Retrospektiven Die Inszenierung Von Tradition in Den Letzten Kompositionen György Ligetis

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Retrospektiven Die Inszenierung Von Tradition in Den Letzten Kompositionen György Ligetis Frederik Knop Retrospektiven Die Inszenierung von Tradition in den letzten Kompositionen György Ligetis Veröffentlicht unter der Creative-Commons-Lizenz CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Frederik Knop Retrospektiven Die Inszenierung von Tradition in den letzten Kompositionen György Ligetis Dissertation am Institut für Historische Musikwissenschaft der Universität Hamburg Erstgutachter Prof. Dr. Friedrich Geiger Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. 978-3-95983-108-6 (Paperback) 978-3-95983-109-3 (Hardcover) © 2017 Schott Music GmbH & Co. KG, Mainz www.schott-campus.com Alle Rechte vorbehalten Nachdruck in jeder Form sowie die Wiedergabe durch Fernsehen, Rundfunk, Film, Bild- und Tonträger oder Benutzung für Vorträge, auch auszugsweise, nur mit Genehmigung des Verlags. Printed in Germany Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung ....................................................................................................... 7 Zum Gegenstand und methodischen Vorgehen dieser Studie ........................................ 7 György Ligeti und das Problem der (musikalischen) Postmoderne ............................ 16 Informationen zur Entstehung der letzten Kompositionen ......................................... 23 Zum Aufbau der Arbeit ...................................................................................................... 30 Kapitel 1: Inszenierungen musikalischer Tradition ........ 32 1. 1 Zum Ineinandergreifen räumlicher und historischer Perspektiven in György Ligetis Musik .......................................................................................................... 32 1. 2 Provenienz und Beschaffenheit traditioneller Schichten in den letzten Kompositionen .................................................................................................................... 47 1. 3 Strategien der Destabilisierung .................................................................................. 53 Kapitel 2: Idiomatik und Mikrotonalität ................................. 61 2. 1 Zur Geschichte des Horns in Ligetis Musik ............................................................ 61 2. 2 Zur Formdisposition und Hornbehandlung im Hamburgischen Konzert ......... 79 2. 3 Grundlagen der Tonhöhenorganisation und Funktionen von Mikrotonalität ... 86 Kapitel 3: »Figur und Schatten«: Der Engführungskanon .................................................................... 133 Kapitel 4: Die Rückkehr zur eigenen Muttersprache .... 151 4. 1 Politisch-gesellschaftliche Aspekte ungarischer Vokalmusik und ihr Verhältnis zu den literarischen Tendenzen im Œuvre Sándor Weöres’ ................... 152 4. 2 György Ligetis frühere Vertonungen von Weöres’ Gedichten ........................... 158 4. 3 Síppal, dobbal, nádyhegedűvel. Titel und Aspekte der Stimmbehandlung ............... 175 4. 4 Sprachspiele bei Weöres und deren Bedeutung für den Vertonungsprozess ... 178 5 Schlussbemerkungen .......................................................................... 222 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................. 224 1. Texte György Ligetis (einschließlich Interviews) ..................................................... 224 2. Selbständige Publikationen (einschließlich Hochschulschriften) ........................... 225 3. Unselbständige Publikationen (einschließlich Zeitungsartikel und Rundfunkbeiträge) ............................................... 228 Abbildungsverzeichnis ...................................................................... 234 6 Einleitung Zum Gegenstand und methodischen Vorgehen dieser Studie Diese Studie ist mit der Hoffnung verbunden, einen deutlichen Impuls für die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit den letzten Werken des 2006 in Wien ver- storbenen ungarischen Komponisten György Ligeti zu setzen.1 Denn zu den er- staunlichen, die Rezeption seiner Musik betreffenden Phänomenen gehört aus musikwissenschaftlicher Perspektive die Tatsache, dass insbesondere die nach 1995 entstandenen Kompositionen bis heute wenig Beachtung in der For- schungsliteratur gefunden haben: • Hamburgisches Konzert für Horn solo, vier Naturhörner und Kam- merorchester (1998–2002) • Études pour piano, troisième livre Nr. 15–18 (1995–2001) • Síppal, dobbal, nádyhegedűvel (Übers.: Mit Pfeiffen, Trommeln, Schilfgeigen) für Mezzosopran und vier Schlagzeuger (2000) Es sind besonders diese drei Werke, die, nicht zuletzt weil sie aufgrund ihrer teils ungewöhnlichen Instrumentierungsanforderungen und teils fragmentarischen Kürze aufführungspraktische Probleme verursachen, etwas außerhalb des Interes- ses stehen. Stattdessen richtet sich der musikwissenschaftliche Fokus nach wie vor schwerpunktmäßig auf zwei Stränge der kompositorischen Arbeit des Kom- ponisten, zum Einen auf die im Umfeld der Darmstädter Nachkriegsavantgarde entstandenen Orchester- und Chorwerke der 1960er Jahre (die sogenannten K l a n g f a r b e n k o m p o s i t i o n e n wie Atmosphères [1961] und Requiem [1966]), zum Anderen auf diejenigen der seit 1980 entstandenen Kompositionen, in welchen ein vermeintlicher Paradigmenwechsel hin zu traditionell, mithin transkulturell orientierten Techniken besonders offenkundig zum Vorschein kommt. Hier wäre an das Trio für Violine, Horn und Klavier (1982), einige der Études pour piano (1985–2001; Nr. 1 Dèsordre, Nr. 4 Fanfares, Nr. 6 Automne à Varsovie, Nr. 7 Galamb Borong, Nr. 8 Fém) sowie die Konzerte für Klavier (1985–1988) bezie- hungsweise Violine und Orchester (1990–1992) zu denken. Überblickt man den Umfang und die Ausrichtung der Sekundärliteratur und be- rücksichtigt dabei, dass Ligetis eigene Ausführungen zu den letzten Kompositio- nen spärlich gesät sind und aus wenigen Interviews sowie Kommentierungen von 1 Von einer näheren Betrachtung der Sonate für Solo Viola (1994), die an den hier fokussierten Zeitraum grenzt, wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit abgesehen. Hingewiesen sei jedoch auf die er- hellenden Studien von Benjamin Dwyer und Amy Bauer: Dwyer, »Transformational Ostinati in György Ligeti’s Sonatas for Solo Cello and Solo Viola«, in: György Ligeti. Of Foreign Lands and Strange Sounds, hrsg. von Louise Duchesneau u. a., Woodbridge 2011, S. 19–50. bzw. Bauer, Ligeti’s Laments. Nostalgia, Exoticism, and the Absolute, Farnham 2011, insbesondere S. 195–203. 7 Recording-Projekten und Aufführungen stammen2, wird ein erhebliches For- schungsdesiderat sichtbar. Richard Steinitz’ verdienstvolle Monographie Music of the Imagination (London 2003) war längere Zeit der einzige Text, in welchem die letzten Werke Berücksichtigung fanden.3 Steinitz behandelt sie im Rahmen einer Gesamtdarstellung von Leben und Werk, die jedoch naturgemäß nicht viel Raum für analytische Differenzierung lässt. Den kürzlich erschienenen Dissertationen von Charles Corey und Alessio Elia (beide Autoren sind Komponisten) zum Hamburgischen Konzert, die aufgrund ihrer primär auf die Tonhöhenorganisation bezogenen Analysen und umfangreicher Errata-Listen verdienstvoll sind, fehlt indes die musikwissenschaftliche Stringenz.4 Auf der Ebene der unselbständigen Publikationen bietet sich ein ebenfalls karges Bild, das sich leicht umreißen lässt: Neben den Klavieretüden des dritten Bandes, die der Autor dieser Studie in zwei Publikationen 2007 und 2008 selbst näher untersuchte5, findet vor allem der Zyk- lus Síppal, dobbal, nádyhegedűvel eine gewisse Beachtung. Er wurde erstmals von Hartmut Lück in der Neuen Zeitschrift für Musik vorgestellt.6 Der Autor dieser Stu- die hat 2007, durchaus an Lück anknüpfend, einen Vortrag über das besondere 2 Verwiesen sei in diesem Zusammenhang auf die 2007 von Monika Lichtenfeld in Zusammen- arbeit mit der Paul Sacher Stiftung Basel herausgegebenen Gesammelten Schriften, die jeweils zwei kurze Werkportraits zum Hamburgischen Konzert und zu Síppal, dobbal, nádyhegedűvel enthalten; siehe György Ligeti, Gesammelte Schriften, 2 Bde., hrsg. von Lichtenfeld (= Veröffentlichungen der Paul Sacher Stiftung, 10), Basel und Mainz 2007, S. 311–315. Einige Einblicke in die kompositorische Arbeit der letzten Jahre enthält zudem der Interviewband Träumen Sie in Farbe? György Ligeti im Gespräch mit Eckhard Roelcke, Wien 2003. 3 Richard Steinitz, Music of the Imagination, London 2003. 4 Alessio Elia, The Hamburgisches Konzert by György Ligeti. From Sketches and Drafts to the final (?) Version. Musical Structures, Techniques of Composition and their Perception as Aural Phenomena, Disserta- tion Universität Rom / Tor Vergata, 2012 sowie Charles Corey, Pitch and Harmony in Gyorgÿ Lige- ti’s Hamburg Concerto and Syzygy for String Quartet, Dissertation University of Pittsburgh, 2011. Die im Schott Verlag erhältliche Partitur des Hamburgischen Konzerts erhält bemerkenswert viele Feh- ler. Eine umfangreiche Errata-Liste findet sich bei Elia, The Hamburgisches Konzert, S. 310–325. 5 Frederik Knop, »›Figur und Schatten‹. Ein Kommentar zur Kanontechnik in György Ligetis letzten Études pour piano« in: Noten und Notizen 42 (November 2008), Mitgliederzeitschrift der Hannoverschen Gesellschaft für Neue Musik e. V., S. 30–33 sowie ders., »Kontinuität und Un- bekanntes. Beobachtungen an György Ligetis letzten Klavieretüden«, in: Vom Erkennen des Er- kannten. Musikanalyse und Editionsphilologie, Festschrift Christian M. Schmidt, Wiesbaden 2007, S. 535–548. Die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit den Etüden der ersten
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