IMPERIAL GAZETfEER OF INDIA

PROVINCIAL SERIES

AN DAMAN AND N I CO BAR ISLANDS •

SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING CALCUTTA . . ,. • 1909 Price Rs:·~:_s, or 2s. 3d.] PREFACE

THE articles in this volume were written by Lieut.-Colonel Sir Richard C. Temple, Bart., C.I.E., formerly Chid Com- • missioner, and have been brought up to date by the present officers of the Penal Settlement at Port Blair. · As regards the Andamans, the sections on Geology, Botany, and Fauna are based on notes supplied respectively by Mr. T. H. Holland, Director of the Geological Survey of India; Lieut.-Colonel Prain, I. M.S., formerly Superintendent of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta; and Major A. R. S. Anderson, I.M.S., formerly Senior Medical Officer, Port Blair. · Am~ng the printed works chiefly used ~ay be mentioned those of Mr. E. H. Man, C.I.E., and Mr. M. V. Portman, both formerly officers of the Penal Settlement. As regards the Nicobars, the sections on Geology, Botany, and Zoology are chiefly based on the notes of Dr. Rink of the Danish Ga!athea expedition, of Dr. von lfochstetter of the Austrian Novara expedition, and of the late Dr. Valentine Ball. The other printed works chiefly 11sed are those of Mr. E. H. Man, C.I.E., and the late Mr. de Roepstorff, an officer of the Penal Settlement. In both accounts. official reports have been freely used, while the article on the Penal Settlement at Port Blair is entirely based on them. For the remarks on the languages of the native population Sir Richard Temple is responsible. TAB~E OF CONTENTS

PAGE ANDAMAN.. AND NICOBAR ISLANDS , I-5 POSITION I PORT BLAIR 2 AREA AND POPULATION 2 ETHNIC AFFINITIES • 3 REVENUE 4 ADMINISTRATIOtJ 4 SURVEYS. 4 ANDAMANS 5-26 PHYSICAL ASPECTS • 5-II Origin of name 6 Hills and rivers 6 Harbours 6 Scenery • 7 Geology . 7 Botany 8 Fauna 9 Climate 10 Temperature . 10 Rainfall . •' 10 Cyclonic storms II Earthquakes II . Tides II GENERAL HISTORY. II PoPULATION • _, I 2-23 Race and tribes 12 Language I3 Religion . I5 Death ceremonies 17 Physical characteristics x8 Mental characteristics I9 Social characteristics 20 Food • 20 • Dwellings • 20 Games. .• 2I Amusements 21 Vl TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Family system 22 Marriage relations 22 Social emotions . •• 22 Nomenclature 23 INDUSTRIES 23 CoMMUNICATIONS . 23 TRIBAL ADMINISTRATION • 24 RELATIONS WITH THE BRITISH 25 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 25 NICOBARS . 2~53 PHYSICAl. ASPECTS • • . 26-3i. Origin of name ' 26 Hills 26 Rivers and streams • 27 Harbours • 27 Scenery . 27 Geology • 27 Botany 28 Fauna 29 Climate . . 29 Temperature . 30 Rainfall • 30 Cyclonic storms 31 Earthquakes . 31 HISTORY 31-33 British Penal Settlement • 32 British colonization . 33 THE PEOPLE • • 33-48 Race and its divisions 33 Language 34 Religion • 36 Tabu 38 Funeral customs 39 Physical characteristics 41 :Mental characteristics . 43 Social characteristics 44 Food .• 44 Dwellings 44 Occupations 45 Games and amusements 45 Family system 46 Social emotions . 4) Nomenclature • • 47 MANUFACTURES 48 • TABLE OF CO ...YTE1.YTS vii PAGE 1:-.nrsTRIES AXD TRADE • 49-50 Internal trade . . so CCRRENCY so RECKOXING • so Co~niUNICATIONS sx INTERNAL GovERN:O.IENT. 5I RELATIOXS WITH TH~ BRITISH 52 BIBLIOGRAPHY 53 PoRT BLAIR • 53-79 Pli'\"SICAL AsPECTs • 53-55 Coasts 53 Hills .• 54 Streams 54 HISTORY 55-57 Eighteenth century . 55 Present Settlement 55 History of penal system 55 TnE CoNVICTS . 57-63 Offences causing transportation ss Administration ss Subdivisions • ss Stations and villages 59 Penal system . 6o Judicial . 61 Classification of convicts 62 Discipline 62 'Free' and 'convict' districts 62 Convicts' descendants 63 PorULATION • 63-7I Language 64 Artificial conditions . 6s Distribution 66 Religion . 66 Occupation 66 Caste 66 Health and mortality 69 Effect of rainfall . 69 Sickness and death-rate 69 Prevalent diseases 71 AGRICULTURE AND ECONO:'IIICS · 71-73 Re,·enue system 7I • Cesses 72 General economic conditions • 73 FoRESTs. 73 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ' TRADE AND MANUFACTURES • • 73-75 \Vorkshops 74 Marine department • 75 Female jail • 15 Exports and imports .. 75 COMMUNICATIONS • . 75-76 Post Office • 76 FINANCE • 7&-77 Cost of convicts .- 77 Receipts and expenditure ·n PUBLIC WORKS . 7fr ' MILITARY 78 POLICE • • 78 EDUCATION 78 MEDICAL .. 78 - BARREN ISLAND • 79 CAR NICOBAR .. 79 ·NANCOWRY HARBOUR 79 N ARCONDAM IsLAND 79

INDEX • • 8o-88

MAP . at end INDEX

6; their principal straits and passages, A. 6 ; the probable connexion of the name Administration, of the whole area since with the Indian Hanuman or abode of 1872 byChiefCommissioner,alsoSuper­ aboriginal monkey-people, 6; physical intendent of Penal Settlement, 4, 58 ; aspects, t-u; general, history, II, 12; of Andamans by a special officer, 4, 25, population, 12, 13; language, 13-15; very slight control necessary or c:l~sired, religion, 15-I7; characteristics, physi­

4. 25, the open home at P?rt Blair, 25; cal, I8, 19, mental, I91 20, social, 21- by chiefs of septs and tn~s, 24 ; of 23; industries, 23; communications, 23, Nicobars, 4, 52, 53, by Bntlsh officers 24; tribal administration, 24; relations in frequent visits, 4, by resic:lent Gov­ with the British, 25; bibliography, 25-1-26. ernment Agents at Nancowry and Mus, Andamanese: ethnology of, 3. 4, N egritos, 52, 53, by chiefs, 52; of Penal Settle- speaking varieties of one larfguage, 3, ment, 58, 59· . 13-I5; with Semangs of Malaya and Adoption, free mul\ml, of ch1ldren, the Aetas of fie Philippines, probably relics bond of Andamanese tribes, 12, 13, 22. of aborigmal inhabitants of south-east­ Agriculture, of Andamans, very little, 9, em Asia. and islands, 3 ; their great 19, of Nicobars, 49, no cereals grown, antiquity proved by their kitchen-mid­ 49 ; of Port Blair, 6 per ce~t. of con­ dens, 3; possibly the last pure remnant victs employed in, 71, the mam resource of the oldest race of man in existence, of 'self-supporters,' 71, the increase in 3, know not bow to produce fire, 2I' cleared land and supplies, 71, the con­ do not use celts but only quartz chips, ditions, licences, and rents of land let to 23, did not know of existence of Nico­ 'self-supporters' and others for cultiva- bars, 24; morally and intellectually tion, grazing, and building, 72. . children, passim; their religion of Anim­ Amusements, of Andamanese, 21, dancmg ism, superstitions and mythology, IS­ their chief object in life after the chase, I 7; their characteristics, good physical, 20, 21, ceremonial dances, 21, c:lancing 18, I9, 23, 24, childish mental, 19, 20, with singing, 2 I; of Nicobarese, mainly 22, 23, plucky not brave, 13, 19, the men feasting, religious and private, 45· circu­ on the whole not amenable to civiliza­ lar c:lances, music, instrumental and tion, irresponsible, unteachable, 20, vocal, 46. See also Games. the women, originally Jess intelligent, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, geographi­ more teachable as they grow old, 20; cally separate emergent summits of a social characteristics, 2o-23; undemon­ submarine range curving between Burma strative, emotional gossips, 22, 23; un­ and Sumatra, I, 2, a continuation of the adventurous seamen, 24; have no idea of Arak!lll Yoma of Burma, I, 7, the two government, 24; justice a wild revenge, c:leep channels or water-passes through 24; property and land communal, 24 ; the range, I ; their geographical resem­ among themselves elementary barter but blance to Japan, 2 ; their area and notrade,noideaofmoney, 24; relations population, 2, population of Andamans with the British, 25, now of respect and on an alarming decrease, 2, of Nicobars peace, 25; home and hospital provided stationary, 3, causes and explanation of, for at Port Blair, 25, their senli-ces in 2, 3; the high interest of their anthro­ return, 25; no money may be given pology, due to their indefinite isolation them, 25. and presumed purity of race, 3, 34; Animism. See Ghosts, Religion. their ethnic affinities and origin, 3, Area, of administered islands, 2, of Great 4, 6, 34; revenue, 4; administration by and Little Andaman, 6, of outliers, 6; the Chief Commissioner, also Super­ of each of the Nicobars, 26; of Port intendent of the Penal Settlement, 4, Blair, 53· with head-quarters at Port Blair, 2 ; Army, British (I40) and N:tive (304) with surveys, 4, 5· militarystationatPort Blair, 78, South Andamans, a group of islands in the Bay Andaman Volunteer Rifles, 78; military of Bengal, 5-26, consisting of the Great battalion of police, 78. • Andaman, a band of five chief islands, Austrian, scientific expeditions to Nicobars, and the Little Andaman, 5, 6, and of 32, of 1858 with scheme of settlement, very numerous outlying isles and islets, 32, of 1886, 32. INDEX

caste of the mother ignored, 68, 69; the B. probable evolution of strict caste, 69. Barren Island, volcanic in Andaman Sea, Cesses, village, of Port Blair, 72, 73· :a, 6, 79· Channels or openings, into the main seas, Bibliography, of Andamans, 25, 26, of seven, I; the Ten Degrees and Great, Nicobars, 32, 53· deep, I, marine surveys, 4, 5; inter­ Birds'-nests, edible, for Chinese market, 9, insular straits, between the Andamans, 25, 49. 75· 6, of South Andaman, 54· Blair, Archibald, the great surveyor, Chief Commissioner, also Superintendent founded and asuccessfully t.dministered of Penal Settlement, 4, 58, his wide (1789-92) present settlement at Port sphere of authority, 58. Blair under the name of Port Cornwallis, Chiefs, their position and powers, of septs II, 25, 55· and tribes of Andamans, 24; 'Captnins,' Botany, of the Andamaus, systematically 48, of villages of Nicobars, 5 I, 52, their investigated by Indian Forest Depart­ recognition and maintenance by succes­ ment, 8, 9, 28 ; the preponderance of sive foreign powers, 52, not endorsed by Indo-Chinese types in the non-littoral the natives, 52 ; their relations (since flora, S, the Indo-Malayan character of 1882) with the Brjtish, 52, 53, their the beach forest, 8 ; the absence of the duties, 52, their annual suit of clothes, coco-nut and casuarina, th; variety and Union Jack, and report book, 52. plenty of useful timber, 8, 9, divided Christian missions in Nicobar, their his­ commercially into three c'Esses, 9; the tory, 31, 32, unpractical heroism and extent and value of the padauk forests, useless suffering, 32; the failure of all 9, the actual and prospective revenue save the present, 31, 32 ; the value of from the forests, 9, 73; exotic plants their records of the country and peo­ • and trees, 9; the principal crops, 9· ple, 32; Portuguese Jesuits (c. 1635) - Of Nicobars, not yet systematically probably first, 31, succeeded by French investigated, 28 ; inferior value of its (I7II), 31, (and 1835-46), 32> and forests, 28; careful and successful culti­ Italians, 31; the Moravian (Herrnhuter) vation of foreign economic plants, intro­ Mission (1768-87, 1790, and 1804), duced by missionaries, 29. 3 I ; Danish missions and colonies British relations, with Andamanese, for­ (1831-37), 31, 3.1; present Church of merly of severity, 25, now of friendly, England (Rangoon Diocese) Mission helpful non-interference, 25, home and under Indian catechist at Car Nicobar, hospital provided, 25; with Nicobarese, 32. 52, 53, generally of non-interference, Civil conditions, statistics of (Port Blair), 52, Agencies at Nancowry and Mus, 4, 69. 52, 53· Climate, of Andamans, as of similar tropi­ Butterworth Rules, the, 57· cal islands, 10; table of average temper­ atures and rainfall at Port Blair, 10, cyclones, rare but destructive, 10, 11, c. earthquakes, minor, II, tides, spring and Calendar, the Nicobar, roughly kept by neap,11.-0fNicobars,muchasofAnda­ notches on wood, 51, time reckoned by mans,29-3I,unwholesome for Europeans the monsoon and lunar months, 51. and in places dangerously malarious, 29, Canoes of Nicobars, 48, 49, mart at tables of temperature and rainfall, 30. Chowra, 50. Coal, poor lignitic, found in Andamans Car Nicobar, northernmost of Nicobars, and Nicobars, 27, 28. 27, 32, 40, 79; Government Agent at Coco-nut, its remarkable absence from the Mus, 4; Christian mission of, 32; its Andamans, 8, uni versa! in the Nicobars, history of the origin of the race from a 49, in Car Nicobar, 45, the staple arti­ man and a dog, 41. cle of trade, 49, it~ domestic use as food Castes, absence of caste feeling in the and drink, and export as nuts or copra, Andamans, 22; in Port Blair, 66-69, 49 ; the basis of their currency, 50. its maintenance among convicts and Colonization of Nicobars, repeated failure their frequen\ assumption of higher, 66, of, by Danes, 31, 32, by British (1884) 67 ; difficulties of, in the marriage failed, 33, Mr. Man on the best method of convicts, 67, 68, recognition since of, 33· 1881 of tile four main divisions (varna) Communications, of Andamanese, by sea .within which endogamy must be prac­ and land, in water and through jungle, tised, 68; the birth and growth of caste 23, 24, unadventurous and ignorant sea­ among convicts' descendants, 68, 69, men, 24; of Nicobarese, distant gener­ the offspring of mixed castes, 68 ; the ally by water, 51, their intuitiveknow- AN, G INJJEX

ledge of direction, 51, their practical Disea.c;es, infectious and contagious, as study and use of the stars and winds for causes of diminishing population in the navigation and steering, 51; an uncanny Andamans, 2, IS; of Andamanese, knowledge and practice, 51; of Port climatic and others, especially malaria, Blair, extensive and good, by land and IS, 19; elephantiasis, the scourge of sea, 54, 75, 76,steamlaunchesand trams, Chowra Island, 3 7, 43 ; of Nicobars, 75, 76; semagraphs, telephones, and imported syphilis, cholera, 43, malaria wireless telegraphy, 76; Post Office, j6. and elephantiasis, 43 ; of convicts, • Connected' convicts, members of a cri­ statistical table of, 71, prevalence of . minal gang, 62, marked and kept apart malaria, dlysentery, and' n berculosis, 71. from each other, 62. Dress: of Andamanese, of men none, of Convicts, the, their number, crimes, age, women next to none, 1S; of Nicobar­ and behaviour under restraint, 57, sS, ese, all imported, old clothes, hats, and 65 ; life convicts, men and women, their cotton, 49· - curriculum in the settlement, 6o, 6_1, the Dwellings : Andamanese have as a role conditions of promotion, responsibility, no fixed habitations, 20, their tempo­ tickets-of-leave, and of release, :,6, 6o, rary encampments with centra~ dancing of marriage and family life, 6o, 6r, grounds, 20, 2i, their careful preserva­ 67-69, the education in thrift, self. con­ tion of fire which they cannot reproduce, trol, and citizenship, 61, the institution 21; permtnent huts in Little Andaman of wages and savings-banks, 61, the and of the Jarawas, 21.- Of Nicobar­ treatment and tickets of relapses and ese, 44, 4-" on piles some feet from the of incorrigibles, 6r, 62, their division, ground, considerable, clean, and rudely economic, commissariat, financial, and comfortable, 44; dying and lying· in disciplinary, 62 ; term-convicts, 61; houses, 44, 45· their health and mortality, 69-71, their occupations, 71-74; profit and loss on, E. 77; rarely escape, 25, 65, 66; general Earthquakes, Nicobars within, Andamans statistics of, 6 5· just outside, a principal line of weakness Crime, among Andamanese, 24, Nicobar­ in the earth's surface, 2; in the Anda­ ese, 53, convicts, sS, 61, 62. mans, of minor gravity, I 1 ; in Nicobars, Crops, principal, of Andamans, 9; of three severe in last sixty years, 31. · Nicobarese, coco-nut, fruits, and to­ East India Company, commissioned bacco, 49; of' self-supporters,' 71. (178S) Blair to found an ordinary C.urrency: coins not in use. among the settlement against pirates on the natives, 25, so; in Nicobars the coco­ Andamans, II, for strategical reasons nut the standard of value, so, reckoning removed it (1792) from Port Blair . by tallies only, so, sr. . (S. Andaman) to Port Cornwallis Cyclones, in the Andamans, Io, II; in the (N. Andaman), u; reoccupied Port Nicobars, 31. Blair (rS56), 12, confirmed (1S5S) its occupation and use for mutineers, &c., D. after the Indian Mutiny, u. Dances : religious and ceremonial, of Education, literary and mental, of Anda­ Andamanese, 17, 21, of Nicobarese, at manese, hopeless or difficult, 19, 20; spirit-feasts, 3S; circular of Nicobarese, of Nicobarese, promising, 35, 4~· 46, 46. 49, 50, 5 I ; in the Penal Settlement, 7S, Danes, the, seized (1756), failed to colo­ compulsory for sons of' self-supporters,' nize and civilize Nicobars, 31, ousted by 78, boys (not girls) generally l.ttend British during Napoleonic Wars, 31, schools, 78; schools, five primary, and resumed,resigned, reassumed, and finally one with Anglo-vernacular coun;e, jS ; (1S4S) relinquished sovereignty, 32, and number of pupils of free and com;ct transferred them (1869) to British, 32. parentage, 7S; cess for, 72, expenditure Dead, disposal of: of Andamanese, burial on, 7S, physical and mechanical train­ and physical resurrection, 17, ceremo­ ing, 7S. nies of mourning, I 7; of Nicobarese, 39, Elephantiasis, the scour~ of Chowra 40, burial in graves or canoes, 39, 40; (Nicobars,) 37, 43· special burial (Indo-Chinese) of highly Elephants, used for haulage of timber, 73· revered persons, 40. Elpanam (Nicobars), a public ground Death-rate among convicts, tables of, 70. and cemetery, the prison-house of the 'Devil murders' (Nicobarese),now gradu­ ghosts, 3S, 45· • - ally being suppressed, 37, 41, 42, 53· Endogamy, of Andamanese within tribe Discipline, in the Penal Settlement, moral or group, u ; modified of 'self-sup­ - and physical, 6o-62, et passim. porters' and 'local-born' of Port Blair,

~ LVDEX

in respect of caste and nationality and G. religion, 67, 68. Games, of Andamanese, 21, their childish Epidemics, imported, in the Andamans, fondness for, 21, mock burials and ghost :l; only syphilis and cholera in the hunts, 21; Nicobarese have no time for, Nicobars, 43· 4.:;, 4!>. See also Amusements. Escaped and runaway convicts, 25, 65, 66. Geology, of Andamans, as reported on by European attempts to colonize and evan­ Indian Geological Survey, 7, 8, as of gelize the Nicohars, 31, 32, Arakan Y oma, 7; the sedimentary series Exogamy, of Andamanese as regards sept, of the Archipelago and of the more 22. .. • recent Port Blair, 7; igneous intrusions Exports, from Nicobars, 491 from Port and volcanic rocks, 7 ; serpentine, and .Blair, 75• valuable building stones, 7, 8; recent F. upheavals and depressions, 8. - Of Family system, of Andamanese, 22, pro­ Nicobars, exploration incomplete and perty and land communal, 24, the free observations contradictory, 27, 28; its mutual adoption of children, 13; of similarity to Andamans, 27, 28; a table, Nicobarese, patriarchal, under one roof, 1 based on Von Hochstetter's observations, 46; real property "private, passing of the relations of geological formations regularly by heredity and equal divi­ to soil, vegetation, and scenery, 28; sion among sons, 46 ; {lersonal and the white clay polycistina marh as in private property of a father destroyed Barbadoes, 28. on his grave, 46; good. position of Ghosts (Andamans), ghostly ancestors or mothers and daughters, 46, children chauga,suggested by reflections in water, valuable possessions, 47; its preserva­ I6, 17, ghost hunts, 21; (Nicobars) tion and regulation in the Penal Settle­ iwi, 36, appeasetl and laid at funerals, ment, 6o, 61, 67-69. 39, 40, identified with shadows, 37 ; Fauna: of Andamans, 9, 10, land, no objects as spirit-scarers, 451 evil ghosts dangerous mammals, numerous poison­ hunted, caught, and put in a canoe and ous snakes, 9; marine,of unusual interest, sent to sea, 38, 47, land elsewhere and 9; the evidence therefrom of the close are the cause of serio-comic fights, 47· zoological rc::lation with Burma and Gurjan (JJipterocarpus turbilla!us), a ~umatra, 9; economic zoology, 9, 10; third-class timber of Andamans, 9, animals considered to be ancestors useful for sleepers, pavement, and oil, by metamorphosis, 17.-0f Nicobars, 9, its prospective value, 9· generally akin to Andamans, with a difference, 29; only dangerous wild H. animals, descendants of cattle and Hanuman, or monkey people, savage buffaloes left by missionaries, 29. aboriginal antagonists of Aryan immi­ Finance of Penal Settlement, its principles grants into India, probably represented and practice, 4, 76, 77· See also Ly name of Andaman, 6. Revenue. Harbours and anchorages, 6, 7, 27; of l'ood, of Andamanese, plentiful and hot, Andamans, Port Blair, and many others, 20 ; of Nicobarese, plentiful, 40. safe and large, 6, 7; of South Andaman, Forests, of Andamans, 8, 9; of Nicobars, 53, 54, 76; of Nicobars, magnificent of 28, 49; of Port Blair, the staple com­ Nancowry, and one small one, l7; merce, 54, 73, worked by convicts nnder lights, beacons, and buoys, 5, 76. officers of Indian Forest Department, Health and mortality, of Andamanese, IS, 73f a chief source of cash revenue, 73, 19; of Nicobarese, 42, 43; of convicts, employment of elephants and tram roads, 6g-71, cycles of health, 70; treatment 73, 7 5· See also Trees. of convicts unfit for hard labour, 58, 79· • Free' settlers of Port Blair, mostly 'local­ See also Diseases. _ born,' 63, 64, live in the 'free' portion, Hills, 6, 26, 27, Great Andaman a mass and hold restricted communications with of hills, rising to 2,400 feet, very narrow the 'self-supporters,' 59, 62, education valleys, and dense jungle, 6, practically of, 78; the influence of their conditions none of Little Andaman, 6; of Nicobars,

upon their• character, 65. See also rising to 21 Ioo feet, 26; of the Penal • Local· born.' Settlement, 54· Fruits, introduced by missionaries, their History, of Andamans, II, 12, 55 1 of cultivation by the Nicobarese, 291 49· Nicobars, 31 1 32, of Penal Settlements, 1.6nneral ceremonies and customs, of Anda­ II, 121 32 1 33, 55; both groups of manese, 17; of Nicobarese, 37, 39, 40, islands known since Ptolemy to traders the custom of destroying all a father's and travellers, 111 31 1 and appear on­ personal property on his grave, 46. maps since Middle Ages, I 1 ; Nicobars G 2 INDEX

alone early occupied by Europeans, 31, Kyd, Colonel Alexander, succeeded Blair 32. as administrator ( 1792-6) of original History of Penal Settlements, 11, 12, 32, settlement removed to present Port 33, 55, 57; originally directed against Cornwallis, 12, 25, 55; his resource piracy, II, 12, 32, 33, 55; Port Blair and consideration, .25, 55, surveyed founded (I788) as an ordinary settle­ Nancowry Harbour, 5· ment, to which convicts were sent as labourers, II, 55; transferred (I792-6) L. to Port Cornwallis, 12, 55, retransferred Land, tenure of and revenue from, in Port (I856) to Port Blair, u, 55, two years Blair, 71,"';2. ·• later, after Indian Mutiny, present Penal Languages: of Andamanese, I 3-I 5; of one Settlement formed, T :a, 55; Penal Settle­ family, in three groups mutually unintel­ ment at Nancowry Harbour in Nicobars ligible to the ear, 14, closely connected (I86g-88), 32, 33, withdrawn with to the eye, I 4 ; early dialects of trlYJes its object accomplished, the cessation and septs mutually unintelligible, 13; of local piracy, 33; at Penang between their peculiar and interesting isolation 1796 and 1856, 55-57· from other languages, 1 3 ; their char­ Hochstetter, von, on the geology, soil, and acteristics of uhdeveloped savagery, I4, forests ofthe Nicobars, 27, 28. are limited in range but not primitive, Hospitals and dispensaries. See Medical. 15, are p1Jiely colloquial, 15, eked out Hypergamy, no notion of among' local­ with mimicry, 14, IS, have scant syntax, born • of Penal Settlement, 69. 13, hardl~ express abstract ideas, 14, L are intensely anthropomorphic, I4, Imports to Nicobars, 49, to Port Blair, 75· agglutinative naturally and grammati­ Indo-Chinese, origin of the Nicobarese, 4, cally, 14, 15.- Of Nicobarese, 34-36, vegetation of the Andamans, 8, burial six localized, mutually unintelligible~ custom in Car Nicobar, 40. dialects, 34, of a highly developed Industries (Andamans), hunting and danc­ analytical language, of the Mon-Khmer ing the ends of life, 23, other domestic family, 3;;, with a grammatical structure and personal occupations, 23; quartz like English, 35 ; its difficulty due to flakes chipped (never celts) their imple­ peculiarities of syntax, etymology, and ments, 23, now supplanted by broken of ' suffixes of direction,' 35, 36, in glass and wreckage iron, 23 ; of Nico­ itself a remarkable product of a strong barese, manufactures and industries, intelligence, 35 ; the influence of tabu, many and various, 48, 49·-Of convicts 35, the necessity of a foreign tongue as of Port Blair, 73-75, workshops at a lingua franca, 35 ; the Nicobarese Phoenix Bay, 74, 75· natural linguists, quick to pick up Infectious diseases. See Diseases. ' pigeon ' tongues, 34, 44.--0f the Penal Intoxicants, the greed for, among Anda· Settlement, those of India and Burma, manese, 25; among Nicobarese, 4+ 64, a most corrupt Urdii (Hindustani) Islam, its adoption at Port Blair, as else­ the lingua franca of the convicts, 64, where, to raise social status, 67, mar­ and the speech of the ' local-born,' riage between its members, 67, 68. 64 ; the separation of nationalities for disciplinary reasons, 6+ J. Lighthouses, beacons, buoys, &c., of Jarawas, a tribe of the outer group in Port Blair Harbour, 5, j6. South Andaman, 12, the only entirely ' Local-born ' or descendants of convicts hostile tribe, I3, 25, 53, and the most in Port Blair, their physical, mora-, and intelligent, 20; place stones on murdered intellectual characteristics, 6 3, generally convicts, I6, use permanent huts, :n, better than might be expected, 63; the their peculiar dance, 21. birth and growth of caste among, 68, Jesuits, the, their missions, the first and 69; their language a corrupt Urdii, 64; almost the last to Nicobars, 31, 32. higher than Indian standard of educa­ Jews, no convicts returned as, 66. tion, ;s. Judicial, in Penal Settlement, 58, 6x, 62. Justice, among Andamanese, 24; Nicobar- M. • ese, 52, 53· Machinery, its extensive use in the work­ K. shops, 75· Kareau or spirit-scarers, striking objects Malaria, the chief destroyer of life and in the houses and villages of the Nico­ health in the Andamans, 19, dangerouc barese, 45· in Nicobars, :19; at Nancowry Harbour Kitchen-middens, of the Andamans, fossil­ during the Penal Settlement, 33. ram­ ized at base, 3· pant in the Nicobars, 43, more deadly INDEX

to aliens than natives, 43 ; its high man, 6, Nicobar from Indian Nakkavar, mortality among convi~.:ts, 7I, the 'Land of the Naked,' 26. mosquito brigade, 71. Nancowry Harbour, the best in the Nico­ Man, E. H., his Aborigi1tal Inhabitants bars, 27, 32, 52, 79; the subordinate of the Andaman Islands (1883) referred Penal Settlement at (1869-88), 32, 33; to, IS, 23, 25,48; resided for six and a Government Agency at, 52, 53· half years at Nancowry Harbour, 33; Narcondam Island, volcanic, of Andamans, quoted on the best method of colonizing 2, 6, 79· Nicobars, 33 ; his Dictionary of the Navigation. See under Communications, Central Ni'f)barese Lan6Uage (1889), Canoes, Channels, Harbours. with grammar, 34; on the physical Nicobars, a group of 19 islands in the Bay measurements of. the Nicobarese, 41 ; of Bengal, 26-53; their geographical his Catalo,f{ues of Obfects made and used and native names and areas, 26 ; origin by the A'icobarese, 48. of name' Nicobar,' 26, physical aspects, Man, General Henry, first (1858) tempo­ 26-31, hills, 26, 27, rivers and streams, rary and subsequently (I865) permanent 27,harbours, 27 ,scenery,27, geology,27, Superintendent of Andamans, 56, draft­ 28,botany,28,29,fauna,29,meteorology, ed ana worked the rul~s and regulations 29-31; history, 31-33; race, 33,34; lan­ ( I8 58) of the Penal Settlement, 57 ; for guage, 34-36; religion and ceremonial, many previous years Sup.rintendent of 36-41; characteristicsof,physical,41-43• Straits Penal Settlement, 56. mental, 43, 44, social, 44-48; manufac­ Manufactures of Nicobarete, carpentry, tures,48,49; industries and trade149,50; ironwork, and pottery, 48, canoes, 48, currency, 50; methods of reckoning 49; of Port Blair Settlement, 73-75· quantities and time by tallies and Marriage: in the Andamans, IS, 22, not notches, so, 51 ; communications by religious but ceremonial,2 2; monogamy, land and water, 51 ; internal govern­ exogamy, and endogamy, 22; infidelity ment, a democracy bound by custom, and divorce rare, 22; general relations 51, 52; limited power of chiefs, 52, between men and women, 22.- In the their recognition by successive foreign Nicobars, 43, 46. -In Port Blair, be­ powers, 52, Government Agents at tween convicts, 6o, 6I, 67, 68, between Nancowry and Mus, 4, 52, 53; biblio­ convicts' descendants, 68,69; the observ­ graphy, 53· ance of caste and of the religious customs Nicobarese : ethnology of, 3, 4, 34, not of different nationalities, 67, 68. yet sufficient data upon, 3; probably Mayo, Lord, Viceroy of India, his murder one people, with affinities towards the (I872) by a convict, 12 •. Far East, and not towards India, 3, Medical, home and hospital for Andaman­ Indo-Chinese and not Tibeto-Burmese, ese,25; ofPenalSettlement,78,79,district 4 ; evidence in support of their own and jail hospitals, 78, medical aid free idea of origin from Tenasserim, 3, 4, to whole population, 79, classification the inland tribe of Shorn Pen on Great and treatment of convicts unfit for hard Nicobar probably the purest form of the labour, 79; vaccination universal, 79· race, 34 ; for long systematic pirates, JJienluana, doctor, priest, and exorcist of 32, 33; language, 34-36; religion of Nicobars, 37, 38, 41. Animism, 36-38; tabu, 38, 39; funeral Monsoons, in Andamans, 10; in Nicobars, customs, 39, 40, ceremonial or ' devil 29, time reckoned by, 51. · murders,' 37, 40, 41, 43, superstitions, Moravian Missions (1768-87), to Nico­ 4I ; characteristics, physical, 41-43, bus, 29, 3 I, 49, invited by Danes and mental, respectable, moral, and intel­ left by them to a miserable fate, 31 ; lectual, 43, 44, social, 44-48; once subsequent fresh attempts and failures, wreckers and pirates, 32, 33, and still 31. given to cruelty of 'devil murders ' and Mortality and health. See Health and intoxication, 43, 44, now quiet, kindly, Mortality. helpful, 43, musical, 46, emotional, 47, Mosquito brigade against malaria (Port placable, 47, natural linguists, ·3-h 44; Blair), 71. • do well what they must but no more, 42, 49; intensely conservative and N. democratic, 43, 47; 52. Names, (Andamans) nicknames and 'flower hames' of girls, 23; (Nicobars), 0. • 47, the confusion caused by tabu of Occupations, of Andamanese, mainly names, 47, 48, the fancy for foreign, hunting and dancing, 21, 25; of Nico­ often ridiculous, names, 48. barese, industrial, religious, and com­ Names, origin of, Andaman from Hanu- mercial, 45 ; in Penal. Settlement, 66, 86 INDEX

agriculture, 71, forest work, 73, a list (from 5,000 to less than 2,ooo in a and statistics of other occupations, generation) due to imported diseases 73-75, 78, of women convicts, 75· and habits of civilization, 2 ; of Nico­ Orange, acclimatized in the Nicobars, 29. bars, 3; 33, stationary, in consonance with economical expectation, 3; of P. Penal Settlement, :a, 64, 65. Padauk (Pterocarpus dalbergioides), chief Port . Blair (originally Port Cornwallis, timber exported from Andamans, 9, its 55), in the South Andaman, bead-quar­ present and prospective value, 9· ters of administration, 2, 4, 53, its Penal Settlement of Port Blair in South distance f~m and regu1(\r communica­ Andaman and adjacent islets, 53-79; tions with Calcutta, Madras, and Ran­ its area of 473 square miles, 327 actually goon, 2 ; its harbour, 6, 7 ; the name occupied, 53; physical aspects, 53-55; and centre of the Penal Settlement, 58, history (178g-t858), 55, (1858 to pre­ administrative head-quarters of Pellal sent time), 55-57; the persisten~e in Settlement on Ross Island, across the its original and fundamental principles, entrance of harbour, 59, its two Districts S5,s6,et passim; the number and crimes and subdivisions, 59, 6o, stations of of the convicts, 57, 58 ; administration, labouring conv!cts, :;9, distinct'village~ personal and local, sS-63; population, of ' free' settlers and ' self-supporters, 63-69; languages, 64, 65; social con­ 59, 62 ; P

18, 19, 23, 24; ofNicobarese,41-431 51. Nancowry Harbour and Car Nicobar, Physical training of boys in Penal Settle­ 30 ; its influence on the sick-rate of ment, 78. Penal Settlement, 69. Piracy. See History of Penal Settle­ Religion,of Andamanese, I5-17,Animism ments. without worship or propi6ation, heaven Police, employment of Andamanese as or hell, 15; Pulnga, an anthropomor­ jungle police against runaway convicts, phic deity,-with his family, the cause of 25; of Port Blair, with civil and mili­ all things, 15, 16; the bnm&n soul or tary duties, 78, exercise no direct con­ spirit, with an existence before birtb. trol over convicts, 78. and after death, 16; their superstitions Population, of whole area, 2 ; of Anda­ and mythology, 16, 17; the presence mans, 2, I 2, its alarming decrease of transmigration and metamorphosis in INDEX

their psychology and mythology, I6, Survey (1SS6-7), 5; marine surveys I 7 ; death ceremonies, 17.- Of Nico­ since 1771 to I889, still meagre, 5; barese, an undisguised, all-pervading, beacons and buoys, 5 ; village maps, 5• ineradicable Animism, 36-..p, exhibited Surveys and soundings, I, 4• 5·

in exorcisms, 37 1 45, feasts, 37, 38, tabu, Syphilis, imported, 2, as a double cause 38, funeral customs, 39, 40, ' devil of diminishing population in the Anda­ murders,' 37, 40, 4I.-Religious statis­ mans, 2, producing both mortal disease tics of Port Blair and Penal Settlement, and also infructuousness, 2, IS; in the 66; no convict returned as a Jew, 66. Nicobars, 43· Revenue, 4, 71-73, 76, 7f. none from aborigines, 4; in Penal Settlement, rent T. from land, 71, 72, cesses, 72, 73, from Tabu, limited among the Andamanese,

forests, 73, jail industries, 77; exce::ss I 51 I7, 24; among the Nicobarese, tabu of expenditure over revenue paid by the of words and names, 35, 38, 47, 48, in Government of India, 76 ; a table of connexion with funeral customs, 38,

revenue and expenditure, 7 7. 391 arbitrary of domestic articles and Rivers, ~f Andamans, n~ne, and few per­ practices, 38, ascetic of food, 3S. ennial streams, 6; of Nicobars (on Technical training of convicts, 73-75· Great Nicobar only), 27, elsewhere Telegraphy (wireless), between Port Blair surface water scanty, 27; ~South And a­ and Diamond Island off Burma, 76, man, numerous streams and good water telephones, 76; Eastern Extension Com­ supply, 54, 55· • pany's cable, 5· Roads, metalled and others, of Port Blair, Temperature, tables of, average at Port 7 5· See also Communications. Blair, to, averag-e at Nancowry Har­ bour and Car Nicobar, 30; the high s. temperature of the Andamanese, men Sanitation, insanitary habits of Andaman­ and women, IS. ese, 20; of Port Blair, preventive Tidal waves (of submarine or volcanic measures taken against malaria and origin), 31; the great tidal wave in the

tuberculosis, 7 I, conservancy of villages, Straits of Sunda ( tSS 3), It 1 3 I, 72. Tides, tidal observatory with self-register­ Scenery, of Andamans, varied and beauti­ ing gauge on Ross Island, I I ; Port

ful, 71 of harbours, 7 ; the varied and ·Blair tide-tables and tides, II. often fine scenery of the Nicobars, 27, Tobacco, the excessive use of, one of the palms, fern-trees, and casuarina, 28, 29. chief means of the depopulation of the Schools. See Education. Andamans, 2; carefully cultivated by • Self-supporters,' convicts with tickets-of­ Nicobarese, 49, and much smoked, 44· leave after serving ten years, 6o, privi­ To:ldy(Nicobars),from the coco-nut palm, leges and restrictions of, 6o, 62 1 live 44· in segregated villages,62,seldom send for Totemism, possible traces of in Car Nico- their families, 67, marriage of to convict bar, 41. 1 women, 6 1 , 6 7, 68 ; their descendants Trade, of Andamanese, rudimentary barter the' local-born,' 63, 68, 69; successful among themselves, 24; of Nicobarese, and prosperous agriculturists, 7 I, the cultivate and export coco-nut largely, terms of their tenure of land, 72; the 49, other exports, 49, imports of domes­ cesses they pay, 72,73: average income tic articles including clothes, 49, paid and material well-being, 73· for in coco-nuts and copra taken by the Shor.t Pen, an isolated, timid, inland tribe traders themselves from the trees, 49 ; of Great Nicobar, 34, the purest form internal trade, mainly with Chowra for of the race of the Nicobarese, 34, the pots, 50, the interchange of canoes and sterility of crosses between them and other articles, 50 ; in the absence of the coast people, 34; shorter, less robust, coin, coco-nut the standard of value, 50, and pot-bellied, 4I. reckoned by tallies, 50, 51. Spirits. See Ghosts. Transmigration of souls, or metempsy­ Steam trams 1-nd launches at Port Blair, chosis, among the Audamanese, I6, I7, 75. j6. Trees, timber, plentiful and valuable in Straits, inter-insular. See Channels. Andamans, S, a classified list of, 9; • Suffixes of direction' in the Nicobarese very inferior in Nicobars, 2S; the coco­ languag~, 341 their intuitive feeling of nut, 49; timber of Port Blair, 73, a • direction, 5 I. chief source of revenue, 73· Surveys, of Andamans, by India Survey Tribes, of Andamanese, twelve in number, (1883-6), 4; marine surveys since J 77I in three groups or ultimate divisions, 12, to 1899, 4, 5; of Nicobars, by India each group differentiated by salient 88 INDEX

characteristics, u, and practising endo­ (1883) heard and felt, II, 31 ; volcanic gamy, :u; the want of intercourse and islands, 6, 79- of a common medium of conversation Volunteers, Rifle (3o), at Port Blair, 7S. between the tribes and septs before the arrival of the British, 13, 24, the usual w. savage hostility to strangers, I3,- now Water-supply. See Rivers. much abated, I3, 25; free mutual adop­ Weather, in Andamans, apt to be violent tion of children the strongest bond of with excessive rainfall, but cyclones rare, union between the septs of a tribe, I 2, 1o; the prognostic value for India of I 3, 22 ; the division into 'long-shore meteorolo~cal observat(ons, 10. men and jungle-dwellers, 13, 23; their Witchcraft, among Andamanese, IS, administration by chiefs of septs and among Nicobarese, 37, 4I, 52. See also tribes, 24; of Nicobarese, no tribes but Menluana. _ territorial groups, differentiated by local Women : physical characteristics of, in and accidental conditions, 33, 34, and Andamans, IS; scanty dress, IS; mar­ villages as units of administration, SI, riage among, IS, 22; unattractive, I9, 52- become more ~telligent and J"4'Spected Tuberculosis among convicts, preventive as they grow old, 20, 22, their inferior measures against, 71. but considerable position in the family, v. 22, always.,right and merry, 22; social relations of men and women, 2 2 ; their Vaccination, in Penal Settlement, practi­ names of ~spect, 23.- In Nicobars, cally universal, 79· share work with men, 42, live longer, Villages, of Nicobarese, 44, 45, built on 43, helps not slaves, 43, do not go far piles, oftenest close to the sea, 44, from home, 43, girls as welcome as boys, spirit-scarers, 45; dying and lying-in 42 ; the widow the head of the patri- ' houses, 44, 45 ; in Car Nicobar and archal family, 46; girls free to choose Chowra, also a meeting-bouse, mortu­ husbands and dowered, 46.- In the ary, and cemetery, 45; their administra­ Penal Settlement, women convicts, :;8, tion, a conservative democracy, 52; the 6o, 61; prostitution common among the limited powers and privileges of the 'local-born,' 63; jail industries of, 75; village chiefs, 52, 53; their relations girls kept away from school, 7S. Su with the British, 52, 53; villages of also Family, Marriage. Port Blair, of 'free' settlers, 62, distinct Workshops at Phoenix Bay, Port Blair, from those of ' self-supporters,' 62 ; 74· 75- village officials, 73, cesses, 72, 73· Volcanoes (And::tmans), 2, 6; igneous z. intrusions and volcanic rocks, 7; recent Zoology : scientific and commercial, of upheavals and depressions of the Anda­ Andamans, 9, Io, of Nicobars, 29. mans, 8 ; the explosion of Krakatoa See also Fauna.

Oxford : HoRACE HART, Printer to the University Scrd•• I HIUO.OUO tor G:n 1-fill"s t_oan lnch f:n(lli.th .Milu ;,- - ,.. ~ o · ~o D I V ISIONS OF BURMA .I, ARAKAN DIVISION '- PEGU DIVISION ;) IRRAWAOOY DIVISION 4 TENASSERIM DIVISION 5 M IMBU DIVISION f; MANDALAY DIVISION 7 SAGAI NG DIVISION R MEIKTILA DIVISION [>rep=is

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