A Survey of Aquatic Invertebrates in the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge

Prepared for:

Friends of Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge

Prepared by:

Jered Studinski

Abstract

A survey of the aquatic invertebrates in the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (GSNWR) was conducted during the Spring and Summer of 2015. No previous surveys have been performed. This effort provided baseline data on the abundance and diversity of aquatic invertebrates within the refuge and may be used to inform future research and conservation efforts. A total of 138 taxa were collected from 79 sites across GSNWR. No threatened or endangered aquatic invertebrate species were encountered, and non-native taxa were collected at very low frequencies. Interesting patterns in richness and productivity suggest GSNWR offers a diverse array of habitats, and that much aquatic invertebrate diversity remains undocumented.

Methods

Aquatic invertebrates were sampled from 79 sites across Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (GSNWR) from March - September 2015 (fig. 1). Of the 79 sites, 68 were aquatic sampling sites while 11 were terrestrial sites where sampling was focused on adult Odonata, specifically Anisopterans (dragonflies). Some sites were visited multiple times. An effort was made to sample a diverse array of habitats (temporary and permanent, lotic and lentic) across GSNWR.

Aquatic sampling was performed using a d-frame net with 500 μm mesh. At 59 aquatic sites sampling was performed quantitatively. In lentic habitats (ponds, wetlands), 60 jabs from proportionally representative habitats were used to collect invertebrates. In lotic habitats (streams, rivers), a combination of 20 jabs and two 30-second "kicks," where the net was held downstream of the disturbed substrate, was used. At 9 aquatic sites qualitative sampling occurred, where invertebrates were collected opportunistically, usually while performing surveys for fish. Aquatic invertebrates were preserved in 90% ethanol and identified to the lowest practical rank (usually genus). Although the proposal for this project stated that most invertebrates would be identified to genus, some taxa were further identified to species, including all taxa that were potentially state- or federally-listed as threatened or endangered species.

To estimate the true taxa richness of the aquatic invertebrates at the quantitatively-sampled sites visited for this survey (and the variance of that estimate), a Chao-1 richness estimator was calculated using the formula:

At the 11 terrestrial sites, adult odonates were collected with long-handled dragonfly nets that had 45.7 cm diameter hoops and dark green mesh nets. The terrestrial sites covered many hectares and were often visited multiple times. Adult odonates were pinned and dried, and identified to species.

Coordinates were recorded at all sites and photographs were taken at most sites. See the attached flash drive for photographs of sites and other items. Also included is a voucher specimen collection of the taxa encountered during this survey, with aquatic invertebrates housed in appropriately-labeled archival- quality vials containing 90% ethanol. Adult dragonflies are pinned and labeled in specimen boxes.

Results

Overall, 4,526 invertebrates from 138 different taxa were collected and identified (appendix 1, 2). No threatened or endangered species were found. However, this survey was necessarily limited in scale and scope. Two non-native species were found in low abundances: 15 Corbicula fluminea (Asiatic clam) were found among 4 sites, and 1 Cipangopaludina chinensis (Chinese mystery snail) was collected (appendix 3).

Large, permanent waterbodies like Middle Brook, Great Brook, and Pool 1 were the most productive. In general, permanent systems were more productive than temporary systems, and lotic habitats were more productive than lentic habitats (table 1). Of the four large pools in GSNWR, pool 2 had the highest richness and productivity (table 2), averaging 17 taxa and 105.5 invertebrates per sample. However, at the time of sampling (and for most of the year) pool 2 is actually a small stream meandering through a large floodplain. Smaller, unnamed permanent wetlands typically had the greatest richness (appendix 1). Taxa richness was usually higher in permanent systems (table 1). However, 21 of the 138 taxa collected were found only in temporary systems. These small, temporary wetlands are often overlooked, but are known to be important habitats for amphibians and invertebrates.

By relative abundance, Amphipoda (scuds) dominated the invertebrate community, comprising 42% of all invertebrates sampled (fig. 2). The dipterans (true flies) and physids (bladder snails) were also abundant, being 22% and 12%, respectively, of all invertebrates collected. The diversity, by order, was greatest for the dipterans (29 taxa) and coleopterans (beetles, 25 taxa)(fig. 3). Of the 138 taxa collected, 46 taxa were represented by a single specimen. This suggests a high amount of diversity remains to be discovered across the refuge. A total of 18 different anispoterans were collected. The terrestrial sampling yielding 7 species not encountered with the aquatic sampling, and the aquatic sampling capturing 5 species not encountered with the terrestrial sampling. Any further anisopteran sampling should combine aquatic sampling for larval dragonflies and terrestrial sampling for adult dragonflies.

The Chao-1 richness calculation estimated that even though 138 taxa were collected, 205 taxa were present at the sites sampled for this survey, with the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval at 301 taxa. It is important to remember that these values apply only for the 59 sites where quantitative sampling occurred; the richness of aquatic invertebrates in the entirety of the GSNWR is likely much higher. It is also important to consider that this estimate reflects the taxonomic resolution of this survey, which was a mixture of genus- and species-level identifications. Identifying all of the aquatic invertebrates to the rank of species would be incredibly time-consuming, but would also increase the diversity found within the GSNWR.

As expected, diversity was not evenly spread among the sites within the GSNWR, and a few specific locations stand out as adding much diversity to the refuge. Primrose Brook (sites 27, 28, 29, 50) contained 34 taxa, 10 of which were found only in that brook. The relatively high gradient and cool water of Primrose Brook exists in few other places within the refuge. An unnamed permanent wetland (sites 34, 56) contained 35 taxa, of which 9 were found at no other locations. This wetland was encountered by chance and sits deep within the wilderness area. These pockets of high richness are intriguing and indicate that the GSNWR is a mosaic of habitats with highly varying invertebrate communities, despite the temporal connectedness during early spring.

Recommendations and additional efforts

While this survey captured only a portion of the aquatic invertebrate taxa present in the GSNWR, it does provide solid baseline data for the more commonly encounters aquatic invertebrate taxa within the refuge, and provides a reference collection of those taxa. The limited number of non-native taxa is encouraging, as is overall diversity of native taxa. Within GSNWR, a range of habitats provide for pockets of high diversity and productivity. Much diversity likely remains unrepresented by this survey, and further efforts focusing on specific organisms or habitats will undoubtedly add many taxa to the list of aquatic invertebrate taxa found in GSNWR.

Comparisons to other wetlands, or using the invertebrate community to assess wetland health, is difficult due to a lack of a wetland index of biotic integrity (IBI) for the region. At this time, there are no reference systems to which we can compare and assess this survey's findings. As expected, most of the taxa found in this survey are tolerant of organic pollution, low dissolved oxygen, and high water temperatures. Also unsurprisingly, the four large permanent pools within GSNWR were quite productive, indicating a potentially important food source for resident and migrating waterfowl. As with most wetland systems in urbanized areas, eutrophication and sedimentation are constant threats. Limiting the incoming sediment, fertilizer, and organic wastes would help maintain this diverse and productive wetland. The identification and protection of high-quality tributaries, like Primrose Brook, would also have a positive effect on the diversity of aquatic invertebrates within GSNWR.

In addition to this survey and report, Sean Knox, a graduate student at Frostburg State University, will be providing much more information on the productivity of the four pools with his intense invertebrate survey. Since Sean Knox will be identifying invertebrates to the rank of Family, I have volunteered to further identify to the rank of species any taxa which may be state- or federally-listed as threatened or endangered. Any interesting findings from those efforts will be forward to the Friends of GSNWR and to the refuge managers.

While this survey provides valuable baseline data, additional research may provide valuable insights into the natural history and ecology of GSNWR. For example, an intense survey focused on Odonata, specifically the anisopterans (dragonflies), would provide the best chance of finding a threatened or endangered invertebrate species on the refuge. The pockets of temporary wetlands throughout the refuge, interspersed with permanent wetlands, provide great natural laboratories for the study of dispersal and other ecological concepts like island biogeography, predator-prey relationships, and succession. Finally, long-term monitoring of the tributaries flowing into the refuge may allow managers to identify and ameliorate the threats associated with increased urbanization.

Acknowledgements

I'd like to thank the members of the Friends of Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge for providing the financial support for this project. I'd also like to thank Rich Dufort, Rich Raesly, Dorothy Wells, Laurel Gould, Jake Blakely, Austin Rizzo, and numerous other volunteers for their assistance with this project.

Attached

Voucher specimen collection of aquatic invertebrates in vials, with a specimen list

Voucher specimen collection of adult Odonates pinned in boxes

Flash drive containing this report, photographs of sites, and spreadsheets cataloging the identification and location of all 4,526 invertebrates captured during this study

Table 1. Average site richness and abundance for lentic (ponds) and lotic (streams) habitats, based on habitat permanence.

Avg. site abun. Avg. site rich.

Permanent Permanent Ponds 86.5 Ponds 9.7 Streams 100.1 Streams 9.6

Temporary Temporary Ponds 25.5 Ponds 4.4 Streams 72.4 Streams 6.0

Table 2. The average richness and abundances of the aquatic invertebrates collected from the four pools in the GSNWR.

Avg. richness Avg. abundance pool 1 13.0 82.0

pool 2 17.0 105.5 pool 3a 11.0 71.0 pool 3b 9.5 102.5

60 66 59 18 6 61 38 16 68 T4 27 48 50 49 17 28 29 67 T9 62 47 40 26 42 5 65 T10 55 39 64 T11 63 4 T3 53 T2 25 52 51 T8 T7 7 21 20 T5 9 46 8 45 19 57 T1 44 58 22 41 43 10 13 30 1 15 34 56 2 14 33 12 31 32 35 3 36 37 54 24 23 11

Figure 1. Sampling locations for aquatic invertebrates within GSNWR, including both aquatic sites (1- 68) and adult dragonfly sites (T1-T11). Coordinates and details can be found in table 1 and the appendix.

Hemiptera (true bugs) 3%

Coleoptera (beetles) 3% Other 6% Trichoptera (caddisflies) 3%

Amphipoda (scuds) 42%

Physidae (snails) 12%

Diptera (true flies) 22%

Figure 2. Relative abundances, by order, of taxa collected in GSNWR.

Other orders Ephemeroptera 26 taxa Diptera (true flies) (mayflies) 5 taxa 29 taxa

Gastropoda (snails) Coleoptera (beetles) 6 taxa Hemiptera 25 taxa (true bugs)

12 taxa Odonata (dragonflies/ Trichoptera damselflies) 13 taxa (caddisflies) 14 taxa

Figure 3. Richness, by order, of taxa collected in GSNWR.

Appendix 1. Traits for the sampling sites in GSNWR. Rich. = richness, Abun. = abundance, perm. = permanent, temp = temporary, quant = quantitative, qaul = qualitative.

Site Rich. Abun. Name Date Perm. Flow Longitude Latitude Sampling 1 3 63 - 15-Mar-15 Temp - -74.466980 40.708732 quant

2 3 3 - 15-Mar-15 Perm - -74.460775 40.712994 quant

3 5 6 - 15-Mar-15 Temp - -74.457565 40.711135 quant 4 3 58 - 15-Mar-15 Temp Fast -74.500586 40.714740 quant 5 4 31 - 15-Mar-15 Temp - -74.501186 40.714806 quant 6 4 13 - 15-Mar-15 Temp Fast -74.522992 40.720949 quant 7 8 29 - 15-Mar-15 Perm Slow -74.490539 40.726915 quant

8 6 38 - 15-Mar-15 Temp - -74.486787 40.730761 quant 9 11 182 - 15-Mar-15 Temp Fast -74.488641 40.729960 quant 10 6 40 - 15-Mar-15 Temp Fast -74.473563 40.726433 quant 11 7 13 - 16-Mar-15 Temp - -74.420322 40.727868 quant 12 15 109 - 16-Mar-15 Perm - -74.457203 40.719386 quant

13 2 2 - 16-Mar-15 Perm - -74.473088 40.725682 quant

14 6 31 Great Brook 17-Mar-15 Perm Fast -74.460492 40.731632 quant 15 10 99 Great Brook 17-Mar-15 Perm Fast -74.460070 40.731969 quant 16 3 31 Great Brook 17-Mar-15 Perm Slow -74.515909 40.712272 quant 17 5 13 - 17-Mar-15 Temp - -74.514070 40.712846 quant 18 2 5 - 17-Mar-15 Temp - -74.525861 40.722813 quant

19 2 4 - 17-Mar-15 Temp - -74.487594 40.726128 quant 20 4 36 - 17-Mar-15 Temp - -74.488553 40.726415 quant 21 10 35 - 17-Mar-15 Perm - -74.486875 40.721750 quant 22 3 61 - 17-Mar-15 Temp Fast -74.480103 40.723204 quant 23 6 114 - 18-Mar-15 Temp Slow -74.425786 40.715090 quant

24 9 120 - 18-Mar-15 Perm Slow -74.447223 40.701325 quant

25 5 35 Pool 1 19-Mar-15 Perm Slow -74.495778 40.712626 quant 26 5 19 - 19-Mar-15 Temp Slow -74.501545 40.723076 quant 27 13 150 Primrose Brook 19-Mar-15 Perm Fast -74.512829 40.720745 quant 28 12 107 Primrose Brook 19-Mar-15 Perm Fast -74.512794 40.721033 quant

29 10 92 - 19-Mar-15 Temp Fast -74.512055 40.720997 quant

30 5 10 - 8-May-15 Temp - -74.467360 40.708390 quant 31 5 9 - 8-May-15 Temp - -74.459400 40.712930 quant 32 4 5 - 8-May-15 Temp - -74.457210 40.710450 quant 33 4 10 - 8-May-15 Temp - -74.459920 40.714150 quant 34 17 105 - 8-May-15 Perm - -74.460620 40.716690 quant

35 4 5 - 8-May-15 Temp - -74.458470 40.717720 quant 36 9 40 - 8-May-15 Perm - -74.457010 40.719590 quant 37 3 39 - 8-May-15 Temp - -74.452330 40.717230 quant 38 6 125 - 8-May-15 Temp - -74.516490 40.688380 quant 39 7 87 Middle Brook 8-May-15 Perm Slow -74.500440 40.704640 quant

40 11 48 Middle Brook 8-May-15 Perm Slow -74.500700 40.704300 quant Appendix 1 (cont.). Traits for the sampling sites in GSNWR Rich. = richness, Abun. = abundance, perm. = permanent, temp = temporary, quant = quantitative, qaul = qualitative.

Site Rich. Abun. Name Date Perm. Flow Longitude Latitude Sampling 41 15 375 Great Brook 8-May-15 Perm Fast -74.474080 40.725150 quant 42 8 435 Middle Brook 8-May-15 Perm Slow -74.500700 40.704300 quant 43 5 21 - 8-May-15 Temp - -74.475200 40.720040 quant 44 12 43 - 9-May-15 Perm - -74.484220 40.722220 quant 45 16 246 - 9-May-15 Perm - -74.485530 40.721830 quant 46 13 257 Pool 1 9-May-15 Perm - -74.488900 40.718230 quant 47 7 130 Pool 3b 10-May-15 Perm Slow -74.505660 40.701540 quant 48 12 75 Pool 3b 10-May-15 Perm - -74.512610 40.698369 quant 49 11 71 Pool 3a 10-May-15 Perm - -74.511900 40.703690 quant 50 17 152 Primrose Brook 10-May-15 Perm Fast -74.512860 40.720620 quant 51 11 155 Pools 1, 2 22-Jun Perm - -74.498429 40.719321 quant 52 23 56 Pools 1, 2 22-Jun Perm Slow -74.498651 40.720387 quant 53 2 4 - 22-Jun Perm - -74.498651 40.720387 quant 54 9 26 - 23-Jun Perm Slow -74.446892 40.701083 quant 55 4 54 Black Brook 23-Jun Perm Fast -74.500280 40.696770 quant 56 26 257 - 23-Jun Perm - -74.460755 40.717096 qual 57 0 0 10-Aug Perm Slow -74.484881 40.696400 qual 58 6 22 - 10-Aug Perm - -74.481894 40.698510 quant 59 11 30 Passaic River 14-Aug Perm Fast -74.527831 40.717151 quant 60 11 35 Passaic River 14-Aug Perm Fast -74.529049 40.718671 quant 61 1 3 Passaic River 14-Aug Perm Fast -74.517782 40.705040 qual 62 3 10 Pool 2 15-Aug Perm Slow -74.506935 40.716854 qual 63 4 4 Middle Brook 16-Aug Perm Slow -74.500568 40.704445 qual 64 1 3 Pool 2 17-Aug Perm Slow -74.498898 40.720128 qual 65 3 3 - 17-Aug Perm - -74.499983 40.722679 qual 66 1 3 Passaic River 19-Aug Perm Fast -74.526509 40.710294 qual 67 1 1 Pool 3b 13-Sep Perm - -74.509024 40.698567 qual 68 1 1 Passaic River 18-Aug Perm Slow -74.513873 40.701094 qual T1 1 2 - 11-Aug - - -74.486355 40.720635 qual T2 3 4 - 11-Aug - - -74.498482 40.722845 qual T3 2 5 - 11-Aug - - -74.498331 40.718137 qual T4 0 0 - 12-Aug - - -74.514525 40.714288 qual T5 0 0 - 12-Aug - - -74.488220 40.714086 qual T6 0 0 - 13-Aug - - -74.500424 40.704854 qual T7 2 3 - 13-Aug - - -74.497011 40.723139 qual T8 4 8 - 14-Aug - - -74.494889 40.723540 qual T9 2 6 - 15-Aug - - -74.509612 40.716047 qual T10 0 0 - 18-Aug - - -74.499898 40.696442 qual T11 3 3 - 18-Aug - - -74.499693 40.722994 qual Appendix 2. Summarized list for taxa found in GSNWR. ad. = adult, lar. = larvae, m = morphotype Taxa Abun. Annelida 32 Clitellata 9 Arhynchobdellida 2 Erpobdellidae 1 Erpobdella punctata 1 Hirudinidae 1 Macrobdella 1 Hirudinea (subclass) 6 M1 1 small or damaged 5 Rhynchobdellida 1 Glossiphoniidae 1 Placobdella hollensis 1 Oligochaeta 23 Tubificidae 23 Arthropoda 3862 Arachnida 1 Trombidiformes 1 Hydrachnidiae (unranked) 1 Branchiopoda 9 Cladocera 9 Daphniidae 9 Entognatha 2 Collembola 2 Isotomidae 2 Insecta 1723 Coleoptera 117 Curculionidae (semi-aq.) 3 Dytiscidae 51 Acilius ad. 2 Acilius lar. 5 Agabus lar. 4 Copelatus ad. 1 Cybister lar. 2 Dytiscus ad. 1 Dytiscus lar. 6 Hydroporus ad. 8 Hydroporus/Hygrotus lar. 7 Laccornis ad. 1 Matus ad. 6 Matus lar. 3 Thermonectus ad. 5

Appendix 2 (cont.). Summarized taxa list for all taxa found in GSNWR. ad. = adult, lar. = larvae, m = morphotype Elmidae 35 Dubiraphia lar. 1 Macronychus ad. 3 Macronychus lar. 5 Stenelmis ad. 10 Stenelmis lar. 16 Gyrinidae 7 Dineutus ad. 1 Gyrinius lar. 6 Haliplidae 2 Peltodytes ad. 1 Peltodytes lar. 1 Hydrophilidae 12 Berosus ad. 1 Berosus lar. 1 Derallus lar. 3 Hydrochara ad. 1 Tropisternus ad. 1 Tropisternus lar. 5 Noteridae 4 Hydrocanthus ad. 3 Pronoterus ad. 1 Scirtidae 1 Cyphon lar. 1 Staphylinidae 2 M1 lar. 1 M2 lar. 1 Diptera 992 Bibionidae 28 Bibio lar. 28 Cedidomyiidae lar. (terr.) 1 lar. 1 Ceratopogonidae 6 Bezzia lar. 4 Serromyia lar. 1 Sphaeromias lar. 1 Chaoboridae 120 Chaoborus lar. 14 Mochlonyx lar. 106 Chironomidae 791 non-Tanypodinae tribes lar. 770 Tanypodinae (tribe) lar. 21 Appendix 2 (cont.). Summarized taxa list for all taxa found in GSNWR. ad. = adult, lar. = larvae, m = morphotype

Dolichopodidae 1 Raphium lar. 1 Empididae 2 Clinocera lar. 1 Hemerodromia lar. 1 Ptychopteridae 1 Bittacomorpha lar. 1 Sciomyzidae 1 Dictya lar. 1 Scirtidae 2 Scirtes lar. 2 Simulidae 13 Prosimulium lar. 8 Simulium lar. 5 Stratiomyidae 8 Nemotelus lar. 2 Odonotomyia M1 lar. 4 Odonotomyia M2 lar. 2 Tabanidae 4 Chrysops lar. 2 Tabanus lar. 2 Tipulidae 14 Dicranota lar. 1 Helius lar. 3 Molophilus lar. 1 Pseudolimnophila lar. 4 Tipula M1 lar. 1 Tipula M2 lar. 3 Tipula M3 lar. 1 Ephemeroptera 86 Baetidae 1 Callibaetis lar. 1 Ephemerellidae 7 Ephemerella lar. 3 Eurylophella lar. 4 Heptageniidae 71 Stenonema lar. 71 Siphlonuridae 7 Siphlonurus lar. 7

Appendix 2 (cont.). Summarized taxa list for all taxa found in GSNWR. ad. = adult, lar. = larvae, m = morphotype

Hemiptera 114 Belostomatidae 14 Belostoma 14 Corixidae 38 Hesperocorixa 35 Palmacorixa 3 Delphacidae 6 Megamelus 6 Gerridae 4 Gerris 1 Metrobates 3 Hydrometridae 1 Hydrometra 1 Naucoridae 3 Pelocoris 3 Nepidae 7 Ranatra 7 Notonectidae 27 Notonecta 27 Pleidae 11 Neoplea 11 Veliidae 3 Rhagovelia 3 Lepidoptera 7 Crambidae 6 Elophila 6 Pyralidae 1 Parapoynx 1 Megaloptera 6 Corydalidae 6 Chauliodes 6 Odonata 237 Aeshnidae 25 Anax junius ad. 3 Anax junius lar. 20 Basiaeschna janata lar. 2 Boyeria vinosa lar. 3 Calopterygidae 19 Calopteryx lar. 19 Coenagrionidae 117 lar. 117 Appendix 2 (cont.). Summarized taxa list for all taxa found in GSNWR. ad. = adult, lar. = larvae, m = morphotype

Corduliidae 1 Epitheca spinosa lar. 1 Gomphidae 4 Arigomphus villosipes lar. 3 Gomphus (small) lar. 1 Lestidae 27 Lestes lar. 27 Libellulidae 40 Erithemis simplicicollis ad. 3 Libellula incesta ad. 2 Libellula luctuosa ad. 1 Libellula pulchella 4 Libellula semifasciata ad. 2 Libellula vibrans ad. 2 Pachydiplax longipennis ad. 2 Pachydiplax longipennis lar. 9 Perithemis tenera ad. 4 Plathemis lydia ad. 3 Plathemis lydia lar. 5 Sympetrum lar. 26 Sympetrum obtrusum ad. 2 Sympetrum vicinum ad. 2 Tramea lacerata ad. 1 Macromiidae 4 Macromia illinoiensis lar. 4 Plecoptera 10 Nemouridae 9 Amphinemura lar. 1 Shipsa lar. 8 Taeniopterygidae 1 Taeniopteryx lar. 1 Trichoptera 154 Dipseudopsidae 4 Phylocentropus lar. 4 Hydropsychidae 60 Cheumatopsyche lar. 27 Hydropsyche lar. 33 Leptoceridae 31 Ceraclea lar. 2 Oecetis lar. 15 Triaenodes lar. 14 Appendix 2 (cont.). Summarized taxa list for all taxa found in GSNWR. ad. = adult, lar. = larvae, m = morphotype

Limnephilidae 43 Ironoquia lar. 10 Limnephilus M1 lar. 2 Limnephilus M2 lar. 4 Limnephilus M3 lar. 1 Pycnopsyche lar. 26 Philopotamidae 6 Chimarra lar. 6 Phryganeidae 1 Ptilostomis lar. 1 Uenoidae 9 Neophylax lar. 9 Malocostraca 2123 Amphipoda 1878 Crangonyctidae 535 Crangonyx 534 Stygobromus 1 Gammaridae 1279 Gammarus M1 and M2 1279 Hyalellidae 64 Hyalella 64 Decapoda 51 Cambaridae 51 Orconectes 50 Procambarus acutus acutus 1 Isopoda 194 Asellidae 194 Caecidotea 194 Maxillopoda 4 Cyclopoida 4 Mollusca 599 Bivalvia 50 Unionoida 5 Unionidae 5 Elliptio complanta 5 Veneroida 45 Cyrenidae 15 Corbicula fluminea 15 Sphaeridae 30 Sphaerium 30 Appendix 2 (cont.). Summarized taxa list for all taxa found in GSNWR. ad. = adult, lar. = larvae, m = morphotype

Gastropoda 549 Physidae 522 Physella 522 Planorbidae 24 Laevapex fuscus 5 Planorbella 7 Planorbella trivolvis 11 Planorbula armigera 1 Viviparidae 3 Cipangopaludina chinensis 1 M1 2 Porifera 2 Demospongiae 2 Haplusclenida 2 Spongillidae 2 Spongilla lacustris 2 Grand Total 4526

Appendix 3. Abundances of aquatic taxa at each site within GSNWR (attached).

This file is too large to display in this format. Appendix 3, along with photographs and other pertinent files, will be included on the attached flash drive.