & Research Center, People's University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh- 462037, Accepted: 14-07-2020 India 3 All India Institute of Medical sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462020, India Abstract The family Polyomaviridae included about a dozen of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), of which MCPyV, SV-40, JCV and BKV viruses have been reported to cause cancer in human. Merkel cell carcinoma is a very aggressive type of skin cancer caused by the MCPyV5. Similarly, while SV-40 and JCV viruses developed brain tumor cancer, the BK virus has been linked to renal transplantations and nephropathy producing urinary bladder tumor and prostate cancer in human. In this paper we have tried to summarize the recent information gained in the field of human polyomaviruses causing cancer in human. Keywords: Human polyomaviruses, Cancer, Virus. INTRODUCTION Viruses are among the few causes of cancer contributing to a variety of malignancies. In 1966, when Peyton Rous was awarded a Nobel prize in physiology and medicine for his discovery of Rous chicken sarcoma virus as a cause of cancer, a renewed interest came in the field of microbial origin of cancer.
    [Show full text]
  • Viruses in Transplantation - Not Always Enemies
    Viruses in transplantation - not always enemies Virome and transplantation ECCMID 2018 - Madrid Prof. Laurent Kaiser Head Division of Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Virology Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases University Hospital of Geneva ESCMID eLibrary © by author Conflict of interest None ESCMID eLibrary © by author The human virome: definition? Repertoire of viruses found on the surface of/inside any body fluid/tissue • Eukaryotic DNA and RNA viruses • Prokaryotic DNA and RNA viruses (phages) 25 • The “main” viral community (up to 10 bacteriophages in humans) Haynes M. 2011, Metagenomic of the human body • Endogenous viral elements integrated into host chromosomes (8% of the human genome) • NGS is shaping the definition Rascovan N et al. Annu Rev Microbiol 2016;70:125-41 Popgeorgiev N et al. Intervirology 2013;56:395-412 Norman JM et al. Cell 2015;160:447-60 ESCMID eLibraryFoxman EF et al. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011;9:254-64 © by author Viruses routinely known to cause diseases (non exhaustive) Upper resp./oropharyngeal HSV 1 Influenza CNS Mumps virus Rhinovirus JC virus RSV Eye Herpes viruses Parainfluenza HSV Measles Coronavirus Adenovirus LCM virus Cytomegalovirus Flaviviruses Rabies HHV6 Poliovirus Heart Lower respiratory HTLV-1 Coxsackie B virus Rhinoviruses Parainfluenza virus HIV Coronaviruses Respiratory syncytial virus Parainfluenza virus Adenovirus Respiratory syncytial virus Coronaviruses Gastro-intestinal Influenza virus type A and B Human Bocavirus 1 Adenovirus Hepatitis virus type A, B, C, D, E Those that cause
    [Show full text]
  • Detection and Quantification of Classic and Emerging Viruses by Skimmed
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CONICET Digital water research xxx (2013) 1e14 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/watres Detection and quantification of classic and emerging viruses by skimmed-milk flocculation and PCR in river water from two geographical areas Byron Calgua a, Tulio Fumian b, Marta Rusin˜ola, Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano a, Viviana A. Mbayed c, Silvia Bofill-Mas a, Marize Miagostovich b, Rosina Girones a,* a Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain b Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil c Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junı´n 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina article info abstract Article history: Molecular techniques and virus concentration methods have shown that previously un- Received 24 September 2012 known viruses are shed by humans and animals, and may be transmitted by sewage- Received in revised form contaminated water. In the present study, 10-L river-water samples from urban areas in 16 February 2013 Barcelona, Spain and Rio Janeiro, Brazil, have been analyzed to evaluate the viral Accepted 21 February 2013 dissemination of human viruses, validating also a low-cost concentration method for virus Available online xxx quantification in fresh water. Three viral groups were analyzed: (i) recently reported vi- ruses, klassevirus (KV), asfarvirus-like virus (ASFLV), and the polyomaviruses Merkel cell Keywords: (MCPyV), KI (KIPyV) and WU (WUPyV); (ii) the gastroenteritis agents noroviruses (NoV) and Emerging virus rotaviruses (RV); and (iii) the human fecal viral indicators in water, human adenoviruses Polyomavirus (HAdV) and JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV).
    [Show full text]
  • Cancer Patients Have a Higher Risk Regarding COVID-19–And Vice Versa?
    pharmaceuticals Opinion Cancer Patients Have a Higher Risk Regarding COVID-19–and Vice Versa? Franz Geisslinger, Angelika M. Vollmar and Karin Bartel * Pharmaceutical Biology, Department Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; [email protected] (F.G.); [email protected] (A.M.V.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 May 2020; Accepted: 3 July 2020; Published: 6 July 2020 Abstract: The world is currently suffering from a pandemic which has claimed the lives of over 230,000 people to date. The responsible virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is mainly characterized by fever, cough and shortness of breath. In severe cases, the disease can lead to respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock, which are mostly fatal for the patient. The severity of disease progression was hypothesized to be related to an overshooting immune response and was correlated with age and comorbidities, including cancer. A lot of research has lately been focused on the pathogenesis and acute consequences of COVID-19. However, the possibility of long-term consequences caused by viral infections which has been shown for other viruses are not to be neglected. In this regard, this opinion discusses the interplay of SARS-CoV-2 infection and cancer with special focus on the inflammatory immune response and tissue damage caused by infection. We summarize the available literature on COVID-19 suggesting an increased risk for severe disease progression in cancer patients, and we discuss the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 could contribute to cancer development.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mirna World of Polyomaviruses Ole Lagatie1*, Luc Tritsmans2 and Lieven J Stuyver1
    Lagatie et al. Virology Journal 2013, 10:268 http://www.virologyj.com/content/10/1/268 REVIEW Open Access The miRNA world of polyomaviruses Ole Lagatie1*, Luc Tritsmans2 and Lieven J Stuyver1 Abstract Polyomaviruses are a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting several species, including humans, primates, birds, rodents, bats, horse, cattle, raccoon and sea lion. They typically cause asymptomatic infection and establish latency but can be reactivated under certain conditions causing severe diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in several cellular processes by binding to and inhibiting the translation of specific mRNA transcripts. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of microRNAs involved in polyomavirus infection. We review in detail the different viral miRNAs that have been discovered and the role they play in controlling both host and viral protein expression. We also give an overview of the current understanding on how host miRNAs may function in controlling polyomavirus replication, immune evasion and pathogenesis. Keywords: Polyomaviruses, microRNAs, Virus-host interaction, Immune evasion Review for BKPyV, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) for Merkel General overview of polyomaviruses Cell Virus (MCPyV) and trichodysplasia spinulosa for Polyomaviruses comprise a family of DNA tumor vi- Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated Polyomavirus (TSPyV) ruses. They are non-enveloped and have a circular, [4,10,11,14-20]. One of the most striking observations is the double stranded DNA genome of around 5,100 bp [1]. fact that asymptomatic infection occurs during childhood The virion consists of 72 pentamers of the capsid pro- which is followed ordinarily by life-long asymptomatic tein VP1 with a single copy of VP2 and VP3 associated persistence [21].
    [Show full text]
  • Human Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Small T Antigen Is an Oncoprotein
    Research article Human Merkel cell polyomavirus small T antigen is an oncoprotein targeting the 4E-BP1 translation regulator Masahiro Shuda, Hyun Jin Kwun, Huichen Feng, Yuan Chang, and Patrick S. Moore Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is the recently discovered cause of most Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs), an aggressive form of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Although MCV is known to integrate into the tumor cell genome and to undergo mutation, the molecular mechanisms used by this virus to cause cancer are unknown. Here, we show that MCV small T (sT) antigen is expressed in most MCC tumors, where it is required for tumor cell growth. Unlike the closely related SV40 sT, MCV sT transformed rodent fibroblasts to anchorage- and contact-independent growth and promoted serum-free proliferation of human cells. These effects did not involve protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition. MCV sT was found to act downstream in the mam- malian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway to preserve eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E–binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) hyperphosphorylation, resulting in dysregulated cap-dependent translation. MCV sT–associated 4E-BP1 serine 65 hyperphosphorylation was resistant to mTOR complex (mTORC1) and mTORC2 inhibitors. Steady-state phosphorylation of other downstream Akt-mTOR targets, including S6K and 4E-BP2, was also increased by MCV sT. Expression of a constitutively active 4E-BP1 that could not be phosphorylated antagonized the cell transformation activity of MCV sT. Taken together, these experiments showed that 4E-BP1 inhibition is required for MCV transformation. Thus, MCV sT is an oncoprotein, and its effects on dysregulated cap-dependent translation have clinical implications for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of MCV-related cancers.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyomavirus
    GLOBAL WATER PATHOGEN PROJECT PART THREE. SPECIFIC EXCRETED PATHOGENS: ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGY ASPECTS POLYOMAVIRUS Silvia Bofill-Mas University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain Copyright: This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/openaccess/terms-use-ccbysa-en). Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Citation: Bofill-Mas, S. (2016). Polyomavirus. In: J.B. Rose and B. Jiménez-Cisneros, (eds) Water and Sanitation for the 21st Century: Health and Microbiological Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management (Global Water Pathogen Project). (J.S Meschke, and R. Girones (eds), Part 3: Specific Excreted Pathogens: Environmental and Epidemiology Aspects - Section 1: Viruses), Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO. https://doi.org/10.14321/waterpathogens.16 Acknowledgements: K.R.L. Young, Project Design editor; Website Design: Agroknow (http://www.agroknow.com) Last published: August 12, 2016 Polyomavirus Summary HPyVs are not “classic” waterborne pathogens. Their presence in water environments is a relatively recent discovery and they are thus considered as emerging or Human Polyomaviruses (HPyVs) are small, non- potentially emerging waterborne pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Merkel Cell Polyomavirus
    Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition For Table of Contents, see home page: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc Merkel Cell Polyomavirus MCV has been detected in approximately 80% of cases (IARC 2013, NTP 2016), suggesting that there are two forms of Merkel cell carci- CAS No.: none assigned noma, the majority occurring in MCV-positive individuals and the Known to be a human carcinogen minority in individuals not infected with MCV (Moore and Chang 2014). However, other studies have suggested that MCV is involved Also known as MCV or MCPyV in most or all cases of Merkel cell carcinoma (Carter et al. 2009, Carcinogenicity Rodig et al. 2012). MCV DNA is integrated into the host genome in primary Merkel Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is known to be a human carcinogen cell tumors and metastases, and the DNA integration site is the same based on sufficient evidence from studies in humans. This conclu- in all cells of the tumor and its metastases in a given individual. This sion is based on evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and molec- monoclonal integration of MCV DNA provides strong evidence that ular studies, which show that MCV causes Merkel cell carcinoma, viral infection precedes proliferation of the original cancer cell (Feng and on supporting mechanistic data. MCV causes cancer by inte- et al. 2008, Laude et al. 2010) and that MCV is not an incidental gration of the viral DNA into the host-cell genome and expression or passenger infection in Merkel cell carcinoma (Kuwamoto 2011, of two MCV proteins: small T (sT) antigen and a mutated form of Chang and Moore 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Protein-Mediated Viral Latency Is a Novel Mechanism for Merkel Cell
    Protein-mediated viral latency is a novel mechanism PNAS PLUS for Merkel cell polyomavirus persistence Hyun Jin Kwuna, Yuan Changa,1,2, and Patrick S. Moorea,1,2 aCancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Contributed by Patrick S. Moore, April 10, 2017 (sent for review March 8, 2017; reviewed by Daniel DiMaio and Peter M. Howley) Viral latency, in which a virus genome does not replicate in- binding. Expression of LT is known to be autoinhibited in two ways: dependently of the host cell genome and produces no infectious LT inhibits its own promoter in a negative feedback loop (5, 6), and particles, is required for long-term virus persistence. There is no a virus-encoded miRNA transcribed during early viral gene ex- known latency mechanism for chronic small DNA virus infections. pression inhibits LT mRNA expression (7–10). Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) causes an aggressive skin cancer Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is a human polyomavirus that after prolonged infection and requires an active large T (LT) phos- causes ∼80% of human Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs), which phoprotein helicase to replicate. We show that evolutionarily are among the most severe skin cancers (11, 12). It was the first conserved MCV LT phosphorylation sites are constitutively recog- human pathogen discovered through nondirected transcriptome nized by cellular Fbw7, βTrCP, and Skp2 Skp-F-box-cullin (SCF) sequencing using an approach called digital transcriptome sub- E3 ubiquitin ligases, which degrade and suppress steady-state LT traction. MCV infection is nearly ubiquitous among human adults, protein levels. Knockdown of each of these E3 ligases enhances LT and MCC tumors arise as rare biological accidents after prolonged stability and promotes MCV genome replication.
    [Show full text]
  • WU Polyomavirus Infections in Children in Fuzhou, China
    & My gy co lo lo ro g i y V Wenqiong et al., Virol Mycol 2012, 1:1 Virology & Mycology DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000103 ISSN: 2161-0517 Research Article Open Access WU Polyomavirus Infections in Children in Fuzhou, China Xiu Wenqiong1*, Liu Guanghua2, Shen Xiaona1, Xie Jianfeng1, Kang Yulan2, Wang Meiai1, Zhang Wenqing2, Weng Qizhu2 and Yan Yansheng1 1Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China, 350001 2Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China, 350001 Abstract In this study, we tested for the presence of WUV in children with respiratory tract infection in Fuzhou, Fujian, China. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were collected from children with respiratory tract infection from Nov. 2007 to Oct. 2008. A total of 58 clinical respiratory tract samples were tested for WUV by using PCR method. The positive products were sequenced and compared with those in Genbank. 4 of 58 were positive (WUV was 6.9%). All of children who were positive for WUV had respiratory manifestations. WUV was tested positive in the sputum and vomited specimen, and in the fecal specimen of one outpatient child who also had acute gastroenteritis. Co-infections with other respiratory viruses were found in 3 (75.0%) of WUV positive NPA samples. Polyomavirus WUV infection may be associated with upper and lower respiratory infection. WUV might also be transmitted through the gastrointestinal tract. Keywords: Respiratory tract infections; WUV; Gene Fecal specimens were diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride injection by using a 10% wt/vol ratio and were cleared of cell debris by centrifugation Introduction (2,500 × g, 5 min).
    [Show full text]