Mark Bober, P5 Aaron Chin, P2 1/10/2020

Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources: Park Trust. “Banbury Sheets.” n.d. Accessed 22 November 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-31149338. This photograph is from , where would use Banbury sheets to decode messages. His method was that if light could shine through holes with two aligned sheets, it would be a possibility.

Bletchley Park Trust. “Handwritten Pages.” n.d. Accessed 22 November 2019 https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucksherts-31149338. This is a photo of notes in Bletchley Park. It is an attempt of a codebreaker to eliminate choices and find possibilities. It helps the reader to understand how manual codebreaking was done.

Bletchley Park Trust. “Paperwork.” n.d. Accessed 22 November 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-31149338. This is some paperwork from Bletchley Park, with the owner unknown. It shows variety in different methods used for decoding using paper. This photo is best used for the introduction to introduce codebreaking and how it affects today.

Bober, Todd. “The Greene Revolution.” Email Interview. 3 Dec. 2019 This is an interview with Mr. Todd Bober J.D, a former high school history teacher at The Model Secondary School for the Deaf at Gallaudet University, and is currently a Florida Bar Certified Attorney. Mr. Bober was also able to talk about his personal experiences working with the Virtual Enigma program during the Greene Revolution to communicate with the Iranian Rebels.

Bourne, Ruth. Interview. The Register. 21 September 2018. Accessed 18 November 2019 https://www.theregister.co/uk/2018/09/25/bletchley_bombe_operator_interview/. This website interview on Ruth Bourne shows the troubles and hard work involved in working at Bletchley Park. This woman was a operator and was required to record everything that happened throughout the operation. This contributes to the project by showing historical evidence of the daily activities of a codebreaker in Bletchley Park.

Cawthorne, Nigel. Alan Turing: The Enigma Man. Arcturus, 2014. This book is about the life of Alan Turing, the inventor of the first . He was a brilliant mathematician and was able to contribute to the success of many battles by cracking the enigma code. He also invented the bombe, which was successful in winning World War II for the allies.

“Colossus Computer.” 1943. Accessed 5 January 2020. http://www.britannica.com/technology/Colossus-computer/images-videos. This photograph shows workers at Bletchley Park operating the Colossus Computer. This photograph gives an idea of how the computer worked and how it was used to support the efforts at Bletchley Park to break the code.

Computer History Museum. IBM introduces its Personal Computer (PC). n.d. Accessed 5 January 2020. https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1981/#169ebbe2ad45559efbc6eb35720105c3. This website provides information about IBM’s Personal Computer. It shows in retrospect how advanced have gotten since the ENIAC and Colossus computers.

Film Inspector, Cracking the Enigma Code, Accessed 4 January 2020. http://worldwartwo.filminspector.com/2014/05/enigma-machine.html This is a World War II photograph of an with its German operator. This operator happens to be aboard a submarine U-110.

Moore School of , University of Pennsylvania. 1946. Accessed 8 January 2020. https://www.britannica.com/technology/ENIAC?images- videos#/media/1/183842/203028. This photograph shows what the ENIAC computer looked like when it was set up. It also shows the large size of the computer, compared to today’s modern computers.

National Museum Royal Navy, The. “ENIGMA.” n.d. The National Museum Royal Navy. Accessed 4 December 2019. https://www.nmrn.org.uk/explore/curators-highlights/enigma. This source has a picture of the enigma as the cover and some text below to explain the use and importance of the Enigma. Since the Enigma was decoded and the enemies didn’t notice, many important German military orders were decoded giving the allied forces a huge advantage.

Reuters. 19 July 2009. Accessed 30 December 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/09/iran-twitter-revolution-protests. The picture was taken on July 19, 2009, found in an article that was created shortly after. The picture shows a protester at a university in Terhan. The picture is an original source that was taken at the time and place of the event, making it a primary source. According to the University Libraries at Seton Hall University, a primary source is a “first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic… most direct evidence… created by people or things that were there at the time or event.” This picture follows this definition, which proves that it is a reliable primary source. Regardless of the topics mentioned before, the Enigma code and the Bombe from World War II, this is a primary source for the Green Revolution. The Green Revolution is used to show how Enigma was used to defeat computers, whereas in World War II, computers were used to defeat Enigma; A great irony of history. The way the photo is used in this project is justified as a primary source.

Sherborne School. 1928. Accessed 15 November 2019. https://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/math-in-the-media/02-2014-media#2. This historical photograph of Alan Turing from a school he attended, Sherborne School. This picture take place before Alan Turing’s great achievements. These pictures contributed to the project by displaying what Alan Turing looked like to enhance further understanding.

Turing, Alan. “I. –Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” 1950. Accessed 9 January 2019. https://academic.oup.com/mind/article/LIX/236/433/986238. The report from Alan Turing himself in 1950 about what will eventually be known as artificial intelligence, shows how machines have developed and will continue to develop in the future.

Secondary Sources: Alan Turing Scrap Book. “Four Wheels” n.d. Accessed 23 November 2019. https://www.turing.org.uk/scrapbook/ww2.html. This was a photograph of a naval Enigma with four rotors. The positions on this machine was important to the codebreakers of Bletchley Park. This would help the codebreaking process and made the efforts more efficient.

British Library. Alan Turing. n.d. Accessed 29 November 2019. https://www.bl.uk/people/alan-turing#. This website covers the life of Alan Turing, and not only his revolutionary inventions. From love to graduation, the British Library displays every desired fact about Alan Turing. The text describes Alan Turing and his bombe.

Coles, Ted. “Bombe Machine.” n.d. Accessed 5 January 2020. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ultra-Allied-intelligence-project/images- videos#/media/1/613385/238451. This picture shows what a reconstruction of Alan Turing’s bombe machine looks like. It also shows how the bombe works.

Computer History Museum (CHM). Timeline of Computer History. Accessed 7 January 2020. https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1981/#169ebbe2ad45559efbc6eb35720105c3. This website shows the timeline of many computers, along with the IMB computer. Although this computer isn’t significantly outstanding, the image is used to show how have improved over time.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The Enigma of Alan Turing. Accessed 5 January 2020. https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story- archive/the-enigma-of-alan-turing.html This website shows how Alan Turing broke the Enigma code and his other work. He had the human-computer test; the Turing Test, cracked the Enigma code, and was an overall genius mathematician.

Channel, Smithsonian. YouTube, YouTube, 19 Nov. 2015, Accessed 15 November 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXZNayEPFKc. This documentary from the Smithsonian shows how the enigma machines worked. The documentary also described how Gordon Welchman was the first to use traffic analysis to track where the codes were being sent, and where they came from.

Crypto Museum. Bombe. n.d. Accessed 3 December 2019. https://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/bombe/index.htm. This website is home to the Crypto Museum, a virtual museum based in the Netherlands dedicated to cryptology devices. In addition to talking about Alan Turing’s creation of the Bombe, it describes in detail about Poland’s original Bomba, which Alan Turing innovated into the Bombe, which the United States Army and Navy innovated. This website helped us understand the evolution of code breaking machines from the bomba onward

Crypto Museum. Colossus. n.d. Accessed 5 January 2020. https://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/colossus/index.htm. This website describes the purpose of the Colossus computer, which was to break the German Lorenz Sz-40/42 code. It provides information about who created the Colossus, how it was built, and how it worked.

Crypto Museum. History of Enigma n.d. 3 December 2019. Accessed 8 November 2019. https://cryptomuseum.com/crypto/enigma/hist.htm. Aside from Turing, this site shows the first Dutch invention of the rotor and the different variations of the enigma. Each enigma machine can be specially decoded with special machines in Bletchley Park. With the advancement of knowing the enemy decisions, America and its allies gained control of the Pacific and ultimately won World War II.

Ellis, Claire. Exploring the Enigma, Plus Magazine, 1 March 2005, Accessed 2 January 2020. https://plus.maths.org/content/exploring-enigma This website tells the whole story of the Enigma in chronological order. The birth, the functions, the codebreakers, and the deciphering. The Enigma was something important to keep safe and secret for the Axis powers, but important for the Allies to decode every message. The Enigma was a deciding factor of a large chunk of World War II.

Knapton, Sarah. Polish codebreakers 'cracked Enigma before Alan Turing', The Telegraph, 17 February 2016, Accessed 5 January 2020. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/03/15/polish-codebreakers-cracked-enigma-before- alan-turing/. This website explains how the British worked in shifts using only paper and pencil dedicated to solving a single message at a time. It also gives details for the little-known contributions the Polish had in codebreaking, as the Polish had once broken an earlier model of the Enigma and passed the information to Britain.

Encyclopedia Britannica. Enigma. 24 February 2005. Accessed 3 December 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Enigma-German-code-device. This website is a compact summary about the Enigma. This helps explain the Enigma and why it was important to the Americans to decode the messages produced. The decoding started as soon as the Allies got ahold of an enigma machine and started figuring out about it, with help from earlier decryption efforts.

Swaine, Michael R. and Paul A. Feriberger. ENIAC Computer. 26 October 2018. Accessed 5 January 2020. https://www.britannica.com/technology/ENIAC. This website explains how the ENIAC Computer works, and its functions. It also explains its advantages and disadvantages. It also explains how the ENIAC was the first computer designed to solve calculations.

The Turing-Welchman Bombe, The National Museum of Computing, Accessed 2 January 2020. https://www.tnmoc.org/bombe This website is mostly about the bombe, only mentioning the Enigma towards the end. It was important for the Allies to always run the bombe as the enemy could have sent out important battle plans for the day.

Wiring Diagram. Ciphermachines.com. n.d. Accessed 5 January 2020. https://ciphermachines.com/enigma.html/#tech. This video shows how the enigma machine is wired. It shows how each time a key on the keyboard is pressed, the letter is turned into a different letter on the plugboard. An electrical signal then goes up to the rotors, then you get a different letter. Now, the signal goes to the battery, and lights up the new letter on the light panel.