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Disappearance of African Elephant from Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria: Causes, Status and Prospects for Reintegration

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Disappearance of African Elephant from Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria: Causes, Status and Prospects for Reintegration Isikhuemen and Aigbobo, 2020 Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife & Environment Vol. 12(2) June, 2020 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jrfwe 190 jfewr ©2020 - jfewr Publications This work is licensed under a ISBN: 2141 – 1778 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License Isikhuemen and Aigbobo, 2020 DISAPPEARANCE OF AFRICAN ELEPHANT FROM KAINJI LAKE NATIONAL PARK, NIGERIA: CAUSES, STATUS AND PROSPECTS FOR REINTEGRATION *Isikhuemen E. M. and Aigbobo E. N. Department of Forest Resources and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]; +2348033885159; ABSTRACT This paper examines the causes of disappearance/loss and current status of the African elephant in KLNP against the backdrop of international/regional agreements, conventions, national/sub-national institutions (including forestry/wildlife laws); and presents propositions. Data were collected from official reports, Nigeria Parks Magazine and published literature. Results revealed overwhelming anthropogenic disturbance (e.g. built infrastructure, namely Air Force terminal, dam), weak legislation, obsolete equipment and poor enforcement, illegal logging, poaching, cattle herding/banditry and perverse transnational diplomacy, as probable reasons for the loss/exodus of African elephant from the park. There was no substantial empirical evidence to tie elephant loss/disappearance to human-wildlife conflicts or ivory trade. However, the literature is rife with information that while Beninoire communities on the corridor are incentivized to protect wildlife, particularly the African elephant, their Nigerian counterparts with vast indigenous knowledge of behavioural/habituation and migratory pattern, are invariably alienated. The Nigerian government should define responsibilities and harmonize roles for departments and agencies; expedite/orchestrate national forest/wildlife laws; and foster multilateral cooperation towards rehabilitation/protection of wildlife species that utilize trans-national migratory corridors. Keywords: Anthropogenic disturbance, iconic species, migratory corridor, poor enforcement, trans-national INTRODUCTION to perturbations and plays fundamental roles in The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the ecosystem function, stability and resilience. world’s largest terrestrial mammal of considerable Presently, this world’s largest iconic mammal economic, ecological, cultural and aesthetic value; faces the greatest threat of extinction in most West and undoubtedly the most charismatic and African countries, especially Nigeria. enigmatic mega-herbivore on land (CITES/IUCN/TRAFFIC, 2013). It is remarkably Kainji Lake National Park (KLNP) was intelligent and has good retention and decent established in 1979 following the merger of the understanding of the complexities in its social and two erstwhile Game Reserves – Borgu Game ecological lifestyle; and also the most exceptional Reserve (in Borgu and Baruten Local Government and domineering land mammal in terms of Areas of Niger and Kwara States respectively) and biomass, home range, territoriality and niche Zugurma Game Reserve in Niger State (Meduna, differentiation in the world (Roth and Douglas- Ogunjinmi and Onadeko, 2009). The two different Hamilton, 1991; Barnes, 1999; Bouche’ and sectors had earlier been gazetted in 1962 and 1971 Lungren, 2004). It is an enigmatic umbrella independently as Game Reserves by the then species and a symbolic flagship mammal which is Northern Regional Government (Adebayo, 2003; Meduna, Ogunjinmi and Onadeko, 2009). Located highly revered globally (CITES, 2010). Besides 0 1 0 1 being an indicator species, the African Elephant is between Latitude 9 40 & 10 30 N and Longitude 30 301 & 50 501E, and with total land an avid disperser of large seeds of tropical 2 savanna trees with hard coat; thereby shortening area of 5,340.82km (Wahab and Adewusi, 2013), lengthy dormancy period and facilitating KLNP is the first National Park and second largest germination (Paren and Sam, 2003). It is sensitive of Nigeria’s seven national parks. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN FORESTRY, WILDLIFE AND ENVIRONMENT, VOLUME 12, NO. 2 JUNE, 2020 DISAPPEARANCE OF AFRICAN ELEPHANT FROM KAINJI LAKE NATIONAL PARK, NIGERIA: CAUSES, STATUS AND PROSPECTS FOR REINTEGRATION 191 Keay (1959) identified the major vegetation as FAO (1974) revealed that the park is underlain by Northern Guinea Savanna but FAO (1974) further undifferentiated meta-sediments in the east and classified it into six main types/associations: (i) west; and largely dominated by ferruginous Burkea/Detarium microcarpum (Wooded tropical soil and crystalline acid rocks; the Borgu Savannah), (ii) Isoberlinia tomentosa (Woodland), sector is underlain by nutrient labile and shallow (iii) Diospyros mespilliformis (Dry Forest), (iv) soils while acidity increases irregularly with dept. Terminalia macroptera (Tree Savannah), (v) But regardless of the low nutrient status of soils Riparian/Gallery forest and woodland, and (vi) Oli they nevertheless support heterogeneous biomes Complex. Some of the common mega fauna ranging from wooded to open savanna vegetation species in the national park include: Elephant (Lameed and Adetola, 2012). (Loxodonta africana), Buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Western hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), Objectives and Conceptual Framework Roan antelope (Hippotragus equimus), Water The paper examines the causal factors responsible buck (Kobus defessa), Kob (Kobus kob), for the loss and/or exodus and current status of Bushbuck (Traqelaphus scriptus), Oribi (Ourebi African elephant in Kainji Lake National Park ourebi), Red flanked duiker (Cephalophus against the backdrop of international and regional rufilatus), Grimm’s duikers, (Sylvicapra agreements and conventions. The roles of extant grimmia), Warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), national and sub-national environmental Baboon (Papio anubis) and Water buck (Kobus (forest/wildlife) policies/laws in Nigeria are ellipsiprymus) (Ayeni, 1980; Meduna, Ogunjinmi examined in relation to conservation, management and Onadeko, 2009). and enforcement regimes in Kainji Lake National Park. Finally, interventions and strategies aimed The climate of the area is defined by two seasons at rehabilitating the degraded habitats and the relic – wet season extends from May to November and diffused population of African elephant in Kainji dry season from December to April. The mean Lake National Park and the Nigeria-Benin annual rainfall varies from 1100mm in the eastern migratory corridor, are underscored. Data for this part to 1150mm in the western part, and has its review were obtained from secondary and archival peak period around July/August (Milligan, 1978). sources – peer review literature, National Park The minimum temperature during this period magazine and published reports. ranges from 180C to 200C, although night temperature can be as low as 70C around Oli River To make the paper as illuminating and simplistic (Meduna, Ogunjinmi and Onadeko, 2009). The as possible, a conceptual framework consisting of relative humidity increases gradually from low the snap shot of a lone ranging elephant in Kainji values at the beginning of the dry season to a peak Lake National Park (cf. Lameed and Adetola, during the wet season. KLNP is underlain by the 2012) and the sub-themes embodied in the title of Basement Complex Helical considered to be Pre- the paper, was produced (Figure 1). This Cambrian in origin (Afolayan, 1977). The manuscript is organized into five sub-headings: landscape of the Borgu Sector is gently Introduction, International/Regional conventions, undulating; relief consists of quartzite ridges, with protocols and agreements, National and sub- elevation of the central and western parts of the national laws and enforcement regimes, park lying between 244m and 305m – the highest significance, ecology and demographic trends; point in the park being 346m in the Northwest and Recommended interventions. (FAO, 1974). Although, soil survey report by JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN FORESTRY, WILDLIFE AND ENVIRONMENT, VOLUME 12, NO. 2 JUNE, 2020 Isikhuemen and Aigbobo, 2020 192 •Built infrastructure (e.g. Airforce terminal, dams), ecosystem degradation, logging, poaching, Threat cattle herding/banditry •Weak institutions & laws; paucity factors of staff, paucity of equipment, poor enforcement, and alienation of fringing communities. •Perverse transnational diplomacy. •No elephant presently in KLNP, except those that stray/visit Current ocassionally/sporadically. •Information on source(s) and status status of elephants sited at KLNP or its fringes during the post-1980s largely sketchy and speculative. •Assign/harmonize specific roles for MDAs (e.g. National Park Service and NESEREA). Intervention •Facilitate/orchestrate National by Govt. and Forestry/Wildlife laws. MDAs •Engender local community and multilateral cooperation to conserve wildlife/habitats in KLNP and the transnational corridor . Figure 1: Conceptual framework International Conventions, Protocols and protected areas (harboring large mammals e.g. Agreements African Elephant) at the fringes of national Majority of the countries in the West Africa sub- territories or near transnational corridors, away region are signatories to most conservation-related from country centers was a legacy of colonial rule international conventions and protocols. They are (Vasilijević et al., 2015). also parties to crucial
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