List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students CONTENTS

Department of Korean Language 01 and Literature 002

Department of English Language 02 and Literature 024

Department of Media 03 Communication 048

Department of Business 04 Administration 068

Department of International 05 Tourism 086

06 Department of International Trade 108

07 Department of Music http://www.donga.ac.kr 132 01 Department of Korean Language and Literature Department of Korean Language and Literature

Introduction Educational Purposes To nurture researchers in Korean language and literature, professionals in regional culture, and creative talents in the field of culture and arts, who possess a variety of insights and depth in the understanding of the Korean language, culture, and literature.

Educational Goals -Instilling basic and professional knowledge regarding the Korean language, literature, and culture. Promoting interaction with other cultures, and training professionals in Korean language and literature by cultivating professional skills through the education of Korean language, traditional culture and literature, and modern literature and culture. -Cultivating the ability to produce a variety of contents, and the skills to utilize storytelling. Training creative individuals who would be able to produce a variety of cultural contents, by guiding them in terms of analyzing, expressing, creating, and thinking, based on the understanding of language and literature. -Exploring various methods to spread humanities into regional societies. Forming a network of regional culture, and nurturing individuals with expertise in regional culture. -Exploring the groundwork to spread humanities to East Asia and the rest of the world, through the globalization of the field of humanities. The geographic location of Busan as an international port city, and the historical qualities of its culture are the reasons that attract international students, and encourage students to travel overseas. -Increasing the international competency of the Department of Korean language and literature by offering and managing programs designated for international students, generating a synergistic effect through the interaction of cultures by Korean and international students, developing short and long term programs with local and international cities and universities, encouraging interaction between students and professors, organizing academic events and workshops, and making site visits.

Office Address : 37, Nakdong-daero 550beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, South Korea. 607, Department of Korean Language and Literature, College of Humanities, Dong-A University Seunghak Campus. Contact : 051-200 -7019 General Terms

01. Classical Literature A term used in contradiction to ‘modern literature’ to refer to literature works that were created and spread before the modern literature era. Oral literature, Chinese language literature, and Korean literature are categorized under classical literature.

02. Didactic Korean literature is divided into four forms, which are, lyric, epic, drama, and didactic. ‘Didactic’ is a form of literature that encourages globalization through the interference of external elements of a literature work. Es- says, travelogs, critique, Akjang, and Gajeonche are categorized under didactic.

03. Play It is a form of art that focuses on the dialogues and actions of the characters.

04. National Literature A form of literature that writes about the literary and historical aspects of the existence of a nation of people who share similarities. Hence, national literature is determined by its fluid nature due to the historical background of the people during a given era.

05. Grammar The scientific study of structural rules governing the composition of words, phrases, and clauses of any given language. They study how words are formed from morphemes, or how clauses are formed from words.

06. Literary Criticism An analysis and discussion of literary works, based on aspects such as the global perspectives and aesthetic values of the work, the societal and political meaning behind the work, and such.

07. Cultural Criticism A form of criticism which looks at literary discourse on contemporary culture as a subject for criticism that has societal and political meaning.

08. Dialect When a language changes and possesses a structure of its own, this variety of language is called a dialect. A dialect that has evolved based on region is called a regional dialect. Apart from that, varieties of dialects based on other aspects, such as social class, also exist.

09. Phonology A field of study that looks into the phonetic aspects which differentiates the meaning of sounds.

10. Semantics A field of study that looks into the origin, changes, and other aspects of the meaning of languages.

11. Lyric One of the four forms of poetry (lyric, epic, drama, didactic). Unlike epic poetry, which focuses on storytelling, lyric poetry expresses emotions and feelings. A typical example is a poem.

12. Epic One of the four forms of poetry (lyric, epic, drama, didactic). It tells the story of a character in a specific setting by presenting various events throughout the storyline. A typical example is a novel.

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13. Post-war Literature Department of Korean Language and Literature The genre of literature in the 1950s that focuses on exploring questions regarding human existence after the Korean war. In the midst of the casualties and killings, rather than talking about ideologies, post-war literature was more about questioning matters regarding to human existence and dignity.

14. Pro-Japanese Literature The form of literature created during the Japanese colonization period. It talks about collaboration with Impe- rial Japan with its colonization policies and related thoughts.

15. Syntax A field of study in linguistics that investigates the possible combinations of words in a language.

16. Hyangga(향가) Traditional poems composed in the late Three Kingdoms period, which became popular during the Unified Silla period. Hyangga were written using a system known as hyangchal.

17. Drama A literary genre that focuses on the dialogues of its characters. It is a part of theatre, but it can also be a literature work on its own.

18. Modern Literature The period between late 19th century and early 20th century saw the need for a new form of literature which would present new ideologies and suit the period of Enlightenment in Korea. After new poetry and new novel, modern free verses and contemporary novels appeared, and they are known as modern literature, in contrast to classical literature, which were published before this period.

19. Oral literature Literature that is transmitted by word of mouth. As it was made to be transmitted orally, it was often a one-off creation that is continuously being recreated differently. It is a communal form of literature.

20. Chinese language literature Korean literature that is written in the Chinese language. Hansi and Hanhak are types of Chinese language literature.

21. Gasa(가사) A form of poetry that was continuously composed during the late Goryeo period up till the Joseon period. It is regarded as having perfected the form, which commonly consisted of parallel lines, each broken into two four-syllable units (4, 4). It did not have a strict requirement regarding the composing structure, and therefore, was widely composed by most classes of people during the Joseon era.

22. Narrator A fictional speaker who tells the story in a novel. The structure of a novel can change based on the existence and absence of a narrator.

23. Sijo(시조) One of the remaining forms of traditional Korean poem that is made up of approximately three parts and 45 words.

24. Word category The groups of words based on their meaning, function, or form.

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25. Satire A genre of literature that reveals the problems, criticizes, and ridicules unreasonable systems and authorities in a humorous way.

26. Hansi(한시/Chinese language poem) Hansi refers to the poems from Chinese-language-speaking-countries that re documented in Chinese characters. Hansi generally follows a specific form and rhythmic structure rules.

27. Humor While satire is a type of critical and sharp humor, humor literature is a type of good will humor that looks to induce laughter from a positive perspective.

28. Hyangchal(향찰) An archaic writing system during the Silla period that uses hanja (Chinese characters) to transcribe Korean language. The poem form that is written in hyangchal is called Hyangga.

29. Tragedy A form of drama that describes the suffering and misfortunes of humans caused by the conflicts of unavoid- able fate.

30. Comedy A type of play that looks to induce laughter by presenting the irony between human and society in a humorous and joyful manner.

31. Mask drama A form of performance where actors in the play wear masks. It still remains in various parts of the world. Ko- rean mask dramas especially, are characterized by their focus on realism and their critical approach.

32. Goryeo sokyo(고려속요) A type of minyo poetic song that is commonly sung by the working class during the Goryeo period. It is also known as ‘yeoyo’ or ‘jangga’. Typical examples include ‘Cheoyongga’, ‘Gasiri’, ‘Ssanghwajeom’, and some others.

33. Structuralism A philosophical ideology that implies human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a broader system or structure. It works to explore the structures that underlie things like human actions and perception.

34. Colloquial style A writing style that mimics the way people speak in daily conversation. It is based on verbal language.

35. Association of the Nine People(구인회) An association founded in 1933 after falling for the beauty of tendency writing, with the purpose of encouraging pure arts. Lee Hyo-suk, Lee Tae-jun, Jeong Ji-yong, and Kim Gi-rim are some of the core members.

36. Literature of the Korean Enlightenment Period(개화기문학) A form of literature that emerged around the Korean Enlightenment Period in 1900, with the period of time as the background. New novel (sinsoseol) – which appeared in between classical and modern literature – and changga fall under this category. It talks about the enthusiasm surrounding the beginning of a new era, and adopted the structure of classical literature.

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37. Enlightenment Department of Korean Language and Literature A trend of thought that implies that humans should be rationally enlightened in order for the society to change. It became the basis for the modernization of Joseon after the Korean Enlightenment Period.

38. Labor literature A form of poetry that conveys the irony of Capitalism through the lives and truths of laborers.

39. Romanticism Rather than rationality, Romanticism emphasizes emotions, irrationality, and ideality. It became full scale in Korea following the Baekjo associates.

40. Non-fiction A genre of literature that is not fiction. While fiction is based on made up stories, non-fiction is based on -docu mentation of facts. Reportages, essays, and diaries are typical examples of non-fiction.

41. Discourse A type of literature which focuses on the intellectual and linguistic expression of a specific subject or idea, and then explaining facts about the reality. It includes things like the Semantic Network and social relationships of a specific subject.

42. Contrast While ‘comparison’ is done by finding similarities between two objects, ‘contrast’ is the differentiation of objects based on their dissimilarities.

43. Realism Realism is a trend of thought which attempts to unveil the ironies of present society through literature created by analyzing the societal, political, economic, and ideological situations of the present day.

44. Modernism A trend of thought in literature which attempts to reveal a picture of the modern world through forms of avant-garde art.

45. Mujeong The first modern long novel in Korea by Lee Kwang-soo that was published as a series in the “Maeil Shinbo” in 1917. It depicted the coming of a new era, and was very popular among readers. It is also a very meaningful piece of work in the history of literature.

46. Literary style A style of writing which differs from the style of speech in everyday life. It is usually used in dissertations, official documents, and law.

47. Sentence An independent unit of language that is made up of two or more words. It is a completed form itself, and is capable of conveying a thought or a feeling.

48. Constituents Sentence Components The components that make up a sentence (i.e., main component, supplementary components, independent component).

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49. Literary youth In general, it refers to a youth who likes literature, and who aspires to be a literary man, but historically, it refers to a youth award founded in the 1920s. While the youth award in the 1910s opened the doors to modern times, the youth award in the 1920s was devoted to arts like literature, and intended to differentiate the current period from the previous.

50. Metaphor A form of speech that represents an object with another object by comparing the two. It is used in all forms of literature, but it is especially commonly used in poetry to induce stronger emotional reactions among the readers.

51. Irony A figure of speech in which a message is presented by saying the opposite of the intended meaning.

52. Predicate A sentence component that describes the subject by elaborating on its movement, state, characteristics, and other aspects as such.

53. Scenario A theatre script. It has literary characteristics in the way it describes the dialogues and actions of the characters.

54. Essay A type of prose that allows the writer to write about their own thoughts freely without any fixed format. This category includes a wide variety of writings, such as travelogues, reviews, and diaries.

55. Memoir A piece about one’s own experience, written to convey specific happenings clearly. Travelogues, notes about special experiences, and diaries are included under this category. Readers of this literature type get second hand experience of the events in the story.

56. Prose A form of literature that exhibits a natural flow of speech rather than a regular rhythmic structure as in traditional poetry. Novels, drama, commentaries, and essays are examples of prose.

57. Baekjo(백조) A literary magazine founded by Park Young-hui, Na Do-hyun, and colleagues in 1922. It was mainly made up of literature works that had obvious characteristics of romanticism.

58. Symbolism A trend of thought in literature which is the opposite of Realism. It attempts to portray abstract and mysterious contents symbolically.

59. New Tendency Literature(신경향파) Before the foundation of KAPF in 1925, literatures similar to Proletarian Literature emerged. That was the New Tendency Literature, and it was the previous stage of Proletarian Literature.

60. La Ruino(폐허) A literary magazine founded by the La Ruino(pye-heo) Associates in 1920. Joseon after the March 1st Move- ment was perceived as a desolated ruin (pye-heo), and elements of romanticism and sentimentalism were common.

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61. New Woman(신여성) Department of Korean Language and Literature It is an idea that became common in the 1920s, referring to women who received modern education. Women who received modern education in the 1910s entered the society and fought for gender equality in the 1920s. The term ‘New Woman’ refers to the women at the center of this movement.

62. Image Something which, despite being invisible, appeals to the reader’s sense of sight, hearing, smell, touch, and space. Mental image of a literary text.

63. Folktale A genre that typically consists of a story passed down from generation to generation orally, with the purpose of entertainment and teaching lessons. Though simple, folktales are structurally well-written, and can be nar- rated freely based on the reactions of the listener.

64. Pure literature A form of literature which forgoes ideologies and purpose, and focuses only on the artistic elements of literature. It is an idea that differs from Engagement Literature.

65. Stem The part of a predicate word that does not change when conjugated.

66. Root The smallest meaningful unit of a word, that remains after eliminating the affixes. The main part of a word that conveys an actual meaning.

67. Unity of Speech Movement(언문일치운동) It is also known as the ‘Colloquial Style Sentence Movement’. It produced modern sentences by writing in the same way as the spoken language.

68. Predicate word A word with an independent meaning, that plays the role of a predicate in a sentence (i.e., verbs, adjectives, and determiners).

69. Verse A piece where the arrangement of language forms a rhythm and a fixed form. A poem is a typical example.

70. Meter A method of giving musical characteristics to poems by regularly repeating specific syllabic patterns. Exter- nal rhythms such as accentual-syllabic meter and rhyme are typical examples.

71. Phoneme The smallest unit of sound which distinguishes the difference in meaning.

72. Vowe A sound that is produced without friction or occlusion of the mouth and vocal tract. It is also known as ‘hol-sori’ (independent sound).

73. Syllable The smallest unit of speech sounds, made up of vowel and consonant.

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74. Consonant A sound produced by complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Also known as ‘da-sori’ (touched sound).

75. Onomatopoeia(의성어) Words that mimic the sounds of objects or people.

76. Mimetic word Words that describe the movement of objects or people.

77. Word ending The part of a word after the stem. The part where conjugation happens (word form changes).

78. Syntactic word A basic unit of grammar that forms sentences. It can be made up of one or more words (written together without a space).

79. Paradox It is a figure of speech which conveys truths by using seemingly contradictory language. It is an especially important element of poetic language.

80. Poetic language The form of language that is used in poetry. It exists not as an independent word, but as a part that forms the whole structure. Unlike daily language, it creates unique mental images within the overall structure and verses of a poem.

81. Postposition A word that is attached to substantive words or word roots, in order to express its relationship with other words, or to give extra meaning to the word.

82. Fiction A form of literature – such as novels – which is based on made-up facts. It is known as the principle of text creation.

83. Long novel Post-modern novels are in fact long novels. It describes reality in a clear manner, and reveals the ironies of the society. Hence, it is a form of literature that is especially important in realism literature.

84. Affix A morpheme that is attached to the base or root or a word, which functions to restrict or give extra meaning to the root.

85. Creation and Criticism(창작과비평) A quarterly literary publication that was first published in the 1966, and ended in the 1970s. It criticized Korean societal problems, and was seen as the forerunner of the discourse of the people’s literature.

86. Engagement Literature A literary ideology that engagement is important in literature, because literature, through the creation of works that covers critical perspectives of the society, plays a role in the actual implementation of social revolution.

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87. KAPF Department of Korean Language and Literature Short for ‘Korea Artista Proleta Federacio’. It is an artistic group that was founded in 1925, and disbanded in 1935. It promoted Proletarian Literature.

88. Pansori(판소리) A form of Korean musical storytelling that is performed by a singer and a drummer.

89. Morpheme The smallest meaningful unit of grammar.

90. Metonym A figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.

91. Conjugation The inflection of word endings of verbs and adjectives.

92. Narrator The speaker of a poem.

93. Proletarian Literature Literature that is created for the class-conscious proletariat, to emphasize hierarchy and for the liberation of Proletariats.

94. Parody A technique of achieving satire and humor by mimicking the original and exaggerating it.

95. Text All forms of presented work that becomes the subject of criticism. In literary criticism, text is a form of literature, but currently, all forms of literary products are used as texts.

96. New novel(신소설) A type of literary work which emerged in the 19th century, depicting the new images and changes of the modern society. It is different from classical novels. A leading example of new novel is Lee In-jik’s ‘Tears of Blood’.

97. Point of view The perspective of the narrator in novels. It differs according to the narrator’s attitude, and whether the narrator exists inside or outside of the novel.

98. Sense of realism Sense of realism can be interpreted as being realistic, lifelike, or plausible. It is also a criterion of determining whether a literary work is the true representation of a society.

99. Empathy The state of completely putting oneself in the position of someone else, and sharing their feelings.

100. Documentary Literature A form of literature that stirs the emotion of a reader by presenting truths that are recorded as they are. Un- like novels, that are based on made-up stories, documentary literature stirs emotion due to the fact that it is based on real life stories.

011 Major Terms

01. Family novel A type of novel that deals with the conflict and events that can happen in a family setting. The gist of family novels is about the growth and prospers of families. This kind of novel has a unique structure, whereby it is not made up of one but a few protagonists, who are either blood relatives or relatives by marriage.

02. Domestic novel A genre of novel that deals with the conflict among family members which arises due to the illogical family practice that is polygamy (specifically, a man having more than one wife).

03. Palatal consonants Consonants that are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate. Palatal consonants in Korean include ㅈ and ㅊ.

04. Palatalization The process of sound change in which a non-palatal consonant likeㄷ and ㅌ changes to palatal consonants like ㅈ and ㅊ when combined with the vowel ㅣ of postpositions or affixes. The vowel ㅣ ‘ ’ must be in the form of a affix or postposition. Examples: 미닫이[미다지], 같이[가치], 붙이다[부치다]

05. Documentary novel (gi, 記) A genre of Chinese literature that documents a happening or the realizations and thoughts evoked by an event. In Korea, it is a form of essay that tells valuable facts and the truth about life. The topic is mainly related to happenings and nature, and the story is written in a way that documents the topic and the emotions regarding the event.

06. Documentary literature A form of literary creation that documents the cause, development, results etc. of events that have taken place in real life. Also known as ‘report literature’ or ‘reportage’ 르포르타주,( 르포).

07. Agglutinative language(교착어) A type of language with morphology that primarily uses agglutination (combination of a word’s root and affixes) to form meaning in sentences. Unlike inflectional languages, where changes occur with the roots of words, changes of agglutinative languages occur with word endings.

08. Dramatization A term in theatre/play. The process of turning novels or non-fiction works into plays, films, or television and radio dramas.

09. Synesthesia A phenomenon in which stimulation of one sense (e.g., sound, touch, etc.) leads to involuntary experience in a second sense. It is the state of experiencing stimulation of two or more senses simultaneously.

10. National Literary Movement(국민문학 운동) A literary ideology that rose in opposition to Proletarian Literature which was taking over the literary circle in the mid-1920s. The National Literary Movement rejected the idea of hierarchism, and insisted on the ethni- cism approach in the revival of Korean literature. Choi Nam-seon’s Sijo Rearrangement Project and Hangeul Movement, Lee Kwang-su, Kim Dong-in and others’ writing of historical novels, and Yeom Sang-seop’s theories of national literature played major roles in movement. Through debates with individuals like KAPF’s Kim Ki-jin, they also further popularized the idea of Ultranationalism. Choi Nam-seon, Lee Byung-gi, Lee Eun- sang, Lee Kwang-su, Kim Yeong-jin, Cho Eun, Yeom Sang-seop, Chu Yo-han, Yang Ju-dong, and many others

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are notable people in this movement. Department of Korean Language and Literature

11. Objective correlative One of the techniques of poem writing. It is a group of things, situations, or events that is used to represent an emotion or a thought that is to be presented in a literary work.

12. Miscellany A novel that depicts the personal emotions and events of the author. It is sensible, subjective, and includes thought-provoking emotional aspects rather than having a fixed theme.

13. Final sound Korean syllables are made up of an initial sound, medial sound, and a final sound. A final sound is the last pronounced sound of a syllable. It is also called the ‘patchim’ 받침( , final consonant). Example: 밖: ㅂ (initial) + ㅏ (medial) + ㄲ (final)

14. Symbolism A symbol whose meaning is widely known and recognized. Example: Cross : Christianity Dove/Pigeon : Peace

15. Romantic irony An idea that stems from dualism and contradicting ideas. The concept was widely discussed in the philosophy of German romanticists, and it is a result of the artistic rebellion against literary snobbery. It recognizes contradicting existences but pursues something beyond that.

16. Internal rhyme The rhyme that occurs in free verses due to the arrangement of contents or use of language. This kind of rhyme is not overtly presented, but is noticeable. It differs from external rhymes, where the rhythm can be overtly seen through the fixed pattern of words.

17. Novel sequence (Roman fleuve) A long novel that contains story or themes that develop slowly across several books with the appearance of many characters. The events continuously overlap and the storyline flows like river into a long sequence. It is a kind of novel that deals with the changes of a society, the transformation of individuals, and the conflicts of a family over time, in an extended sequence.

18. Urban fiction It is a type of modernistic novel that talks about the admiration and criticism of modern civilization in an urban setting. It deals with the so-called urban life while focusing on the dark aspects of life and the underside of the order of the city.

19. Alliteration Also known as a head rhyme or initial rhyme, it is the conspicuous repetition of identical initial consonant sounds of the first word of a line. Along with tail rhyme (final rhyme), it is a method of creating rhythms in- po ems.

20. Fellow traveler A writer who is not formally involved in the Revolutionary Socialist Movement, but whose literary style sympa- thizes to the ideology of the revolutionary movement. Fellow traveler writers include Lee Hyo-seok, Yoo Jin- oh, Park Hwa-sung, Yoo Chi-jin, Hong Hyo-min, Chae Man-shik, etc.

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21. Literary coterie It started in 1910, and began to flourish around the 1930s as the literary coterie magazine reached its golden era, and literary movements developed around it. The modern literary circle in Korea developed around coterie magazine until the 1920s, and many magazines of the same kind continued to be published during that time. That contributed to the grounds for the Renaissance-like flourishment of literature creations after the March 1st Movement. However, the era of literary coterie came to an end around the 1930s with social literature cir- cles forming, and the publication of monthly literature magazines began to rise.

22. Vowel harmony A type of vowel assimilation rule. It is the change in sound that happens when the vowels of multisyllabic words come together through the combination of word roots and affixes. For instance, ‘yang vowels’ are followed by ‘yang vowels’, and ‘yin vowels’ are followed by ‘yin vowels’. This is vowel harmony.

23. Motif The internal drive of writers to create a literature work. In creation, there are materials, and these materials come together with a theme to form a plot, which would form a piece of work. When a writer gets an idea for a theme from the materials, they would have a story which they want to convey through their work. The internal drive or motivation to convey this story is called ‘motif’.

24. Montage A technique in film editing or photo editing in which a series of shots are edited into a sequence. There are instances of the usage of montage in literature, and Park Tae-won’s novels are the first of that kind in Korean literature.

25. Folk music (Min-yo) A kind of music that is formed naturally within an ethnic group, and continues to be enjoyed for a long time. It is the kind of music that reflects the sentiments of the ethnicity and nationality of the people. Folk music was created with the purpose to relieve the fatigue from work, and to present the common characteristics of the people. Korean folk music (min-yo) is generally made up of lines that consist of four meters put together. They usually tell stories about the joys and sorrows of life in a humorous way.

26. Nation The idea of a ‘nation’ can be difficult to put into simple words as it is very diverse and complicated, being an existence with long history. There are two perspectives of what makes up a nation. Firstly, premordialism suggests that a nation is made up of people who share the same language, bloodline, geographic location, economic life, culture, and history. On the other hand, instrumentalism suggests that a nation is the historical byproduct of capitalism, and it is merely an imaginary existence.

27. Tragedy A form of drama based on the misfortunes caused by human desires. Melodramas that focus provoking emotions through the progression of events are categorized under tragedy.

28. Repetition A way of emphasizing a point to attract attention by repeating the same phrases or sentences. Example: ‘Rise, the Sun. Rise, the Sun. With your beautiful face shining clearly, rise, the sun.’

29. Reflection Theory The idea that our creations reflect the real world. Our works/creations are the complete reflection of the world. This does not mean that our creations are like the mirrors of the real world, but that creations are the reflection of the creator’s ideology or perspective of the world. Literature may reflect reality because it is an

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imitation of reality, but it is important to realize the value of reconstructing these things in literature. Department of Korean Language and Literature

30. Plot twist A literary technique that introduces a sudden and unexpected change of events that brings a twist to the life and fate of the protagonist, in order to emphasize the theme of a story. In tragedy, it refers to the protagonist’s increasing tendency towards doom and destruction, and in comedy, refers to the protagonist’s overcoming of unfortunate events to make a happy ending.

31. Bun-an-so-seol (번안소설, bun-an novel) A type of novel that is based on the historical facts regarding the division of the Korean peninsula. It generally deals with issues like the investigation of the reasons causing the division of North and South Korea, the hurt and sorrows of families separated by the division, and the determination to overcome troubles of the division. All literature dealing with the division on the Korean peninsula falls under this category.

32. Aside A dramatic device in which a character speaks to the audience. By convention the audience is to realize that the character’s speech is unheard by the other characters on stage.

33. Adapted novels A type of novel that is translated into Korean from a foreign language, but differs from the original work as it involves changes based on the translator’s creativity. Commonly, the character names, period of time, and background of the original work is adapted into Korean (with Korean names, a time in Korean history, and a setting in Korea), but translated works that do not involve adaptation or changes are also considered a form of adapted novels. Literary adaptations that involve changes to character names, period of time, and background surfaced after the Korean Enlightenment Period.

34. Foreshadowing A literary technique in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story. By hinting at the possibility of the coming events, it gives the impression that the events did not happen by chance. Acciden- tal occurrences or events that happen by chance occur when the cause of the event is not explained. However, when an event happens immediately after the cause is presented, it could make the readers lose interest. Therefore, writers subtly hint at the possibility of an event by presenting the cause at first, and then go on to unveil an event just about time when readers would have forgotten about it. Events that happen without foreshadowing can catch readers off-guard, and make the storyline look unnatural.

35. I-Novel(사소설) A type of novel that reflects the author’s real life experience as it is. It originated from Japanese modern literature, and is a type of confessional literature where the author writes about their own experiences and emotions in the first person perspective with the self as the protagonist of the story.

36. Preface(서) A preface or proem is an introduction to a book or literary work. It was originally used to mean a piece that is written by the author or by people around the author, as an introduction and commentary on the motif and progression of the work, which is attached to the front or the back of the book. However, it is currently used to refer to a paragraph that systematically explains the overall progression of events in a story.

37. Epimone (수미상관) The repetition of the first line in the very last line of a poem. It gives the poem structure a good balance, and creates a rhyme while stressing a point that is conveyed in the poem.

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38. Poetic subject The persona’s listener in a poem. But it is also used to mean the things like the characters, nature, phenomena or situations which are being looked at by the persona.

39. Lyric poetry It is a type of poetry which expresses the personal emotions or feelings of the poet. Lyric poetry is subjective and focuses on internal expressions. It differs from epic poetry, which is objective and focuses on conveying messages about the external world.

40. Imagination It is the ability to comprehend and combine thoughts and emotions that are essentially the opposites of each other, such as the abstract and the concrete, the common and the unique, the self and the world.

41. Selected person omniscient point of view It is method of storytelling in which the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of the characters in the story, and tells the story of all events and other characters in the story from the point of view of a certain character. It is similar to the first person point of view in which it is only possible from the point of view of a selected character.

42. Seol(설) A category of Chinese essay that generally talks about a specific event/happening and the writer’s own opinion while explaining about the reasons and facts behind it. It conveys messages regarding the writer’s own realization and life’s lessons learned from the events that have occurred.

43. Rhetorical question A figure of speech in the form of a question. A rhetorical question is a sentence that is purposefully presented as a question instead of a declarative sentence. It is a technique used to emphasize a thought by introducing change to the flow of the story.

44. Bildungsroman A literary genre that writes about the protagonist’s psychological growth and realization of the world from youth to adulthood. The progression of the novel generally focuses on the intellectual, moral, and psychological growth and conflicts of an immature child who grows to understand the value of their existence, and the meaning of the world.

45. Shinpa(신파극) A type of theatrical play that was popular in Korea during the 1910s to 1940s. It was an imitation of the Japa- nese Shinpa that did not match the sentiments of Korean people, but it gradually grew to focus on traditional Korean sentiments. Shinpa is characterized by its melancholic sentiments and exaggerated acting. The first Shinpa performance was known to be ‘Bulhyo cheonbeol’ by Im Sung-ku’s own group Hyukshindan that was held at the Onariza cinema outside Namdaemun in November 1911. After Hyukshindan, Yoon Baek-nam and Cho Il-jae’s Moonsuseong and Lee Ki-se’s Yooildan were formed, and the real era of Shinpa began.

46. Aura An idea coined by the German philosopher Walter Benjamin. It refers to the unique atmosphere of an artwork that cannot be imitated. The artistic ideology appeared in Benjamin’s essay ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Me- chanical Reproduction’ in 1934, and it was used to mean a unique present of an original piece of artwork.

47. Tone It is the voice tone of the persona, i.e. the attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience. It is an effective

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way of understanding the literary atmosphere, the emotions and attitude of the persona, and the theme of the Department of Korean Language and Literature poem that is emphasized by the persona.

48. Korean fables It is a type of novel that uses allegory to portray human nature in the form of animal and plants through personification. Essentially, it may seem unrealistic as it does not directly state the message that is to be presented, but it conveys meaningful lessons that are hidden behind metaphors and symbols in the story.

49. Romance novels A genre of novels that talks about relationship, romantic love, and how two people overcome the conflicts in love. It is an old genre that appeared during the late Joseon period, and tells stories of protagonists who end up happily together after overcoming difficulties and obstacles.

50. Image A word or phrase in a literary text that appeals directly to the reader’s sense of taste, touch, hearing, sight, or smell.

51. Imagism A trend of thought that favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language. The idea of ‘image’ in An- glo-American imagism is ‘that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time’, as reinforced by Ezra Pound.

52. Court/ritual poetry (악장, ak-jang) A form of poetry (poem and song) that originated from the lyrics of Chinese ritual music, which was later modified into a type of court music in the Joseon dynasty. It was used as a ritual to portray the dignified air surrounding the founding of a kingdom, and to pray for eternal prosper of the dynasty. Ak-jang reflects the necessity and morality regarding the founding of a kingdom, as well as the ideology of praying for the flourishment of a dynasty.

53. Allegory A technique in which the intended message is presented in the form of a symbol that has an explicit and/or implicit meaning. A typical example is the criticism of humans and the human world by representing them with animals and the animal world in fables. Allegory is often used in literature works written to criticize political subjects as it easily avoids violating censorship.

54. Liquid A consonant sound that is produced with the tongue touching or flicking against the front teeth, allowing air to pass through both sides of the tongue. ㄹ in Korean is a liquid consonant.

55. Liquefaction The phonetic phenomenon where non-liquid consonant ㄴ changes into liquid consonant ㄹ when placed next to the liquid consonant ㄹ. Example: 칼날[칼랄], 신라[실라]

56. Play song (yu-hui-yo) A type of song that is sung during game play in order to support the flow of the game, or to win the game.

57. Prosody An element of a sound that differentiates the meaning of an utterance based on factors such as the length, stress, and intonation of the sound.

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58. Syllabic meter (음수율) A type of poetic meter. It is the rhythm of a poem that is presented by using a regular number of syllables. 3 · 4-jo, 4 · 4-jo, and 7 · 5-jo are typical examples of Korean syllabic meters. These are the methods of presenting rhythm by using three and four syllables, four and four syllables, and seven and five syllables, respectively.

59. Accentual-syllabic meter (음성률) A type of poetic meter. It uses sound elements like the intonation/pitch, stress and length of the sounds as a way to present the rhythm of the poem.

60. Rhyme (음위율) A type poetic meter. It is a method of bringing rhythm to poems through rhyme, by regularly repeating similar sounding words in certain places of a line. They are called differently based on their location in the line: Allit- eration (located at the beginning of a line), Tail rhyme (located at the end of a line), and Internal rhyme (located in the middle of a line).

61. Coda neutralization rule(음절 끝소리 규칙) In Korean phonology, onlyㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ and ㅇ are pronounced as they are in the coda (final) position. When a consonant other than these appear in the final position, they are assimilated into one of these sounds. Example: 흑, 흙 → [흑] 낟, 낫, 낮, 낯, 낱 → [낟]

62. Personification A figure of speech in which a non-human thing – an idea or an animal – is given human attributes. It is a metaphorical device used by authors to project their emotions and sentiments in their work.

63. Nonsense verse/Refrain Meaningless verses imitating the sounds of instruments in order to match the rhythm of a song or poem. In poem and song, these are meaningless sounds that are generally repeated at fixed intervals, and have an -or ganized pattern of beats (meter).

64. Stream of consciousness A method prominently used in psychological novels where the narrator attempts to depict all the thoughts, memories, imaginations, and feelings in their head without leaving out a thing. It presents the thoughts, emotions, and reactions of a character in the story without the writer explicitly mentioning it.

65. Dependent nouns Nouns are used together with other words. Dependent nouns do not stand alone, and they require the existence of adnominal phrases. There are two main subcategories of dependent nouns: defective nouns, and measure word (dependent nouns for units/counting particles). Defective nouns, such as것 and 줄, are nouns with no practical meaning. Measure words, such as 자루, 개, and 명, are nouns that are used as units of counting.

66. Basic consonants(예사소리) Basic consonants are the least pressurized consonants in Korean. ㄱ,‘ ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅈ…’ are basic consonants.

67. Hero novels Novels about the heroic stories of how a protagonist fights against the society and country in order to defend the values of the family.

68. Foot Meter A foot is a basic unit that brings rhythm to a poem. It is the time unit of syllables. In Korean poetry, a foot is

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usually made up of three or four syllables. In simple terms, it is the unit of natural pauses made when reading Department of Korean Language and Literature a poem. When the foot becomes a unit of poetic meter, it is called a foot meter. In Korean poetry, tetrameters (four feet) and trimeters (three feet) are the most common.

69. Archetype A situation, character, or symbol that is often copied throughout many forms of literature.

70. Allusion A brief and indirect reference to a historical or fictional person and event, or a phrase from a piece of literary work. Allusion can be seen as a form of reference. The source of such reference is usually already widely known. Allusion increases sociality by forming a sense of closeness between author and readers, as the author is able to share an experience or knowledge with the readers.

71. Consonant assimilation One of the assimilation rules of phonology. It refers to phenomena where a consonant changes its sound to sound similar or exactly like the consonant that influenced it. Typical examples of consonant assimilation are nasalization and liquefaction.

72. Place of articulation The point of contact where an obstruction of wind flow occurs in the vocal tract when producing sounds. Place of articulation, along with manner of articulation, are grouping criterion of sounds. In Korean, there are five places of articulation: Bilabial (both lips), Alveolar (upper teeth), Palatal (hard palate), Velar (soft palate), and Glottal (larynx).

73. Unique refrain Meaningless sounds that are used to introduce musical elements of a work to make it more interesting. It is the sounds that essentially do not mean anything, but are used to supplement or emphasize the contents of a story while giving some musical effects to it.

74. Directive An article that is used to direct elements like the movement, speech tone, facial expression, intro and outro time of a character in a play. It is also used to give instructions for the setting up of things like the background, stage setup, lighting, and sound of a set.

75. Third-person objective point-of-view A kind of narrative where the narrator is outside of the story and relating the events of the story, or the experiences of a character. This narrative is neutral, and it only conveys facts without any personal analysis or comments by the narrator.

76. Japga(잡가) It is a collective term for the songs primarily sung at urban entertainment parlors during the late Joseon period and the Japanese occupation period. This mode of song was greatly popular among people of different classes, and it played a role in breaking the barriers between people of the higher and lower classes during the late Joseon period. It did not follow the fixed structure of song making, but had a free form that included contents and factions from various kinds of work.

77. Chuanqi novel(전기소설) A form of novel in the classical language which developed in the Tang dynasty of China. It generally tells queer and strange tales about forming friendships with ghosts, or visiting the Dragon’s Palace under the sea.

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78. Third-person omniscient point-of-view A narrative where an all-knowing narrator tells the story of the characters in a story. The narrator not only reports facts about all the events in the story, but also analyses and explains the thoughts and feelings of the characters in the story.

79. Intrinsic criticism perspective A literary criticism approach which emphasizes the work as an independent creation, something to be studied in itself, not as part of a larger context. Other external elements of literature may cause literary bias. Hence, in order to understand the true essence of a work, it must be interpreted as it is.

80. Prefix An affix which is placed before the root of a word in order to give extra meaning, or to emphasize a meaning of the word. Unlike suffixes, prefixes do not change the word category of the word root. Example of prefixes시-: 시아버지, 시댁, 시동생 덧-: 덧니, 덧저고리, 덧붙이다

81. Suffix An affix which is placed after the root of a word. Unlike prefixes, suffixes change the word category of the word root. Example of suffixes 기:- 읽기, 쓰기, 말하기, 더하기 -히-: 막히다, 닫히다, 맺히다 Examples of word category change: 빨래(noun) + -하- → 빨래하다(verb)

82. Formal essay(중수필) A type of critical essay. It writes about the problems in society in a logical and serious manner.

83. Synecdoche A literary device in which a part of something represents the whole, or the whole represents a part.

84. Principle of dissimilarity One of the principles of metaphors. The object and the thing it is being compared to are essentially linked together based on the similarities between them, but as they are a combination of two things with no direct connection, there are actually differences between the two objects. The more obvious the dissimilarities between them, the more tension and sense of uniqueness it gives to a poem.

85. Epiphor A metaphor that uses an existing object and common base of knowledge to explain something obscure or outside of the common knowledge

86. Changga(창가) A genre of Western styled poetic song created during the period of reformation after the Gabo Reform. Kore- an lyrics that talks about nationalism and hopes of independence were added to Western music. The name ‘changga’ originated from Japan, and Japanese changga followed the traditional poetry structure of seven and five syllables, but Korean changga was structured based on the syllabic meter of Korean poetry (four and four syllables) in the early days, and evolved into different structures(three and four, eight and six, seven and five syllables) later on. Early changga mostly touched on topics regarding civilization and enlightenment like patriotism, nationalism, gender equality, and religion. Even the titles like ‘Aegukga’, ‘Ugukga’, ‘Jaju doknipga’ reflected this fact. In the later days, changga such as ‘Hanyangga’, ‘Gyeongbu cheoldoga’, ‘Shinmunga’, and ‘Segye iljuga’ were more about nature’s scenery and facts regarding current events. The structure of changga also evolved into long poems with greater volume.

87. Catharsis A term which meant ‘cleansing’ that appeared in ‘Definition of Tragedy’, chapter 6 in Aristotle’s ‘Poetics’. It

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causes emotions of fear and sympathy in the hearts of the audience through the tragic fate of the protagonist Department of Korean Language and Literature portrayed in tragedy, and it is believed that through the process, one can achieve a state of spiritual renewal.

88. Derived word (derivation) Words that are formed by combining word a root and an affix. The word formation process of adding an affix to a word root is called derivation. There are two types of affixes: Prefix (added before the word root), and suffix (added after the word root). Derived words are combined in the form of ‘prefix + root’ or ‘root + suffix’.

89. Plosive (stop consonant) A category of consonant based on the manner of articulation. It is a sound that is produced by blocking the vocal track so that all airflow ceases, and then proceeding to let out the blocked sound. It is also known as an occlusive, emphasizing the process of occlusion (blocking). Korean plosives:ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ….

90. Pathos Contains negative meanings such as misfortune, suffering, and fury. As it refers to a state of mental disorder, it is sometimes also used as a pathological term to describe insanity. As it means ‘fury’, it also refers to the state of mind that is let out of control. Pathos is also related to desire. Therefore, unlike sentimental things, Pathos is characterized by a desire for something.

91. Plot The sequence of events inside a story which covers the entire progress of events from the start to the end. A ‘story’ is the synopsis of a story, and only refers to development of events, but a ‘plot’ refers to the development and twists of events. Hence, it is not just a synopsis, but a series of events which affect other events through the principle of cause and effect. The traditional plot structure is divided into five steps, ‘exposition, development, crisis, climax, conclusion’, but the structure is often disregarded in modern literature.

92. Expressive theory A criticism theory that treats a literary work primarily in relation to the author. It defines poetry as an expression of the poet’s thoughts and feelings. The theory judges the work as an expression of the poet’s state of mind.

93. Pansori novel(판소리계 소설) A style of literature that is the written form of the orally performed ‘changga’.

94. Paegwan munhak(패관문학) ‘Paegwan’ is used to refer to people who write stories. It is a term that is derived from the original meaning of ‘paegwan’, that is a petty official who is responsible for reporting the talk of소 etown, stories, and local customs to the emperor in olden China. In the early days, paegwan’s writings stayed true to facts, but it later evolved into a form of prose/creative essay that focuses on making stories interesting. This is how traditional stories (categorized as paegwan munhak) are formed. It became the basis which led to the development of novels.

95. Chorus The part in min-yo or poems that is repeated at regular intervals. It is generally placed at the end of each stanza. When the chorus only exists as a formality, and does not have a specific meaning, it forms the meter, and gives structural stability to the poem. On the other hand, if the chorus carries a meaning, it becomes a way to emphasize the message written in the chorus. It is a common element in min-yo, Gyeonggi chega, and Goryeo sokyo, as well as in contemporary poems.

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96. Pragmatic theory A perspective that focuses on the related aspects of the work and reader. Literature gives the readers happiness from esthetic appreciation and lessons, or both. In contemporary literature, the reader’s perspective is greatly considered, putting an importance on the role of readers in literature.

97. Comedy A genre of play that draw laughter by using stiff language and awkward actions while exposing human’s idiocy. The content of comedy generally encourages the good and punishes the evil.

98. Compound word A word that is formed by combining two or more word roots. Compound nouns, compound verbs, compound adjectives, and compound adverbs are some categories of compound words. Example 논밭: 논(noun root) + 밭(noun root) → 논밭 또다시: 또(adverb root) + 다시(adverb root) → 또다시

99. Prosopopoeia(활유법) A rhetorical technique in which a lifeless object or an abstract thing is personified or given qualities of a living object. Personification is classified under prosopopoeia, but as the definition is not clear-cut, prosopopoeia and personification are currently used to mean the same idea.

100. Imagery The use of figurative language to represent abstract objects and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses.

101. First-person-point-of-view A perspective where ‘I’ am the protagonist and narrator of the story. As the narrator tells his/her own story directly, it is an effective way to relay protagonist’s feelings, and to create closeness with the readers.

102. First-person-observer/narrator-point-of-view A perspective where ‘I’ appears as a side character in the story, and tells the story of the protagonist. It does not reveal the internal feelings of the protagonist as the story is told based on the observation of the narrator.

022 http://www.donga.ac.kr 01 Department of Korean Language and Literature

023 02 Department of English Language and Literature Department of English Language and Literature

Introduction The Department of English Language and Literature aims to produce graduates who are able to excel in the global society by providing students with the right regional information of the English speaking community so that they can understand English language and literature on the various levels and develop their insight of British and American culture through the fundamental analysis and appreciation of British and American literature as well as the theoretical study of English linguistics. The department was started as the Department of English in March 1955, and was later renamed the Department of English Language and Literature in 1968. With the founding of the Graduate School of Dong-A University, the De- partment of English Language and Literature began to offer Master’s program in October 1958, and Doctoral programs in January 1967. The Department of English Language and Literature provides subjects in English linguistics, English literature, English translations and English education in order to cultivate international talents required by the 21st century. Course modules that cover both theoretical and practical aspects are expected to produce talents who are well-equipped for the global era. Furthermore, the use of audio-visual equipment and lectures by native speakers can improve students’ skills to be more competitive globally. Therefore, the Department of English Language and Literature would be a suitable choice for those who are interested in English language and literature, and who hope to participate in global activities.

Curriculum The program is made up of courses which will allow students to attain knowledge of the English language and literature, while improving their language fluency and increasing their capability to work internationally. English Linguistic majors would have courses in English Grammar, Phonetics, Phonology, Syntax, Morphology and Semantics, while Literature majors have courses in Introductory subjects, Poems, Drama, Novels, and Literary Criticism based on different genres and eras. Students may choose to specialize and major in English Language and Literature, or to pursue a sub-major, double major, or an interdisciplinary major to increase their competency in different areas.

Career Prospects Graduates who are well-equipped with global insights and high English pro- ficiency would be capable of becoming specialists in various fields locally and abroad. Many of our graduates are working as professors, lecturers, and teachers in education, journalists, broadcast writers, and producers in mass communication, representatives in international business, foreign trade, banking, and marketing, as well as in service sectors such as hotels, airlines, and as tourism and travel interpreters. As talents with global insights who are fluent in English language are in high demand in the global era of the 21st century, the career prospects of English majors is likely to further expand in the future.

Office Address : 37, Nakdong-daero 550beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, South Korea. 605, Department of English Language and Literature, College of Humanities, Dong-A University Seunghak Campus. Contact : 051-200 -7036 General Terms

01. Conference interpretation A form of interpretation other than escort interpretation and guide interpretation. Simultaneous interpretation and consecutive interpretation are examples of conference interpretation.

02. Consecutive interpretation A form of interpretation that uses note-taking of the speaker’s words, and then conveying them in the first-person narrative after the speaker has completed their speech. Commonly carried out after every 3 to 4 minutes of speech, sometimes after 20 to 30 minutes of speech.

03. Simultaneous interpretation A form of interpretation where the interpreter sits in a booth and interprets simultaneously as the speaker speaks. Simultaneous interpretation is required when three or more languages are used, but international conferences nowadays adopt simultaneous interpretation even when two languages are used.

04. Consultant interpreter Experienced interpreters who act as language service consultants to organizers of international conferences.

05. Tele-interpretation Long-distance interpretation with an interpreter providing language service to participants of a conference in a different location through a screen. This form of service is already available in Europe, but not yet in Korea.

06. Interpreter on-line A method of connecting an interpreter with a user online. It is being discussed and designed by the AIIC, but not yet being implemented.

07. Whispering interpreting A method of interpreting in a soft voice while standing next to the listener (at most two persons). It is used when there is no place for booths to be set up when simultaneous interpretation is needed.

08. Intellectual property/copyright Interpretation of international conferences, like artists’ performances, is protected by copyright. One has to discuss about the fees with the interpreter if they intend to record the session for use on broadcast, or to sell the tapes for monetary purposes.

09. Daily Subsistence Allowance(DSA)/per diem Daily expenses, such as hotel and meal cost, when working outstation. It usually refers to the travelling expenses provided by the UN. In the case when the organizer provides the hotel expenses, one third, or the half of the daily expenses would be provided.

10. ISO standards The standard for fixed and mobile booths is 4043:2603. ISO standards complement the simultaneous interpreter booths standard of IEC.

11. Language combination The languages used by interpreters. The mother tongue, active language, passive language, are marked as language A, B, and C, respectively.

12. Travel day The day that is spent on travelling to the destination of a meeting from the original workplace. The payment of a travel day is about 50% of the interpreter’s daily rate.

026 http://www.donga.ac.kr 02 13. Visibility The expression and gestures of the speaker, the screen, and even the reactions of the participants should be directly visible to the interpreter for accurate interpretation to take place. Therefore, visibility is directly related

to the quality of interpretation. In other words, it is not advisable to let an interpreter watch a meeting from a Department of English Language and Literature monitor in a booth separated from the meeting venue.

14. Lexicon The vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge. A lexicon is a language’s inventory of lexemes.

15. Lexeme The smallest meaningful unit of lexicon in a language.

16. Part of speech A category of words which have similar grammatical properties (e.g., verb, noun, adjective, adverb, preposition...... )

17. Grammatical category Most of the words fall into grammatical categories.

18. Syntactic category Grammatical properties.

19. Semantic representation The meaning of vocabularies.

20. Words’ social aspect The social aspect of words.

21. Stem A part of a word apart from its root and base.

22. Base The base of a word. Exists in the form of stem – base. Happiness(happy), cheerfulness(cheerful), sadness(sad)

23. Noun A word used to identify names of people, places, or things.

24. Count noun Nouns that can be modified by a numeral (countable). Alligator, wombat, video

25. Non-count noun Nouns that are not modifiable by a numeral (uncountable). butter, furniture

26. Proper noun A noun used for a specific person, place, or organization, spelled with initial capital letters. Fred, Jane, Michle.

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27. Common noun Nouns used to name common objects. book, cat

28. Adjective A word used to describe something.

29. Comparative A syntactic construction that serves to express a comparison between two entities. bigger, taller, more evil, more incredible

30. Superlative The form of an adjective or adverb that expresses the highest degree of a quality. biggest, tallest, most evil, most incredible

31. Lexical verb All verbs except auxiliary verbs. Eat, drink, run, speak, forgive

32. Auxiliary verb A verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it appears. Has, had, have, be, is, are, was

33. Verb(action) A word that describes movement. eat, drink, run, speak,....

34. Verb(state) A word that describes a state of being. forgive, understand, hate, ....

35. Past tense A grammatical tense whose principal function is to place an action or situation in past time. He called his mother

36. Present tense A grammatical tense which places an action or situation in the present. I call my grandfather the king.

37. Preposition Usually used in front of nouns to show their relationship with time, space, or direction. on, out, by, under,.....

38. Derivation Attaching affix to a word. Gentleness (gentle + ness)

39. Affix A morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word/word form.

40. Derivational affix An affix by means of which one word is formed (derived) from another.

028 http://www.donga.ac.kr 02 41. Prefix An affix that is attached to the front of a word. Recreate. Re-: prefix , Create: stem Department of English Language and Literature 42. Suffix Affix that is attached to the back of a word. Interpretation. Presentation. –ation: suffix

43. Synonym Words with same meanings. Build up - construct sympathise - show sympathy endure - put up with(견디다)

44. Antonym Words with opposite meanings. Hot–cold. (Words that share the same components, and only differ in one of those components)

45. Pun Play of words. Hamlet, in the play of the same name calls Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern recorders because they have been sent to record what he says and does.

46. Metaphor A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable Window onto the future. (Not literally ‘window’ but the ‘view of the future’)

47. Personification Giving human properties to objects and animals. Freedom was at the helm of the ship of state.

48. Simile Saying that an object is “like” something. Their car is like a beast

49. Associations A mental connection, an idea.

50. Connotation Implication. Words with the same meaning could have different implications. Some positive, some negative. snarl → negative, fierce meow. Purr → positive, satisfied meow. Social attitude of a word is the basis of such connotation. In English, words regarding women tend to have negative connotation, while words regarding men tend to have positive connotation. Dog → not good looking (woman - negative) (man - positive)

51. Syntax The study of components that make up a sentence, and the rules that govern these components.

52. Acute Severe

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53. Adhesive tape A variety of tape used to combine something.

54. Hospitalization Admitted into a hospital.

55. Pain killer A type of medicine that helps ease pain.

56. Abdomen Stomach region.

57. Ankle The joint connecting the foot with the leg.

58. Arm pit A hollow area around the area between the chest, shoulder bones, and the upper arm.

59. Back of the hand

60. Calf The fleshy part at the back of a person's leg below the knee.

61. Chest The front surface of a person's or animal's body between the neck and the abdomen

62. Chin The protruding part of the face below the mouth, formed by the apex of the lower jaw.

63. Elbow The joint between the forearm and the upper arm.

64. Eyebrow Small patch of hair above the eyes.

65. Finger index (second finger), middle (third finger), ring (fourth finger), little (baby finger)

66. Nape of the neck Back of the neck.

67. Pit of the stomach The part of the body in which people say they feel fear or nervousness.

68. Toe, big toe, little toe

69. Blurred vision Sight being unclear.

030 http://www.donga.ac.kr 02 70. Color blindness Inability to see colors.

71. Protagonist Department of English Language and Literature The main character of a novel, movie, or drama. Othello is the protagonist of ‘Othello’.

72. Antagonist A character goes against the protagonist in a novel, movie, or drama. For instance, Lago is the antagonist of Othello in ‘Othello’.

73. Allegory A figure of speech in poems or novels where an idea has two meanings. It can be interpreted in two ways: its symbolic meaning, or the literal meaning. For instance, doves can mean a type of bird, and a symbol of peace. The most popular type of allegory in English literature is John Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress”. It is interpreted as a Christian allegory. “City of Destruction”, “The House Beautiful”, and “Celestial City” are examples of religion allegory. Instances of allegory in contemporary literature include “Moby Dick”, and George Orwell’s “Animal Farm”.

74. Bildungsroman A type of literary genre that focuses on the conflicts, and the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood. Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”, Henry Fielding’s “Tom Jones”, and Charles Dickens’ “David Copperfield” are categorized under Bildungsroman.

75. Clich A word or phrase that has lost its power due to excessive use. For instance, “hard as a nail,” “Blue sky,” and “dead on my feet” are such expressions.

76. Byronic Hero An expression that emerged from “Don Juan” by British romanticism poet Byron. It is the previous form of Romantic Hero. Byronic Hero is typically rebellious, arrogant, anti-social, and sometimes takes life lightly. Ex- amples of Byronic Heroes in English literature include Heathcliff in “Wuthering Heights”, Ahab in “Moby Dick”, and Frankenstein in “Frenkenstein”.

77. Carpe Diem Latin of “Seize the Day”. Used by Horace to mean life is indefinite. Life is short, so we should enjoy the present. It usually uses flowers, especially roses as a symbol. It is the main theme for John Donne and Ben Jon- son’s poems in the 17th century.

78. Dirge A song of Greek genre, written to express mourning or grief of a dead. The more developed form is Elegy.

79. English Sonnet Also known as Shakespearian Sonnet, a 14-line poem composed of iambic pentameter quatrains and a couplet. It has a rhythmic pattern of abab, cdcd, efef, gg. A problem is presented in the first 12 lines, and then answered in the last two lines.

80. Epic A long narrative poem that talks about the heroic deeds of a person shouldered the fate of the people in an elevated style. It is similar to a Ballad in the way it tells a story, but it differs from Ballad in scale. The scale of

031 02 Department of English Language and Literature•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

Epic is huge, and the style is often solemn. Critiques have divided Epic into two categories, namely (1)“traditional epics” and (2)“literary epics”. Iliad, Odyssey, and Beowulf fall under traditional epics, and based their topics on war in the olden days. Literary epics adopt the same form as traditional epics, but are written with more sophisticated technique. Milton’s “Paradise Lost” and Blake’s prophecy poem are such examples.

81. Greek Tragedy Composed of four components: 1) Prologos: Prologue. Spoken by a character before the chorus appears. It usually introduces the storyline, theme, and background of its characters. 2) Parados: The chorus appears. It presents more detailed explanation and progression of events. 3) Epeisodia: The episodes that make up the main body of the story. 4) Exodos: The end, or conclusion, usually presented by a messenger, but deus ex machina was used in Eu- ripides.

82. Harmatia A term used by Aristotle to mean a fatal flaw leading to the downfall of a tragic hero or heroine. The idea is that a tragic protagonist ends up with misfortune not due to evil, but due to his/her own mistake. For example, Oedipus killed his father because of his own ignorance. Jealousy, ignorance, desire, and greed generally fall under harmatia.

83. Irony A figure of speech that mentions something while actually intending something of the opposite meaning.

84. Lake Poets Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey.

85. Ode Ode generally refers to an exquisite and elaborated lyric poem of various forms. Pindar of Greece was the creator of this form. Nowadays, Pindaric Ode (poems for special functions) and Horatian Ode (more mindful and personal) such as “Ode on a Grecian Urn” or “Ode to the West Wind” are mainstream.

86. Poetic Justice A term in criticism used by Thomas Rhymer in the 17th century. It is a literary device in which ultimately virtue is rewarded and viciousness is punished.

87. Existing words Words that already exist (e.g., boy, girl, have,…). On the other hand, non-existing words are words that do not exist (e.g., fmukg).

88. Morphological process The process of changing a word stem to adjust its meaning to fit its syntactic and communicational context.

89. Componential analysis Analysis of the components of a word’s meaning.

90. Compositionality The meaning of a word depending only on the word’s syntactic structure and the meanings of the word’s simple parts.

032 http://www.donga.ac.kr 02 91. Grammatical word The word ‘sheep’ is not just a word that means the animal, but also a word that is the singular and plural form of ‘sheep’. Department of English Language and Literature 92. Standard form, positive Positive degrees that are related to ‘big’.

93. Comparison Er, est → high, wide, red, ugly, narrow More, most → ugly, painful Neither → dead, medical, absolute, final

94. Participle “-ing” and “-en” of verbs. A form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb. I'm writing a letter (progressive). I've written the letter (past).

95. Infinitive The basic form of a verb He wants to meet me.

96. Adverb Divided into two categories. - Degree adverb: very, more, most She runs very quickly. *She runs very - . (does not stand alone) This sculpture is more beautiful. *This sculpture is more -. - General adverb: Adverbs that describes something without the use of degree words. She runs quickly. - how The cat sat here. - where They left yesterday. - when

97. Compound lexeme Words that are made up of two lexicons. Compound word. Bookshelf (book + shelf)

98. Free morpheme Morphemes that stand alone. Examples: move, low, nation

99. Bound morpheme Morphemes that do not stand alone. Examples: -ment, -ly

100. Taboo A word that is prohibited or forbidden.

101. Pronouncing ‘L’ sounds The tongue should touch the back of the upper teeth, and the palate. Feel the placement of the tongue as you pronounce ‘light’. The tongue must be in contact with the palate.

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102. Pronouncing ‘R’ sounds The tongue must not touch the palate. Pull the tongue towards the middle of the mouth, near where it would be when not talking. When pronouncing this sound, the lips should be slightly round. You should feel air passing through the space in between the tongue and the palate when pronouncing ‘right’. You should also feel your lips forming a round shape.

103. Pronouncing ‘TH’ sounds There is no similar sound in the Korean language. To pronounce this sound, place the tongue in between the upper and lower teeth, protruding slightly between them. Release air from the mouth, allowing the air to pass through this gap. The tongue must be placed in between the upper and lower teeth.

104. Can’t help – ing Cannot avoid – ing. ‘Help’ here means ‘avoid’.

105. Be disappointed with Be displeased because someone or something has failed to fulfill one's hopes or expectations.

034 Major Terms 02 01. Aesthetic distance A term coined by E. Bullough in 1912 to describe the degree of separation between the experience of the poet and readers of the poem. Eliot’s “objective correlative” is similar to Keats’ “negative capability”. “Involvement”

is the term which describes the inclusion of the poet themselves in their own works. The works of confession- Department of English Language and Literature al poet Sylvia Plath is one of the leading examples of this literary style.

02. Affective Fallacy First used by W. K. Wimsatt, Jr. And Monroe C. Beardsley in Verbal Icon in 1946. The term is used to describe the supposed error in judging and evaluating a piece of literary work based on its emotional effects on the reader. New Criticism emphasizes the beauty of poetry in itself, and is against the idea of the psychological, historical and emotional effects of poetry.

03. Alienation Effect Brecht’s drama theory which emphasizes the need to distance the audience and actors from emotional involvement in the play. Plays are merely as it is, and must not be perceived as the same as oneself. It is danger- ous to identify with the characters in the play.

04. Alliteration The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in successive or closely associated syllables within a group of words (Unlike ‘rhyme’, which is the repetition of the final consonant sounds). It is a common characteristic of Anglo Saxon and Medieval English poems, and it’s occasionally seen in modern literature (e.g., Wordsworth etc.). For example, “The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew.” In medieval literature, a pause (Caesura) is placed in between verses. Beowulf is a leading example.

05. Allusion A brief and indirect reference to another piece of work, a person, or an event. It is a literary mechanism that uses the principle of association to create literature that has deep meanings. It is common in satire literature. Dryden’s ‘Mac Flecknoe’ was made interesting with the use of Biblical imagery in portraying the coronation.

06. Apollonian/Dionysian A term used by Nietzsche in The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music (1872). Apollo was a messenger of god, and was in charge of music, medicine, youth, and light. On the other hand, Dionysus was the god of agri- culture, and was in charge of wine. The rivalry between them was like the contrast of light (Apollo) and dark- ness (Dionysus). It was also like the rivalry between reason and passion. We would refer to D. H. Lawrence as a Dionysian Writer, and Jane Austen, on the other hand, was categorized under Apollonian.

07. Archetypal Criticism A type of critical theory that interprets a text by focusing on recurring myths and archetypes, type of character, and their pattern of speech. Its theoretical base was C. G. Jung’s analytical psychology and anthropology, and J. G. Frazer’s The Golden Bough, which pursues basic patterns of mythology and ritual, was a significant piece of work that gave rise to archetypal criticism. In basic archetypal symbolism, the sun represents man, a gun or cane represents men’s reproductive organ, serpent symbolizes wisdom, and rose symbolizes pleasure and temporality. Archetypal criticism identified vegetation myth (regeneration) from the death and rebirth of Jesus, and the archetype Oedipus Complex from Hamlet.

08. Ballad A form of poetry that was popular in France in the 14th to 15th century, and in England in the 16th to 17th century. It was characterized by its simple diction, refrain, and objective speaker, and it sang of love and brav- ery through supernatural storylines. It usually exists in the form of four-line stanzas, with an abcb rhythmic pattern. The first and third line of each stanza is iambic tetrameter, while the second and fourth line is iambic

035 02 Department of English Language and Literature•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

trimeter. There lived a wife at Usher's Well And a wealthy wife was she; She had three stout and stalwart sons, And sent them o'er the sea. Among Romanticists, Keats’ “La Belle Dame Sans Merci”, and Coleridge’s “Ancient Mariner” are examples of Ballads.

09. Beat Generation A group of writers who were mainly active in San Francisco in the 1950s. They supported anarchism and favored jazz, Zen Buddhism, and were believed to be involved in free sex, and recreational drugs. Among writers associated with the movement were Allen Ginsberg and Gary Snyder.

10. Black Comedy Black Comedy is a literature style that deals with topics like shock and fear in a humorous way, while display- ing disillusionment and cynicism. The characters are generally people who have lost faith and hope, hence manipulated by fate and unbelievable powers. It leaves readers with no choice but to laugh at the absurdity. Typical examples would be Edward Albee’s drama ‘Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf’ and Herold Pinter’s ‘The Homecoming’, Kafka’s novels, and Thomas Pynchon’s V, The Crying of Lot 49. The characteristics of black comedy is clearly portrayed in ‘Absurd Literature'.

11. Blank Verse An iambic pentameter poem that does not have rhymes. It was first used by Surrey in ‘The Aenaid’ in 1540, and it became a typical poetry style in British literature due to Shakespeare and Milton. It is very flexible, and suits to be presented freely.

12. Burlesque A type of poetry popular in the 18th century, which attempts humor and satire through mismatched theme and literary styles. “Mock Epic”, and “Parody”, which portrayed low grade topics with sophisticated style, and “Hudibrastic Burlesque” and “Travesty”, which portrayed sophisticated topics in low grade style, are some examples.

13. Cavalier Poets Lyric poets active during the reign of Charles I (1625-49). Lovelace, John Suckling, Robert Herrick, and Carew were among them. Influenced by Ben Jonson, they usually created lyric poems about topics on love, that were light, witty, and sophisticatedly written.

14. Closed Couplet Two line units put together by rhyme and meter, which is logically and grammatically complete. After Dryden in Classicism in the late 17th century, it was commonly used by Pope and Johnson.

15. Closet Drama A form of play that is meant to be read, not performed. Milton’s ‘Samson Agonists’, Byron’s ‘Manfred’, and Shelley’s ’Prometheus Unbound’ are some examples.

16. Comedy of Humors A genre of drama that was popular in the late 16th century and early 17th century. It focuses on a range of humorous characters, each of whom exhibits overriding traits that dominate their personality, desires, and conduct. Ben Jonson is a leading writer of Comedy of Humors, and his related works include ‘Every Man in His Humour’ and ‘Every Man out of his Humour’.

036 http://www.donga.ac.kr 02 17. Comedy of Manners A form of comedy that focuses on the manners of people living under a certain societal standard. The protagonist is usually modeled based on manners of the higher class people, who desire sophistication, wit, and

elegance. Restoration Comedy is a typical example. It deals with the relationship between men and women, Department of English Language and Literature as well as the strategies and conflicts of marriage. The sophistication of the protagonist’s words and actions is rated higher than morality in comedy of manners. The person who loses the game often suffers the shame of cuckoldry, and the reason for it being the lack of wit. The leading writers in comedy of manners include Wy- cherley (The Country Wife), Etheredge (The Man of Mode), and Congreve (The Way of the World).

18. Conceit A rhetorical device which presents metaphor through shocking yet logical contrast. It can be divided into “Petrarchan Conceit” and “Metaphysical conceit”. “Petrarchan Conceit” is created based on Italy’s Petrarch. It was popular in Europe during the Renaissance period, and it tells stories of a beautiful yet cold-mannered woman, and her lover who suffers in sorrow because of her. For instance, the lover in Sir Thomas Wyatt’s “My Gallery Charged with Forgetfulness” is represented as a boat that is trapped in a storm. “Metaphysical conceit”, on the other hand, was developed in the 17th century due to metaphysical poets, especially by Donne. Dr. Johnson commented that his poems were “considered as a kind of discordia concors; a combination of dissimilar images, or discovery of occult resemblances in things apparently unlike. The most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together”. However, past modernism, M.C. regarded it as an important technique in poetry. T.S. Eliot, especially, said Donne was able to “feel his thought as immediately as the odor of a rose”, and that he was a person with “unified sensibility”. These are some of the common traits of metaphysical conceit: 1) Colloquial, 2) distortion of grammar and shortened sentences, 3) use of paradox, 4) dramatic monologue, 5) carpe diem attitude, 6) grasping of meaning through reasoning and analysis. The leading poets of Metaphysical School includes Andrew Marvell, George Herbert, and Henry Vaughn.

19. Connotation/Denotation Two principal methods of describing the meanings of words or sentences. While denotation refers to the dic- tionary meaning, connotation refers to the emotional and imaginative association of a word. For instance, a cockroach could be a subject of scientific research, but it could have endless different meanings based on an individual’s personal experience.

20. Convention The device, set of rules, or process that is required when an author writes an article, or when readers attempt to understand the article. It is a term that is commonly used in drama. In order to create piece of work, writers tend to base their work on a preexisting convention. For instance, in Renaissance drama, conventions such as the monologue, aside, and chorus are the base of the play.

21. Invention A technique, character, or background that is newly created. Invention is only possible with convention as the base. An invention would become yet another convention as time goes.

22. Courtly Love A literary convention that began in the 11th-12th century in the Provence region. It refers to the spirit of chiv- alry in which men must go through materialistic and mental difficulties in order to win the love of an idealized woman.

23. Decorum The Latin word for ‘proper’. It was a principle of poetry which was developed due to Horace and Aristotle. It designates the appropriateness of style to subject. For instance, the archangel in Paradise Lost preached in a

037 02 Department of English Language and Literature•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

language that reflected their status. New Classicism writers (Dryden, Pope) defended decorum with Horace and Milten’s poems as models, but Wordsworth, who was a Romanticist, was against “ordinary language”.

24. Defamiliarization An idea that was introduced by Victor Shklovsky(1893-?). It was interpreted as “to make something unfamiliar”. It was a way to make all the conventions of plays new and novel, which would then prevent the audience from getting absorbed by the familiar aspects of plays, and in turn, notice the artistic values of the writer. Shk- lovsky declared the upper hand in the way he presented the contents in his essay “Art as Technic” by saying “In art, it is our experience of the process of construction that counts, not the finished product. What is presented is not important.”

25. Differance A term coined by Frace philosopher Jacques Derrida. It is the combination of “to defer” and “to differ”. Derrida was against the idea of `Logocentrism' which believes in the meaning of words. To Derrida, there is no meaning, essence, or structure in language; only ‘traces of meaning’ that is formed from a series of differences of sound combined with a series of differences of ideas, which either exist or not. Derrida disagreed with the perpendicular relationship between sign/meaning in Modernism, and suggested sign/sign as the starting point of epistemology. Derrida’s epistemology declared the beginning of deconstruction, and became the basis of every philosophy which attempted to explain culture in the 20th century

26. Dramatic Monologue A method of poetry writing which began with John Donne, and completed with Robert Browning. Character- istics as follows: 1) The character is not the writer himself, 2) It differs from ‘aside’ in the way that there are listeners, though they do not appear, 3) readers are able to look into the situations and the personality of the narrator through his/her monologue., T.S.Eliot’s “The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock” is one of the most developed form of dramatic monologue.

27. Dream Allegory, Dream Vision A narrative device that was popular in the 12th-13th century. The protagonist falls asleep, and dreams of the story. Characters in the story have allegoric names such as ‘Pride’ and ‘Death’, and their actions were alle- gorical too. Piers Plowman and Chaucer’s “The Book of the Duchess” is an example.

28. Epiphany Originally the Greek word for the existence of God, but later, in “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man”, James Joyce developed the idea to describe a sudden and mysterious experience that can be felt in daily life. Hold- en’s experience in “The Catcher in the Rye” is an example. Boy, it began to rain like a bastard. . . . I got pretty soaking wet, especially my neck and my pants. My hunting hat really gave me quite a lot of protection, in a way, but I got soaked anyway. I didn't care, though, I felt so damn happy all of a sudden, the way old Phoebe kept going around and around. I was damn near bawling, I felt so damn happy, if you want to know the truth. I don't know why. It was just that she looked so damn nice, the way she kept around and around, in her blue coat and all. God, I wish you could've been there. In Wordsworth’s poems, the phrase “spots of time” was used in place of epiphany. (For extra reference, read T. S. Eliot’s “Four Quartets”, “Stream of Consciousness”)

29. Epithalemion Greek for ‘nuptial song’. Originally used to refer to the song sang outside the newlyweds’ room. Edmund Spenser’s epithalemion is the most popular nuptial song, and Sidney’s nuptial poem was also categorized under epithalamion.

038 http://www.donga.ac.kr 02 30. Prothalemion A term created by Spenser in order to congratulate his neighbors on their marriage in 1596. It refers to the “spouse’s song” sang “in front of the newlyweds’ room”. Department of English Language and Literature 31. Euphuism A peculiar literary style marked by excessive use of alliteration, anitithesis, and balance. The word originated from John Lyly’s “Euphues, the Anatomy of Wyt” in 1578. Lyly’s works played an important role in the development of British prose, and greatly influenced Shakespeare’s dramas, Thomas Browne, and Baroque’s style in the 17th century.

32. Fancy & Imagination The main term in Coleridge’s criticism. Through his famous book Biographia Literaria (1817), he emphasized the importance of imagination, as it is a ‘synthetic power’ to be given a ‘unified personality’. It was contrasted against ‘fancy’, perceiving objects only as they are. His ideology seems to be greatly influenced by idealism philosophy by those such as Kant, and Shelling. According to him, fancy is “no other than a mode of memory emancipated from the order of time and space”, and he “only accepts subjects that are created with the principles of imagination”. Imagination can be divided into the primary, and the secondary. The primary imagination is the living power of all human perception, mediated by the mind and senses. Secondary imagination almost has the same function, but just like how it is also known as ‘the poetic imagination’, it is of a more heightened degree than primary imagination. Coleridge’s meaning of the Secondary Imagination are as follows: It[the secondary imagination] dissolves, diffuses, dissipates, in order to recreate: or where this process is ren- dered impossible, yet still at all events it struggles to idealize and to unify.

33. Free Association Originally a term in Freudian Psychology, but it is also used as an important concept in Modernism literary criticism. It is the phenomenon where a word/thought subconsciously triggering the thought of a different word/thought by means of memory or association. As the process happens subconsciously, there is no need for the product of the association to make any sense. James Joyce is a leading example, while T.S. Eliot, and Faulkner are also known for it. However, although a work may seem like free association, it is highly possible that such is the intended result of cautious planning. Therefore, free association works often require repeated close reading.

34. Fugitives, The A group of poets and literary critics who came together at Vanderbilt University in the early 1920s. They were active with a magazine called The Fugitives. The group was made up of Allan Tate, John Crowe Ransom, Rob- ert Penn Warren, and some others. They were conservative, and were against an industrial society. The Fugi- tives is a highly important group in the development of Modernism.

35. Gothic Novel A type of romance fiction which was popular in the 1760s to the 1820s. Tobias Smollett was seen as the founder, but Horace Walpole’s “The Castle of Otranto” (1753) was more widely known. Most gothic novels were full of mystery and horror, and it is meant to give readers the chills. It uses medieval styled supernatural nature, desolated scenery, dark forests, gothic churches or caverns, secret passages, and tombs as the background, and tells the story about protagonists who fight against evil power. Gothic novel influenced the novels of female writers in the 19th century, and Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein”, Emily Bronte’s “Wuthering Heights”, and Shal- lotte Bronte’s “Jane Eyre” were such works. Modern Feminists, especially, are greatly interested in the gothic novels by female writers. It is being perceived that the suppressed anger, and subconscious desire of females to escape the male-dominated society, was allowed to be expressed freely through the strange and novel background presented in Gothic Novel.

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36. Great Chain of Being The central concept which explained the view of the world, adhered to by Greece, and then by Alexander Pope in the 18th century. It is the belief that every existence is the creation of God, and that the world is a ell-ordered hierarchy ordained by God.

37. Harlem Renaissance A cultural movement which started among African Americans during the 1920s to 1930s. It was also known as “New Negro”, or “Black Renaissance”, and was purposed in searching for the image of black people instead of perspectives of the whites. Calude Mckay and Langston Hughs were the leading figures.

38. Hebraism/Hellenism A concept developed by Matthew Arnold in “Culture and Anarchy” (1869). He explained the essence of He- braism being “strictness of conscience”, and Hellenism being “spontaneity of consciousness”. They are both required in human life, and are not definitely contradictory, because rationality and God’s intentions are the same as intentions of emotions. (Refer to Apollonian/Dionysian)

39. Heroic Couplet It has the same structure as Closed Couplet, and is used to mean the same thing in most cases. However, the name “Heroic Couplet” originated from epic poems or drama with heroic themes. In England, Chaucer is the origin. (Refer to Closed Couplet)

40. Idyll The Greek word for a form of literature which deals with an extremely happy, peaceful, or idealized life in the countryside, modelled after Thecritus’ “Idylls”. It is similar in structure to Pastoral Poetry. Wordswrorth’s “The Solitary Reaper” and Tennyson’s “Idylls of the King” are examples of Idyll.

41. Imagists A group of poets who were active right after World War I. It consisted of Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and Hil- da Doolittle. They insisted in using strict and clear images, colloquial words as used in daily life, free verse rhythm, and flexible choice of topics in poetry. It is seen as the starting point of modern poems.

42. Intentional Fallacy The name of W.K. Wimsatt’s book in 1946, which is also a term in criticism. The error of attempting to analyze literature, as intended by the writer. It is an idea which is expanded by American New Critics such as T. S. Eliot. It rejects all attempts to analyze literature based on the writer’s background, or any other external elements instead of through thorough reading of the text.

43. Verbal or rhetorical Irony A situation in which there is an obvious mismatch of meaning between the words of the speaker and its meaning. For instance, Antony’s phrase “For Brutus is an honorable man: so are they all honorable man” is an example.

44. Dramatic Irony A situation in which the reader or audience is aware of the situations of conflict, which is not known to the protagonist. The contradiction of Oedipus looking for the murderer of his father is an example.

45. Structural Irony A situation in which the writer and reader share the same disagreement about a character in the story.

040 http://www.donga.ac.kr 02 46. Romantic Irony Happens the reader participates in the writer’s excessive seriousness unfit of the situation, and the uncon- scious errors. “Don Juan” by Byron is an example. Department of English Language and Literature 47. Kenning A metaphorical phrase of two or more words, used to name a subject in Anglo-Saxon poetry. Instances include Beowulf’s expressions such as “whale road” (sea), “divine mead of inspiration” (poem), and “wave traveler” (boat).

48. Local Color In the late 19th to early 20th century, a group of American writers were against the idea of generality and objectivity, and they started a movement that introduced literature which bore the color of their region. It was a way to draw the attention of readers by describing elements such as the environment, culture, clothes, and music of a specific region. Successful writers of this sort include Joel Chandler Harris, and Mark Twain. Kipling and Hardy adopted the use of local color too.

49. Logocentrism A word that was coined by Jacques Derrida. Logocentric originally means “the center of language”, but Der- rida defined it as a desire of justice, or absolute truth. After Plato, there was a tendency to view writing as -ob structing the genuineness of speaking, and speaking was seen as being superior to writing. However, Derrida was against the idea, and came up with the concept of ‘difference’. The main idea was that every sign is by no means preceded by anything of that meaning or nature, and that they are merely ‘freeplay’ between the signs. In other words, every event is not centered, but off-centered. His ideology became the central basis of Decon- struction. (Refer to Differance)

50. Lyric Greek word for a traditional string instrument, lyre(or lute). Lyric used to be a term that refers to poetry/song that is sung with the accompaniment of a lyre/lute, but it currently means a style of poem that is short, and deals with subjective emotions and a personal theme. Ode, Elegy, and Argument falls into this category. Mor- alistic, philosophical, and mindful values are also types of themes in lyric. It has a wide range, including Keats’ “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey,” Marvell’s “To His Coy Mistress,” Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”, and many more.

51. Mock-epic A type of poem which deals with trivial topics or stories in the exalted style and serious tone of epic literature. It achieves the effects of satire by breaking the rules of Decorum. In England, it was expanded because of Dryden (Mac Flecknoe), and Pope (The Rape of the Lock) in the 18th century.

52. Naturalism A trend of thought in literature which developed from Realism. The philosophy of Naturalism is being ma- terialized through the use of literature. It is the concept that everything that exists can be explained through the cause and effect of nature. Certainly, it differs from Wordsworth’s ideology in the sense that Naturalism is against supernatural and spiritual approaches. Influenced by Darwin’s biology, Comte’s rationalism, and Taine’s determinism, it studies the natural, heritable, and environmental factors which affect human’s life. They were interested in society and man’s defects from the perspective of natural science and biology, and hence, viewed the sad fate of humans as something inevitable. It was expanded by Emile Zola, and became a great influence to England in the late 19th century. In England, Theodore Dreiser, Frank Norris, and Stephane Crane are some of the leading writers in Naturalism.

041 02 Department of English Language and Literature•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

53. Negative Capability A phrase first used by Keats in a letter to his brothers. It refers to the capacity of writers to pursue a vision of artistic beauty even when it leads them into intellectual confusion and uncertainty. According to Keats, “Poets must be capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubt, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason.” He also said that poets should forgo the need to achieve philosophical certainty, and learn to remain content with half-knowledge, and that one would be said to have achieved Negative Capability when “the sense of Beauty overcomes every other consideration, or rather obliterates all consideration.” It currently refers to a poet’s objectiveness, or their attitude of being able to accept everything that comes, while being in a state of intense and exalted self-awareness.

54. Nihilism A term used in Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons” (1862). It is an extreme and radical attitude that rejects all traditional and moral values. Nihilism writers forgo any interest towards the society and hopes for the future, while writing about the futile faces of humans who live every moment of life without any goals. Hemingway, and T.S. Eliot are typical writers of this sort. This is also called the “Lost Generation”.

55. Objective Correlative A term used by T. S. Eliot in a criticism on Hamlet. It is also known as “emotional equivalent”. As emotions cannot be expressed on its own, it should be expressed through a vehicle such as an objective phenomena, action, or event. Hamlet’s intense emotions towards his mother were described as “overwhelming emotions” because of the lack of connection between the emotion the poet is trying to express, and the object. Concepts such as Aesthetic distance, and Negative Capability are ideas with similar functions.

56. Ottava Rima An Italian stanza that is made of 8 lines with an abababcc rhyme scheme, written in iambic pentameter. Boc- cacio is known as the founder. Suitable for lyric and discourse poems. Spenser, Milton, Keats, and Byron have used this structure.

57. Oxymoron A rhetoric device which effectively connects contradictory and heterogeneous terms together. It is similar to paradox, but while paradox is presented in a whole sentence, oxymoron on the other hand, comes in a short phrase. Expressions like “Dark, dark my light”, “cold heat”, and “thunderous silence” are examples of oxymoron. It was mainly popular during the late Renaissance period, and it is still one of the important devices in rhetoric.

58. Paradox As seen in Cleanth Brooks’ quote, “the language of poetry is the language of paradox”, it has been an important form of rhetoric since ancient times. (Refer to ‘oxymoron’) Some instances include “Cowards die many times before their deaths” by Shakespear, and “The Child is father of man” by Wordsworth. It is characterized by its use of references which contradict everyday logic, and the presentation of facts in such ways.

59. Pastoral A form of poem created by Sicilian poet Theocritus in the 3rd century, later developed by Virgil. Classical pastoral is concise and calm, praises country life in an idealized manner while criticizing complex urban life. During the Renaissance period, the classical convention was generally kept, but its form was used as a means of satire. Spenser’s “Shepheardes Calendar” is an example.

60. Petrarchan Sonnet A 14 line poem completed by Italy’s Petrarch in the 13th century. It is composed of 1 octave and 1 sestet, and the typical rhyme style is abbaabba cdecde. It usually sings the story of a man’s irrational love for a woman

042 http://www.donga.ac.kr 02 through exaggerated expressions and overuse of oxymoron. Sydney and Thomas Wyatt of 16th century Brit- ain are the leading figures of Petrarchan Sonnet.

61. Picaresque Nove Department of English Language and Literature ‘Picaro’ is Spanish for ‘rascal’. In literature, it is a way of mocking the society through the experience of a her- oin Picaro. Picaresque Novel originated in Spain in the 16th century. The novel’s background has literary value for the reason that it deals with the stories of the common people instead of aristocrats. However, some of the flaws of this novel include the fact that it does not have a plot, and that each episode is loosely connected. Typ- ical examples include “Roderick Random” by Smollett, and “Mall Flanders” by Defoe. Most of Dickens’ works, as well as “The Adventure of Huck Finn” by Mark Twain are instances of a more developed form of ‘rascal novels’.

62. Pre-Raphaelites A group of young artists from London who came together in the mid-19th century, with the intention to reform art by restoring it to the state that it was before Raphael (1482-1520). Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Mor- ris, and Swinburne were some of the main members. Their poems were mostly characterized by medieval, Ballad, use of old language, sensualism, and symbolism. It is seen to be influenced by Spenser. Traces of Pre-Raphaelite can also be found clearly in Tennyson and Yeats’ poems.

63. Rhyme Royal A 7 line stanza which has a rhythmic structure of ababbcc. The name originated from James I’s use of such rhyme in Kingis Quair (1423). In England, it was first used by Chaucer in “Complaint unto Pity”, therefore also known as Chaucerian Stanza.

64. Satire A style, tone, or technique which mocks the moral corruption of an individual or a society in a blaming way. Archilochus of Greece in 7th century B.C. is seen as the founder. It is generally divided into (1) the unofficial Horatian Satire which portrays a broad-minded attitude, and (2) Juvenalian Satire, which adopts a straightfor- ward and serious tone. It is a genre which was popular in Britain in the 17th-18th century due to Dryden, Swift, and Pope.

65. Senecan Tragedy Roman Seneca (BC-AD 65) greatly influenced British drama during the Elizabeth period. It is traditionally -di vided in to five acts with a chorus each. It deals with a variety of topics, but most of them were inspired by spir- its or misunderstandings. One of its traits is that elements like battle scenes and cruel catastrophes are conveyed indirectly through a messenger, and not presented directly. Few of the most complete works in English Senecan Tragedy are ‘Gorboduc’ (1561) by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sacville, and ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ (c. 1586) by Thomas Kyd. ‘Hamlet’ is one of the other influences of Senecan Tragedy.

66. Stream-of-Consciousness A term which was developed by France novelist Edouard Dujardin, and named by William James. A figure of speech which presents the conscious and subconscious flow of thoughts without adhering to rules of time and space. Though it may seem illogical and ungrammatical from the surface, by associational logic, it actually presents experiences of consistence and epiphany. The main methods which are used are internal monologue, and free association. James Joyce used this technique perfectly in “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” (1916), and many writers in the 1920s, such as Virginia Woolf (Mrs Dalloway), and William Faulkner (The Sound of Fury) went on to follow his steps.

67. Transcendentalism A cultural movement that developed in the New England region around 1835-1860. It was influenced by Ro-

043 02 Department of English Language and Literature•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

manticism and Kant’s transcendental realism. Fundamentally, it is closely related to religion, emphasizes personal conscience, and centers on intuitionalism ahead of rationality. Some representatives include Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau. It is an important philosophy which became the basis for people like Nathaniel Hawthorne, Emily Dickinson, and Whitman, and also for American ideology.

68. Grammatical endings Endings that change the morphology of words. The horse must try to run. The horse tries to run. The horse tried to run.

69. Word formation rules which add derivational affix. 1) Stress bearing affixes→ stress is placed on the suffix Pa'role - parol'ee, su'dan - sudan'ese 2) Suffix changes the location of the stress. ‘outrage - out'rageous, 'adverb - ad'verbial 3) There are also cases where the stress does not change. Believable, thoughtful, childlike, movement

70. Conversion Using verbs as nouns, nouns as verbs, etc. Give me a drink(n), She drinks(v) the water That's a good joke(n), They joked about the Minister of Finance(v)

71. Semantic field A group that contains words of the same semantic (meaning) group. E.g., family, vehicle… The semantic components of a word are not related to the meaning of a single word, but to the way a word functions with other words in a sentence. Old woman, young woman (O) Old comfort, big sincerity (x)

72. Semantic redundancy, tautology When two words have the same meaning, a sentence would still make sense if one of the words is removed. (a) Degas painted naked nudes. (b) I bought a male bull at the market. (Two different words with repeated meaning)

73. Collocation A natural combination of words that are closely affiliated with each other, which combine to give a different meaning. “White coffee, white wine, white sugar”, the meaning of “white” in these three phrases is different.

74. Euphemism A mild or indirect expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or vulgar. Four-letter-words. Piss - urinate, pee, go to the toilet sec, excretion (these are words that are perceived as taboo, and often use euphemism)

75. Word meanings in context Word meaning changes based on context. Single - only one → unmarried.

044 http://www.donga.ac.kr 02 76. Selectional restrictions The restriction of words based on their meaning. (a) My male aunt bought a piano(x)

(b) Babies are adults(x) Department of English Language and Literature

77. Superordinate, hypernym a word with a broad meaning that more specific words fall under.

78. Hyponym a word or phrase whose semantic field is included within that of another word. Mouse < rodent < mammal house < building < bungalow < structure

79. Co-hyponym Hyponyms in the same class. Freezing, frigid, cold, cool, tepid, lukewarm

80. Converse senses buy – sell, husband - wife Words that have opposite meaning, but strictly speaking, are in fact interrelated.

81. Entailment If a statement is true, the other statement would also be true. Evelyn won the race. The race was won by Evelyn.

82. Polysemy Words with many meanings. Jerry slowly regained his sight. (eyesight) Grand Canyon is a magnificent sight. (view) Various meanings that are somehow related.

83. Homonym Words that sound/are spelt the same, but have different meanings. 1) sight [sait] - site [sait] (Same pronunciation, different spelling, different meaning) 2) lead [li:d] [led] (Different pronunciation, same spelling, different meaning)

84. Derivational morpheme -hood → soldierhood, friendhood, parsonhood, nursehood -ness → happiness

85. Syncretism Two words of different grammatical categories having the same form. Joanna has towed the boat. Joanna towed the boat have identically

86. Head The main component in a compound word. ‘Longboat’ is made from ‘long’ and ‘boat’. ‘Boat’ is the head. In ‘snow geese’, the plural form ‘geese’ is the head.

87. Open class Refers to nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs… They are made up of large group of words, hence new items can

045 02 Department of English Language and Literature•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

be added into these categories.

88. Closed class Things like preposition(in, out,...), conjunction(and, but, because,...), amd determiner(a, an, the, these,...). New categories cannot be made.

89. Morpho-phonemi Phonologic change that happens due to morphologic process. 1) Commit → commission submit → submission

90. Inflection Conjugating and changing of a word’s form. It is a grammar ending that creates a word of another grammatical form. All English nouns have plural forms. Bee-bees, boy-boys. Inflectional affixes are suffixes, and are not attached to bound stems.

91. Complementary senses Supplementary meaning. Expressions which come in pairs and which, between them, exhaust all the relevant possibilities. Being "not X" automatically means being "Y" and being "not Y" means being "X". Alive – dead, boy - girl (degree words are not allowed).

92. Derivational affixation Combination of an affix with a stem. It changes the word’s grammatical category. Move-ment, low-ly, nation-hood -ness → happy, sad, cheerful, gentle, soft, prickly -ee → addressee, payee, *kissee, *thumpee -able → actions done to things or people - mowable, lovable -de → sensitive to phonological properties - delouse, dehorn

93. Compound lexeme A compound word that is formed from combining two lexicons. Just like in words like income tax, whitewash, and soul searching, the stress is often placed on the first word.

94. Productivity The possibility of forming new words of the same pattern. Compound words are very productive. Computer words are very productive in the computer industry.

95. Morphosyntactic category A set of inflectional categories that have closely related meanings or functions and that generally do not co-occur with each other. Try → tried

96. Mophosyntactic property The class of linguistic features that govern the grammatical behavior of morphosyntactic units. - past tense(tried), present tense(tries)

97. Suppletive The use of one word as the inflected form of another word. The past tense of ‘go’, ‘went’ is suppletive.

98. Allomorphy When a morpheme is used in a different form for a specific reason, the different form is known as allomorphy. It is the alternative form that is the result of phonological or morphological changes, such as [s], [z], [iz]. Allo- morphy is the changed word. The process of change is known as alternation, or variation.

046 http://www.donga.ac.kr 02 99. Constituen A basic unit in a sentence. Constituent & Category is the relationship between components and their syntactic category (ex. N, V, NP, VP). Head & Complement & Adjunct are types of components. Argument Structure &

Subcategorization is the distribution of sentence components. Constituency Tests are tests that determine if a Department of English Language and Literature word/phrase belongs under a group. (e.g. move, replace…)

100. Pragmatics A subfield of linguistics that studies the ways in which external elements and context contribute to meaning. A study that allows researchers to understand the external elements of a language that influence the analysis of meaning. It is the study of the meaning of language in context. ① Implicature & Conversational Cooperative principle: Connotation based on context. Implication that is against the rule of Maxims. ② Speech Act: The situation is also important in the act of speech. While context is important, meanings can also change based on the situation. (warn, remind, threaten, promise)

047 03 Department of Media Communications Department of Media Communications

Introduction The Department of Media Communications, which studies human communication activities, deals with studies in media content management in the form of newspapers, broadcasting, publications, advertising, public relations, and movies. The department also places a focus on gaining practical training of production techniques.

Especially, with the advancement of digital media in today’s society, as well as the emergence of new forms of human communication activities, the department places its focus on the understanding of digital communication, while teaching digital media content management and practical skills in its production.

Office Address : 7th floor of the college of Social Science building, Dong-A Uni- versity(Bumin Campus), Gudeok-ro 225, (Bumin-dong 2 ga), Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea Contact : 051-200-8645/8679 General Terms

01. The Fourth Industrial Revolution A new generation industrial revolution, led by artificial intelligence (AI), robot technology, and life science. It is an industrial change which is expected to happen, with the construction of a virtual reality system – by combining the real and virtual worlds through the use of robots or AI – that allows the automatic and intelligent control of objects.

02. VR/Virtual Reality A high-end technology which allows humans to experience something similar to reality in an imaginary world that is created through the use of a computer. People can experience this by wearing a display device called HMD (Head Mounted Display).

03. Personalization A method of providing customized contents to internet or mobile service users, by collecting and analyzing data such as, their personal demographic information or browsing history.

04. HD/High Definition A resolution that is at least five times better than analogue delivery methods (NTSC, PAL, SECAM) in the past. HDTV has a resolution of 1280 x 720p (progressive scanning).

05. Advertisement An information activity invested in by individuals who aim to make their business or personal beliefs, ideologies, policies, and product services be known to the world, in order to achieve an anticipated purpose.

06. International Communication Communication between countries. It is the communication behavior where different countries exchange messages through various forms of media.

07. Technology Determinism The perspective that technology plays a deciding role in the main process of changing society.

08. Technological Singularity The historical starting point when AI technology overtook human intelligence. It is first suggested by futurol- ogist Ray Kurzweil in 2005.

09. Semiology The foundation of Saussure’s linguistic studies, which refers to the study of signs and symbols, and their use or interpretation.

10. Network A data exchange system, where a variety of media are connected to one another.

11. Nomophobia The anxiety when not being able to use a mobile phone or smart phone.

12. Newsfeed A way online contents providers deliver automatically updated information to users. Facebook’s content delivery is a typical example.

13. Framing The way media perceives and reports societal issues in a specific manner.

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14. New Media Forms of media or information exchange/communication tools, which emerged after the development of digital technologies. This excludes existing media such as, radio, magazines, TV, and newspapers. 03

15. Interpersonal Communication The original form of human communication activity, which happens freely between people in informal and un-

structured situations. Department of Media Communications

16. Data The various forms of data which can be organized in the digital domain in this day.

17. Data Journalism A form of journalism that produces reports, or investigative reports, by using various forms of data.

18. Digital Media Unlike analogue media, digital media operates on the basis of digital codes, or dyadic systems of 0 and 1.

19. Digital Forensic The process of legally examining the truth regarding specific behaviors that took place through digital media such as computers, or smartphones.

20. Digital Footprint The traces left behind on the digital space when internet users surf the web, or make a search online.

21. Deep Learning A learning algorithm used by AI programs, in the gathering and categorizing of data.

22. Live Streaming A product where broadcast companies or internet content companies broadcast real-time videos through cable and wireless internet.

23. Market Maven A person who collects various information regarding online stores, services, and products, and then spreads their experience and knowledge to other people.

24. Mass Communication An organized method of delivering messages to the public through mass media. Mass communication can be applied in newspapers, broadcasts, movies, etc.

25. Multimedia A compound word from the Latin word ‘multi’ which means ‘many’, and ‘media’. It means ‘more than one medi- um’. It emphasizes the integration of a variety of media, and the capability of media to be combined.

26. Mobile Only A phenomenon where media contents such as news, and videos, are mainly distributed and consumed through mobile devices, such as smartphones, or wearable devices.

27. Media A technical device, or channel, which supports efficient human communication.

051 03 Department of Media Communications•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

28. Cross Ownership The simultaneous ownership of both a newspaper, and a broadcasting company. It leads to concentration of the media business.

29. Media Literacy Literacy refers to the ability to understand various forms of media. It is also the ability to access, analyze, and evaluate, various forms of messages, and interact with them. It is not just the acquisition of a certain skill, but the acquisition of knowledge related to the media business, the general pattern of media contents, and the effects of media.

30. Media Sports The recreation and delivery of sports through media, or the relationship between media and sports.

31. Media Convergence The phenomenon where traditional media such as newspapers, radio, television, and telephone merge as a result of the development of computer and communication technology.

32. Millennials Generation The generation of people born between 1980 and the early 2000s. This generation is exposed to internet as teenagers, and is skillful in information technology. It is also the generation with the highest university enroll- ment rate.

33. Viral Marketing A marketing technique where netizens voluntarily create contents to promote the products of a business, and then spreading them through media such as email, or social network sites.

34. Encoding The act of modifying data during the process of communication so that it fits the qualities

35. Blockchain Also known as a ‘public ledger’, it refers to a high security method of recording the transaction of information in the digital space.

36. Non-facing One of the main characteristics of online communication, which refers to the simultaneous and non-simultaneous interaction between users.

37. Nonverbal Communication A form of human interaction which communicates using messages which are neither spoken nor written words.

38. Cyber Communication A new form of communication which happens in the cyber dimension formed from new media spaces on the internet.

39. Social Network Analysis A way of analyzing and understanding the relationship that happens from the interaction between people and objects on the internet, through statistical analysis and visualizing.

40. Symbolic Interaction A cultural way of approaching communication. It is a concept which emphasizes that the main purpose of

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communication is to exchange information, and share meanings.

41. Prosumer Anybody can become producers, and consumers, of data and contents in the internet era. Prosumer is the 03 term for producers and consumers.

42. Persuasion Communication Department of Media Communications Persuasion is the act of convincing someone, with the purpose of getting something from them. Persuasion Communication is a form of communication with the purpose of persuading the public, especially in politics, and advertisement.

43. The Shutdown Law A South Korean act which forbids children under the age of 16 to play online video games between 12am and 6am. It is a way to protect youths from online game addiction.

44. Rhetoric A form of speech used during Ancient Greece, and Rome, in order to perform political speeches, or court hearings efficiently. It is the origin of the field of study of Communications.

45. Audience Commodity A structure where media businesses sell information about its users to advertisers. It is a way media earn revenues from advertisers.

46. The First Amendment A first amendment of the United States Constitution, which prevents the government from taking away the freedom of speech, or the press freedom.

47. Snack Culture A new culture trend where people enjoy cultural life by consuming media which are convenient and do not take up much time. Like snacks that can be enjoyed anytime, anywhere, snack culture is a new lifestyle or trend, where people consume media within 10 to 15 minutes, while commuting to and from work, or during lunch hours.

48. Spin-off A new or independent program that is made from a part of a full program.

49. Citizen journalism A form of journalism where general citizens voluntarily look for, produce, and distribute news.

50. Acta Diurna A form of official notice published by the central government in Ancient Rome. It is known as the world’s ear- liest newspaper.

51. Alphabet The holding company of the world’s largest internet service, Google. It manages key businesses such as You- Tube, maps, advertisements, Android, etc.

52. Adware A malware program which serves advertisements to users.

053 03 Department of Media Communications•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

53. Verbal Communication A form of human communication that delivers messages by using speech or written words.

54. Evergreen content Contents in the media space which were created in the past, and still continues to be consumed.

55. Image communication Any forms of image – TV, movie, video, advertisements TV – that is delivered to the public through mass media. It is easily confused with visual communication, but in image communication, the image itself is the tool of communication. It usually does not include visual design, which is part of visual communication.

56. Online Communication Communication behaviors that happen online.

57. MAU The number of people who access a social network service or online gaming site, more than once. It is an indicator of the degree of success of online sites.

58. Wearable Device A computer device that is wearable, and designed to look like a watch, or a pair of glasses.

59. Web Drama A form of drama that is available on the internet, instead of on television. It is relatively shorter, and has fewer characters.

60. YouTube Red A paid subscription product for 9.99USD per month, which began on YouTube in October 2015. Subscribers would be able to watch and download videos without advertisements.

61. Opinion Leader A person who gains information from the mass media, and then delivers these information to the general public.

62. Wikipedia An online encyclopaedia where any internet user can freely create pages and contribute information. It is available in more than 200 languages worldwide.

63. Mobility A main characteristic of mobile communication using a smartphone.

64. Internet An electrical network which connects the computers of the world.

65. Information self-determination The right to decide how to manage and control one’s own personal information online.

66. Noise The physical or cultural elements that obstruct the communication process of humans.

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67. Journalism An activity of mass media, which selects public truths, or information about cases, and report about it in the form of news. 03

68. Information Divide The difference in how people receive and use information, depending on their demographic, and social eco-

nomic status. Department of Media Communications

69. AR (augmented reality) advertising An advertising technique which combines real-world environment with objects augmented by computer-gen- erated perceptual information, to produce persuasive business messages.

70. Wisdom of Crowds The collective opinion of a group of individuals online, solving problems regarding a specific case or issue.

71. Communication The overall process or phenomenon of messages being distributed and shared.

72. Cable TV The method of watching television not through ground wave or the internet, but through wired cables. It emerged as a way to overcome the problem of city buildings, or secluded place in the mountains having poor signal. It uses a method of transferring TV broadcast programs via coaxial cables, and unlike transferring via radio waves, it has excellent video quality.

73. CMS (Content Management System) A system that allows efficient production, modification, uploading, and management of various contents on internet sites.

74. Creator A person who produces and uploads videos onto YouTube or other personal broadcasting platforms. These people are not video creators, but also creators of a fan community through the videos they produce. This form was first used in Korea.

75. Podcast A service that enables watching various contents such as news, and dramas, in the form of audio or video files, provided through the internet. Unlike existing radio programs, consumers do not need to listen to/watch a program on a specific time. They can download a self-updating program, and listen to/watch the podcasts whenever convenient.

76. Feedback The response from a message receiver to the sender of the message in the process of human interaction.

77. Hashtag A form of metadata which allows keywords to function as search words, with internet users adding keywords after a sharp (#) when uploading articles on social networking services.

78. Hacktivism A word made from ‘hacker’ and ‘activism’, which refers to the behaviour of hackers voicing their thoughts about politics and the society through hacking.

055 03 Department of Media Communications•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

79. Homo Narrans The inborn desire of humans to communicate.

80. Hyper-connected society A society where humans interact with one another, and with objects, via digital signals, following the advancement of digital technology.

81. 5G (5th Generation Mobile Telecommunication) A telecommunication system which will replace LTE, characterized by its high speed/mass storage, and multiple access. Unlike 4G which uses a frequency lower than 2Gh, 5G uses 28Ghz. 5G’s download speed is 70 times faster than the 300Mpbs of current mobile communication, and 280 times faster than general LTE.

82. BJ (Broadcasting Jockey) Individuals who produce contents for personal broadcasts (on platforms such as Africa TV), and chat with viewers. The name originated from the way they host their programs, which is similar to disc jockeys on radio programs.

83. Corpus A collection of a huge scale of data in a language that is readable by computers.

84. Database An organized file system which categorizes and connects computer and online data logically, so that they can be saved, managed, and browsed efficiently.

85. Data Scientist Professionals who analyse big data. Data Scientists discover and inspect specific patters among a sea of data.

86. DVI (Digital Visual Interface) A video display interface used to connect a video source to a computer monitor.

87. Gamification A process of grafting game mechanisms and operating methods into education, marketing, media contents, etc.

88. HCI (Human-Computer Interaction) A field which researches easier and more effective ways for humans to use the computer.

89. HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) An interface which supports the operation of the latest models of computers, laptops, and streaming adapters.

90. HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) A standardized format for creating texts of webpages which hold basic information on the internet.

91. Influencer A person who has a huge impact on the production, circulation, and dispersion of information online.

92. IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) A two-way television service which enables watching live broadcast and VOD through the internet. It is a service which provides information services, video contents, and broadcast through a television by using high speed internet. It differs from the existing Internet TV in the way it uses a television and remote control instead of a computer monitor and a mouse.

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93. ISP (Internet Service Provider The businesses that provide wired and wireless internet service. The leading companies in Korea are SK Tele- com, KT, and LG U+. 03

94. MIS (Management Information System) A support system of the management information of businesses these days. It is a system which supports the

effective control and management of information. Department of Media Communications

95. MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) A large scale reciprocal online education method.

96. R Project for Statistical Computing First developed in the University of Auckland in New Zealand, it is a programming language, and software that specializes in big data analysis, such as statistical computing, and graph creating.

97. Re-targeting Advertising A type of advertising that uses data such as a user’s site access record, field of interest, and purchase history, to decide which types of advertisements should be shown to them. It is a way to increase the probability of purchase.

98. SEO (Search Engine Optimization) The process where internet search engines collect data, and create webpages and search contents based on the importance of each data.

99. SNS (Social Networking Service) Platforms and services such as Twitter, and Facebook, where users widen their interpersonal network while sharing information or opinion.

100. UCC (User Created Content) The contents created by general users, and uploaded onto various online platforms.

057 Major Terms

01. Me-media A communication platform that allows individual users to produce, distribute, and share contents using the internet.

02. Two-Step Flow Theory A theory which suggests that the public receives information in two ways: through information on mass media, or through an influential leader.

03. Virtual Advertising A high-end advertising technique, which adds manmade effects onto videos using computer graphic technology. It usually appears in the middle of sports tournament broadcast.

04. Fake News Articles that have the structure of news, but is not actually news. Some are created fake on purpose, and some are results of incorrect report.

05. Watchdog The press is known as watchdogs, because they keep watch on the government, in order to prevent the abuse of power, and to protect small number of profits.

06. Health Communication A communication behavior that delivers health related information, for the purpose of improving public health, and safety related issues.

07. Gatekeeping The process through which information on the media is filtered by editors, journalists, or decision makers in news. Messages either get selected, or deleted through this process.

08. Horse Race Journalism A form of political journalism which focuses only on reporting polling data. It resembles coverage of horse races because of the focus on interesting information and polling results, instead of on the fair delivery of truth.

09. Hard News News with informative contents. It refers to news contents in fields like economy, and politics. Its impact can be observed after a certain amount of time has passed.

10. Public Broadcasting A form of broadcast that is created using receiving fees collected from the viewers, made solely for the welfare of the public. In contrast, businesses that produce broadcast programs with the purpose of profit making, is known as business broadcasting.

11. Quota System of Advertisement A policy where the law limits the total permit of broadcasted advertisements, and the broadcasting companies may freely decide on the duration, number of times, or methods allowed.

12. Nudge Marketing A softer and flexible approach of marketing, which indirectly influence the customer’s choice through suggestion and reinforcement, instead of emphasizing on the quality of a product, and directly urging the customer to make a purchase.

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13. Native Advertising A form of online advertising which uses advertisements provided by advertisers, and integrating them into the report in a way/design that makes them seem like part of the report. These advertisements are placed strategically along with other media contents. This reduces the feelings of rejection by users towards 03 advertisements.

14. Drone Journalism Department of Media Communications A form of journalism which uses a drone to shoot pictures or videos from locations that are out of reach to humans.

15. Digital Curation Service A service which manages and saves a user’s pattern of content usage online in the form of big data, analyses the pattern with an AI, and presents customized contents to the user. It is currently receiving the spotlight in the marketing and entertainment fields. Recent digital curation services use basic algorithm to go beyond simply recommending webpages, and providing related search words. It combines the use of advanced IT elements such as big data, datamining, and AI to provide more sophisticated services.

16. Digital First A method of publishing online news first, before paper news (newspapers). In a broad sense, it refers to applying digital methods in the production, distribution, advertisement, and other departments, to finally produce, and provide, a good quality digital product.

17. Robot Journalism A report that is automatically written by using computer software. It also refers to journalism that focuses on reports of that kind.

18. Rotoscoping A technique of video editing, where the editor traces over video footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action. It can be seen as a combination of live images and animation, where live images are traced frame by frame, and then combined with an animation that is created.

19. Listicle A word created from ‘list’ and ‘article’. It refers to a news article which organizes information about a topic and lists them in order.

20. Network Neutrality A principle that all transmission of data over the internet should be done equally, and not discriminated based on user, content, website etc.

21. Mass Media An organized mean, technique, or device used to deliver a large amount of information to an unspecified number of people. Newspaper, magazines, broadcast, radio, advertisements and movies, are examples of media that reach an unspecified number of people.

22. Mapping A technique of presenting 2D images on a 3D surface, with the purpose of making a model look realistic in computer animation.

23. Modeling The art of creating the form of, or giving shape to objects. It generally refers to the technique of drawing 3D

059 03 Department of Media Communications•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

objects with a computer during the process of animation production.

24. Morphing A technique of changing the form of an image or shape into a different form through a seamless transition. For example, the transition of a wolf’s face into a human face is called morphing. There is usually a total change in form, color, and details, which creates a totally different image, and the connection between two images cannot be seen.

25. Montage Originated from the French word ‘monter’ (to gather, combine). It is a technique of combining different images or photos to create a completely different image. It is an editing technique used in movies or photo editing, where an artistic image is created from editing two images placed next to each other.

26. Intercultural Communication The communication between people from different cultural background, household, organizations in the global and multicultural society.

27. Media Semiotics A field of study on the functions, presentation, and meanings of symbols in messages on the media, as well as the process of interpreting them.

28. Media Framing The way news media report about societal issues or cases, by framing them in a specific way, and producing these framed images to the readers or viewers.

29. Media Mix A marketing strategy which uses one media in the forms of many other media. In simple words, it is the strategy of developing content into a movie, game, soundtrack, animation, character business, toys, and publication, in order to achieve influential effects. Comics are seen as the most suitable type of media to be used effectively in this way.

30. Mise en Scene The aesthetic presentation of a set through the arrangement of elements (makeup, dress, stage setting, lighting, acting, etc) in front of the camera. It is based on the perception that all elements in a scene play a role.

31. Echo Chamber A phenomenon where beliefs are amplified or reinforced due to the repetitive interaction of people with those who share similar beliefs as them, on social networking sites.

32. Cultivation Theory A theory that explains the effects of media on reality. It explains the phenomenon where the television is the people’s main source of information who watch more than four hours of TV a day, and how it shapes their thoughts and perception.

33. Brand Placement Advertisement An advertising technique which promotes a brand by continuously presenting it in various movies during a specific period of time. While PPL ends with the advertisement of a single product, BPL (Brand Placement Advertisement) is the realization of integrated brand marketing.

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34. Brand Communication The communication between businesses and consumers, where businesses introduces the brand’s value to consumers, and consumers purchase the products because they agree with the values of the brand. 03

35. Black Journalism A form of information activity which unveils the unknown truth behind a fact. It is a form of journalism activity

which threatens to report, or actually report, about the information of individuals, groups, or organizations, Department of Media Communications which they would rather be left unknown, in order to gain a certain benefit.

36. Visual Communication Communication related to the sense of sight, such as via traditional art like painting, lettering, sketching, and oil painting, or via TV, advertisements, movies, photos, illustrations, printings, and comics.

37. Critical Communication A way in which people with power in society attempt to oppress the weaker class, by focusing on the inequality of power. It is a communication behavior which includes the use of PR communication.

38. Data The data in the digital space. It has a massive scale, short production period, and it also refers to text and video data, in addition to numerical data.

39. IOT/Internet of Things A network of things such as desks, cars, bags, trees, pets, and everything in the world, which allows these things to connect, interact, and exchange data.

40. Selective Influence Theory A concept which suggests that the effects of mass media is neither certain, powerful, nor direct. Its impact and functions are limited by the personal differences of users (psychological differences, difference in society class and relationship with the society), and are presented in a selective and limited way.

41. Selective Exposure Theory The idea that people are not randomly exposed to media, but are more commonly exposed to messages which match their existing attitudes and opinions. For this reason, messages on the media do not reach all users. The theory explains that the influence of media is limited, and delivered selectively due to the choices of users, but there are also occasions where users are exposed to messages which do not match their attitudes and opinions.

42. Solution Journalism A form of journalism which attempts to achieve a solution for societal problems. It emphasizes on what was done, not who has done it.

43. Smart Media A form of media which presents contents, network, and platforms to users, in a combined and integrated form, through multi touch screen devices, such as mobile phones, tablets, and TV.

44. Scoop An item of news reported exclusively by one journalist or news organization before others.

45. Rating The percentage of households or people watching a TV program during a specific time. Household rating

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refers to the percentage of household watching a specific channel, among the households that own a TV. Personal rating refers to the ratio of people in comparison to the overall population.

46. Depth The area of camera focus where objects appear sharp in an image. When the range is wide, has a high depth (deep), and when the range is narrow, it has low depth (shallow).

47. Advertorial A combined word from ‘advertisement’ and ‘editorial’, which refers to advertisement in the form of editorial content.

48. Ambush Marketing A marketing technique where companies who are not official sponsors of sport events use wordings which give the impression that they are related to the event, in order to attract the attention of consumers. It is a technique that skillfully avoids regulations.

49. Abusing The behavior of uploading the same contents repeatedly, or using popular keywords in articles, with the purpose of gaining extra clicks. It is a way of ‘tricking’ people into clicking on the site from internet portals. It is a gaming term which refers to the use of game systems to gain illegal profit.

50. Embargo A request by a source that the news is not published until a certain time later. The term ‘embargo’ is also used to mean a ban on trading activities or the detainment of ships.

51. Soft News News with recreational contents. It refers to news about sports or entertainment. It has instant influence on the general public.

52. Yellow Journalism A type of journalism that relies on sensationalism, and excitement by stimulating the curiosity of the mass public.

53. Off the Record A method used at press conferences or interviews where the press promises not to reveal specific contents of the conference. It is a method of using the speaker’s story only as a reference, and not making it into news.

54. On-demand An economic activity which provides customized products and services, based on the demands of consumers, instantly through ICT infrastructure.

55. Ombudsman A policy originated in Sweden, which currently refers to a policy which gathers the dissatisfaction of readers, viewers, or consumers, and then rectifies them.

56. Direct Broadcasting by Satellite Television broadcast by satellite. It uses geostationary satellites which is located on an orbit approximately 36,000km from Earth’s surface.

57. Risk Communication The exchange of real-time information, advice and opinions between experts and people facing threats to their

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health, economic or social well-being. The ultimate purpose of risk communication is to enable people at risk to take informed decisions to protect themselves and their loved ones.

58. Agenda Setting Theory 03 A theory that mass media possess the ability to instill the thought among users that an issue is important, by selecting specific topics, and putting emphasis on them. Department of Media Communications 59. Use and Gratification Theory A media theory which suggests that users actively consume media depending on their own needs and motifs.

60. Interactive Journalism A new form of news content which breaks away from the traditional journalism perspective, and integrates various multimedia elements such as, text, photo, sound, and video. The concept of news reading is recreated through the use of webpages which focuses on the behaviors of readers (such as scrolling, and clicking), to create a more interactive environment..

61. Right to be forgotten It refers to the right to delete any data recorded on a permanent storage space, or the right of an individual to delete any personal data that is no longer needed for legal purposes, so that it will not be handled anymore. It is currently being applied to personal information online.

62. ELM (Elaboration Likelihood Model) A model which explains the process where an individual interprets the information of persuasive message based on their own needs. There is the central route, which is highly influenced by personal interest; and the peripheral route which is not. Depending on the route taken, the process of change in attitude differs.

63. Political Communication A form of communication which exchanges symbols and messages that influence political systems.

64. Third-Person Effect A trend where people tend to perceive that messages on the media have a greater effect on a third person, instead of on themselves or a second person (person in front of them).

65. Zero-User Interface (Zero UI) A new platform which combines speech recognition and AI. It is predicted that Zero UI would make up about 30% of internet usages by 2020.

66. Limited Effects Theory Emerged as a complementation of the Magic Bullet Theory. The Limited Effects Theory suggests that the effect of mass media is not that powerful, and that it only has limited effect that reinforces an already existing attitude or value.

67. AR/Augmented Reality A technique which integrates and combines virtual objects and information, created using computer techniques, in the real world. It presents a single video which combines the virtual world with extra information, with the real world in real time.

68. Chatbot A computer program which is built with the purpose of simulating human interaction through speech or text. It is also known as chatterbox, talkbot, or Chatterbot.

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69. The Spiral of Silence Theory A theory which suggests that people tend to voice their opinions actively when they are similar to dominant public opinion; and tend to remain silent when their opinions differ from popular opinions of the public.

70. Cord-Cutting The phenomenon where viewers of paid broadcasts cancel their subscription, and move onto new platforms such as OTT, ITPV, and others. The term originated from the idea of ‘cutting the cord’ of paid cable TV by not subscribing to it.

71. Cross Media Customizing and producing the same news to be published on various media platforms, such as newspapers, magazines, TV broadcast, internet, mobile phones, etc. It is a new form of news presented to users, which crosses media boundaries.

72. Clustering A service which provides a cluster of related news automatically when a user searches using a specific keyword. It is effective in preventing news abuse, but it is possible that abused articles would appear more frequently in the search results. Due to the fact that there is still no method in place to control the copying of articles, clustering is a technique that is not fundamentally perfect.

73. Clickbait A compound word from ‘click’ and ‘bait’, which refers to the act of leading users to click on low quality contents by using interesting ‘baits’ to attract their attention. Contents and news that use provocative headlines or images to attract users, and gain profit from the number of views and advertisements, are some examples of clickbait.

74. Bullet Theory One of the early theories of mass communication effects, which suggest that the effect of mass media on the public is powerful, instant, and standardized.

75. Investigative Journalism A form or journalism where journalists directly investigate and excavate hidden truths or cases such as political corruption, crime, and business corruption, and reveal them to the world.

76. Telecommunication A form remote communication system which uses digital methods, and communication satellites to deliver data such as text, audio, and video, to a recipient who is in a region far away.

77. Transmedia A compound word from ‘trans’ and ‘media’, which is a way that combines multiple media forms simultaneously.

78. Financial Communication A strategic communication used by corporations with the goal of being evaluated desirably, and to build repu- tations, through effective two-way communication with corporations, markets, and stakeholders.

79. Fact Check It originally used to refer to the act of checking the truth of facts in journalism, but it is recently used to mean more than just checking if a statement is true. It is the proactive practice where media clearly judge if a statement is true or false, and then inform the readers about it.

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80. Reputation Communication A form of communication with the purpose of efficient reputation management. It is a required element in reputation building. 03

81. Freedom of Expression The basic right which allows humans to express their thoughts freely. It is an indispensable element in the

realization of the concept of popular sovereignty. At the same time, it is also a required condition for the Department of Media Communications formation of democratic public opinion, which is the foundation of representative democracy.

82. Full HD/Full High Definition) A technology whose resolution is two times better than the existing HD. Full HD TV has a resolution of 1920 x 1080p.

83. Priming Theory The idea that specific information provided by the media becomes the basis for judgement at crucial moments when important decisions have to be made. Especially in politics, the media influences the judgment of voters, as information by the media is perceived as the most important element in judging a candidate’s achievements, and deciding who to vote for.

84. Framing Theory A concept built on the phenomenon where the same issues can have different meaning depending on the perspective it is viewed from. It explains the process in which news media influence the way readers and viewers interpret the news, by using specific frames when covering and reporting about a social issue or case.

85. Filter Bubble A phenomenon where internet users are only exposed to filtered information, because information providers only provide customized information to users.

86. MR/Mixed Reality The environment created by merging real and virtual worlds, allowing physical and digital objects to co-exist and interact in real time.

87. Human Communication The communication of ideas and emotions, where people exchange thoughts with one another.

88. LSM (Live Slow Motion) A video technique which allows video highlights to be edited in real time, and replayed immediately. In sports broadcast, the athletes’ faces, scenes of the match and ceremony, and the spectators’ reaction are edited and presented immediately after every match.

89. MCN (Multi Channel Network) The media businesses that help popular creators on video platforms like YouTube, in terms of distribution, contents, copyright, sales, funding support, attracting advertisements, and management support, and then share the profit of the contents with the creators. It can be seen as a management company for solo creators.

90. N-Screen A service or technology which allows a single multimedia content (movie, music, etc) to be played consecutively on N number of devices.

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91. O2O (Online to Offline) A type of marketing that connects online and offline. It is a service that automatically sends push messages of things like coupons to smartphones when the user enters a certain region.

92. OSMU (One Source Multi Use) A method of distribution which uses an original content to produce a variety of products, such as movies, games, audio albums, animations, character merchandises, toys, and publications, to be sold, as a way to maximize the value-added.

93. OTT (Over the Top) A TV service which can be watched by using the internet. It is neither provided through the internet, nor via radio waves and cables. ‘Top’ refers to the set-top box connected to the TV, but in a wider sense, it is used to refer to video services based on the internet.

94. PCM (Premium Commercial Message) A form of advertisement which splits programs that are longer than an hour into two parts, and inserts a one- minute advertisement in between. It is the replacement of mid-time advertisements which are prohibited on terrestrial television.

95. PPL (Product Placement Advertisement) Products that appear in movies or drama. It is a form of advertisement marketing strategy which exposes the brand names and pictures, or mentions a name in dialogues, as a way to promote the products to the audience.

96. PR (Public Relation) A form of communication activity which is carried out with the purpose of improving the image of a subject, or promoting products to an unspecified number of the general public.

97. SMCRE Model A model by Lasswell, which describes the process of communication by defining who said it (Sender), what was said (Message), in what channel it was said (Channel), to whom it was said (Receiver), and with what effect it was said (Effect). A sender sends a message through a channel to a receiver, and an effect is created when the message is received.

98. SO/PP/NO (System Operator/Program Provider/Network Operator) The three types of operators of cable TV. The SO delivers programs to subscribers in a region. The PP produces programs, and supplies them to the SO. The NO has monopoly rights. They set up and manage cable networks in every household.

99. UHD (Ultra High Definition) A television that has HD resolution video, and multi-channel realistic audio. There are two formats, which are 4K UHDTV with a resolution of 3,840 x 2,160p (progressive scanning), and 8KK UHDTV with a resolution of 7,680 x 4,320p.

100. VOD (Video On Demand) A customizable service which allows users to watch/listen to audio or video programs, at any time they wish. The VOD system transmits data through communication networks such as phone lines, cables, and optic fibers, and provides the service to users at their desired time.

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067 04 Department of Business Administration Department of Business Administration

Introduction The Department of Business Administration of Dong-A University has been responsible for producing talents in leading companies, the government office, educational institutions and more fields all over the country since its establishment in 1956.

The Department of Business Administration is currently situated in the Bumin Campus which is equipped with high-end educational facilities. It is also home to approximately 2,000 students, and well-known professors in each major who strive to nurture the best graduates in the field who would soon contribute to the society.

The Department of Business Administration of Dong-A University aims to go beyond the textbooks, and to provide both theoretical knowledge and practical training in Business Administration. With that said, the department implements education that encourages problem-solving and development of new business and management ideas. Furthermore, in order to ensure that graduates would be well-adapted to the globalized society, the department also offers global internship programs, as well as seminars in foreign languages for students who look to polish their language skills. The Department of Business Administration boasts an excellent record in employment and job satisfaction among its graduates, and it is certain that the college has greatly contributed to the production of talents who are in high demand in today’s society.

With the various programs offered in our department, we vow to continue providing the best education in order to nurture graduates who would go on becoming global business talents, and excel in the field of business administration and management in the future.

Office Address : 6th Floor, College of Business Administration, Dong-A Uni- versity Bumin Campus, Bumin-dong 2-ga 1-beon ji, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea. B(04)-B0604 Contact : 051-200-7406/7489 General Terms

01. Management The process of planning, organizing, learning, and controlling, in order to achieve the goals of the organization.

02. Manager A person or an organization who is responsible for making the final decision, as well as overseeing and leading the activities of business management.

03. Business Administration A field of study which focuses on the management and administration of a corporation or an organization

04. Management process The channel or process of managing and administrating a corporation or a business

05. Management capacity A business or corporation’s capability to manage and administrate.

06. Limit of supervision The extent to which the capability, responsibility, and authority to manage people and duties applies.

07. Task environment The social welfare of organizations that are likely to directly influence an organization

08. Formal organization An organization which is officially recognized by the country or society

09. Scientific Management A scientific method of factory and labor management designed by American engineer Taylor in the 19th century.

10. Bureaucratic management A managerial technique that is uniformed and standardized.

11. Authority The extent of a person’s or an organization’s powers.

12. Decentralization of authority The split and dispersion of a person’s or an organization’s power.

13. Delegation of authority Handing over the power of a person or an organization to someone else.

14. Handing over of authority The act of passing one’s power and responsibilities to another person, and then leaving the position.

15. Centralization of authority Gathering the power of a person or an organization into one place.

16. Global management Adjusting to the environment, and expanding a corporation’s management activities onto the global market in order to achieve the company’s goal.

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17. Global economy An economical phenomenon in which a company breaks through national boundaries, and expands its activities globally.

18. Global Strategic Alliance A strategy of forming an alliance with another company in order to gain the upper hand in the competition

against other companies on the global stage. 04

19. Competitive advantage Having the upper hand against competitor companies in terms of cost, quality, speed, and some other Department of Business Administration determiner indexes.

20. Plan Think about and prepare the procedures, methods, scale, and details about things to be done in the future.

21. Planning (set up) Thinking about the procedures, methods, scale, and details about things to be done in the future, and then establish policy, or plan with the nation or government.

22. Planned economy An economy system by the government which decides the types of properties and services to be produced, the method of production, the target customers of such production, and the organization that will own and control the production of such services.

23. Technological environment An information transfer system of a society which deals with information regarding the quality of skills of an organization.

24. Corporation An organization that produces and sells properties or services for the purpose of profit.

25. Entrepreneur A person who sets up, organizes, and manages a business, deals with the internal risks that may be present. Generally refers to a first generation executive. A person who studies change, adjusts to change, and uses change as an opportunity.

26. Managerial perspective An administrative attitude of leading and supervising individuals and manage a business or company according to a plan.

27. Skills Strategy The skills of each department (human resource, finance, production, R&D, management) in a company that backs up a company or business’ strategy.

28. Induction A research method of using a unique case as the foundation to study about a general a fact or principle.

29. Internal governance The relationship between a decision-making body of a business, the function of its board of directors and audit, the managers, and the shareholders.

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30. Delphi technique Collaborative estimating or forecasting technique that combines independent analysis with maximum use of feedback, for building consensus among experts.

31. Motivation The process of motivating, maintaining, and controlling the pattern of an activity.

32. Diversification A product and market’s venture and growth into a new field.

33. Licensing strategy A strategy of giving commercial authority of a registered brand’s property rights to someone else by selling it off at a high cost.

34. Goal setting theory A theory which suggests that a difficult and risky goal with concrete feedback is likely to bring better results.

35. Automation of logistics Using machineries instead of manpower in the handling of materials and products.

36. Standardization of logistics The standardization of logistic information regarding packaging, loading/unloading, storage, and delivery for smooth logistic service.

37. Invisible Hand The unintended common-good caused by the activities of the individuals in pursuit of their own interests

38. Informal Organization An organization that is formed naturally from the personal contacts and interactions made at work.

39. Formal Organization An official organization that is intentionally created in order to achieve the goals of a company.

40. Network Organization Independent departments of a company putting their strengths together in a permanent alliance for the purpose of producing products or carrying out projects.

41. Private enterprise A business invested by an ordinary person. It is a concept that is the opposite of public enterprise. It is the most common type of business in a capitalist society.

42. Public enterprise A business that is managed with the purpose of production and distribution by using funds from the government or a local public entity.

43. Leader A person who is in the position that leads an organization or team.

44. Leadership qualities A framework which lists the characteristics required of a person who would lead a group.

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45. Marketing management The management of the stages of planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling, in order for a systematic and reasonable execution of the marketing activities of a business.

46. Case study A method of studying unique cases of individuals or organizations by collecting information though testing,

observing, or interviewing, and then understanding the problems of these cases. 04

47. Social responsibility The awareness that a business is a member of the society, hence taking responsibility for the influences of a Department of Business Administration business on the society and the environment, and participating in transparent management, as well as in charity.

48. Situational perspective A concept regarding the importance of handling management activities in a way that is suitable with the environment of an organization.

49. Consumer behavior Making consumer plans by adjusting the price of products depending on profit circumstances in order to increase the effectiveness of a business.

50. Deduction Drawing conclusion through precise and logical reasoning of one or a few hypotheses.

51. Private company A company that is constructed of at least two employees who are responsible, not to the company’s creditor, but only for the company’s monetary investment.

52. Ethical management A managerial attitude that places importance on business ethics for the management of the company and its business activities, while pursuing a transparent, just, and reasonable business conduct.

53. Hierarchy of Needs A theory by Maslow which suggests that human needs are ranked according to importance, and humans tend to seek for satisfaction of higher level needs when the basic, lower ranked needs are fulfilled.

54. Decision making A business owner or manager’s act of making a decision on the overall direction of the company’s business or management status.

55. Decision making process The steps which need to be followed for effective decision-making and problem-solving to take place.

56. Administrate Managing and operating an organization, company, or business.

57. Cost accounting A field in accounting which refers to the technique of product cost calculation.

58. Demographic environment The climate which is made up of the factors such as region, gender, age, education, and income of the population.

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59. Human resource management The duties such as securing, developing, placing, and assessing of prospective talents who are needed in order to achieve the organization’s goal.

60. General environment The elements in an economy system that indirectly influence all the organizations in the system.

61. Intranet An information system which integrates the business within an organization through the use of internet and telecom technology.

62. Strategic planning The establishment of an overall plan in order to achieve the goals of a business or organization effectively. This usually takes comparatively longer time.

63. Tactical planning The establishment of a short-term plan due to a change in the environment.

64. Information system An aggregation human resource, and the technology which allows saving, calculation, distribution, and communication as required by a business.

65. Organization A body which works together for a certain purpose.

66. Mediation Settling a dispute by agreeing on a common ground.

67. Organizational structure A management structure regarding the relationship between members of an organization (i.e, authority, position, and hierarchical connection), the distribution and coordination of their roles, as well as the activities.

68. Organizational culture The spiritual value within an organization which contributes to the internal environment of a business.

69. Organizational change Programs that attempt to change the behavior of an individual/organization in a way that is desired by the management.

70. Organizational chart A diagram that presents information such as the structure, hierarchy connection, and the distribution of responsibilities and authority of a company.

71. Corporation A company that is formed with the investment of shareholders who are employees, and the release of shares which acts as a measure of authority and duties.

72. Subjective probability An estimate of probability that is decided by the decision maker.

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73. Corporate Governance A mechanism which balances the interest of a company’s many stakeholders.

74. Position A person’s rank in a social group based on elements such as their age, gender, occupation, and income.

75. Indirect investment 04 As in direct financing, indirect investment was used to mean indirect financing, but it is recently used to refer to things related to induction of foreign investment. Department of Business Administration 76. Centralization The concentration of decision-making authority under the middle or higher ranks of an organization.

77. Decentralization The delegation of decision-making authority to rural or lower ranked organizations.

78. Standardization The act of making the material or type, quality, appearance, and size of products consistent based on a specific standard.

79. Control The act of executing duties according to a designated standard.

80. Creativity The psychological process related to the act of searching for new ideas or reforming existing ideas.

81. Limited Partnership Company A complexed organization made up of general partners and limited partners.

82. Cooperative society An organization that is created in order to support people in difficult financial situations to gain financial profit.

83. Behavioral science perspective A standpoint proven by empirical science, which attempts to explain, predict, and manage human behaviors.

84. Cash Flow Statement One of the five components of a financial statement. A form which presents the flow of cash in a company during a given period of time.

85. Certainty The extent to which one believes in a fact.

86. Effectiveness The degree to which a desired goal or outcome is achieved.

87. Efficiency Achieving a desired output with the minimum investment.

88. Behavioral change A conscious change in the speech and action of humans due to a specific purpose or motif.

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89. Marketing research An act that allows companies to communicate with consumers by collecting required information.

90. Joint logistics A part of the logistic system. A logistic activity that is carried out by two or more people, in order to increase the efficiency of shipping and delivery.

91. Dividends The allocation of profit to shareholders of a company based on the amount of share they own.

92. Compensate Paying the victim for the damage caused.

93. Benchmarking The act of measuring the quality of an organization’s products by comparison with standard measurements, or with similar measurements of its peers, in order to gain strategic insights.

94. Manufacturing system The act of investing supplied raw materials, labor force, energy, and information in a factory in order to manufacture (produce) a product or service that is desired by the customers.

95. Equipment layout The arrangement of machineries and equipment in the most efficient, economical, safest way to create a satisfactory working environment.

96. Need for achievement The desire to accomplish a difficult task, or to overcome obstacles and achieve a high goal.

97. Practical model A model that functions exactly like the real one.

98. Financial accounting A field of accounting that recognizes, records, sorts, organizes an organization’s management activities, and prepares financial statement available for public consumption.

99. Project management method A way to organize and execute a project more efficiently and successfully. Schedule management, finance management, and human resource management, which is decided at the start and carried through the whole project, are some of the things which are dealt with under project management.

100. Analysis A method of analyzing the management of a business by calculating the rate of two finance figures which are interrelated.

076 Major Terms

< Finance Management > 01. 가중평균자본비용(WACC : weighted average cost of capital) An average representing the expected return on all of company's securities.

02. 공분산(Covariance) A measure of the joint variability of two random variables. 04

03. 상관계수(Correlation coefficient) A standardized value measure by taking the covariance and divide it by the product of the two variables' Department of Business Administration standard deviations.

04. 기대수익률(Expected return) An average value (or expected value) calculated from the return expectation(R) in a given scenario, and the probability(p) of return being achieved in the scenario.

05. 재무관리(Finance) A field of study which deals with the theories and techniques of managing finances.

06. 대차대조표(B/S (balance sheet)) A summary of company’s assets and liabilities at a point in time.

07. 차변(Debit) Details such as assets, machines, lands, and buildings owned by a company listed on the left of a company’s balance sheet (current/fixed assets). A statement which describes how the funds in a business are being used.

08. 대변(Credit) Details regarding how a company gained the funds needed to acquire its assets, listed on the right of a company’s balance sheet (liability, debt).

09. 화폐의 시간적 가치(Time value of money) The concept that the value of money is different based on the time of assessment. Money available at the present time is worth more than the identical sum in the future due to its potential earning capacity.

10. 복리가치(CV (compound value)) A calculation made without looking at the interest rate before it matures, and with the precondition that more investments are to be made.

11. 연금(Annuity) A regular amount received at a fixed time of the year.

12. 현재가치(PV (present value)) The current value of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows.

13. 내부수익률(IRR (internal rate of return)) Annual mean rate of return earned from an investment. The word ‘internal’ is used because every investment

077 04 Department of Business Administration•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

has different cost, and the possible profit from each investment varies.

14. 무차별곡선(Indifference curve) A graph that shows a combination of two goods that give a consumer equal satisfaction and utility.

15. 분산(Variance) A measurement of the spread between the difference between Rate of return (R) and Expected return (E), and the probability of each return. It is calculated by taking the differences between each number, and the mean, squaring the differences (to make them positive) and dividing the sum of the squares by the number of values in the set. The square root of its value is taken to get the standard deviation.

16. 자기자본비용(Cost of Equity) The return a company requires to pay stakeholders if an investment meets capital return requirements.

17. 자본비용(Cost of Capital) The cost required to be paid to investors for providing funds.

18. 타인자본비용(Cost of Debt) The effective rate a company pays on its current debt to a creditor.

19. 평균이익률(ARR (average rate of return)) The rate of profit calculated by dividing the annual mean gross profit by the average amount invested annually.

20. Portfolio A collection of a person’s savings (such as shares, bonds, property and cash), or diversified investment

< Human Resource Management > 01. Career development program (CDP) A human resource management system that is provided in order to support individuals/organizations in achieving goals by setting long-term career goals and making plans accordingly.

02. 구조화된 면접(Structured interview) An interviewing method of asking all interviewees the same standardized questions prepared by the company beforehand, in order to assess their response in a standardized manner.

03. Mentoring An experienced and knowledgeable person (mentor) leading and giving advices to an individual in order to develop their skillsets and talents.

04. Management by objective (MBO) A method of operating an organization where members of the organization set a goal, execute manufacturing activities accordingly, and then assess the results of the project.

05. 복리후생(Fringe benefits) A set of employee benefits apart from the salary which is given to employees by a corporation in order to increase the quality of life of employees and their family, as well as the efficiency of their work.

06. 사원추천 모집제도(Employee referral) A hiring system where an existing employee of a company recommends a suitable person for the job when there is an opening in the workplace.

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07. 360도 다면평가(360 degree appraisal) A way to overcome the flaws of the top-down appraisal method where, instead of the manager alone, the employee, their subordinates, colleagues, customers, and professional outsiders contribute to the rating of an employee.

08. 직무확대(Job enlargement)

Increasing the scope of a job through extending the range of its job duties within the same level. 04

09. Stress Interview A method used by an employer to put a candidate under intense pressure by asking unexpected questions, Department of Business Administration in order to assess a candidate’s way of thinking, how a candidate handles crisis, and how good they are at handling unexpected situations.

10. 이직(Turnover) The rate of employees who leave the company or change jobs.

11. 조직사회화(Organizational socialization) The process an individual in an organization or company learns, and acquires recognized skills, knowledge, values, attitudes, beliefs, and actions.

12. 직무교차(Overlapped workplace) A task design method where a part of an employee’s task overlap with the task of another employee.

13. 직무기술서(Job description) Details regarding a job, such as the job’s contents, duties and execution methods and procedure, and job requirements.

14. 직무명세서(Job specification) The qualifications required of an employee for the job.

15. 직무분석(Job Analysis) Structurally breaking down and understanding the details of a job, in order to be able to provide related job description to human resource management.

16. 과업(Task) The unit of duty assigned to an employee.

17. 직위(Position) A set of responsibilities given to an individual.

18. 초과근로(Overtime) Working extra hours past the original working hours.

19. On-the-Job Training (OJT) The most basic form of internal training which can be easily executed in every level of an organization. This kind of education is carried out during work hours while a task is being executed.

20. 후광오류(Halo errors) The tendency to judge an employee based on matters unrelated to the assessment.

079 04 Department of Business Administration•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

< Marketing > 01. 고려상표군(Consideration set) The subset of brand that consumers evaluate when making a purchase decision, especially when information from internal sources is scarce.

02. 관여도(Involvement) The amount of hard work put into solving problems and fulfilling needs.

03. 탐색적 조사(Exploratory research) Qualitative method of collecting and analyzing data.

04. 기술적 조사(Descriptive research) Survey done by collecting and analyzing data regarding the characteristics of the target subject.

05. 인과적 조사(Causal research) A study to reveal the cause of a phenomenon happening in the current market. This method reveals the causal relationship between two or more variables.

06. 고객만족(Customer satisfaction) A positive emotion experienced by consumers after using a product or a service.

07. 구매 후 인지부조화(Post-purchase cognitive dissonance) The state of conflict and doubt after purchasing a product which is bought after careful consideration.

08. 대량 고객화(Mass customization) A new technique in manufacturing and marketing that mass produces customized products and services, then reduce their price in order to increase the company’s competitiveness.

09. 마케팅 믹스(Marketing mix) A strategy of combining and using a few different means of marketing within a certain environment during a specific time. (product, place, price, promotion)

10. 묶음 가격정책(Bundling price strategy) A strategy that packs different types of products together, and sell them with a single price.

11. 초기고가 전략(Market Skimming Pricing) A pricing strategy by which a company charges a high price initially (to regain the marketing cost used in the development and production of the product), and then lowers the price over time.

12. 시장침투가격 전략(Market Penetration Pricing) A pricing strategy that sets a low initial price for a product to quickly attract new customers.

13. 경쟁무대응 가격전략(Non-competition-driving Pricing) A pricing strategy that ignores the pricing strategies of competitor companies, while upholding the current strategy of the company. This strategy avoids unnecessary price competition, and places the focus on setting a price that is worthy of the brand’s name.

14. 고객지불의사 가격전략(Customer-Driven Pricing) A pricing strategy that sets the price according to the perceived value of a product by customers, while maintaining product quality.

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15. 구조화 가격전략(Structure Pricing) A pricing strategy that breaks psychological boundaries of customers by providing various types of financial benefits upon purchase, in order to increase the sales of the product.

16. 시장 세분화(Market Segmentation) A way of increasing sales by dividing a market of potential customers into groups based on different

characteristics, and then strategizing marketing activities to match the interests of customers in different 04 markets.

17. SWOT Analysis Department of Business Administration A strategic planning technique that identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to an organization, and coming up with marketing strategies accordingly.

18. STP Strategy A framework of marketing strategy based on the change in the market. Steps in this framework: Segmentation (analyze and identify target consumers), Targeting (decide and research target market), Positioning (analyze a product, and develop a product positioning in ways that would appeal to the market).

19. AIO Analysis Dividing a market into segments based on psychographic profile (age, gender, income, occupation) of the subjects.

20. 선매품(Shopping goods) A product which is used as a comparison in terms of quality, price, and style to a target product during a consumer’s selection process, before deciding to purchase a product.

< Accounting > 01. 재고자산(Inventories) An existing asset in the form of products awaiting to be sold, in the process of manufacturing, or the raw materials to be used in manufacturing or providing services.

02. 분계(Journalizing) The process of recording all business transaction in the accounting records of a business using double-entry bookkeeping techniques (dividing transactions into two columns: debit, credit).

03. 비유동부채(Long-term liabilities) A financial obligation/debt for which payments will be required after one year from the measurement date (private loan, rental deposit, reserve for retirement allowances, deferred tax liabilities, long term trade payables,…)

04. 회계순환과정(Accounting cycle) The process of recording every business transaction that happens, and then producing a financial statement in the end.

05. 회계등식(Accounting equation) An equation that shows the relationship between assets, liabilities, and net worth.

06. 외상매입금(Accounts payable) The amount of money that has not been paid after purchasing products, materials, and/or services.

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07. 발생주의회계(Accrual accounting) An accounting method that measures financial elements that influences a company regardless of when cash transactions occur.

08. 자본금(Capital stock) The number of shares authorized for issuance by a company's charter.

09. 자산(Assets) A property of economical value (tangible and intangible) owned by a person or an organization

10. 자본잉여금(Capital surplus) The additional paid-in capital excess of par value that an investor pays when buying shares from an issuing entity.

11. 매출원가(Cost of goods sold) The expenses of a company in the production of a product. Cost = beginning inventory + purchases during the period – ending inventory

12. 유동자산(Current assets) a kind of asset that is the opposite of fixed assets/non-current assets (i.e., short-term assets that constantly change in value).

13. 감가상각(Depreciation) Assets lose their value over time through the introduction of new products, or replacement by new equipment. Depreciation is a planned, gradual reduction in the recorded value of an asset over its useful life

14. 복식부기(Double entry bookkeeping) A recording technique of categorizing all transactions into two accounts, which are credit, and debit.

15. 매출총이익(Gross profit) Net sales minus the cost of goods sold.

16. 당기순이익(Net income) A company’s total earnings, calculated by subtracting total expenses from total revenues.

17. 영업이익(Operating income) The profit from the main business of a company. Operating income is the amount left after deducting cost of goods sold, and operating expenses from the net sells. Sales profit.

18. 이익잉여금(Retained earnings) The profits that a company has earned to date, after deducting any distribution paid to investors. (Earned surplus reserve, legal reserve, voluntary reserve, retained earnings carried forward)

19. 매출채권(Accounts receivable) The amount of money owed by customers or clients after goods have been sold.

20. 매입채무(Trade payables) An amount billed to a company for goods purchased.

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< Operation Management > 01. 가중이동평균법(Weight moving average) An algorithm which estimates the price momentum of an asset using a concept derived from the method of calculating momentum of cars.

02. 공정도표(Process Chart)

A diagram that presents the categories of tasks, and the flow of work at a manufacturing factory or a job. 04

03. Line balancing A method of dividing a whole collection of production-line tasks into equal groups, in order to maintain the Department of Business Administration balance of the manufacturing process.

04. Barcode An optical, machine-readable code that is a representation of numbers or symbols in the form of a series of lines of varying thickness.

05. 생산관리(Production management) A series of measures that increases the efficiency and effectiveness of manufacturing activities.

06. 생산능력(Production capacity) The maximum possible output of a business under the given conditions (equipment, labor, production effectiveness).

07. 생산라인(Production line) The flow of making a product, from the processing of materials and parts in a factory, assembling of parts, up to the completion of a product.

08. 생산율(Production rate) The number of goods producible with the given facilities when all machineries are in full operation.

09. 수요예측(Demand forecasting) A systematic prediction of the demand for the product of an organization through demand analysis and market research.

10. 안전 재고(Safety stock) An additional quantity of product held in stock in order to prevent problems which may happen from the imbalance of demand and supply.

11. 연속공정(Continuous processes) A method of continuously producing products by continuously adding materials onto machines that are operating.

12. 연속생산(Continuous production) A method used in the mass production of a same type of product.

13. 유연생산시스템(Flexible manufacturing system (FMS)) A method of producing goods that is readily adaptable to changes through processing. This method allows various types of products to be produced simultaneously without reducing the rate of manufacturing.

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14. 유휴 시간(Idle time) A period of time when the computer system is not being used although it could be.

15. 자재명세서(Bill of materials (BOM)) A list of raw materials or sub-components needed to manufacture a product.

16. 자재 소요계획(Material requirement planning (MRP)) A computer-based production planning and inventory control system which attempts to keep adequate inventory (raw materials, sub-components, construction components, assembly tools) levels to assure that required materials are available when needed.

17. 적시생산(Just in time (JIT)) An inventory strategy in which companies use inventories as they are without keeping any in stock.

18. 파레토 분석(Pareto Analysis) A method of finding out an important problem by collecting information and data of potentially problematic issues, and recording them under specific categories.

19. 휴리스틱(Heuristics) An intuitive technique of problem solving that is used when a rational judgement cannot be made due to lack of time and information, or when a systematical judgement is not required.

20. 조달기간(Lead time) The time between the initiation and completion of a production process of a product.

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085 05 Department of International Tourism Department of International Tourism

Introduction The study of Tourism is a field which nurtures talents who are enthusi- astic in pursuing a career in companies such as, local travel agencies, airline companies, hotels, resorts, casino, and conventions. The course structure of the Department of International Tourism (Tour- ism Management) is made up of basic subjects, major core subjects, and major elective subjects, which are related to management in the tourism industry. Foreign language courses are also offered as part of the major core, and major elective subjects, with the goal to produce professionals in the tourism industry fit for the globalized era.

Educational - Study International Tourism theories, and management techniques for Goals leisure and tourism business. - Learn the ways to preserve and develop tourist resources, and to manage tourism business effectively. - Study the right techniques to make good use of local tourists’ leisure time, and to attract foreign tourists. - Train professional individuals needed in the tourism business industry.

Office Address : Department of International Tourism (Department of Tourism Management) 6th Floor (BB-604), College of Business Administration, Gudeok-ro 225 (Bumin-dong 2-ga), Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea. Contact : 051-200-7490 General Terms

01. 관광(Tourism) The act of traveling for the purpose of sightseeing, appreciating natural scenery, observing the scenery, customs, and products of civilization of another country, and gaining more knowledge of the world.

02. 관광욕구(Tourist Needs) The reasons which motivate the act of tourism.

03. 관광동기(Tourist Motivation) The psychological energy which puts tourist needs into action.

04. 관광의 신체적/물리적 동기(Physical motivation in tourism) Physical/psychological diversion, pursuit of health, participation in sports events

05. 관광의 문화적 동기(Cultural motivation in tourism) Curiosity about a new place, interest in historical heritage and arts, participation in international events.

06. 관광의 대인적 동기(Personal factors in tourism motivation) Visiting relatives or interacting with new people, experiencing new and different things, taking a break from one’s social environment.

07. 관광의 지위동기(Status motivation in tourism) Education, business, professional reasons, recreational reasons, self-development.

08. 관광대상(Tourism Attraction/Resources) The elements which fulfil the various desires of tourists. It includes the tourism resources and facilities which motivate and support the act of tourism.

09. 관광매체(Tourism Media) The elements which connect tourist needs and tourism attraction. Transportation facilities, lodging facilities, travel agencies, tour guides, and relevant personnel.

10. Leisure From the time perspective, leisure refers to the free time apart from the time spent on social life (work, study…) and daily needs (sleep, eat…). From the activity perspective, leisure refers to activities during the free time. This includes recreation, and traveling.

11. Functions of leisure There are three functions: rest, change of mood, and self-development. Leisure tourism is a highly preferred activity, as it fulfils all three functions of leisure.

12. Tourists Consumers of tourism. People who leave the region of their daily life to visit another place, with the purpose to pursue psychological and physical enjoyment.

13. Positive tourism impact Economic impact such as contributing to the national economy, improving international payments, and contributing to capita income, tax revenues, and increased employment. Social impact such as cultivating international goodwill, and nongovernmental diplomacy. Cultural impact such as preserving/protecting historical heritage. Environmental impact such as preserving and improving the environment.

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14. Social tourism A concept of tourism where the public – particularly the low-income class – are encouraged to enjoy domestic tourism, in order to cultivate positive emotions, and enhance their health. It is a form of tourism with a welfare perspective, where social welfare policies are introduced to increase special aids and public facilities, as well as to implement a paid leave system, in order to materialize the concept.

15. Mass tourism A large scale tourism by the public, which is made possible by the development of means of transport, decrease in labor hours, increase in free time, change in perception towards tourism, increase in income, and

the advancement of online business. 05

16. Tourism business A general term which refers to the service business in tourism. It is a business for human peace and welfare, which creates tourism demand, and then provides various tourism activities through suitable business ac- Department of International Tourism tivity, with the purpose to achieve the multilateral impacts of tourism. The tourism business by government and public institutions is called ‘tourism administration’, while the tourism business by private companies is referred to as ‘tourism management’.

17. Direct provider Tourism companies that provide products and services to tourists directly. Hotels, travel agencies, restaurants, retail shops, airlines, and transportations are some examples.

18. Support services Services provided by companies contracted by direct providers. Food services, laundry services, food supplier, tour organizers, and travel publication are some examples.

19. Tourism resources Elements which spark tourists’ motivation and desire to travel. Tourism resources attract tourists, and increase tourism income.

20. Classification by tourism resource Can be classified into natural resources, cultural resources, social resources, industrial resources, and recreational resources.

21. Natural resources in tourism Mountains, sea, hot spring, caves, rivers and lakes, forests, etc.

22. Cultural resources in tourism - Cultural heritage tourism: Cultural assets, historical sites, palace, temples, museums, ancient tomb, folk- lore materials etc.… - Art tourism: Art museum, cultural center, exhibitions, art festivals, events, performances, etc….

23. Social tourism resources History, cultural values, cultural customs, the character of a nation and ethnic group, style of life, etc….

24. Industrial tourism resources Plantations, orchard, ranch, fisheries, industrial equipment, department stores, traditional markets, etc…

25. Recreation tourism resources Theme parks, casino, resorts, ski ground, golf course, etc….

089 05 Department of International Tourism •List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

26. Cultural assets Artificial and natural national, ethnical, or world heritages. Things with great historical, artistic, academic, and scenic values.

27. 관광특구(Special tourist zone) A designated region under the Tourism Promotion Act, exclusively put aside for tourism activities, or to create conditions for tourism, with the purpose to attract foreign tourists. It is a region designated by tourism-related law.

28. 생태계보전지역(Ecosystem protection zone) An area where natural ecology is preserved. It refers to places with preservation value. For instance, regions with a rich variety of animals and plants, places with unique landscape/geography, and the habitat or season- al homes of wild plants and animals in danger of extinction.

29. Travel agent A business that provides convenience and travel related information to tourists, and managers of travel related facilities such as transportation and lodging.

30. Categories of tourism based on the direction of travel - Domestic tour: Local citizens traveling within the country. - Outbound tour: Local citizens traveling overseas. - Inbound tour: Foreign tourists entering the country for travel.

31. 겸관광(Combined tourism) A form of travel for the purpose of non-tourism reasons – including recreation and sports – for business trip, work, going home, visit, and family matters. In Europe and North America, it is common to include this form of travel in tourism.

32. Cultural tourism A form of tourism with cultural motivation, mostly for studies, appreciation of arts, festivals and cultural events, visiting heritages, researching nature, ethnic, and arts, or for pilgrimage.

33. Dark tourism Unlike tourism for recreation or sightseeing, dark tourism refers to a form of tourism which involves traveling to places associated with death and tragedy. The World Trade Center site in New York after the September 11 attacks, the Holocaust site in Poland’s Auschwitz concentration camp, the killing field in Cambodia where -mil lions of people were killed, and Japan’s Hiroshima and Nagasaki, where the atom bombs were dropped, are popular destinations of dark tourism.

34. Ethnic tourism A form of tourism which is motivated by the exoticism of the lifestyle, entertainment, building, costume, hand- crafts, and such of aborigines.

35. Experience tourism A form or tourism for the purpose of experience. A common phenomenon is that tourism is evolving from ‘sightseeing’ to ‘tourism for direct experience’.

36. Green tourism A form of tourism with the purpose of experiencing the serenity and tranquility of nature and culture. Farm experience, culture experience, animal feeding experience, and farm lodging, are some examples of green

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tourism activities.

37. 연성관광(Soft tourism) A form of tourism that places its focus on the interaction between local residents and tourists, the respect of cultural traditions, and the preservation of the environment, instead of simply gaining economic benefits.

38. 공정관광(Fair tourism) A type of tourism where tourists portray behaviors and an attitude which shows respect and consideration of the life of local residents at the location of the tour. Form of travel which aims to reflect the benefits of tourism

on the travel site through tourists’ respect of the environment, society and culture of the place. 05

39. Fam tour Short for ‘Familiarization Tour’, where workers of airline companies and travel agencies, the municipal government, and other service providers invite travel agents, media workers, and related personnel for a tour, Department of International Tourism with the purpose of promoting a specific travel destination, or a tourism product of their company.

40. 사증(Visa) An official document which proves the permission to enter another country.

41. 수배업무(Travel arrangement) A service where an agreement is made, a tourism package, which includes all the required elements of a tour, is created.

42. Ground cost The cost which occurs at the travel destination. This includes the costs for lodging, meal, sightseeing, transportation, guide, airport pickup and sendoff.

43. Lodging business A business that manages and provides service and facilities which make sleeping, eating, and staying at a destination possible.

44. Commercial hotel Business hotels generally used by business and official travelers.

45. Convention hotel Large scale hotels with big convention rooms and parking facilities suitable for conventions/meetings.

46. Resort hotel A type of hotel located at tourist destinations, seaside, in the mountains, near hot springs, for summer/winter retreats, where recreational facilities for relaxation of the mind and body are provided.

47. Apartment hotel A type of residential hotel for long-term stay, usually for retired senior citizens.

48. Casino hote A hotel made for customers of a casino. It attracts customers through extravagant shows, off-site facilities, and cheap lodging cost.

49. Transient hotel A type of hotel for short-term guests who usually stay a day or two.

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50. Residential hotel A hotel for guests who stay for more than a week. Hotel maid service and basic meal services are provided at these hotels with restaurants and parking lots.

51. Permanent hotel An apartment-like hotel for long-term guests. Basic meal facilities are available.

52. GM (General Manager) The highest manager of a hotel. The position that commands, controls, and takes responsibility for the operation and management of a hotel.

53. Room department The department in a hotel which sells the most important product of a hotel – the rooms. It is generally in charge of room reservation, housekeeping, front counter service, etc.

54. Food and Beverage department The department which sells food and beverages to customers. It is usually made up of these departments: ceremonial hall, beverage, culinary, banquet, etc.

55. Other facilities department Other facilities in a hotel apart from the restaurant. Gym, casino, recreation/leisure facilities.

56. Administration department The department which deals with hotel account, employee wage, finance management, and effective management of fund procurement and operation. It is in charge of environment, security, firefighting management, etc.

57. 관광교통업(Tourism transport business) A business which improves the accessibility of travel destinations by providing transport service that reflects the characteristics of the tourism resources. It is a business that creates economic, social, cultural profit.

58. 관광객이용시설업(Tourist facilities business) A business that owns suitable facilities for food, sports, recreation, cultural, arts, and leisure, for the use of tourists.

59. (General)Camping business A business that owns and provides tourists with a camping ground, and facilities needed for camping.

60. Car camping business A business that owns and provides tourists who drive with an area where camping gears can be installed next to a parked car, and facilities suitable for camping activities (e.g., cooking…).

61. (General) Tour ship business A business where individuals who possess a Sea Passenger Transportation license according to the Maritime Transport Act, or an excursion ship business license according to the Excursion Ship and Ferry Business Act, transports tourists using a ship for the purpose of sightseeing.

62. Cruise business A business where individuals who possess a Cruise Passenger Transportation license, or a combined Sea Passenger Transportation license according to the Maritime Transport Act, fetch tourists on a cruise ship

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equipped with lodging, recreational, and convenience facilities.

63. Theme park An amusement park with a unique theme, where the facilities and operations are exclusively based on the specific theme.

64. Categories of theme parks - Themed amusement parks: A theme park with a sports or amusement theme. Examples are Disneyland in the United States, Lotte World, Everland, Carribean Bay, etc.

- Ethnic theme parks: A theme park which has ethnic and cultural themes, and recreates the environment, 05 buildings, and artefacts of an era or region. Examples are the Korean Folk Village, Huis Ten Bosch in Japan, etc. - Art theme parks: A theme park with artistic themes, such as music, art, and movies. Examples are Park Güell in Spain, Universal Studio in the United States, Seoul Film Studio Complex in Korea, etc. Department of International Tourism - Nature theme parks: A park with animals, birds, sea creatures, and insects as its theme, where the natural environment is recreated, and presented in details. Some examples include the Jurong Bird Park in Singa- pore, Discovery Cove in the United States, zoos, and aquariums.

65. Food service business A business which makes and serves food, and provides convenience through services such as food service, human service, atmosphere creation, and meal related services.

66. Tourism shopping business A kind of tourism business where goods are sold within a regional area around a tourist spot.

67. Casino business A business that uses dice, trump cards, slot machines and the likes, as gambling facilities that give random results – either monetary profit, or loss – to customers.

68. Types of casino table games - Baccarat: A game where the person (banker or player) whose cards combined together worth closest to 9 wins. - Blackjack: A game where the person whose cards worth closest – but not more than – 21 when totaled up, wins. The Ace card is worth either 1 or 11, and face cards (jack, queen, king) are all worth 10. - Tai-sai: A game where the person whose amount called equals the numbers on the dice in a shaker (die cup) wins bonuses based on the amount bet. - Big wheel: A game where the person who correctly guesses the segment indicated by a leather pointer when the wheel stops spinning, wins. The betting rate is indicated on the wheel, and it can pay up to 40x the amount bet.

69. 유원시설업(Amusement facility business) A business which owns and provides amusement facilities or equipment for tourists to use.

70. Convention A type of meeting or event, where a group of people meet at a specific venue on a predetermined date, to share and exchange information and opinion. It is a place where people are given the opportunity to meet and interact with people, for knowledge, information, and product exchange, without limits of national borders. Convention is the general term for such events, exhibitions, and the likes.

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71. 국제회의시설업(Convention facilities business) A business which owns and operates the facilities required for holding international conventions where there is a huge tourism demand.

72. 국제회의기획업(Convention management business) A business that plans, prepares, and hosts conventions upon request.

73. 국제회의전담기관(Convention & visitors bureau) An organization that is created to take full charge of duties such as providing information, consultation, promotion, or support, related to the attraction and operation of conventions.

74. Tourism marketing A strategic activity by tourism organizations, to fulfil demands of tourists by using various means of marketing, in order to achieve a target.

75. Tourism demand A phenomenon of purchasing behavior accompanied by various desires for tourism. In general, it includes both the current and potential tourism demands.

76. Tourism market The gathering of tourists with an actual tourism demand. In general, it refers to the time and space made up of the relationship between buyers and sellers.

77. Tourism products and services All the services related to the travelling to the destination, and lodging at the tour site. It can be understood in terms of a market cart, where the cart is filled with lodging facilities, shopping activities, sightseeing, meal, and related tourism services. The cart itself refers to the cultural, geographical, meteorological (weather) environment of the travel destination, which acts as an attraction to tourists.

78. 관광서비스의 무형성(Intangibility of tourism services) The abstract, non-physical aspects of tourism services.

79. 관광서비스의 동시성(Simultaneity of tourism services) Tourism services possess simultaneity due to the fact that manufacturer and consumer are present and interacting with each other in the same space at the same time.

80. 관광서비스의 소멸성(Perishability of tourism services) Things like airplane and train tickets, hotel rooms, and tickets for seats in a stadium, will lose their value if not sold on – or before – the day.

81. 관광서비스의 계절성(Seasonality of tourism services) The demand of tourism services differs greatly according to the season, days of a week, and time of a day.

82. 시장세분화(Market segmentation) The act of dividing the overall market into sub-markets based on statistical variables such as population, and response to a marketing mix. Markets that are predicted to respond similarly to a same marketing mix are grouped together.

83. Target market A sub-market among the segmented sub-markets, which is judged as having the highest potential demand.

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This market is selected as the market to focus on.

84. Tourism positioning A strategy of attracting the interests of customers by differentiating one’s own tourism product and service from those of their competing companies, usually by giving their own products a different image.

85. International tourism The activity of travelling to another country, for the purpose of sightseeing and observing the arts, system, customs, life, of people of another race, language, customs, religion, and nationality. 05 86. Tourism policies The guidelines which propose the range and correct direction for coordination and implementation of tourism administration in order to promote a country’s tourism. It is generally divided into domestic tourism policies, and international tourism policies. Department of International Tourism

87. Tourism administration The methods and contents of materializing tourism policies. Its functions include the promotion and regula- tion of tourism, and the promotion, coordination, guiding, supervision, and control of tourism businesses.

88. Sustainable tourism development The act of developing an area while taking environment protection and preservation into consideration, so that the sustainability of tourism resources is maintained. With that, the area would be able to consistently provide quality travel experience to tourists, and regional residents can gain economic profit from the tourism development and its activities.

89. General rules of UNEP’s sustainable development Seek the improvement of quality of life, economic growth, and environment preservation. Research and gauge the value and capacity of environment. Notice the country’s role in worldwide environmental problems, and respond. Seek equity of all members of the system. Improve the law and instruments required for sustainable development.

90. 리우선언(Rio Earth Charter) A declaration made at the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on June 1992, with the ‘Healthy earth, abundant future’.

91. Alternative tourism A form of tourism as a substitute for mass tourism, which minimizes the damage of mass tourism, while satisfying the needs of tourists, and maintaining the economic impact of tourism on a region. Green tourism, rural tourism, eco-tourism, soft tourism, are some forms of alternative tourism.

92. 생태관광(Ecotourism) A form of tourism which combines observing nature, and experiencing culture, with the purpose of protecting the ecosystem – nature, cultural heritage, and lifestyle – of a region.

93. Wetland An area that is permanently or temporarily covered by fresh water, brackish water, or salt water. It refers to both inland wetlands, and coastal wetlands.

94. 람사르 조약(Ramsar Convention) An international pact with the purpose to preserve wetlands that have a variety of ecology, and use them

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wisely. Its full name is ‘Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat’. Countries affiliated with the treaty register the wetlands in their region on an international list of wetlands. These affiliated countries are also required to run environmental impact assessments, create a wetland directory, designate nature reserve areas, train wetland supervisors, and cooperate in the duties as stated in the agreement.

096 Major Terms

01. Act of God clause A clause in the contract which states that a breach of contract due to changes in weather (hurricane, torna- does…) or inevitable elements such as war, is not the responsibility of either party.

02. Advertised tour A group tour organized by a travel agency who sets the itinerary, travel conditions, and travel costs beforehand, and recruits customers with it.

03. Affinity group

A charter flight rented to transport members of a group who travel for reasons apart from tourism. 05

04. Air fare The transportation of passengers and their belongings from one location to another by an aircraft, is called ‘air transportation’, and the cost for such transportation paid by passengers, is called ‘air fare’. Department of International Tourism

05. Airport hotel A hotel that is directly connected to the airport, or located near the airport. Due to its proximity to the airport, it is popular among tourists making a stopover.

06. Amenity A part of service which is provided without extra charge, to guests of a hotel, for their comfort and convenience. It is usually available for guests in the hotel rooms, or in amenity corners at hotels. It is the general and basic ‘extra service provided’ to customers. .

07. Attrition The reduction of guestrooms designated for meetings.

08. Auto-camp A form of travel, where travelers sleep in tents, cars, or trailers, instead of in hotels. It also refers to the facilities required for auto-camping.

09. B&B Short for ‘Bed and Breakfast’. It refers to a form of guestroom rental in Great Britain and Europe, where continental breakfast is included in the reservation of a room.

10. Back packer A term originated from Australia in the 1980s, used to describe travelers with a backpack.

11. Boarding house Generally refers to a dormitory. When it is used to mean a form of lodging facilities for travelers, it refers to a lodging that has fewer service and facilities than hotels. It is similar to inns, but boarding houses are usually related to long-term stays.

12. Break-out session A small scale negotiation to work together on a specific task after receiving similar information or education from a meeting.

13. Budget hotel A type of hotel which targets tourists who sleep in low-cost hotels, and spend the extra money on luxurious food and tours. It is about 20%-50% cheaper than usual hotels, and provides only basic services (lodging, food,

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telephone, bathroom, TV), with no luxurious services. It is especially common in the United States.

14. Business casual A dress code that is more casual and informal than business suits, necktie, and dress shirts.

15. Buzz session An informal meeting made up of a few people. It is a consultative body formed to discuss about a problem in details, and is sometimes held a few times in a session. During a buzz session, the original meeting session is stopped, and divided into a few sub-committees. Every sub-committee appoints a leader, who would later present the result of the sub-committee discussion in the original meeting session.

16. Cabotage A business transport agreement within a country’s territory. By principle, an airline from another country is not allowed to transport within the operation area of another country. For instance, an airline with foreign nationality is not allowed to operate domestic flights between Seoul and Busan in Korea.

17. Cancellation clause A written clause in an agreement which applies when any one of two parties does a behavior that breaches the contract.

18. Carrier package A tourism product planned by transportation company lineage travel agencies. Tourism businesses create advertised tourism packages with airlines and lodging facilities, but travel agencies with linkage to airlines or railroad companies can easily purchase tickets because they own their own means of transport.

19. Catering A service that provides food and beverage support at designated venues.

20. Commercial rate The discount rate contracted to businesses that interact with hotels regularly. A fare system which gives a certain amount of discount through a contract with a specific business. It refers to either a 10%-30% discount based on contracts with foreign companies, or conglomerate operated hotels applying the system to its interrelated enterprises or subsidiaries.

21. Comp It means room provided free of charge. It is the abbreviation of ‘Complimentary on Room’. It usually refers to a guestroom provided for free, without including food and drinks.

22. Concierge A hotel job that is collectively in charge of various kinds of consultation and arrangement duties. They are often stationed at a desk or counter in the lobby, and provide information, consultation, and arrangement services for hotel room guests. Their job demands a wide range of knowledge and experience, as it covers a wide variety of jobs, such as providing various kinds of consultation, making arrangements for transport and for watching a show, and tourism information.

23. Conference A term with almost the same meaning as convention. It generally involves more discussions among participants than conventions. While conventions are usually used as a form of regular meeting in industries that deal with many subjects, conferences are usually for the exchange of new knowledge, and research on specific topics in the science, technology, and academic fields. Conferences are usually held alongside annual

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meetings in large scale. Small scale meetings are only referred to as conference.

24. Congress A term with the same meaning as convention, and is commonly used in regions in Europe. It usually refers to international meetings. Convention and congress both consist of various programs, including a full meeting session, social events, and tourism events, and are usually held in large scale with thousands of participants. It is held annually, and supervised by permanent international organizations.

25. Continental breakfast

A type of simple self-service breakfast made up of juice, coffee, tea, pastry, bread, roll, etc. 05

26. Cutoff date The deadline to confirm the number of rooms, or flight tickets, for group tourism. Department of International Tourism

27. Departure tax A tax imposed upon departure from a country. It may also be collected along with airport tax. There are also countries that impose this tax differently, if the stay in the country is either less than 24 hours, or more than several months.

28. Double booking A reservation term which refers to a ‘duplicated reservation’, where a passenger books a ticket for the same route twice, or reserves a room twice for the same time.

29. 목장체험관광(Dude ranch) A form of ranch-themed tourism which allows tourists on holiday the chance to experience horse riding, and observe the work at a ranch.

30. Due Out A term used to indicate a room status, indicating an empty room after the check-out time on that day.

31. E/D Card (Embarkation/Disembarkation) A card filled out by a tourist leaving/entering a country, which usually includes details such as passport number, purpose of visit, flight number, etc. Embarkation cards are not required in England and France. Both embarkation and disembarkation cards are not required in Switzerland and Italy.

32. Eurotel The abbreviation of ‘Europe hotel’, which refers to a chain of resort mansion for sale. The hotel’s rooms, furniture, appliances, and furnishings can be purchased, and rented to someone else when not in use. It is also a hotel system where a person who owns a different hotel in the same Eurotel chain can use the hotel at a cheaper price than other people. Individuals who purchase a Eurotel would have to bear the maintenance fee based on the structure of the room. Discounts are provided for the cost of using other services, such as the restaurant.

33. Extended stay It first originated in the United States, and it refers to a new type of hotel which provides facilities and services for long-term guests. This type of hotel does not only focus on furnishing the room structure and its amenities, but it also puts effort into soft details, such as providing shopping services to guests.

34. Family hotel A type of lodging facility which has cheap family units with a communal kitchen, or family units with a private

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kitchen, and exercise equipment inside and outside the house.

35. FET (Foreign Escorted Tour) A type of foreign tourism with an escort, which is also known as the original form of oversea tourism. A local escort who acts as a guide would be needed, to help tourists who are unfamiliar with the country, or who do not speak the local language when traveling in a foreign country.

36. 마일리지 프로그램 FFP (frequent flyer program) An airline membership program which gives free air tickets, or free upgrade service to passengers, depending on their accumulated flight distance.

37. FIT (Foreign Independent tour) A form of free and easy tour where a tourist travels alone without an escort or a guide. It is commonly seen in solo tours.

38. Flat rate The original cost of hotel rooms differ according to levels, but a ‘flat rate’ refers to the act of selling these rooms at the same price. It is used when selling guestrooms in large number to travel agencies or related organizations.

39. Front clerk A general term which refers to the job in charge of reception of guests at the front desk. Handling tasks related to check-ins, receiving and managing room reservations, handling customer enquiries, proving information, managing guests’ mails, and safekeeping room keys, are some of the duties of a front clerk.

40. Full package type A tourism product which provides all the required elements of travel. This package has two-way transportation, lodging, meals, sightseeing, and all the other things arranged, and are usually guided by a crew member, and a guide throughout the whole itinerary.

41. Go-show A state where a person who fails to reserve a seat beforehand, goes to the airport, and expresses their intention to purchase a ticket in case there happens to be an empty seat. It is the opposite of no-show. It is uncom- mon in international flights, but very common in domestic flights, where many flights are operated.

42. Happy hour One of the hotel promotions, where drinks and snacks at the hotel food and beverage area (lounge, cocktail bar, pub…) are available at a discounted price, or for free, during the off-peak hours (usually between 4pm- 6pm).

43. Health tourism A form of tourism for the purpose of health or to recover from an illness. Recent forms of tourism tend to include elements of sports and health recuperation, and health tourism is seen as an expanding social phenomenon.

44. Heritage tourism A form of tourism which focuses on heritages with historical characteristics, such as cultural, natural, and other forms of heritages. The UNESCO world heritages, a country’s natural monuments or national treasure, and the history of various local governments, are some examples.

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45. 개최준비 위원회(Host committee) A committee in countries that host international meetings. The host committee is in charge of securing a convention hall or exhibition hall, required equipment, and related personnel (simultaneous interpreters…), making lodging and transportation reservations, and being in charge of various social functions and travel information.

46. House guest People who are allowed to use a hotel’s amenities and services for free.

47. Hub airport 05 An airport that acts as the center, with a network of flights operating towards other cities. It is used to con- centrate passenger traffic and flight operations, and serves as a transfer point to get passengers to their final destination. Department of International Tourism

48. Idle time A period of time when the amount of customer decreases, and business becomes inefficient. The period of time between meal times in the food and beverage business is an example of idle time. A solution – such as closing the premise or using the time for other purposes – is needed to increase the efficient use of space during this time.

49. Independent hotel A type of hotel that operates independently without being affiliated to a chain system. The recent trend of independent hotels is competing against chain hotels, by gaining the benefits of the chain system through setting up a reservation system, or joining a consortium, while maintaining their independency.

50. International exhibition A grand scale tourism market which has been held for more than 1,500 times worldwide. Although the general public visits such international exhibitions as well, most of the visitors are business managers, engineers, purchasing representatives, and salespersons. It is becoming a very useful opportunity in increasing export, and promoting international marketing.

51. International Tourist Year The UN designated 1967 as the International Tourist Year with the slogan ‘Tourism, Passport to Peace'. It attempted to encourage the cooperation of different countries for the sake of promoting and expanding international tourism.

52. Island hopping A form of tourism similar to a round-trip tour, where tourists visit various islands within an island region.

53. IT (Inclusive Tour) An air fare that is usable by tourism businesses in order to promote and market their travel package which includes air and ground travel, hotel, and sightseeing.

54. 기조연설자(Keynote speaker) A person who gives a speech to deliver the important points of interest and fundamental issues of a meeting to participants of the meeting.

55. 동반자 행사(Ladies program) A program for the wives of participants of international meetings. It is important to plan the itinerary so that it is not too packed and rushed, and always choose times which will not affect evening functions. Schedules

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such as flower arrangement, fashion show, shopping, city tour, beauty demonstration, and invited lectures, are prepared in such programs.

56. Land operator A dealer who receives commission from tourism companies, to arrange ground matters overseas. In the case of large tourism companies, it refers to the land operator of their foreign branch, who is in charge of the local operation of ground matters.

57. Late arrival The situation where a guest who reserved a hotel room, arrives at the hotel after the reserved time has passed. Guests must contact the hotel beforehand in such cases. Otherwise, the reservation will be automatically canceled.

58. Model culture Ethnic or historical cultures that are recreated for tourism purposes. It may also refer to theme parks that allow the experiencing/learning of such cultures. Some examples of places to experience ethnic cultures include the Polynesian Cultural Center in Hawaii, and the Korean Folk Village. Places to experience historical cultures include the Plymouth Plantation in the United States, and Disneyland is a place to experience popular media culture.

59. Moving tourism A term which describes a form of tourism that changes according to the means of transport. Tourism by means of bus allows tourists to enjoy the comfort of the bus, while looking at the view through the window, so it is known as ‘sightseeing in the city’. Tourism by means of railroad allows movement from one point to another, and it is known as ‘point sightseeing’. Freedom increases greatly in tourism by driving, and allows the tourist to deviate from the route for a moment, to stop/park the car for a rest, or a walk nearby. Therefore, it is known as ‘face sightseeing’.

60. Normal fare The standard fare of international airlines. There are three classes (first class, middle class, and economy class), and the fare has been discussed at the IATA fare meeting, and approved by the government of each related countries. The opposite of this term is ‘excursion fare’..

61. No-show The incident where a passenger who has booked an air ticket, but does not show up with no prior notice. This excludes the event of misconnection (delay of a connecting flight). Guests who fail to show up at a hotel after making a room reservation are also referred to as no-show.

62. 객실점유율(Occupancy ratio) The number of occupied rooms against the amount of rooms owned by a hotel. It is also known as 'occupancy rate', or 'occupancy percentage'.

63. 오지탐험여행(Off the beaten type travel) A form of tourism which visits remote and undeveloped areas. It involves activities such as visiting the South Pole, trekking Himalaya, adventuring the Outbacks in Australia, visiting tropical rain forests, pilgrimage of the Silk Road, etc.

64. Optional tour A type of tour that does not involve planning in the beginning, and requesting for a guide upon arrival at the destination. Option tour allows the option of personally deciding the itinerary of the tour. It is not a designated tour, but

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a kind of tour with lots of free time. It is a new type of tour that is emerging due to the demands of tourists.

65. Over booking The act of receiving more reservations than the amount of rooms available at a hotel. Over booking is done under the assumption that some customers might either cancel the reservation, or no-show.

66. Paging service A service where the hotel searches for a guest in the premises, and relays a message to them, based on the request of another hotel guest, or an outsider. 05 67. Pax The number of person(s).

68. 국제회의 전문용역업체(PCO (Professional Congress Organizer)) Department of International Tourism The professionalism and variety of the international conference business has led to the emergence and development of professional service business. In countries that frequently host large scale international conferences, the PCO is entrusted by the organizer to carry out marketing activities to promote the country, and to be in charge of conference preparation and management duties, so as to save time and cost, and to host the conference effectively.

69. Pension A typical inn-like lodging in Europe. It is the same as guesthouses in English-speaking countries. It usually provides lodging facilities, food, and beverages to guests only. Pensions are not as luxurious in comparison to hotels, but they are characterized by their family-like atmosphere and services.

70. Rentable ratio The ratio of total building floor area against the profit-making area (the area occupied by guestrooms, beverage machines, etc.). It is usually marked in percentage (%). A higher percentage indicates a more efficient use of facilities. Typically, multifunctional high-class hotels have lower costs, and the lower the cost of a hotel, the higher the percentage.

71. Residential hotel A hotel for residing in, located in the middle of a city that is convenient to live in. It is cheap, and usually receives payment in weekly units. The rooms are cleaned every day, but change of sheets is provided once every week.

72. Resort A type of lodging that is popular among others in a tourist destination. It is important for resorts to provide a comfortable and pleasant space.

73. 객실가동률(Room occupancy) It refers to the ratio of the number of rooms in a hotel, against the number of rooms that are occupied. It is used as an indicator of the availability of rooms.

74. 준성수기(Shoulder season) The period of time between peak season and low season in tourism business. It refers to the time immediately before, or after, a peak season, where the fare is cheaper than the fare during peak season, but still higher than the normal price.

75. SIT (Special Interest Tour) A form of tourism with a special purpose apart from visiting tourist attractions. It is a tour with the purpose of

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fulfilling a specific interest. SIT is the product of careful planning after considering the feedback and demand of tourists who were previously unsatisfied with existing tourism packages.

76. Skeleton type A form of tourism that has only made reservations for air tickets and hotels, and has not made any arrangements for meals, or any detailed sightseeing itineraries. It is also known as ‘air & hotel type’. It is a type of tourism with a good deal of free time, and is usually preferred by experienced tourists.

77. Space block The act of hotels securing and providing a specific number of rooms to room booking agents beforehand. The term ‘space block’ also refers to the rooms that are secured and provided. When there is a request from customer to make a reservation of such rooms, the agency can sell their rooms directly based on their own judgement, without having to go through the hotel.

78. Special ticket An air ticket that is sold at a special price. Among the special fare, there is the non-promotional discount fare, which is designated based on specific conditions of a passenger (such as, age), and the promotional discount fare, which is designated with the purpose of increasing sales. A typical example of the latter is IT (inclusive tour) fare, and there are conditions related to things such as the destination, season, duration of tour, tour course, lowest selling price, etc.

79. 시차휴가(Staggered holidays) An attempt to prevent congestion, through an organized spread-over of summer holidays, so that the wave of tourists does not get concentrated to a specific period of time. Schools in Germany postpone summer break by a bit every week, in an attempt to ease the rush. In France, manager associations are guiding businesses to spread out the summer vacation.

80. Supporting tourism A type of tourism with the purpose of observing, learning, and attempting to improve situations of poverty and hunger, environmental destruction, and the degeneration of historical heritages. Many of such tours are organized by the NGO, and it is also known as volunteer tourism.

81. Sustainable tourism A form of tourism which stemmed from the concept of sustainable development. The environment and tourism development are not opposites of each other, but are dependent on one another. Sustainable tourism is the idea that the development of tourism which would be sustainable even in the far future is possible through the preservation of the environment.

82. T/C (Tour Conductor) The tour guide who guides local tourists while sending them off on a tour in another country. The task of providing tourism information, and other related duties, are handed over to a local tour guide upon arrival at the tour destination.

83. Technical visit The act of visiting another country or a different region, with the purpose of inspecting advanced technology and system, and modern industrial facilities. Recently, the purpose has extended to a wide range of industries, such as fashion, clothing, education, etc.

84. Theme park A special themed recreational park made up of facilities for entertainment, recreation, and amusement. The

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concept of theme parks introduced in an attempt to differentiate it from amusement parks that had too much elements of entertainment and fun. Everland, Lotte World, and Seoul Land, and some of the leading theme parks in Korea.

85. Through check-in A form of check-in which allows passengers with one or more stopovers to check-in for all their flights. Boarding passes for their connecting flights will be issued. It is effective in simplifying the boarding process of passengers, and in reducing the amount of time needed for transit, and cutting ground cost for airline companies.

86. TIC (Tourist Information Center) 05 In Korea, this term is used to refer to the Tourist Information Center operated by the Korean Tourism Organi- zation (KTO).

87. Tour operator Department of International Tourism A person who arranges travel itinerary for an unspecified number of tourists. There are wholesale businesses that only create products without selling them to the public, and also retail businesses that do both creating and selling products. In Europe and America, where the division of labor in wholesale and retail is clear, tour operator refers to businesses that do wholesale.

88. Tourist hotel Hotels that provide lodging facilities, and food. Motor hotels, youth hotels, aquatic sightseeing hotels, and recreation condominiums are types of tourist hotels.

89. Tourist organization An organization that exists to help the public engage in tourism activities. This includes government administrative agencies, as well as private organizations.

90. Unit products The products of trade between travel agencies. As the main components of tourism, such as air tickets, hotels, city tour, and transfer, are already available in unit products, travel agencies that purchase them may complete the product by arranging meals, or adding extra options, according to the likes of customers. These products also help small scale travel agencies with poorer purchase power to increase their constructing ability.

91. 단일요금제도(Unit rate system) A policy for hotel room rates which is being implemented in Korea. The rate of rooms is not calculated based on the number of guests, but on the number of rooms. Room rates are standardized regardless of the number of guests.

92. 세계관광기구(UNWTO) An international organization where the United Nations, the United Nations Development Program, and other professional organizations work in close collaboration as the center of the tourism industry. It refers to the governmental tourism organization, where government organizations of the world (In Korea, Ministry of Cul- ture, Sports and Tourism) are regular members, and the tourism organizations (Korea Tourism Organization) are associate members. It is an organization where the government of each country collaborates, and modi- fies the tourism policy of their country, and exchanges information with others, for the purpose of promoting tourism of the world.

93. Voucher A certificate issued by airline companies or travel agencies, which hotel guests may use in place of hotel

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cost payment. It is a form of receipt issued by hotels when the cost for group tourism, lodging, and food and beverage are paid in advance. These vouchers are a form of price discount, and it is a way to promote sales at hotels.

94. Wanderlust, Sunlust (Moonlust) A description of humans’ tourism activities, based on the actual condition of tourism in Europe. It can be classified into Wonderlust, and Sunlust. ‘Lust’ refers to a ‘very strong desire for something’. The former refers to the state of wandering with the purpose of gaining new knowledge and experience, while the latter refers to the state of temporary moving to a place which is perceived as calm and relaxing.

95. Washington Convention A treaty to control international trade in order to protect endangered plants and animals. Its official name is “the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora”. Some examples of protected items are animal fur, deer antlers, elephant tusks, etc.

96. Wholesaler A tourism business that only does the planning and construction of tourism, and selling the products to retailers. It is important for these products to have variety and appropriate price, in order to increase the sales of a wholesaler’s products. Wholesalers also use pamphlets in attempts to distinguish themselves from other companies, in order to promote sales. It is also important to have an incentive policy in order to increase sales to retailers.

97. Working holiday While travelers who enter a country with the purpose of sightseeing are not allowed to engage in profit-earning activities, working holiday is a system that allows teenagers (university students included) to work under certain conditions, in order to earn their traveling expenses.

98. World heritage A campaign to protect and preserve valuable cultural assets and monuments of the world, which began in March 1960, when the UNESCO built the Aswan High Dam in order to save the Abu Simbel Temples in Egypt, which was about to be submerged under water. As a part of this campaign, the ‘Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage’ was approved with unanimity at the 17th UNESCO General Conference in 1972. The purpose of this convention is to encourage the world to cooperate in the protection of valuable and precious cultural and natural heritage of mankind from destruction, so that they can be passed on to the next generation.

99. Yellow card A certificate which proves that vaccination of contagious diseases has been received, according to WHO standards. The certificate color is yellow in most countries, hence the name ‘yellow card’.

100. Tourism business (사업) It is generally used together with the term ‘tourism enterprise(산업)’. While tourism enterprises operate with the purpose of making company profit, tourism businesses attempt to achieve public business results through business enterprises, based on policy and administration. Tourism businesses by the country aim to promote national economy, and tourism businesses by the local government aim to promote regional economy development.

101. Peace tourism Peace tourism has the function to build an understanding between people through public interaction in recent tourism. The guarantee that tourism can be carried out safely without conflicts between countries is a condi-

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tion of recent tourism, and what makes it possible is the increase of understanding through interaction, and promotion of peaceful co-existence. This is known as peace tourism (the peace impact of tourism).

102. The One Village, One Product Movement A movement of reconstructing villages through the discovery of regional specialties (well-known local products). It is the idea of seeking revitalization of a region through the production and marketing of products from the unique resources of the region. This movement became a trigger which expanded the economic structure in farming villages that used to only depend on primary business, by introducing the tourism and service businesses in the region. 05 Department of International Tourism

107 06 Department of International Trade Department of International Trade

Introduction Overview of the Majors In order to satisfy the needs of a globalized society, people have been studying topics such as the phenomena of international goods trading (service, skills, resources…) among nations, the nature of international trade, and related legal principles.

The department offers a wide variety of subjects, such as International Management, Theories of International Trade, Theories of International Finance, Business English, Commodity Futures Trading, Theories of Inter- national Commerce, Practice and Law of International Trade, Theories of International Economics, and many others which encourage both practical and theoretical training. Furthermore, there are other lectures offered as double majors and electives in the university, which will help students to build their expertise in areas which require practical skills, such as in foreign languages, computer, and trading. The department aims to nurture students who would be competitive in the field of commerce during this globalized era.

Students who are interested in international business, or are keen to learn and experience new things would find this course interesting and useful.

Office Address : Department of International Trade, 6th Floor (BB-604), College of Business Administration, Gudeok-ro 225 (Bumin-dong 2-ga), Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea. Contact: 051-200-7446 General Terms

01. 거시경제학(Macroeconomics) A field in economics which deals with topics in economics, such as inflation, unemployment, economic growth, economic cycle, and national economies as a whole.

02. 경기순환(Business cycle) The unstable downward and upward movement of the indexes of economic activities such as employment, production, and national income.

03. Economics A field of study which is concerned with how households, companies, the government, and a whole society manage scare resources. It asks questions like “What to produce?”, “How to produce?” and “For whom to produce?”

04. Competitive market A market where many producers compete to provide customers with the goods and services needed. In a competitive market, no single producer or consumer can dictate the market. Everyone uses a price that is decided in the market.

05. Oligopoly A market where a small number of sellers provide similar products. Businesses rely on one another, and the decision of one business influences the decision of another business.

06. Gross domestic product (GDP) An index which measures the national income, based on the market value of the final products and services produced during a specific period of time (a year) in a country.

07. Equilibrium A state where economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and the interests of economic subjects like buying and selling are equal.

08. Opportunity cost It refers to all the things that are sacrificed due to a choice. It is also known as alternative cost. It is the product of explicit cost (cost that has actually occurred) and implicit cost (cost that is not necessarily shown but has already occurred) put together.

09. Monopoly It refers to a single seller selling a unique, irreplaceable product in the market. This happens when a seller is the only person who owns the manufacturing components of a product, is granted patent or copyright by the government, or happens to monopolize a market due to economy of scale.

10. 미시경제학(Microeconomics) A branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions, and the interactions among these individuals and firms.

11. Productivity It refers to the goods and services that are producible by unit labor (one hour per person). This decides a country’s quality of life.

12. 수확체감(Diminishing returns) The decrease in the marginal output of a production process followed by the increase of a factor of production.

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13. 소비자물가지수(Consumer price index) Used to measure the inflation of the typical goods and services purchased by consumers.

14. Market failure The situation that happens when the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient and an external factor that controls the market exists.

15. Prisoners' dilemma The situation where two individuals might not cooperate even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so.

16. Natural monopoly A monopoly in an industry in which the average cost of production in the long term can be reduced by offering

a lower cost to a single supplier to meet the needs of an entire market. 06

17. 조세귀착(Tax incidence) The phenomenon where the amount of tax depends on the price elasticity between participants of a market (consumers and suppliers), regardless of the amount implemented by the government. Department of International Trade

18. Elasticity The measurement of how an economic variable (amount of supply and demand) responds to a change in another. It measures the percentage of changes in supply or demand when a deciding variable changes by 1%.

19. Equality It is the concept of idea of fairness in economics, dividing the benefits equally among members of a society. It is related to the way of distributing produced goods.

20. Efficiency It is the state of getting the most out of scarce resources. It is related to the optimal allocation of resources given, in order to produce the most out of it.

21. 가격상한제(Price ceiling) A government-imposed price control or limit, on how high a price is charged in trade. Price ceiling of apartment housing price is an example. The lack of supply could lead to a growth in black markets which causes external costs to increase in such case.

22. 가격차별(Price discrimination) A pricing strategy where identical goods are transacted at different prices by the same provider in different markets, based on the characteristics of the consumers.

23. 가격하한제(Price floor) A government-imposed price control limit on how low a price can be charged in trade. The minimum hourly wage is an example. In the labor market, this may lead to excessive supply which could cause involuntary unemployment.

24. Economic profit The difference between the total profit and the opportunity cost. It is different from accounting cost (the difference between total profit and explicit cost).

25. Open market operation A strategy in controlling money supply through the buying and selling of government bonds in the open

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market. Money supply increases when a government bond is bought, and decreases when government bond is sold.

26. Law of supply A principle of economic theory which states that, when other factors are constant, an increase (decrease) in a product’s price would result in an increase (decrease) in its quantity supplied.

27. 공유자원의 비극(Tragedy of the commons) An allegory in which the overuse of a common resource where every individual acts independently to their own self-interest leads to total depletion of the resource.

28. Nash equilibrium A state of balance in game theory where players select the best strategy based on the strategy which is used by their opponent.

29. 대부자금시장(Market for loanable funds) A market in which people who want to save funds (suppliers of funds) lend funds to borrowers (demanders of funds). According to classical school theories, the real interest rate is decided at the market for loanable funds.

30. Substitution effect The change in consumers’ choices (replace more expensive items with less costly alternatives) when the price of a product rises.

31. Moral Hazard A situation in which a party (economic subject) with more information denies or acts in an undesirable manner towards the party (economic subject) who had less information.

32. Free rider A person who does not pay the cost despite gaining profit from consuming a certain good.

33. 구축효과(Crowding out effect) A phenomenon that occurs when expansionary fiscal policy (increased government funding, decrease in tax) causes a raise in interest rate, which then leads to a decrease in number of investors, substantially affects the supply of the market.

34. Income effect The change in consumers’ choice regarding a product due to their level of satisfaction, with the product’s relative price kept constant.

35. Law of demand A rule which states that with other variables kept constant, an increase (decrease) in the price of a product would lead to a decrease (increase) in its demand.

36. 승수효과(Multiplier effect) A Keynesian theory in economics which refers to the increase in final income arising from a rise in profit due to expansionary fiscal policy which results in an increase in spending.

37. 실질이자율(Real interest rate) It refers to the interest rate adjusted while taking inflation into account. It is the calculated by subtracting the

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interest rate from the nominal interest rate.

38. Phillips Curve A curve which shows the inverse relationship between inflation and rates of unemployment, suggesting that inflation and a decrease in rate of unemployment cannot happen simultaneously within a short period of time.

39. 한계대체율(Marginal rate of substitution (MRS)) The rate of exchange between two goods – with consumers’ level of satisfaction kept constant – when one good is replaced with another.

40. 합리적기대(Rational expectation) A concept whereby economic subjects make predictions about the future based on all information available,

including government policies. 06 Department of International Trade

113 Major Terms

01. Gains From Trade The most important concept in Theories of Trade which states that profits from trade become profits that benefit both nations through trading.

02. 내부 규모의 경제(Internal economies of scale) Increasing return: Economies of scale which happen within a company. Such internal economies of scale happen when an increase in production within a company leads to a decrease in the average fixed cost, which then causes trade to take place, and markets to expand.

03. 외부 규모의 경제(External economies of scale) Economies of scale which arise from various businesses belonging to a same industry gathering in the same place, directly sharing profits and exchanging know-hows, making joint-purchases of sub-components, and the convenience in hiring laborers, causing an increase in production which leads to a decrease in average cost. External economies of scale which happen due to an industry’s international agglomeration from trade.

04. 집적외부성(Economies of agglomeration) An external effect which arises from agglomeration (companies located within the same region). This concept is the main idea of the cluster effect.

05. Global Value Chain The globalization of business activities such as the designing, manufacturing, distributing, application, and disposing of products, due to the advancement of shipping and telecommunication.

06. 무차별곡선(Indifference Curve) A curve on a graph which links the quantities of two products which the consumer regards as of equal value.

07. 생산가능곡선(Production Possibilities Curve) A curve on a graph which shows various combinations of set of two goods which can be produced with the given resources when the given resources are fully utilized.

08. 무역의존도(Degree of Dependence upon Foreign Trade) An indicator which shows how much a country’s economy depends on trade. It indicates the ratio between GDP and amount of trade.

09. 무역결합도(Intensity of Trade) An indicator which shows the degree of how close a trading relationship is between a country and the world or its trade partner countries, within a certain period of time. It is also known as the ‘intensity of export’ as it is usually mainly used in export.

10. 국제분업(International Division of Labor) The division of labor based on skill, industry, and society, where countries specialize in the production of goods or services based on their own strengths, and exchange these products through international trade in order to gain profit.

11. 절대우위론(Absolute advantage theory) A theory which suggests that when a country with lower absolute manufacturing cost than other countries produces a specialized product, and trades with another country with lower absolute manufacturing cost than that country, both countries would be able to gain profit.

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12. 상대우위론(Comparative advantage theory) This theory suggests that despite an absolute advantage or absolute disadvantage of a country against other countries, if the country specializes in an industry with relatively high efficiency, both countries would be able to see the profits of trade.

13. Heckscher-Ohlin theorem A theory in economics explaining that countries export what they can most efficiently and plentifully produce (labor-full country exports labor-intensive goods, country with high capital exports capital-intensive goods). This model is used to evaluate trade, and the equilibrium of trade between two countries that have varying specialties and natural resources.

14. Leontief paradox

This econometric finding was the result of Leontief's attempt to test the Heckscher–Ohlin theory empirically, 06 hence the name “Leontief’s paradox”.

15. 요소가격 균등화 정리(Factor Price Equalization Theorem) A theory which states that the real income of laborers and capitalists of countries in a trade partnership would Department of International Trade become equal when product price becomes equal due to trade openness.

16. StolperㆍSamuelson Theorem A theorem which states that in a market of perfect competition of two products and two factors, a rise in the relative price of a product will lead to a rise in the return to that factor which is used most intensively in the production of the product, and conversely, to a fall in the return to the other factor. This theorem explains the influence of international trade on income distribution.

17. 기술격차론(Technology Gap Theory) A theory in trade which states that skill transfer due to imitation leads to a change in manufacturers and trade pattern. It is a dynamic theory in trade that takes the flow of time and changes in circumstances into account.

18. 제품수명주기이론(Product Cycle Theory) A dynamic theory in trade which attempts to explain the changes in trading pattern in relation to changes in demand and supply when a new product is created, developed over time, and standardized.

19. Intra-industry trade It refers to the simultaneous export/import of products belonging to the same industry. It is a theory which appeared because such phenomenon could not be easily explained by traditional principles of comparative advantage.

20. Offer Curve A curve on a graph which indicates the changes in rate of export/import due to changes in the international price (trading conditions).

21. 교역조건(Terms of Trade) The exchange ratio of export items and import items. The number of units of import items which is exchangeable from one unit of export item.

22. Rybczynski Theorem A theory which states that when changes in a country’s manufacturing do not influence trade conditions in any way, if the supply of a single factor of production increases, the production of industries which intensively

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require the increased production factor would absolutely increase. Conversely, production of industries which use relatively less of the increased production factor would decrease.

23. Export subsidies The subsidy which is directly provided to exporters or potential exporters in order to accelerate the export of a country.

24. International Cartel In the international market, Cartel refers to a market organization which attempts to maintain monopoly profit while eliminating free competition through restraint on production, and coordination of price. International Cartel is the international coordination of price with such market organizations playing on an international level.

25. Economic Growth The expansion of the scale of economic activities with time. The scale of economic activities is measured with Real GDP.

26. Technical Innovation A technical change that enables a certain production rate to be met by using fewer factors of production. It is possible due to factors such as the advancement of science, development of new resources and products, and improvement of production methods and management techniques.

27. 중상주의(Mercantilism) An economic concept which states that exporting more than import is the way for a country to become rich and powerful, the wealth of a country is measured by the amount of precious metals possessed by the country, and that trade is a zero-sum game. It is the basis of imperialism.

28. 유치산업보호론(Infant Industry Argument for Protection) A concept which states that a temporary protective trade policy is needed for developing countries, based on the stage of their economic development. It suggests that the desired move for countries to take is to first support the development of an infant industry, and then switch to free trade after a certain point of development has been achieved.

29. Neo-protectionism It is the result of the tendency to implement trade protection with the purpose of strengthening control measures for trade and foreign exchange in many countries, due to issues such as the chronic balance of payments and frequent international monetary crisis in the United States, the collapse of the Bretton Woods System, and oil crisis. Consequently, the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act which was passed by the United States Congress in 1988, especially, contributed to it. The fact that it is an idea of protectionism that emerged in developed countries differs from the idea of traditional protectionism, which means to protect developing countries.

30. Tariffs, Customs, Customs Duties Taxation policies as designated by the law. It is the tax which is imposed upon goods that cross tax border.

31. 실효보호율(Effective Rate of Protection) A measure of the difference between the added value of a business after tax imposition (imposed on imported goods to protect local businesses), and the added value before tax imposition.

32. FTA, Free trade agreement An agreement between countries to abolish the trade barrier. It is an agreement that results in the promotion of free trade.

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33. Customs Union A group of countries that have agreed to charge the same import duties as each other, and usually to allow free trade between themselves.

34. 공동시장(Common Market) A group formed by countries within a geographical area to abolish economic barriers, and promote free movement of labor, capital, and skills among its members in order to increase trade activities and promote economic growth. It used to be seen as only affecting regions within a country, but has been further developed since then.

35. Economic Union A union that agrees to implement the same fiscal and monetary policies among its members. It is a union that

is a step ahead of the common market. The union agrees to permit free movement of goods, service, labor, 06 and capital. An economic union can also require the coordination of taxation, currency, and economic policies among participating nations.

36. Single market Department of International Trade The final step in economic unity in which its members share a common currency, economic policy, one central bank, and common parliament.

37. 무역전환효과(Trade diversion effect) An economic term related to international economics in which trade is diverted from a more efficient exporter towards a less efficient one by the formation of a free trade agreement or a customs union. In Korea, ever since the Korea-Chile FTA started to be in effect, wine made in the United States has been put aside, and wine made in Chile is currently ranked second. This is an example of the effect.

38. 무역창출효과(Trade creation effect) An effect where trade flows which did not previously exist are created due to the formation of the free trade agreement, and a customs union.

39. 부가가치무역(Trade in value added) A statistical method used to estimate the sources of value added when producing goods and services for export and import. It is a new concept that emerged from the Global Value Chain perspective.

40. 기업 내 무역(Intra-firm trade) trade that happens between the headquarters of multinational corporations, and their branches abroad (or between the branches abroad). Intra-firm trade makes up more than 30% of trade worldwide.

41. 계약생산 무역(Contract manufacturing trade) A form of trade where corporations with factories abroad import goods based on manufacture upon order, or export goods to third party countries where there is a demand. This kind of trade usually consists of manufacturing and supplying products based on orders by branded corporations.

42. 외국인 직접투자(Foreign Direct Investment) An investment with the goal to form continuous economic relationships with a business in another country, or with a corporation by a citizen of another country. In such cases, foreigners either own more than a certain amount of share of that corporation, parent companies abroad lend a long-term loan of over five years to foreign invested companies, or foreigners participate in non-profit organizations. In Korea, this is based on the Foreign Investment Promotion Act.

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43. Foreign Exchange The method of payment for loan and borrowing between countries.

44. Foreign Exchange Market A market that does not just buy and sell foreign currencies, but is also a regular, consistent, and all-inclusive foreign exchange mechanism.

45. Exchange Rate The rate of one’s own currency against a unit of foreign currency.

46. 선물환거래(Forward Exchange Transaction) A type of transaction where two parties exchange foreign currency at a specific time in the future after the date of agreement (usually two days after).

47. Foreign exchange position The difference between the assets and liabilities in a foreign currency of a general customer, bank, foreign exchange dealer, or monetary authorities at a given time.

48. Exchange Risk The change in the value of net foreign assets in terms of one’s own currency, due to an unexpected change in exchange rate.

49. 국제수지표(Balance of Payment Table) A register which records the transactions of a country with other countries. It is a systematically organized table of the economic transactions between residents and non-residents of a country within a given period of time.

50. 경상수지(Balance of Current Account) The difference between input and output based on product, service, and income transactions.

51. 경상이전수지(Current Transfers Account Balance) It is the difference of income and expenditure in no-compensation transactions between residents and non- residents of a country. Personal transactions from Koreans abroad to families in Korea, donation funds or relief goods from charity and religious organizations abroad, and endowment of international organizations are categorized under current transfers account balance.

52. 국제금융(International Finance) A phenomenon due to the loaning (borrowing and lending) of funds between countries, accompanied by international trade, foreign direct investment, and stock investment.

53. 유로통화시장(Euromoney Market) A short-term money market which is made of euro deposit and loan under a year old.

54. 채권(Bond) A contract which states the agreement of the borrower to return borrowed funds to the lender. The contract gives the lender the right to request for the return of funds from the borrower.

55. 상업어음(Trading Bill) An agreement to pay the cost which accompanied a business transaction on a specific day.

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56. 양도성예금증서(Negotiable Deposit Certificate (CD)) A deposit certificate that is issued by a bank to a depositor for a long-term deposit. This certificate can be transferred to a third party.

57. 환매조건부매매(Repurchase Agreement (RP)) A form of short-term borrowing of securities where the buyer buys the underlying security from a dealer with the agreement that the dealer would buy them back shortly after.

58. Consumer credit It refers to the loaning of funds to consumers. Purchase credit, consumer loan, and housing finance fall under consumer credit.

59. Lease 06 A finance product where a lessor can borrow an asset (which is not a plant asset or cash) under the condition of paying a long-term rent to a lessor.

60. 할부금융(Installment Payment) Department of International Trade A payment method of paying only the amount required upon purchase, usually used when purchasing cars or housing where lump-sum payment is difficult. An installment dealer pays the total cost in lump-sum to the seller, and the buyer returns the money bit by bit to the installment dealer.

61. Project Financing A finance behavior of providing funds to large scale investment companies for social overhead capitals such as plant constructions, resource development, and construction of roads and ports.

62. Venture Capital A group of investors who support venture businesses in their venture or expansion of business, while expecting the return of invested money, as well as investment profits when these businesses succeed.

63. 주식배당(Stock Dividend) The distribution of profit to stockholders in the form of stock instead of cash.

64. 실질환율(Real exchange rates) The adjusted nominal exchange rate based on the inflation of two countries or difference in product prices.

65. Foreign exchange swaps Subjects of foreign exchange swap transactions pay Korean Won based on a fixed exchange rate to purchase Dollars, and then sell these Dollars in for Korean Won based on a different exchange rate after some period of time.

66. Call option An option which allows one to buy underlying assets (products, currency…) with a price agreed upon, within a specific period of time.

67. Put option An option which allows one to sell underlying assets (products, currency…) with a price agreed upon, within a specific period of time.

68. 일물일가의 법칙(Law of one price) An agreement that the price of an identical asset traded anywhere should have the same price regardless of location when marked in the same currency, if traded in a free market with no trade restrictions (FTA is

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applied, transportation cost is wavered, free competition).

69. Arbitrage The act of simultaneously purchasing and selling products or assets in order to gain profit from the difference in price of the product in different markets.

70. 절대적구매력평가설(Absolute purchasing power parity) A prediction that price levels of two countries are the same.

71. 평가절상(Appreciation) The increase in value of one’s own currency in comparison to the value of another country’s currency. This means that the price of a foreign currency shown in one’s own currency has decreased.

72. 환율상승(Depreciation) The decrease in value of one’s own currency in comparison to the value of another country’s currency. This means that the price of a foreign currency shown in one’s own currency has increased.

73. Big Mac Index An index which shows how a currency is rated by comparing the prices of a Big Mac burger in the United States and another country.

74. 환율결정의 통화적접근(Monetary approach to the exchange rate) A theory of determining the exchange rate based on long-term currency factors of two countries.

75. Overshooting model A theory of determining the exchange rate which considers that price of goods is rigid or slow to change in the short run, so the exchange rate overshoots in the short term, but is extorted in the long-term equilibrium exchange rate in the long run.

76. 선물환프리미엄률(Forward premium rate) The ratio calculated from dividing the forward premium (the difference between forward rate and spot rate) by spot rates.

77. International Fisher effect A theory that the interest rates of two countries is the same as the expected changes of the exchange rate between both countries.

78. 국제금리평가(International interest rate parity) A theory which states that the interest rates of two countries become equal with the forward premium rate.

79. 선물환평가(Forward parity) A theory which states that the forward rate is an unbiased predictor of the future spot rate.

80. 행사가격(Striking price) The fixed price at which the owner of an option can buy, or sell the option. It is agreed by the buyer and seller of an option during the transaction.

81. Put-call-forward parity Purchasing a forward is the same as purchasing a call option with an identical price as the forward rate while simultaneously selling a put option.

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82. Plaza agreement An agreement signed by the G-5 countries which include the United States, Japan, and Germany, in September 1985 at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, in order to adjust the exchange rate between the main countries by intervening in currency markets.

83. 환율의 전가(Exchange rate pass-through) A phenomenon where exchange rate changes are affected by the prices of products in import and export.

84. International Business or Global Business It refers to companies participating in business management internationally. International business activities can be divided into categories such as marketing, manufacturing, finance, human resource, and supplying raw materials. Multinational management strategies would be needed, depending on the establishment, total

investment, partnership, and technical cooperation of the local company. 06

85. 다국적기업(Multinational Corporation) Any corporation which has local branches in two or more countries can be called a multinational corporation. Generally speaking, multinational corporations are companies that purchase raw materials, raise funds, Department of International Trade manufacture and sell products on the global market. Multinational corporations own and manage manufacturing hubs in most countries. In other words, they own directly invested subsidiaries in many countries, and are involved in business at the international level.

86. 초국적기업(TNCs (Transnational Corporations)) TNCs are companies that go beyond national borders. They are also known as ‘Stateless Corporations’. TNCs are corporations that carry out important productions in more than one country simultaneously, and adopt global strategies that decentralize decision making to their region states.

87. Global Business Environment The internal and external environments which influence the management of a company as it deviates from a domestic market, and expands into the global market. Environment analysis in Trade Studies usually refers to analysis of the external environment, and one of the methods of external environment analysis is the PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological analysis).

88. Business Ethics The ethical standard corporates adhere in the process of pursuing profits for the company. It is a field which studies matters such as the ethical problems related to corporations, and how corporations should handle such problems when they happen. It is widely applicable in places like the market, environment, consumer marketing, hiring, and the organization.

89. Foreign Market Entry Modes A strategy which decides the form in which a corporate would enter a country when expanding into a foreign market. There are generally three forms: through export, contracting, or direct investment. Exporting is a short-term and low-risk entry method. Entry through contracting is a way of managing a business through an agreement with a company abroad, and it covers a longer term than exporting. Foreign direct investment is a method which allows the most control, but it is also the riskiest way, as it requires the corporation to invest in large number of funds and manpower. Corporates should consider the characteristics of their product, as well as the market they plan to enter, before deciding the mode of entering a foreign market.

90. Standardization Strategy A strategy which views all markets of the world as one, and selling the same main product globally. The standardization strategy helps save cost by manufacturing in large amounts through economies of scale, and

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using the same marketing strategy at the same time.

91. Localization Strategy A strategy where corporates recognize the differences of countries or regions, and apply marketing strategies accordingly. The standardization strategy could overlook matters such as consumer’s preferences, likings, local business system, and cultural differences, which could negatively affect the company. Therefore, appropriate market response is required through localization strategies.

92. Strategic Alliance A management strategy where many companies form an alliance with each other while maintaining independency, and work together to gain the upper hand against other rival companies. This alliance is a cooperative relationship which shares the skills, managerial abilities, and resource assets of one another.

93. Organizational Culture The psychological value system within an organization, made up of organization members, and the different ways they analyze and act in various situations. It is generally made up of the relationship between employees and the organization, the structural system which defines superiors and staffs, the goals of the organization, its purpose, and the employees’ opinions regarding the status of employees within the organization.

94. Global Marketing The marketing activities of corporations, with two or more countries as the subject, carried out in order to achieve the company’s goals. Owing to the acceleration of globalization, company environments have changed, and the range of a company’s management activities has expanded onto the global market. Global marketing is a marketing strategy applied by corporations as a way to manage their marketing activities as global corporations. In order to carry out global marketing, a corporation has to analyze the PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological) of each country, and consider the diversification of management and the market in the global sense, while understanding the dispersion of management risks. Furthermore, companies need to choose a target market, and come up with a strategy which integrates marketing mix, so that they can adjust to suit the characteristics of each country.

95. Cross-cultural Management A management activity which attempts to address and understand cultural diversity, while realizing that conflicts due to cultural differences can negatively affect the management of a company. A significant study is that of Geert Hofstede, which collected and analyzed data regarding the values of citizens in over 50 countries working with a multinational corporation called ‘IBM’, found that the way each country solves the same problem differs from one another. The idea of cultural dimension presented in Hofstede’s study is widely used as an important concept in cross-cultural management.

96. Global Business Strategy A type of decision making which distributes limited management resources in the global market, in order to help corporations achieve and maintain competition advantage. In short, it is the continuous effort of companies to consistently maintain competition advantage.

97. Value Chain The process of combining raw materials, labor, and share, for the purpose of producing a product or service. Value Chain analysis analyses each activity from the perspective of value associated with the final product or service. The fact that it places importance on the value of each activity shows that Value Chain analysis is concerned with the competitiveness of each activity. Therefore, it is a useful analysis in the decision-making process of adding, or specializing in new value chains.

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98. Marketing Mix The process of adjusting and organizing various techniques used in marketing, in order to gain an overall balance, so that marketing goals can be achieved effectively. The four elements that are controllable by the manager are known as 4P (product, place, price, and promotion). Marketing mix is the rational combination of 4P.

99. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) A type of investment where a corporation from one country forms a business, or acquires an existing business in another country with the purpose of obtaining investment equities in order to directly participate in management in the long term. Foreign direct investments can be divided into two types, which are joint venture, and sole venture. There are two kinds of sole venture, which differs in terms of the speed at which they enter a market, and they are Greenfield investment, and mergers and acquisitions (M&A).

100. Outsourcing 06 A method of assigning part of a company’s task processes to a third party, with the purpose of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of management. If a task is outsourced to a party in another country, it is known as ‘global outsourcing’. It is recently known as an innovative method in management which helps reduce cost, and increase efficiency. Department of International Trade

101. 물류(Physical Distribution) The flow of goods from manufacturers to consumers. Generally, the concept of distribution includes the process of transferring goods and services from manufacturer to consumer, and creating place, time, and possession utilities. In contrast, physical distribution is defined as the process of achieving place and time utility, while leaving out the business of fulfilling possession utility. Specifically, it includes the process of transporting, handling, warehousing, and packaging of the goods produced, as well as the distribution processing, or the process of distributing transportation facilities. The concept of information distribution, such as telecommunication services, and information network, are also included under physical distribution. The term physical distribution is mainly used in matters related to activities in national key industries (such as transportation equipment, and telecommunication equipment), and areas manageable by the companies themselves, such as the transportation, warehousing, material handling, packaging, distributing, and information functions.

102. Human Resource Management Tasks related to securing, developing, placing, and assessing human resources depending on the company’s predicted demand for human resource in order to achieve the company’s target. For that matter, managers require strategies in hiring, selecting, educating, training, assessing, and remunerating employees, while maintaining a good relationship with them.

103. Corporate Sustainability An approach of creating long-term stakeholder value by grasping the risks and opportunities of business management in terms of the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of Business Administration. More so than economic implication, it is important for corporations to have management strategies for the long term, which would induce interest in social achievements.

104. Low-cost leadership strategy A strategy where companies actualize economies of scale, and establish a competitive advantage against rival companies by having the lowest cost of operation. By leading the market with the low-cost leadership strategy, companies can set up a high startup cost, and prevent rival companies from entering the market.

105. Differentiation strategy A strategy where corporates design products so that they would be unique in the industry. This strategy is

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useful in raising customers’ loyalty by giving them the idea that a product is unique, and is worth a higher price than low-cost products.

106. Core competency A unique strength of a company that is perceived as almost unbeatable by rival companies. It is the ability of a company to establish competitive advantage. Core competency also becomes a reason why global corporations are also able to establish competitive advantage in terms of cost, in comparison to competitors from all over the world. Furthermore, it is also a reason these companies are able to gain price premium through differentiation advantage.

107. Corporate Social Responsibility An ethical decision to not harm or treat stakeholders unrightfully. It is a process of always keeping the promises made with stakeholders, not just because of responsibility by law, but out of voluntary decision.

108. Leadership The ability to lead members of an organization in a certain direction in order to gain results and achieve company targets. Leadership creates methods in which people can contribute to creation of something huge.

109. M&A (Merger and Acquisition) Acquisition refers to the takeover of an acquired company, and gaining the right to manage it. Merger happens when two separate companies combine forces with one another to become a single company.

110. Joint Venture It is legal way to form independent companies from a parent company. It is executed when joint effort is needed in several areas such as in research development, production, marketing, and distribution.

111. 규모의 경제(Economy of Scale) The phenomenon where production cost per unit decreases when the rate of production increases. The economic efficiency of large scale equipment, reduction of the fare or completion cost of mass purchase, and the specialization of production factors due to division of labor, are some of the reasons why economy of scale is necessary.

112. 범위의 경제(Economy of scope) The phenomenon where the production cost of each product produced by a company that manufactures two or more types of products is lesser than the production cost of each product produced by separate companies. It has the benefit of using lower cost to achieve better results, because both products use the same research development, selling, and production system. In terms of diversification, companies can also gain synergy effect, as they are entering an industry which is similar to their previous industry.

113. Globalization The tendency of the economic, social, political, and technological interdependence between state agencies and the economy to expand. While the concept of home country is evident in internationalization, globalization sees the world as a single market with no borders, and does not differentiate home country from foreign countries in business management.

114. Competitive Advantage The act of reducing cost, using better convenient facilities, or providing services with higher justified price, in order to gain the upper hand in the competition against rival companies.

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115. International Product Life Cycle Theory Corporates start by exporting their product in the beginning, and then participate in foreign direct investment later, depending on the life cycle of their product. This theory implies that in order to decide where a product will be produced, one has to consider the stage of its life cycle (new product, maturing product, standardized product).

116. First-mover advantage The economic and strategic advantage of being the first to enter an industry. The first-mover advantage can act as a barrier against potential competitors. A country that owns a company with the first-mover advantage would be able to rule the export of a certain product.

117. National competitive advantage

The concept implies that countries can create new factor advantages for themselves. It is a concept founded 06 by Michael Porter in 1990, in order to explain how a country became the leader in the manufacturing of a certain product. It is also known as Porter Diamond, and there are four elements highlighted in the diamond: (1) factor conditions, (2) demand conditions, (3) related and supporting industry, (4) firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. Department of International Trade

118. Vertical integration Company activities are made up of many stages of production, such as the stage that provides the company’s input factor (backward integration) and the stage where raw materials are turned into products (forward integration). Sometimes, when a company possesses the ability or resources for backward integration, it would be able to effectively control the global supply of the input factor which is needed in a particular industry. Additionally, a company would possess significant ability to control the market, if it is able to execute forward integration to increase the control of products.

119. Licensing A method of entering the market through contracting. A licenser who possesses intangible assets allows a licensee to use the asset for a fixed period of time. The licensee usually receives partial payment of the profit made from the intangible asset obtained through licensing. They can also be paid at once by handing over the license to someone else. Licensing is generally made up of intangible assets such as patent, copyright, unique designs, trademark, and brand names.

120. Staffing Policy The common means by which companies place employees in the office. Staffing policy greatly depends on how global the company is. There are three approaches to ensure human resource for global management activities: (1) Ethnocentric, (2) Polycentric, (3) Geocentric.

121. Culture shock A psychological response of people living abroad, typically characterized by homesickness, over-sensitivity, confusion, and depression. When a delegate returns to their home country due to inadequate capability to perform their duties, it happens because of cultural stress. Strict management is necessary because the damage caused by such cases can negatively affect the result of a corporation.

122. 외국인비용(Liability of Foreignness) Refers to the disadvantages of foreign companies. Language and cultural disadvantages, local country’s distribution network, and weak government relations are factors that cause liability of foreignness.

123. Dumping Exporting a product at a price that is lower than the usual price in the local market, or than the manufacturing cost.

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124. 국제물품매매계약(International Contract of Sale) An agreement between a seller and a buyer for the sale of goods. The agreement forms when the buyer accepts the offer by the seller. Under the agreement, the seller is obligated to hand over the goods, and the buyer is required to pay.

125. 청약(Offer) A proposal of a business contract which would have legal effect once approved by the receiving party. The agreement would be made when the receiving party accepts the offer. An offer should include items that would be able to decide the contents of the agreement, but if these points are clearly stated in the reservation and customs, then it does not need to be included in the offer.

126. 청약의 유인(Invitation of Offer) An expression of inviting someone for an offer. However, the offer does not materialize simply with the approval of the receiving party. The offeror has to accept the approval in order for the agreement to be formed.

127. Acceptance The expression of accepting an offer in order to materialize an agreement. There are no limits to the methods of acceptance, and forwarding an order in response to an offer can also be seen as a form of acceptance. An agreement will not be valid if an acceptance is not made by the end of the effective period of an offer. When there is a designated period of time for acceptance, it is a rule that the acceptance should arrive before the period ends. When there is no fixed period of time, it is common practice to understand that an offer would become invalid after a considerable amount of time has passed.

128. INCOTERMS Incoterms, ICC rules for the use of domestic and international trade terms. Incoterms are made up of 11 rules which are divided into four groups, Group E (Ex Works), Group F (Main Carriage Unpaid), Group C (Carriage Paid To), and Group D (Delivered At Place). It presents the differences between buyers and sellers regarding pricing and responsibilities in trade transactions, and it also reflects the current common practice in shipping. It was first created in 1936, and the currently used version was renewed in 2010.

129. 분할선적(Partial Shipment) Dividing the amount of product agreed upon, and shipping separately.

130. 신용장(Letter of Credit) A certificate issued by a bank upon request of a client, as a guarantee of credit, for the facilitation of trade between importers and exporters, so that both parties can trade with comfort. Goods will be released when certain conditions have been fulfilled and correspondingly payment will be made by the purchasing bank. The issue of when payment is made is of utmost importance when looking at different types of instruments.

131. 일람불신용장(At Sight Letter of Credit) A letter of credit which states that payment should be made when a beneficiary who possesses the issuing right of a documentary bill granted by the issuing bank draws/presents the bill.

132. 기한부신용장(Usance L/C) A type of Letters of Credit payable at a predetermined time period. It is a letter of credit where exporters put off the payment date for a specific period of time, while considering the importer’s condition. The bill issued in the form of usance LC is known as ‘usance bill’. It allows the importer to pay the amount for a product at a predetermined time, commonly within 30, 60, 90, or 120 days.

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133. 신용장 통일규칙(Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP)) UCP is a set of rules on the issuance and use of Letters of Credit, published by the ICC. UCP 600 has been in effect since 1st of July 2007. UCP 600 refers to “ICC Publication no. 600.

134. Applicant The person who applies for a Letter of Credit at the bank. In trade transactions, it commonly refers to a purchaser.

135. Beneficiary In trade, it means a recipient of a Letter of Credit, and it usually refers to an exporter. A beneficiary may receive the amount of money stated on a Letter of Credit, through the process of payment, acquisition, or sales, if they present the required documents as stated in the Letter of Credit conditions to the bank. Apart from an

exporter, ‘beneficiary’ may also refer to a seller, shipper, drawer, payee, accreditee, or an addressee user. In 06 terms of transferable L/C, the original beneficiary of the letter of credit is called the ‘first beneficiary’, and the person who receives the transfer is called the ‘second beneficiary’.

136. Issuing Bank Department of International Trade The bank that issues the Letter of Credit upon request by an applicant.

137. 환어음(Bill of Exchange) A form of security where an international trade creditor (exporter) orders a debtor (importer) to make a payment to a named payee or signatory, on a predetermined date and place. The Bill of Exchange is a formal document, and the items are categorized into two categories: mandatory items, and optional items. ① Mandatory items: If any one of these items is left out, the Bill of Exchange will not be recognized, and have any legal effect. (i) Bill of Exchange mark (ii) Unconditional Order in Writing (iii) Drawee (iv) Date of payment (v) Beneficiary (vi) Location of payment (vii) Date and location of issue (viii) Issuer’s signature, etc. ② Optional items: These items do not affect the validity of the bill. They are used to clarify and state the details of the bill. (i) Bill of Exchange’s number (ii) Letter of Credit and agreement number (iii) Amount of Bill of Exchange issued, etc.

138. 추심결제방식(Collection Basis) A payment method in which the exporter (creditor) first ships the contracted goods, proceeds to request payment from the importer (debtor) through a Foreign Exchange Transaction Bank in the location of export, and then receives the export payment via the collecting bank in the location of import. Some typical examples are D/P, Document against Payment, which is an at-sight payment method, and D/A, Document against Acceptance, which is a usance payment method. The bank does not take responsibility for payments of this method. Hence, in case a payment is being delayed or rejected, the bank would only inform the exporter, and the exporter would have to deal with the problem (implementation of contract, or management of claim) directly with the buyer. Therefore, document of payment is only possible between sellers and buyers who have good credit and trust.

139. 지급인도조건(D/P (Documents Against Payment)) An arrangement under which the bank which receives the documentary bill, hands over the shipping documents to the importer. The importer does not have to set up a Letter of Credit, and may receive the transfer upon presenting the shipping documents which was received along with the goods.

140. 인수도조건(D/A (Document Against Acceptance)) The buyer or importer receives the shipping documents if they accept the documentary bill issued by the seller or exporter. In the case where the buyer/importer is presented the documentary bill by the bank, accepts the goods regardless of payment, they would be able to receive the transfer of shipping documents, and make the

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bill payment as it matures.

141. 추심의뢰은행(Remitting Bank) The bank which delivers the payment request (bill) and shipping documents (bill of lading, insurance policy, invoice, etc.) to the importer’s bank in the export location, on behalf of the exporter.

142. 추심은행(Collecting Bank) The bank which receives payment for export by presenting the bill and shipping documents to the importer at the location of import.

143. 정기선운송(Liner Transportation) A form of transport that ships goods on a specific route of more than two ports, which operate regularly according to a published schedule, regardless of the load. Goods transported are generally general cargo such as industrial goods, semi manufactured goods, etc. Transportation is carried out according to the Contract of Affreightment based on a bill of lading made for an unspecified number of shippers. The freight rate implemented depends on a tariff published at an earlier point of time.

144. 부정기선(Tramper) A kind of ship that operates at any time, to any place, depending on the request of a shipping consumer. Unlike a liner, which operates on a fixed route, a tramper has no restrictions in terms of the route, goods, and operation. It sails anywhere that has a place where cargos can be loaded. Trampers are generally used in the shipping of bulk cargo such as crude oil, coal, iron ore, grains, and more. It is called a ‘tramper’ because it sails from port to port as if wandering on the sea.

145. 선하증권(Bill of Lading (B/L)) A type of security where the ship owner issues the bill upon request from a charterer or shipper, and promises to deliver the goods to the bill holder at the port of discharge. It is a certificate which represents the shipping goods (cargo), and it can be resold through transfer or endorsement. Hence, the possession of this negotiable security is equal to owning the shipping goods.

146. 선적선하증권(On Board Bill of Lading) A Bill of Lading which certifies that the specified goods have been loaded onto the ship.

147. 수취선하증권(Received Bill of Landing) A Bill of Lading which certifies that the goods have been received for shipment. It is evidence that the goods have been loaded onto the specified ship.

148. 항공화물운송장(Air Way Bill) The most basic document for the shipment of air cargo, which is a security that is similar to the Bill of Lading in transport by sea. It is a document which acts as evidence for the completion of contract between the shipper and the airline, for the shipping of goods. It functions as a customs declaration form, guide regarding the airline company, bill for cost of shipment, the delivery note of goods, and more. It is also known as an air consignment note. It is similar to the Bill of Lading in transport by sea, but it is not as flexible as the Bill of Lading. While the Bill of Lading is a security, an Airway bill is nothing but a receipt, and the possession of this bill does not allow one the right to request for goods to be delivered. Airway bills are issued in 12 copies, with three original copies. The three original copies are for the use of the carrier, the consignee, and the shipper.

149. 복합운송(Multimodal Transport) A form of transport where two or more different modes of transport (sea and rail, sea and air) are used in order to ship the goods to the destination. In multimodal transport, the starting point and destination of a

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shipment changes from the usual port to port, to door-to-door, or depot-to-depot. In order to achieve the purpose of such shipments, ① Transshipment is inevitable ② the same subjects of shipment are shipped using different modes of transport, and a Through B/L is issued for that③ Goods are packed in the form of unitized cargo for easy transshipment.

150. 고지의무(Duty of Disclosure/Representation) The duty of an insurer to inform an insured about the important particulars when the insured applies for an insurance. Shipment details, amount insured, route, scope of damage compensation, name of ship, date of voyeur, and the location and currency of insurance money payment, are some of the details that should be informed. “A contract of marine insurance is a contract based upon the utmost good faith, and, if the utmost good faith is not observed by either party, the contract may be avoided by the other party” is written in Section 17 of the Marine Insurance Act. Based on the rule of the ‘utmost good faith’, Section 18 and Section 20 of the

act mentions the insurer’s duty to disclose. 06

151. Warranty A promise that should be kept for the insured. It is a promise that a certain predetermined thing will, or will not happen, that certain conditions shall be fulfilled, or that certain statements are true/false, as agreed upon. Department of International Trade

152. Express warranty A type of warranty document, which is clearly stated on the insurance bill.

153. Implied warranty A type of warranty document, which is not clearly stated on the Marine Insurance Policy, but assumed to be adhered to. For instance, the warranty of seaworthiness and warranty of legality.

154. 보험가액(Insured Value) The estimated value for the beneficiary of insurance. In cargo insurance, it usually refers to the value of goods at the point of shipment, or during shipping. The benefit of insurance must be reasonably estimable in terms of money. The types of insured value in Marine Insurance include (i) an Agreed Insured Value, which is agreed upon between the insurer and the insured (insurance policy holder) at the time of contract, and (ii) a legal insurable value.

155. 보험금액(Insured Amount) The maximum amount of compensation for the insured, for one accident. In the case where a damaged good has not been fixed or touched up to recover its original condition, but suffers another damage due to a different accident, the insured amount would be limited.

156. Full insurance A situation where the insured amount and the insured value is the same.

157. Under insurance A situation where the insured amount is set to be lesser than the insured value.

158. Maritime perils All risks due to shipment by sea. According to the Marine Insurance Act (MIA), “‘Maritime perils’ means the perils consequent on, or incidental to, the navigation of the sea, that is to say, perils of the seas, fire, war perils, pirates, rovers, thieves, captures, seizures, restraints, and detainments of princes and peoples, jettisons, barratry, and any other perils, either of the like kind or which may be designated by the policy”.

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159. 근인주의(Principle of Causa Proxima) A rule in Marine Insurance which states that the cause of the damage of the subject-matter insured must be the immediate cause, for it to be compensated. “The immediate, and not the remote cause is to be considered” (Causa proxima, non remota) originated from a Latin phrase. The ‘immediate’ here does not refer to the time or place, but to the closest reason of the damage. If the damage is due to many continuous reasons, it would be impossible to judge if the subject-matter would be insured or not. Hence, the most relevant (one) cause among the others would be used to decide if responsibility should be taken. When the immediate cause is looked into, all the other causes are not taken into consideration.

160. 담보위험(Risks Covered) The risks that are compensated when damage is caused. It is also known as ‘insurance risks’. Among the insured risks, there are risks that are definitely covered, as stated in the normal clause of the insurance, and specially covered risks, which are mentioned in a special clause through a special agreement.

161. 면책위험(Excepted Perils) The insurer’s exemption from the responsibility to pay, based on reasons stated in the legal clause. Among excepted perils, loss from war and strikes risks, that are covered based on the special clause, are known as Relative Excepted Perils, while matters due to public order and standards of decency, which are not covered even based on the special clause, are known as Absolute Excepted Perils.

162. 부가위험(Extraneous Risks) The special risks apart from those listed in the body of the Marine Insurance Policy. If these items are inserted as a special clause, the insured would be able to receive Additional Premium. If a special clause is not made, these risks will not be covered. Therefore, the insured has to sign a special clause, for such risks to be covered by the insurer.

163. 협회적하약관(Institute Cargo CIause) Agreement terms applied to Cargo Insurance (a Marine Insurance), selected by the Institute of London Underwriters (ILU) in 1912, and revised in 1982. Based on the standards in 1982, the clauses before that are known as the ‘old clause’, while clauses after that are known as the ‘new clause’. All Risks (A/R), With Average (W/A), Free of Particular Average (FPA) in the old clause are marked as ICC(A), ICC(B), ICC(C) in the new clause. The names were simplified, and contents were more standardized. Compared to ICC(A), ICC(B) and ICC(C) has more risks which are uninsured. Therefore, depending on the type of the goods, agreement via special clause is required for Extraneous Risks. Types of Extraneous Risks include Theft, Pilferage, and Non- Delivery (insurance) (TPND), Washing Overboard (WOB), Sinking, Standing, Burning, Collision (SSBC), and more. It is necessary to pay additional premium for insurance, so that any loss or damage due to such risks will be covered. In Korea, the new clause has been implemented since 1st March 1983.

164. Marine Insurance Policy A certificate in which the contents of the insurance contract, such as the insured, insurer, subject-matter insured, risks covered, insured value, insured amount, duration of insurance, and the agreement to cover the damage caused against the insured, are listed in a detailed manner. An insurance policy is evidence of the validity of an insurance contract, and it is issued by the insurer depending on the request of the insured. It is neither a contract nor a security, but only a document of proof, and is usually transferrable through endorsement and handover.

165. Insurance Certificate In trading, it is a document of proof that insurance has been made. An open policy is issued during a fixed period of time (six months, a year), and is issued every time an exporter makes an export. The pros of insurance certificate include the fact that it removes the need to make insurance contracts repeatedly, and it

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also reduces related costs. According to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP), valid insurance documents are recognized, like insurance policy, and can be mended at a bank. 06 Department of International Trade

131 07 Department of Music Department of Music

Introduction The Department of Music was established in 1966 as the first College of Music in Busan. Being the oldest College of Music in Busan, the De- partment of Music at Dong-A University offers solid curriculum, and the competition to enter the school is the highest in Busan every year. The department is made up of honourable professors and lecturers who educate and lead hundreds of music majors in the department.

Office Address : 1st Floor, Building 07, College of Music, 37, Nakdong-daero 550beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, South Korea, Dong-A University Seunghak Campus. Contact : 051-200-1758/1760 General Terms

01. History of Western Music 13. 높은음자리표(G-clef/Treble clef) The history of classical music. A symbol that is used with higher notes. A symbol indicating that the second line from the bottom of 02. Baroque music a staff represents the pitch of G above middle C. A period or style of Western art music composed from approximately 1600 to 1750. Key composers 14. 낮은음자리표(F-clef/Bass clef) include Bach, and Handel. A symbol that is used with lower notes. A symbol indicating that the pitch of the second highest line 03. Classical period of the staff is F below middle C. Between 1750 to 1820. Key composers include Mozart, and Beethoven. 15. 가온음자리표(C-clef) A clef in between the G-clef and the F-clef. A sym- 04. Romantic music bol indicating which line of a staff represents the A period of Western classical music that began in pitch of middle C. the late 18th or early 19th century. Famous composers include Schubert, Schumann, Chopin, and 16. 음표(Note) Brahms. The pitch and duration of a sound (e.g.: semib- reve, breve, crotchet, quaver, semiquaver, de- 05. Impressionism period misemiquaver, etc.) Early 20th century. Debussy and Ravel are two leading figures in impressionism. 17. 쉼표(Rest) An interval of silence in a piece of music, marked 06. Russian Nationalism by symbols such as the whole rest, half rest, Early 20th century. Key figures: Balakirev, Boro- quarter rest, eight rest, sixteenth rest, thirty-sec- din, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Cui ond rest, and the sixty-fourth rest, indicating the length of the pause. 07. Contemporary classical music Can be interpreted differently, but usually refers 18. 박자(Meter) to music of the 20th century. The way multiple pulse layers work together to organize music in time. 08. 장음계(Major scale) Do, re, mi, fa, so, la, si, do. The scale that has a 19. 화음(Chord) semitone in between the third and fourth notes Any harmonic set of pitches consisting of two or (mi, fa), and the seventh and eight notes (si, do). more notes that are heard as if sounding simultaneously. 09. 단음계(Minor scale) La, si, do, re, mi, fa, so, la. The scale with a semi- 20. 협화음(Consonance) tone in between the second and third note (si, do), Notes that sound good together when played at and the fifth and sixth note (mi, fa). the same time.

10. 음정(Interval) 21. 불협화음(Dissonance) The difference in pitch between two sounds. Notes that sound harsh or unpleasant when played at the same time. 11. 온음(Tone) The interval of two semitones. 22. 화음(Major chord) A chord that has a root note, a major third above 12. 반음(Semitone) this root, and a perfect fifth above this root note. A half tone. 23. 제시부(Exposition) The part of a movement in which the principal

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themes are first presented.

24. 발전부(Development) The part that comes after the exposition. In this part, the theme is explored and expanded freely.

25. 재현부(Recapitulation) The part of a movement in which themes from the exposition are restated.

26. 협주곡(Concerto) A classical music composition that highlights a solo instrument against the background of a full orchestra.

27. 실내악(Chamber music) 07 A form of classical music that is composed for a small group of instruments.

28. 현악합주(String Orchestra) Department of Music An orchestra consisting solely of string instruments.

29. 관학합주(Wind Ensemble) An ensemble consisting solely of wind instruments.

30. 지휘자(Conductor) A person who leads the performance of an orchestra or choir.

31. 악장(Kapellmeister) The leader of an orchestra or choir.

135 Major Terms

< A > 17. agevole 01 abandonne Lightly, softly Freely, relaxingly 18. agile, agilmente 02. a Battuta With agility According to tempo 19. agitato, agitatamente 03. abbassamento, abb. Agitated, restless Gradually weakening 20. al fine 04. a bene placito To the end At pleasure 21. alla Marcia 05. a cappella In the style of a march. Singing without instrumental accompaniment 22. alla pollacca 06. a capriccio In the style of a Polonaise A free and capricious approach to tempo 23. allargando, allarg. 07. accarezzevole Broadening slowly (sometimes increasingly louder) Expressively, caressingly 24. alla siciliana 08. accelerando, accel In the Sicilian style (6/8) Accelerating, gradually increasing the tempo 25. alla turca 09. acceso In the Turkish style Ignited, on fire 26. alla zingarese 10. adagio In the Gypsy style At ease. Play slowly 27. allegramente 11. ad libitum, ad lib With quickness At liberty. At choice, freely 28. allegretto 12. affabile Somewhat cheerful, but not so quick as allegro Friendly 29. allegro 13. affannato Quick, lively Anguished 30. allentando 14. affettuoso, con affetto Becoming gradually relaxed in tempo With affect, with emotion 31. altra volta 15. affrettando Another time again Hurrying, gradually quickening 32. alzamento 16. affrettato In piano, the crossing of hands. One hand above Faster the other

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33. amabile 49. ardente Amiably, pleasantly Burning, as if on fire

34. a mezza voce 50. arditamente, ardito Softly, quietly; reducing the voice by half Boldly

35. amorevole, con amore 51. ardore, con ardore Lovingly, tenderly With love and passion

36. ancora, ancora piu 52. arioso Again, more Airy, melodiously, gracefully

37. andante 53. arpeggio At a walking pace (moderately) Like a harp (the strings of the harp are to be played bottom to top quickly one after another) 38. andantino 07 Slightly faster than andante 54. assai Very much 39. angoscioso

Distressingly 55. assez Department of Music Sufficiently, enough 40. anima, con anima Lively, with feeling 56. a tempo Return to the original tempo 41. animato Animated, lively 57. attacca Begin the next movement of a composition im- 42. animoso mediately, without pause. Spirited, lively 58. attacca subito 43. a piacere Begin the next movement of a composition sud- At pleasure, as desired by the performer denly, without pause

44. appassionato < B > Passionately 59. basso, b. Bass 45. appoggiando As if leaning, supporting; connectively 60. basso continuo Continuous bass 46. appoggiato As if leaning against something; dragging (the 61. ben legato voice) Connect well, smoothly

47. a punto d'arco 62. bis With the point of the bow Repeat twice

48. arcato 63. bocca chiusa, a bocca chiusa By using the bow With closed mouth, humming

137 07 Department of Music•List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

64. bowing 79. come sta The art of using the bow. The movement of the According to the score, without changes bow in order to produce sound and articulation with a string instrument 80. comodo Comfortably, at moderate tempo 65. bouche Muting the instrument 81. con affetto With emotion, while feeling it 66. bravura, con bravura Boldly, skilfully 82. con calore With passion 67. brillante Bright, sparkling, brilliantly, skilfully 83. concitato Agitatedly 68. brio, con brio Vigorously, bravely, with life and spirit 84. con delicatezza Delicately 69. buriando Comically 85. con fuoco With vehement energy, with fire, in a fiery manner < C > 70. cadenza, Cad. 86. con grazia A spontaneous performance section Gracefully

71. cadenzato 87. con gusto Rhythmically According to the characteristics and form of the composition 72. calando Falling away, or lowering; getting slower and qui- 88. con moto eter With motion, quickly

73. calmando, calmanto 89. con slancio To be calm or quiet With enthusiasm, burst, hurriedly

74. cantabile 90. con spirit In a singing style, melodiously Vigorously, with spirit

75. capriccioso, capricc. 91. corda vuota Capriciously, with the heart’s desire. An open string

76. carrezando, carezzevole 92. crescendo, cresc. Softly, as if whispering Growing, gradually louder

77. chiaramente 93. croisez Clearly, definitely While crossing the hands

78. come prima, come sopra 94. cuivre Like the first time, as above In a brassy, forced, rough tone

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< D > 110. doucement 95. da capo. D.C. Softly, lightly, sweetly From the beginning. → same as ‘da capo al fine' 111. douloureux 96. da capo al fine With agony, anguish From the beginning to the end. Also ‘repeat until the part where it states ‘fine' or ‘fermata’. 112. duramente D.C. → da capo Roughly

97. deciso < E > (rhythm) Decisively, determined 113. eclatant Brilliant, sparkling 98. decrescendo Gradually decreasing volume 114. effettuoso Effectively 99. delicatamente 07 Delicately, gracefully, softly 115. elargissant Broadening, becoming slower 100. delicatezza, con

Delicately, gracefully, softly 116. empresse Department of Music Pressing on, rushing 101. diluendo Growing softer (Same as ‘decrescendo’) 117. espressione With expression 102. diminuendo, dimin., dim. Slowly getting softer in volume 118. espressivo, espr. With expression 103. distinto Distinctly 119. estinguendo Becoming extremely soft, as if disappearing 104. divisi, div. Instead of playing the same notes, two or more 120. estinto musicians instead split the playing of the written Extinct, as soft as possible, barely audible simultaneous notes among themselves < F > 105. dolce 121. f → forte Sweetly, softly 122. fastoso 106. dolcezza, con Pompous Sweetly 123. fermata(=corona) 107. dolcissimo A rest or a note is to be held for a certain duration More sweetly, more softly 124. fermezza, con 108. Dolente firm energetic style Sorrowfully, plaintively 125. feroce 109. doloroso, con dolore Ferociously Sorrowfully, mournfully, with grief

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126. ff → fortissimo 142. garbatom, con Very loudly With grace. Gracefully, lovingly

127. ffz → forzatissimo 143. Generalpause, G.P. To perform a specific note or chord with a specific The entire ensemble rests/pauses simultaneously emphasis 144. gentile 128. fiacco Gently Weakly, as if exhausted 145. gestopft 129. fiero, fieranemte Muffling the sound of brass instruments with a Fiery, spirited mute

130. fine, al fine 146. giocoso To the end'. (da capo) the end of a composition Merrily, light-heartedly

131. flebile 147. gioioso Mournfully Joyfully

132. forte, f 148. giusto; tempo giusto Strongly, loudly Exactly; in strict, exact tempo

133. fortissimo, ff 149. gradatamente Very loudly Gradually

134. fortefortissimo, fff 150. gradevole As loud as possible Pleasingly

135. fortepiano, fp 151. grandezza, con Strongly, then immediately gently With grandeur

136. forza, con 152. grave With force Solemnly, slowly, gravely

137. forzando, forzato, fz 153. grazioso Strongly, with emphasis Gracefully

138. forzatissino, ffz 154. impetuoso, con impeto With more emphasis Impetuously

139. fuoco, con 155. Imcalzando With fire, in a fiery manner Without a fixed pace, freely

140. furioso 156. Innocente Furiously Innocently, modestly, naturally

< G > 157. Inquieto 141. gaiment With a restless, uneasy manner Cheerfully, cheerily

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< L > 174. loure 158. lacrimoso A kind of bow stroke of string instruments, play- Tearfully, sadly ing in a way that emphasizes each note

159. lamentabile, lamentoso 175. lusingando In a lamenting, mournful manner Flatteringly

160. lancio, con < M > Vigorously, with spirit 176. ma non tropo But not too much 161. Larghetto A tempo not as slow as largo 177. maestoso Majestically 162. largo A very slow tempo; broadly 178. main droite, m.d. With the right hand 07 163. legatissimo With a smooth and connected style, more so than 179. main gauche, m.g. legato With the left hand Department of Music 164. leggiadro 180. malinconico Lightly, delicately, gracefully Sadly, melancholically

165. leggierezza, con 181. mancando, manc. With lightness Dying or fading away (gradually becoming softer and slower) 166. leggiero, leggieramente Lightly, delicately, swiftly 182. mano destra, m.d. With the right hand 167. lentement → lento Slowly 183. mano sinistra, m.s. With the left hand 168. libitum → ad libitum. 184. marziale 169. licenza, con alcuna In the manner of a march; solemn and fierce To play somewhat freely, with some freedom 185. medesimo tempo 170. lieto With the same tempo Happily, joyfully 186. meno 171. lievo Less Lightly, gently 187. meno forte 172. liscio Less loudly Smoothly, softly 188. meno mosso 173. loco Less motion, slower tempo Return to original octave (after playing an octave higher or lower) 189. meno piano Less softly, slightly stronger

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190. mente, alla 206. muta What comes to mind. Improvised ‘Change’. Either a change of instrument, or a change of tuning 191. messa di voce (A key singing technique in the 18th century, bel < N > canto period) Gradually swelling and diminishing 207. non of the voice when singing ‘Not’

192. mesto 208. non legato Mournful, sad (only possible symbol for piano) In between legato and staccato 193. mezza voce, m.v. Half voice, moderate volume 209. non tanto Not so much 194. mezzo, m Half < O > 210. opus, op 195. mezzoforte, mf Works Half loudly, moderately loudly 211. ossia 196. mezzopiano, mp ‘Or’. Used to indicate and alternative, usually eas- Half softly, moderately softly ier, version of a passage from various choices

197. misura, alla < P > According to the beat, in strict tempo. (senaz 212. P → Pedal/ p → piano misura: free tempo) 213. pacato 198. misurato Quietly, peacefully According to a measured, strict tempo. 214. parlando, parlante, parlato 199. moderato, mood. (Singing) as if spoken, enunciated Moderate tempo 215. passionato, pass. 200. molto Passionately Very, much 216. passione, con 201. morbido With passion Softly, gently 217. pastoso 202. morendo Gently, sweetly Dying or fading away in dynamics and tempo. 218. patetiso, pathetique 203. mormorando Pitiable, pathetic As if whispering 219. Peda, Ped. P. 204. mosso (directive for piano) Sustaining the sound by step- Moved, agitated ping on the damper pedal(on the right). The directive to stop using the padal is marked with a * 205. moto, con With motion; quickly

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220. perdendo, perdendosi Dying or fading away, gradually softer

221. pesante Weighty, emphasized

222. piacere, a At the performer’s desire

223. piacevole Pleasingly, pleasantly

224. piangendo Crying, weeping, sadly 07 Department of Music

143 List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students

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This booklet was published with support funding of university innovation support (PILOT) project from the Ministry of Education and Korean Council for University Education. List of Basic Academic Terminology for International Students