MARSLAND NATURE RESERVE MARSLAND NATURE RESERVE

The reserve was, until recently,owned and managed by the Royal Society for Nature Conservation (RSNC - Wildlife Trusts).In 1997 the day to day running of the reserve was handed over to the Devon Wildlife Trust under a lease agreement.The greater part of the reserve was acquired in the late 50's and early 60's by Mr.Christopher Cadbury and passed on to the RSNC over the years.

The area covered is around 520 acres and was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in 1952 ( area includes Welcombe Mouth which no longer is part of the reserve)

The reserve also lies within an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty with the Marsland Valley being the most representative of an unspoilt coastal coombe habitat.

The first warden,who arrived on site in 1974,prepared a working management plan which formed the basis for the current work planning scheme. A Management Committee was set up in 1978 to advise and assist the warden and present day reserve manager.

The reserve itself is predominantly steep sided Oak woodland intermixed with Ash,Holly Rowen,Beech,Sycamore and Hazel.The valley contains wet flushes of Alder and Willow much of which has been coppiced in the past.The coastal areas contain maritime grassland and heathland adding yet another diverse habitat which already includes ponds,traditional hay meadows,grazing pasture and open farmland.

The actual management comprises mainly of coppicing in the old coupes with traditional meadow grazing and cutting.The overall plan includes management of rides and glades,open meadows within the woodland and hay cutting/baling.

Scientific and monitoring work is on going throughout the seasons and includes a Common Bird Census (CBC),butterfly and dragonfly transects and listings of most other major species.

The following accounts have been drawn from reserve computer data - more details are available on request from the reserve manager:

Chapel Cottage Gooseham Mill Morwenstow Cornwall EX23 9PQ Tel: 01288 331 266

Path through Reserve FLORA: Grassland: The short turf grassland is dominated by Red Rescue while Rye Grass,Cocksfoot and Crested Dogstail dominate the improved pasture.On the coast Kidney Vetch,Thrift,Thyme,BirdsFoot Trefoil,Spring Squill,Wild Carrot,Mouse Ear Hawkweed and Common Catsear can be found.Further inland one can see Eyebright,Devils Bit Scabious,Betony,Centaury and Purging Flax.The meadows further up the valley contain Yorkshire Fog,Common Bent,Self Heal,Ribwort Plantain,Heath Bedstraw,Yarrow,Ladies Smock,Knapweed,and Tormentil.

Maritime Grassland: Apart from bare ground the area is dominated by Heather,Gorse,Red Fescue and Common Bent.Other plants include Foxglove,Wood Sage and Sea Campion.On the rockiest areas English Stonecrop becomes a dominant with Bell Heather,Red Fescue,Common Catsear and Sheeps Bit.On the scree slopes Wood Vetch can be found.

Wet Flushes: Dominated by Water Forget Me Not,Lesser Spearwort,Marsh Ragwort and Ragged Robin.

Wood Pasture: Usually dominated by Ash (opposite picture),Sallow and Alder with Yorkshire Fog, Red Campion,Angelica,Nettle,Bugle,Moscatel,Enchanters Nightshade, Wild Daffodil,Primrose and Yellow flag.

Oak Woodland: Oak is the dominant tree species with occasional Ash and Sycamore. Hazel and Holly dominate the shrub layer. Bramble,Broad Buckler Fern,Ivy and Honeysuckle are the most abundant plants on the ground with Hard Fern,Male Fern,Creeping Soft Grass and Bluebell also common.Locally,more base conditions give rise to a richer ground flora with Dogs Mercury,Sanicle,Primrose and Hartstongue Fern. Spindle and Privet can be found in the shrub layer in these areas.

Oak-Beech Woodland: The presence of Beech and Sweet Chestnut indicate planting sometime in the past.The dense shade cast by beech allows a sparse cover of Broad Buckler Fern,Hard Fern,Male Fern and Ivy.Mosses,especially species Polytrichum cover the ground.Beech and Holly dominate the shrublayer.

Oak Coppice: The degenerate coppice contains Gorse,Heather,Bilberry,Tormentil and Cow Wheat.

Alder-Sallow Woodland: This is characteristic of the wettest areas of the valley bottoms. Alder and Sallow are dominant although both Ash and Sycamore do exist.The drier areas on the ground contain Bramble,Male Fern, Lady Fern and False Oat Grass.The wet mires have Yellow Flag,Meadowsweet,Kingcup,Hemlock Water Dropwort and Golden Saxifrage. Reserve Glade

Mixed Deciduous Woodland: Usually dominated by Ash,Sycamore or Birch with varying amounts of Oak.The ground flora usually consists of Bracken and Bramble where the Birch dominates.Where Ash occurs,the ground flora is richer with Primrose,Sanicle,Dogs Mercury and Wild Strawberry.

Mixed Wet Deciduous Woodland: Ash is the dominant tree species with some Alder and Sallow.Where the light reaches the ground Primrose, Wild Daffodil,Early PurpleOrchid,Valerian,Pignut,Meadowsweet,Yellowflag and Golden Saxifrage occur. Elm Woodland: Small clumps of Cornish Elm are scattered throughout the valley,usually on earthbanks.Much of it has succumbed to the Dutch disease but suckering saplings can form thickets.

Scrub: Usually dominated by Blackthorn and Hawthorn with abundant Gorse and Bramble. Privet becomes common near the coast.

Willow Scrub: Sallow is dominant with Float Grass and Creeping Buttercup growing on the wetter soil. Southern Marsh Orchid,Ragged Robin,Marsh Thistle and Marsh Ragwort can be found in these areas.

Gorse Scrub: The cessation of grazing has caused large areas of scrub to develop but this is managed on a rotational basis. Monocotyledons: Luzula pilosa Hairy Woodrush Luzula sylvatica Great Woodrush Festuca gigantea Giant Fescue Melica uniflora Wood Melick Festuca rubra sens.str. Red Fescue Molinia caerulea Purple Moor-grass Galanthus nivalis Snowdrop Narcissus pseudonarcissus Wild Daffodil Glyceria fluitans Flote-grass Orchis mascula Early Purple Orchid Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass Holcus mollis Creeping Softgrass Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass Hyacinthoides non-scripta Bluebell Poa pratensis sens.lat. Smooth Meadow-grass Iris pseudacorus Yellow Flag Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush Scilla verna Spring Squill Juncus bufonius agg. Toad Rush [agg.] Scirpus setaceus Bristle Club-rush Juncus bulbosus sens.lat. Bulbous Rush Scirpus sylvaticus Wood Club-rush Juncus compressus Round-fruited Rush Tamus communis Black Bryony Juncus conglomeratus Compact Rush Tritonia x crocosmiflora Montbretia Juncus effusus Soft Rush Juncus tenuis Slender Rush Listera ovata Common Twayblade Lolium perenne Common Rye-grass Luzula campestris Field Woodrush Luzula multiflora Heath Woodrush

Early Purple Orchid Yellow Flag

Coastal Flora and coppice woodland opposite – two contrasting habitats which increases the variety of wildlife found on reserve. Dicotyledones

Euphrasia nemorosa Hieracium umbellatum Agrimony Agrimonia eupatoria Alder Alnus glutinosa Alder Buckthorn Frangula alnus Amphibious Bistort Polygonum amphibium Annual Pearlwort Sagina apetala ssp. apetala Apple Malus sylvestris sens.lat. Ash Fraxinus excelsior Autumnal Hawkbit Leontodon autumnalis Barren Strawberry Potentilla sterilis Bastard Balm Melittis melissophyllum Beech Fagus sylvatica Bell Heather Erica cinerea Betony Stachys officinalis Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus Bitter Vetchling Lathyrus montanus Bittersweet Solanum dulcamara Black Knapweed Centaurea nigra Black Medick Medicago lupulina Blackthorn Prunus spinosa Bog Pimpernel Anagallis tenella Bog Stitchwort Stellaria alsine Bramble Rubus fruticosus agg. Bristly Ox-tongue Picris echioides Broad-leaved Dock Rumex obtusifolius Broad-leaved Willow-herb Epilobium montanum Brooklime Veronica beccabunga Broom Cytisus scoparius Buckshorn Plantain Plantago coronopus Bugle Ajuga reptans

Burdock Arctium agg. Burdock Arctium minus agg. Burnet Rose Rosa pimpinellifolia Burnet Saxifrage Pimpinella saxifraga Bush Vetch Vicia sepium Carline Thistle Carlina vulgaris Chalk Milkwort Polygala calcarea Changing Forget-me-not Myosotis discolor Bugle

Cliff Spurrey Spergularia rupicola Clustered Dock Rumex conglomeratus Coltsfoot Tussilago farfara Common Birdsfoot Trefoil Lotus corniculatus Common Calamint Calamintha ascendens Common Catsear Hypochaeris radicata Common Centaury Centaurium erythraea Common Chickweed Stellaria media sens. str. Common Cow-wheat Melampyrum pratense Common Dog Violet Viola riviniana Common Enchanter's Nightshade Circaea lutetiana Common Figwort Scrophularia nodosa Common Fleabane Pulicaria dysenterica Common Hemp-nettle Galeopsis tetrahit subsp. tetr Common Milkwort Polygala vulgaris Common Mouse-ear Cerastium fontanum Common Ragwort Senecio jacobaea Common Sallow Salix cinerea Common Scurvy-grass Cochlearia officinalis sens.st Common Sorrel Rumex acetosa Common Sow-thistle Sonchus oleraceus Common St. John's Wort Hypericum perforatum Common Toadflax Linaria vulgaris Common Valerian Valeriana officinalis Common Vetch Vicia sativa ssp. sativa Common Water Forget-me-not Myosotis scorpiodes Common Water-starwort Callitriche stagnalis Corn Mint Mentha arvensis Corn Sow-thistle Sonchus arvensis Cowslip Primula veris Creeping Buttercup Ranunculus repens Creeping Cinquefoil Potentilla reptans Creeping Thistle Cirsium arvense Creeping Water Forget-me-not Myosotis secunda Curled Dock Rumex crispus Cut-leaved Cranesbill Geranium dissectum Daisy Bellis perennis Dandelion Taraxacum officinale agg. Devil's-bit Scabious Succisa pratensis Dog Rose Rosa canina Dog's Mercury Mercurialis perennis Dovesfoot Cranesbill Geranium molle Downy Birch Betula pubescens Early Scurvy-grass Cochlearia danica Elder Sambucus nigra Elegant St. John's Wort Hypericum pulchrum English Elm Ulmus procera English Stonecrop Sedum anglicum Fat Hen Chenopodium album agg. Field Bindweed Convolvulus arvensis Field Rose Rosa arvensis Field Woundwort Stachys arvensis Fool's Watercress Apium nodiflorum Foxglove (below) Digitalis purpurea

Garden Strawberry Fragaria ananassa Germander Speedwell Veronica chamaedrys Goat Willow Salix caprea Golden-rod Solidago virgaurea Gooseberry Ribes uva-crispa Goosegrass Galium aparine Gorse Ulex europaeus Great Bindweed Calystegia sepium Great Bindweed [agg.] Calystegia sepium agg. Great Burdock Arctium lappa Great Willow-herb Epilobium hirsutum Greater Stichwort Stellaria holostea Ground Ivy Glechoma hederacea Guelder Rose Viburnum opulus Hairy Bitter-cress Cardamine hirsuta Hairy St. John's Wort Hypericum hirsutum Haresfoot Trefoil Trifolium arvense Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Hazel Corylus avellana Heath Bedstraw Galium saxatile Heath Groundsel Senecio sylvaticus Heath Milkwort Polygala serpyllifolia Heath Pearlwort Sagina subulata Heath Speedwell Veronica officinalis Hedge Parsley Torilis japonica Hedge Woundwort Stachys sylvatica Hemlock Water Dropwort Oenanthe crocata Hemp Agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum Herb Bennet Geum urbanum Herb Robert Geranium robertianum Hoary Cinquefoil Potentilla argentea Hogweed Heracleum sphondylium Holly Ilex aquifolium Honeysuckle Lonicera periclymenum Hop Humulus lupulus Hop Trefoil Trifolium campestre Hornbeam Carpinus betulus Ivy Hedera helix Ivy-leaved Crowfoot Ranunculus hederaceus Ivy-leaved Speedwell [agg.] Veronica hederifolia agg. Kidney Vetch Anthyllis vulneraria Knot-grass Polygonum aviculare Lady's Smock Cardamine pratensis Large Birdsfoot Trefoil Lotus uliginosus Lenormand`s Water Crowfoot Ranunculus omiophyllus Lesser Celandine Ranunculus ficaria Lesser Skullcap Scutellaria minor Lesser Spearwort Ranunculus flammula Lesser Stitchwort Stellaria graminea Lesser Yellow Trefoil Trifolium dubium Ling Calluna vulgaris Long-stalked Cranesbill Geranium columbinum Lousewort Pedicularis sylvatica Marsh Bedstraw Galium palustre agg. Marsh Marigold Caltha palustris Marsh Pennywort Hydrocotyle vulgaris Marsh Ragwort Senecio aquaticus Marsh Thistle Cirsium palustre Marsh Violet Viola palustris

Marsh Violet Recently cut coppice –and resultant growth. Meadow Buttercup Ranunculus acris Meadow Vetchling Lathyrus pratensis Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria Moschatel Adoxa moschatellina Mouse-ear Hawkweed Pilosella officinarum Musk Mallow Malva moschata Nipplewort Lapsana communis Opposite-leaved Golden Saxifra Chrysosplenium oppositifolium Ox-eye Daisy Leucanthemum vulgare Pale Flax Linum bienne Parsley Piert Aphanes arvensis agg. Pignut Conopodium majus Pineapple Weed Matricaria matricarioides Portland Spurge Euphorbia portlandica Prickly Sow-thistle Sonchus asper Primrose Primula vulgaris

Procumbent Pearlwort Sagina procumbens Purging Flax Linum catharticum Purple Loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Ragged Robin Lychnis flos-cuculi Ratstail Plantain Plantago major Red Bartsia Odontites verna Red Campion Silene dioica Red Clover Trifolium pratense Red Dead-nettle Lamium purpureum Redleg Polygonum persicaria Rest-harrow Ononis repens

Primrose

Ribwort Plantain Plantago lanceolata Rock Sea Lavender [agg.] Limonium binervosum agg. Rose (unidentified) Rosa indet. Rosebay Willow-herb Epilobium angustifolium Rough Chervil Chaerophyllum temulentum Rough Clover Trifolium scabrum Rowan Sorbus aucuparia Scarlet Pimpernel Anagallis arvensis Sea Beet Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima Sea Campion Silene maritima Self-heal Prunella vulgaris Sessile Oak Quercus petraea Sharp-leaved Fluellen Kickxia elatine Sheep's Sorrel Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosel Sheep's Sorrel [agg.] Rumex acetosella agg. Sheepsbit Jasione montana Silver Birch Betula pendula Silverweed Potentilla anserina Slender Centaury Centaurium pulchellum Smith's Cress Lepidium heterophyllum Smooth Hawksbeard Crepis capillaris Sneezewort Achillea ptarmica Spear Thistle Cirsium vulgare Spindle Euonymus europaeus Square St. John`s Wort Hypericum tetrapterum Square-stemmed Willow-herb Epilobium adnatum Sticky Mouse-ear Cerastium glomeratum Stinging Nettle Urtica dioica Sweet Chestnut Castanea sativa Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus Three-nerved Sandwort Moehringia trinervia Thrift Armeria maritima Thyme-leaved Speedwell Veronica serpyllifolia Tormentil Potentilla erecta Trailing St. John's Wort Hypericum humifusum Water-pepper Polygonum hydropiper Wavy Bitter-cress Cardamine flexuosa Wavy St. John's Wort Hypericum undulatum Wayside Cudweed Gnaphalium uliginosum Western Gorse Ulex gallii White Bryony Bryonia dioica White Clover Trifolium repens Wild Angelica Angelica sylvestris Wild Carrot Daucus carota ssp. carota Wild Madder Rubia peregrina Wild Privet Ligustrum vulgare Wild Strawberry Fragaria vesca Wild Thyme Thymus praecox Wood Calamint Calamintha sylvatica Wood Dock Rumex sanguineus Wood Sage Teucrium scorodonia Wood Sanicle Sanicula europaea Wood Sorrel Oxalis acetosella Wood Speedwell Veronica montana Wood Vetch Vicia sylvatica Wych Elm Ulmus glabra Yarrow Achillea millefolium Yellow Pimpernel Lysimachia nemorum Pteridophta(Ferns)

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum sens Black Spleenwort Athyrium filix-femina Lady Fern Blechnum spicant Hard Fern Dryopteris affinis Scaly Male Fern Dryopteris dilatata Common Buckler-fern Dryopteris filix-mas agg. Male Fern Equisetum arvense Common Horsetail Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail Ophioglossum vulgatum sens.lat Adderstongue Fern Osmunda regalis Royal Fern Phyllitis scolopendrium Hartstongue Fern Polypodium vulgare agg. Polypody Polystichum setiferum Soft Shield-fern Pteridium aquilinum Bracken One of 14 species of fern

Conocephalum conicum Bryum bicolor sens. lat. Mosses/Liverworts Sphagnum subnitens Bryum ruderale Tetraphis pellucida Bryum klinggraeffii Trichocolea tomentella Polytrichum formosum Bryum sauteri Calypogeia fissa Pogonatum aloides Mnium hornum Calypogeia azurea Atrichum undulatum Rhizomnium punctatum Calypogeia arguta Pleuridium acuminatum Plagiomnium undulatum Pseudephemerum nitidum Zygodon viridissimus Ceratodon purpureus Zygodon viridissimus var. viridi Dicranella rufescens Zygodon baumgartneri Cephalozia bicuspidata Dicranella varia Zygodon conoideus Nowellia curvifolia Dicranella heteromalla Orthotrichum affine Cephalozia bicuspidata var. bicu Dicranoweisia cirrata Orthotrichum diaphanum Jungermannia gracillima Dicranum scoparium Ulota crispa var. crispa Dicranum majus Ulota crispa var. norvegica Campylopus fragilis Ulota phyllantha Campylopus introflexus Fontinalis antipyretica Diplophyllum albicans Fissidens bryoides Cryphaea heteromalla Scapania irrigua Fissidens curnovii Neckera pumila Scapania undulata Fissidens celticus Neckera complanata Lophocolea bidentata var. bident Fissidens taxifolius Homalia trichomanoides Lophocolea bidentata var. rivula Fissidens cristatus Thamnobryum alopecurum Lophocolea heterophylla Fissidens adianthoides Hookeria lucens Lophocolea fragrans Tortula muralis var. muralis Heterocladium heteropterum var. Chiloscyphus polyanthos var.poly Pottia wilsonii Thuidium tamariscinum Saccogyna viticulosa Pottia truncata Cratoneuron filicinum Plagiochila asplenioides Pottia recta Amblystegium serpens Plagiochila asplenioides sens. l Barbula convoluta Amblystegium fluviatile Plagiochila porelloides Barbula convoluta var. convoluta Calliergon cuspidatum Radula complanata Barbula unguiculata Isothecium myurum Frullania tamarisci Barbula rigidula Isothecium myosuroides Frullania dilatata Barbula nicholsonii Homalothecium sericeum Lejeunea lamacerina Barbula trifaria Brachythecium rutabulum Lejeunea ulicina Barbula tophacea Brachythecium rivulare Cololejeunea minutissima Barbula cylindrica Brachythecium velutinum Fossombronia pusilla var. pusill Weissia controversa Brachythecium plumosum Pellia epiphylla Trichostomum brachydontium Pseudoscleropodium purum Pellia neesiana Schistidium maritimum Cirriphyllum piliferum Pellia endiviifolia Grimmia pulvinata Rhynchostegium riparioides Aneura pinguis Funaria hygrometrica Eurhynchium striatum Riccardia multifida Ephemerum serratum var.minutiss Eurhynchium pumilum Riccardia chamedryfolia Pohlia carnea Eurhynchium praelongum Metzgeria furcata Pohlia wahlenbergii Eurhynchium swartzii Metzgeria fruticulosa Epipterygium tozeri Rhynchostegiella tenella Metzgeria temperata Bryum capillare Plagiothecium denticulatum Lunularia cruciata Plagiothecium succulentum Hypnum cupressiforme var. resupi Rhytidiadelphus loreus Plagiothecium nemorale Hypnum mammillatum Hylocomium brevirostre Plagiothecium undulatum Ctenidium molluscum Isopterygium elegans Hyocomium armoricum Hypnum cupressiforme var.cupres Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus Hypnum cupressiforme var.lacuno Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus Lichen/Fungi

Lycogala epidendrum a slime mould Brefeldia maxima a slime mould Arthonia cinnabarina a lichen or fungus Arthonia elegans a lichen or fungus Arthonia punctiformis a lichen or fungus Chrysothrix candelaris a lichen or fungus Arthopyrenia punctiformis a lichen or fungus Graphina anguina a lichen

Lichen selection

Graphis elegans a lichen Graphis scripta a lichen Phaeographis dendritica a lichen Phaeographis lyellii a lichen Thelotrema lepadinum a lichen Dimerella lutea a lichen or fungus Pachyphiale carneola a lichen or fungus Ascocoryne cylichnium an ascomycete fungus Bulgaria inquinans an ascomycete fungus Chlorociboria aeruginascens an ascomycete fungus Leotia lubrica an ascomycete fungus Nectria cinnabarina Coral-spot Fungus Bacidia laurocerasi a lichen Bacidia rubella a lichen Bacidia viridifarinosa a lichen Buellia disciformis a lichen Buellia subdisciformis a lichen Candelariella reflexa a lichen Catillaria chalybeia a lichen Cladonia polydactyla a lichen Cladonia pyxidata a lichen Cliostomum griffithii a lichen Diplotomma chlorophaeum a lichen Evernia prunastri a lichen Haematomma elatinum a lichen Hypogymnia physodes a lichen Lecanora chlarotera a lichen Lecanora confusa a lichen Lecanora conizaeoides a lichen Lecanora dispersa a lichen Welcombe Mouth – an excellent site for many coastal lichens Lecanora expallens a lichen Lecanora jamesii a lichen Lecidea carrollii a lichen Lecidea doliiformis a lichen Lecidella elaeochroma a lichen Lecidella scabra a lichen Lepraria incana a lichen Lepraria lobificans a lichen Leptogium teretiusculum a lichen Micarea prasina a lichen

Parmelia caperata a lichen Parmelia glabratula a lichen Parmelia glabratula subsp. fulig a lichen Parmelia reddenda a lichen Parmelia revoluta a lichen Parmelia saxatilis a lichen Parmelia subaurifera a lichen Parmelia subrudecta a lichen Parmelia sulcata a lichen Parmotrema chinense a lichen Physcia aipolia a lichen Dead wood-a perfect habitat for fungi

Physcia tenella a lichen Porpidia macrocarpa a lichen Ramalina canariensis a lichen Ramalina farinacea a lichen Ramalina fastigiata a lichen Ramalina lacera a lichen Ramalina siliquosa a lichen Strangospora ochrophora a lichen Tephromela atra a lichen Usnea ceratina a lichen Usnea cornuta a lichen Usnea florida a lichen Usnea subfloridana a lichen Enterographa crassa a lichen

Opegrapha atra a lichen Opegrapha sorediifera a lichen Opegrapha vermicellifera a lichen Opegrapha vulgata a lichen Schismatomma cretaceum a lichen Lobaria pulmonaria Lungwort Nephroma laevigatum a lichen Peltigera membranacea a lichen Peltigera praetextata a lichen Sticta fuliginosa a lichen Sticta limbata a lichen Ochrolechia parella a lichen Pertusaria albescens a lichen Pertusaria amara a lichen Pertusaria hemisphaerica a lichen Pertusaria hymenea a lichen Pertusaria leioplaca a lichen Hygrocybe spp Pertusaria multipuncta a lichen Pertusaria pertusa a lichen Pertusaria pseudocorallina a lichen Aleuria aurantia Orange-peel Fungus Peziza sp. a lichen or fungus Eopyrenula avellanae a lichen or fungus Pyrenula chlorospila a lichen or fungus Pyrenula macrospora a lichen or fungus Pyrenula nitida a lichen or fungus Pyrenula nitidella a lichen or fungus Rhytisma acerinum Tar-spot Fungus Daldinia concentrica Cramp-ball Hypoxylon fragiforme an ascomycete fungus Hypoxylon fuscum an ascomycete fungus Xylaria hypoxylon Candle-snuff Fungus Xylaria longipes an ascomycete fungus Xylaria polymorpha Dead Man's Fingers Caloplaca citrina a lichen Caloplaca ferruginea a lichen Caloplaca marina a lichen Caloplaca thallincola a lichen Xanthoria parietina a lichen Verrucaria maura a lichen Anisomeridium biforme an ascomycete fungus Anisomeridium nyssaegenum an ascomycete fungus Normandina pulchella an ascomycete fungus Phlyctis argena an ascomycete fungus Hirneola auricula-judae Jew's Ear Tremella exigua a basidiomycete fungus Tremella mesenterica Golden Jelly Fungus Clavaria vermicularis a chantarelle Clavulina cristata a chantarelle Clavulinopsis corniculata a chantarelle Bjerkandera adusta a basidiomycete fungus Daedaleopsis confragosa a basidiomycete fungus Grifola frondosa a basidiomycete fungus Polyporus squamosus Dryad's Saddle Trametes hirsuta a basidiomycete fungus Trametes versicolor a basidiomycete fungus Ganoderma applanatum a basidiomycete fungus Fistulina hepatica Beef-steak Fungus Inonotus radiatus a basidiomycete fungus Stereum gausapatum a basidiomycete fungus Stereum rugosum a basidiomycete fungus Hydnellum concrescens a basidiomycete fungus Thelephora terrestris Earth-fan Boletus badius Bay Bolete Boletus parasiticus a bolete Leccinum scabrum Brown Birch-bolete Pluteus atricapillus Fawn Pluteus Volvariella speciosa a basidiomycete fungus Coprinus comatus Shaggy Ink-cap Coprinus micaceus Glistening Ink-cap Coprinus silvaticus an agaric Cortinarius puniceus an agaric Crepidotus mollis Soft Slipper Toadstool Crepidotus variabilis an agaric Galerina mutabilis an agaric Gymnopilus junonius an agaric Gymnopilus penetrans an agaric Hypholoma fasciculare Sulphur Tuft Hypholoma sublateritum Brick caps Macrolepiota procera Parasol mushroom

Naucoria escharoides an agaric Panaeolus rickenii an agaric Psathyrella gracilis an agaric Stropharia aeruginosa Verdigris agaric Tubaria furfuracea an agaric Amanita fulva Tawny Grisette Amanita rubescens The Blusher Amanita vaginata Grisette Armillaria mellea Honey Fungus Asterophora parasitica Pick-a-back Toadstool Clitocybe clavipes Club Foot Clitocybe dealbata a basidiomycete fungus

Parasol

Clitocybe flaccida a basidiomycete fungus Clitocybe geotropa a basidiomycete fungus Clitocybe nebularis Clouded Agaric Clitocybe rivulosa a basidiomycete fungus Collybia butyracea Butter Cap Collybia confluens Clustered Tough-shank Collybia dryophila Russet Shank Collybia peronata Wood Woolly-foot Hygrocybe chlorophana a basidiomycete fungus Hygrocybe coccinea Scarlet Hood Hygrocybe conica Conical Wax-cap Hygrocybe insipida a basidiomycete fungus Hygrocybe nivea Snowy Wax-cap Hygrocybe pratensis Meadow Wax-cap Hygrocybe psittacina Parrot Wax-cap Laccaria amethystea Amethyst Deceiver Laccaria laccata Deceiver Lepista nuda Wood Blewit Marasmiellus ramealis a basidiomycete fungus Mycena alcalina a basidiomycete fungus Mycena galericulata Bonnet Mycena Mycena haematopus a basidiomycete fungus Mycena inclinata a basidiomycete fungus Mycena vitilis a basidiomycete fungus Oudemansiella mucida Porcelain Fungus Tricholoma fulvum a basidiomycete fungus Tricholoma sciodes a basidiomycete fungus Lactarius blennius Slimy Milk-cap Lactarius glyciosmus Coconut-scented Milk-cap Lactarius pallidus a russula or milk-cap Lactarius subdulcis a russula or milk-cap Russula atropurpurea Blackish-purple Russula Russula cyanoxantha The Charcoal Burner Russula emetica The Sickener Russula fellea Geranium-scented Russula Russula mairei Beechwood Sickener Russula nigricans Blackening Russula Russula ochroleuca Common Yellow Russula Scleroderma citrinum Common Earthball Lycoperdon perlatum Puffball Lycoperdon pyriforme Stump Puffball Mutinus caninus Dog Stinkhorn Phallus impudicus Stinkhorn BIRDS:

Great Tit

Blackbird

There are just over 115 species of birds on the reserve list with many of these actually breeding.The usual woodland species can be seen most of the year - these include Great,Blue,Marsh,Willow,Coal and Long Tailed Tits along withNuthatch,Treecreeper,Wren,Songthrush,Mistlethrush,Bullfinch,Blackbird and Robin. The House Sparrow can sometimes be seen as can the Starling but both these birds aren't too common unlike the Chaffinch and Dunnock.Yellowhammer,Linnet,Redpoll and occasional Siskin can usually be seen on the coast and on the edge of the reserve.The Goldfinch and Goldcrest can easily be spotted and on occasions (usually during the autumnal months) Firecrest visit during the winter.Both the Greater Spotted and Green Woodpeckers breed but the Lesser Spotted variety still remains very elusive.

Our summer visitors include the usual warblers found in woods - Blackcap,Garden Warbler,Chiffchaff,Willow Warbler and the occasional Grasshopper Warbler.The elusive Whitethroat and rarer Lesser Whitethroat can usually be heard more than seen usually in the scrub areas on the coast.The distinctive song of the Wood Warbler is often heard in spring and one or two have stayed around to breed on occasions.

Other summer visitors include the not so common Pied Flycatcher ( the reserve usually has one or two breeding pairs) and the more common Spotted Flycatcher.The Redstart passes through but breeding is yet to be confirmed.During the early part of spring Wheatears can be seen in good numbers at both Marsland and Welcombe Mouths as can Stonechat which does nest around the coastland scrub.Further down on the actual rocky areas the Rock Pipit is fairly common.Its cousin,the Meadow Pipit, is also common on and above the fields and the Tree Pipit, although infrequent, can sometimes be seen and heard on the edges of the woods.Swallows,House/Sand Martins and Swifts feed over the valley.

The stream has a resident pair(s) of Grey Wagtails and the Dipper also nests both at Marsland and Welcombe.The blue flash of the Kingfisher is a common enough sight during the winter period. Herons are quite common over the reserve and along the stream.Other wintertime birds passing through include Redwing,and Fieldfare.

The crow family is well represented with Magpie,Jay,Carrion Crow,Rook,Jackdaw and the odd pair of Ravens being present all year round.

The Buzzard is one member of the birds of prey which is easily seen and identified and the Sparrowhawk,Kestrel and Peregrine are all in good numbers on and around the reserve.During the summer you may even catch a glimpse of the Hobby along with the Merlin.The winter months may bring in the odd Hen Harrier along the edges of the reserve.The Tawny Owl is more often heard than seen in the woods and on occasions you could seen Barn Owl quartering the fields on the adjacent farm land. The coastline offers even more species including Oystercatcher and Turnstone.Looking out to sea with a telescope you could see Gannet,Manx Shearwater,Fulmar,Cormorant,Shag,Common Scoter and even the odd Puffin or Guillemot.

Some old records include rare birds such as Golden Oriole,Hoopoe and Rough Legged Buzzard along with more 'unusual' species including Mute Swan,Coot,Water Rail,Little RingedPlover,BarTailed Godwit,Whimbrel,LittleOwl,Woodlark,Nightingale and Brambling.

In recent years the reserve has recorded Little Egret,Black Crane,Yellow Browed Warbler,Quail,Jack Snipe,Arctic Skua,Little Grebe,Goshawk,Sedge Warbler and Reed Bunting.

Other birds on the list : Cut/raked vegetation in a glade Shag Mallard Teal Tufted Duck Coot Grey Partridge Pheasant Lapwing Golden Plover Dunlin Woodcock Male Pheasant (female below) Curlew Green Sandpiper Common Sandpiper Redshank Greenshank GBB Gull LBB Gull Herring Gull BH Gull

Kittiwake Recently coppiced woodland with flush of Razorbill bluebells – ideal habitat for many types of Stock Dove birds. Woodpigeon Collared Dove Cuckoo Whinchat SPECIES:

LITTLE GREBE One on the main pond 1st December 1989.This individual stayed on the pond for afew days.

MANX SHEARWATER Recorded off the coast usually during September and into October.

FULMAR Occasional records off the coast during winter.Breeding off Gull Rock and surrounding area.

GANNET Notable passages of birds during late Summer and early Autumn off both coasts.

CORMORANT Usually seen off coast but individuals are noted over reserve and on pond 24th February 1989.

SHAG Recorded off coast.Breeds on Gull Rock.

GREY HERON Frequent visitor to reserve especially around the main pond and down the stream along Long Meadow.

LITTLE EGRET One seen on the 5th December 1990 on the main pond and flying up the valley.

MALLARD A male and female usually on main pond early spring but no breeding proved as yet.

TEAL A drake on the stream at Gooseham Mill on the 3rd December.Recorded next day at Travel Bridge (1990)

TUFTED DUCK Old record.

COMMON SCOTER Six off Marsland Mouth 31st October 1988, and 4 on the 28 October 93.

MUTE SWAN Old record. BUZZARD Common bird of prey on reserve with at least 5-7 pairs breeding.A total of 17 individuals were recorded over reserve in April 1989.Best seen around April period but conspicuous throughout the year.Between 10 - 13 individuals recorded April 90 - 94. SPARROWHAWK Frequent records during most months of the year but usually seen during spring and autumn.This species certainly breeds on reserve with probable two pairs during 1994.

HEN HARRIER A female at Marsland Mouth during November 1988 - frequent records of this species in the surrounding area.

PEREGRINE Frequent sightings off the coast and up the valley mainly over the winter and early spring.

MERLIN Individuals birds seen in January 1990 Buzzard and on the 16th March 1991 – both flying up the track at Gooseham.Single male winter 94.Regular records since 1994.Frequent records 2000.

KESTREL Usually seen off the coastal grassland but can be seen up the valley at any time of the year.

GOSHAWK Single bird over Hard Hills 22nd May 1991.

HOBBY Over Knapp Wood on the 18th August 1990.

RED KITE One over reserve on 2 December 1998.

GREY PARTRIDGE Infrequent records usually in surrounding fields.

PHEASANT Usual sightings of this species throughout the year.Breeding.

WATER RAIL 20 February 1991 and January 94 around pond.

MOORHEN Infrequent visitor to the main pond.

QUAIL One calling on reserve 9 May 1989. OYSTERCATCHER Small flocks off both coasts mainly during the winter months.

LAPWING Irregular sightings over reserve.

LITTLE RINGED PLOVER Old record.

GOLDEN PLOVER Recorded over reserve and in surrounding fields on an irregular basis.

TURNSTONE Usually seen off coasts from October throughout the winter months but not very frequent.

SNIPE Frequently seen on ponds and wetter fields during the winter.

JACK SNIPE One on track at Travel Bridge on the 21st October 1990. WOODCOCK Frequent records during the winter.

CURLEW Occasional over reserve and along the coast.

GREEN SANDPIPER Old record.

COMMON SANDPIPER Old record.

REDSHANK Infrequent records off coast.

GREENSHANK Woodcock Old record.

ARCTIC SKUA A juvenile off Marsland on the 23rd August 1990 - exhausted.

GBB GULL Mainly off coast.

LBB GULL Mainly off coast and over reserve.

HERRING GULL Off the coast and large flocks over reserve during the winter. COMMON GULL Off coast during the winter.

BH GULL Mainly off the coast but can be seen over reserve going to roosts with other gull spp. KITTIWAKE Records from off coast but not frequent.

RAZORBILL Seen off the coast mainly during the winter months and single numbers.

GUILLEMOT Seen off coast mainly during the winter and only single numbers.

PUFFIN Single bird off the coast during June 1988.

STOCK DOVE Breeds on reserve but not frequently seen or heard.

WOODPIGEON Common and breeds on reserve.

COLLARED DOVE Infrequent records on reserve. CUCKOO Usually heard on reserve at the beginning of May but only in small numbers.Not heard 2000.

BARN OWL Uncommon but one was seen at Hard Hills in 1991.Pair bred just off reserve in 1999.

LITTLE OWL Old record. TAWNY OWL Common on reserve and breeds.

Cuckoo

Tawny Owls

KINGFISHER Infrequent visitor to the ponds and along the stream,mainly during the winter months.

GREEN WOODPECKER More often heard than seen but probably breeds at the clearings in c25. GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER Breeds on the reserve and can be seen/heard during most of the year.

LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER Very infrequent - one heard drumming April 6th 1992.

WOODLARK Old record.

SWIFT Usually seen over reserve in the evening during the summer months but not in any great numbers.

SKYLARK Usually heard over the edges of the reserve in small numbers.

SWALLOW Usually arrive around the end of March and can be seen over reserve mainly in the evening when anything up to 200+ can be recorded(9th May 1989).Last seen around the end of October.

HOUSE MARTIN Arrives with the swallows around the end of March.A large flock feeding off Marsland on the 14th August 1989.

SAND MARTIN Usually seen mixed in with the other hirundines feeding over reserve.Not in great numbers.Pair bred at Welcombe 1998.

MEADOW PIPIT Breeding bird.Often seen on the coast grassland during the winter months.

TREE PIPIT Uncommon but has been recorded singing during 1991 season.Male singing BA in spring 94 but no confirmed breeding.

ROCK PIPIT Fairly regular on the coast where afew pairs breed.

PIED WAGTAIL Uncommon bird on reserve.Usually seen out of valley but sometimes on the coast.

GREY WAGTAIL Usually breeds on stream during the summer months with anything up to three pairs on Gooseham stream and one at Welcombe breeding near waterfall.

WREN Common and breeds.CBC 25:20:15:15:17. Wren Dipper

DIPPER During 1991/92 not seen but prior to this very frequent on stream both at Welcombe and Marsland.Regular 1994 sightings,of an individual Gooseham.

DUNNOCK Common breeding bird.CBC 5:7:6:5:8.

ROBIN Common,breeding bird.CBC 15:12:10:10:13.

NIGHTINGALE Old record.

REDSTART Uncommon visitor to reserve.One recorded on the 25th April 1990 and during May of that year.Probably breeds but no confirmation as yet.

WHEATEAR Usually seen on passage mainly at both Mouths and surrounding fields but only in small numbers.Two males at Welcombe on the 18th March 1989 were the earliest.Can be seen as late as first week November(1988).Probable breeding at Welcombe Mouth.

STONECHAT Fairly common on the coast,moreso at Welcombe where quite afew pairs breed.About 4 pairs at Marsland 1996.

WHINCHAT Old record.

MISTLE THRUSH Frequent records throughout the year and breeds on reserve.CBC 1:2:2:3:3.

FIELDFARE Usually passes through the reserve but can be seen in small numbers throughout most of the winter months especially at Hackmarsh.

SONGTHRUSH Common,breeding bird.CBC 4:5:8:4:5.

REDWING Often seen with the fieldfares with around 20 feeding in the garden on the 9th November 1989 for afew days.

BLACKBIRD Common breeding bird.CBC 8:7:7:8:10. GRASSHOPPER WARBLER Usually heard down at Marsland coast during last week of April but not in great numbers.Probable breeding but no confirmation.Singing male 1994 c28.

BLACKCAP Fairly common breeding bird.Some individuals overwinter but not many.CBC 6:5:7:8:7.

GARDEN WARBLER Fairly common breeding bird during the summer months.CBC 5:3:3:4:3.

WHITETHROAT Uncommon breeding bird during the summer mainly around the scrub at both Mouths.Usually arrives third/fourth week in April.Last record on 14th August 1989.

LESSER WHITETHROAT Male singing BA 1993.

WILLOW WARBLER Common summer visitor breeding on reserve.Usually heard around the first week of April and can be seen as late as mid November(1989).CBC 6:6:5:6:8. CHIFFCHAFF Common breeding bird with the odd individual overwintering.Usually heard around the second/third week of March.CBC 7:5:8:5:9.

WOOD WARBLER Usually heard/seen about the first week of May with a handful of pairs breeding.Six singing males around c11/18 in 1989 in May.CBC 2:1:1:0:0.Hardly any heard since 1989.

GOLDCREST Common breeding bird.CBC 4:3:4:2:2.

Goldcrest Chiffchaff

FIRECREST One at Marsland Mouth on the 10th November 1989 and one in the garden 12/13th November.One in garden October 1996. SPOTTED FLYCATCHER Usually arrive during the last week of May and first week of June.Breeds on reserve.CBC 1:3:5:6:5.Numbers down 1996.

PIED FLYCATCHER Infrequent breeding bird on reserve usually in boxes but only three in 1990.CBC 0:3:1:0:1. with 3 nests in boxes 1994.c3/4 singing 1996.Infrequent sightings from then on with non in boxes in 1999 although a female was noted mid breeding season.Non seen or heard 2000.

GREAT TIT/BLUE TIT Common ( nest box scheme)

COAL TIT Usually seen over the winter period but often heard around the pines at Marsland + in garden around house.

MARSH TIT Frequent sightings and breeds on reserve.

WILLOW TIT Fairly common and breeds on reserve.

LONG TAILED TIT Common and breeds.

NUTHATCH Fairly common and breeds on reserve.CBC 3:3:4:3:4. Blue Tit TREECREEPER Fairly common and breeds.CBC 1:3:1:2:2. RAVEN Frequent sightings over reserve and probable two pairs breeding.

CARRION CROW Common.

ROOK Common.

JACKDAW Frequently seen and heard over reserve usually in the evening.

Raven

MAGPIE Fairly common on reserve,more so in surrounding fields etc.

JAY More common during the winter period probably due to influx.Can be seen most of the year and breeds on reserve. STARLING Uncommon on reserve but can be seen in Numbers when recoreded.

HOUSE SPARROW Uncommon visitor to reserve usually around the houses.

CHAFFINCH Common breeding bird.CBC 7:8:10:8:7.

Jay

BULLFINCH Breeding bird.CBC 2:2:3:2:2.

GREENFINCH Uncommon on reserve but can be seen on the edges on occasions.

GOLDFINCH Uncommon breeding bird mostly seen during the winter months.Around 60/70 at Marsland Mouth on the 4th December 1989 was the highest count.CBC 1: 1:2:1:2.

SISKIN Uncommon visitor to reserve mainly during the late summer months.

LINNET Fairly common at both Mouths and breeds but only in small numbers.Up to 4 males singing 1994 at Marsland.

REDPOLL Infrequent records.

YELLOWHAMMER One or two pairs breed at Marsland Mouth.Can be heard on the edge of reserve especially in spring. NOTES AND ADDITIONS: BLACK STORK One single reported over reserve on the 17th May 1989.

GOLDEN ORIOLE Old records of breeding pair at Broad Arbor.

HOOPOE Old record.

WHIMBREL Old record.

SEDGE WARBLER Male singing on small ponds mid spring for two days during 1993 and 94. REED BUNTING: One on big pond March 94.

YELLOW BROWED WARBLER: One on the 13 Oct 94. MAMMALS:

The reserve is home to a wide variety of animals with the Rabbits probably being the easiest to see along with the odd Grey Squirrel.The other species are very elusive but with careful monitoring and survey work an extensive list has been drawn up.The rarest species is the Dormouse which lives mainly in the mixed woodland which contains hazel coppice,honeysuckle and plenty of food.The reserve specially manages certain areas for this endangered animal.There are many signs of Otter up and down the Dormouse stream and survey has shown that individuals use the reserve to pass through and hide up in - there has been no proof of breeding but special 'hovers' and artificial 'holts' have been made to further their protection.During the survey for 'spraint' (otter droppings) many signs of Mink have also been found.

Roe deer actually breed on the reserve but their numbers are very low and cause little damage to the coppice trees.The Red deer does pass through mainly in the winter months.

Both the Stoat and Weasel are fairly common as is the Badger - 'setts' in some areas are monitored on a yearly basis.

The Fox is a regular sight on reserve and on occasions can be observed hunting for Field Mice and Short Tailed Field Voles in the fields and meadows.

Other mammals include Hare,Mole,Shrew,Brown Rat,Hedgehog and occasional Grey Seal off the coast. Otter

BAT species include Noctule,Pipistrelle,Long Eared,Barbastelle,Lesser Horseshoe, and Daubentons.

REPTILES/AMPHIBIANS include Grass Snake,Adder,Common Lizard,Slow Worm,Common Frog,Toad and Palmate Newt.

Grass Snake Common Toad BUTTERFLIES: SPB Fritillary

There are around 30 to 34 species of butterfly likely to be seen on the reserve during the flight period.Most of these actually breed.A butterfly recording transect has been running for 20 years helping to gain a better understanding of habitat requirements for each species.The first species to be recorded is usually the Brimstone followed by Small Tortoiseshell,Comma,Red Admiral,Orange Tip and Peacock.In a good migrant year more Red Admirals may drop into the reserve along with Painted Ladies.The other migrant,Clouded Yellow is often seen late on in the year round about August - October.

The coppice,woodland glades and rides contain various species of fritillary butterflies - the Pearl and Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary can be seen from the end of May to round about mid June and in hot seasons both can have a small second brood.The Dark Green Fritillary also flies in and around the woodland along with the Silver Washed Fritillary.The much rarer High Brown Fritillary has just recently been recorded but in very low numbers.A very small colony of Marsh Fritillary still occurs usually on the meadows containing large amounts of devils bit scabious.

Painted lady

The Grizzled Skipper has colonised one area and hopefully numbers will grow over the next few years.The much commoner Small and Large Skippers can be found in many suitable sites along with Dingy Skipper.

The Holly Blue and Common Blue occur on and around the edges of the meadows together with Small Copper,Small Heath and the 'whites' - Green Veined,Small and Large.The rare Wood White is recorded occasuionally ( last record 2001).

The Meadow Brown is very common as is Ringlet and Gatekeeper and Marbled White numbers have increased well over the last few years.The Wall is usually located on the edge of the woodland and Green Hairstreak is seen mainly on the coast.The Purple Hairstreak is common and found flitting over the oak trees on the sunny edge of open woodland.The Speckled Wood frequents almost any sunny area along the tracks and paths.The check list below indicates the best time to see the species – those marked with a * are most likely to be seen. Common Blue

Pearl Bordered Fritillary Marbled White Marsh Fritillary Ringlet Peacock

Check list (following reserve data):

Species Flight Period/national Peak on Reserve Small Skipper* mid June-July July/common Large Skipper* mid June-July July/common Grizzled Skipper may-end June May/rare Dingy Skipper* mid May-June June/common Brimstone* most of year April-August/common Large White* end April-end September July/August/common Small White May-end September September/uncommon GV White* mid April end October August/common Orange Tip* mid April-June May Species Flight Period/national Peak on reserve Green Hairstreak May-June June/uncommon Purple Hairstreak mid July-August August/common Small Copper* May-September August Common Blue* mid May-mid October August/common Holly Blue April-mid September April Painted Lady* May-October September/fairly common Small Tortoiseshell* most of season September/common Red Admiral* May-October August/September/common Peacock* end-February to end September August/common Comma most of season March/April/uncommon Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary* mid May-end June June/fairly common Pearl Bordered Fritillary* end April-June May/common High Brown Fritillary mid June-August July/rare Dark Green Fritillary* mid June end August July/fairly common Silver-washed Fritillary* end June end August July/August/common Marsh Fritillary mid May-end June June/rare Speckled Wood* April-September July-August/common Wall* May-October August/uncommon Gatekeeper* mid July-mid September July/common Marbled White* end June-mid August July/common Meadow Brown* mid June mid September July/common Ringlet* mid June mid August July/common Small Heath mid May-September May/August/uncommon Other: Wood White rare rare Clouded Yellow mid July- September August/September/migrant Old records: White-Letter Hairstreak no recent records Brown Hairstreak no recent records White Admiral introduction Large Blue extinct INSECTS:

Longhorn beetle Hazel Weevil Birch sawfly

Golden Ringed Dragonfly ( close up)

The reserve lists comprise of many other insect records and the following is a brief account. (Details can be obtained from reserve data or see lists below ).

The MOTHS are well represented with over 400 species recorded.These include many of the common ones but local species like Barrett's Marbled Coronet (Hadena luteago barrettii) and the Devonshire Wainscot (Mythimna putrescens), which is rare outside Devon and Cornwall,are present (see below).

The rarest moth is the Scarce Blackneck (Lygephila craccae) which occurs along the coastline and is limited to this immediate area.

The HOVERFLY list stands at 24 - these include Helophilus pendulus,Eristalis tenex,Brachypalpoides lenta,Volucella pellucens and Xylota segnis.

Many of the BEETLES are either common or local but the following are seen as notable: Acalles roboris,Aromia moscata,Ceutorhynchus punctiger,Chlaenius nigricornis,Hypera fuscocinerea and Judolia cerambyciformis (see below for full list to date 2000)

The full ANT list is Myrmica ruginodis,Formica fusca,Lasius flavus,Lasius niger,Myrmica scabrinodis,Myrmica sabuleti,Lasius alienus,Lasius mixtus,Formica cunicularia and Tetramorium caespitum.

Hoverflies:

Brachypalpoides lenta Cheilosia illustrata Epistrophe grossulariae Episyrphus balteatus Eristalinus aeneus Eristalis arbustorum Eristalis horticola Eristalis interrupta Eristalis pertinax Eristalis tenax Helophilus hybridus Helophilus pendulus Melanostoma mellinum Myathropa florea Episyrphus balteatus Rhingia campestris Scaeva pyrastri Sericomyia silentis Syritta pipiens Syrphus ribesii Syrphus vitripennis Volucella pellucens Xanthogramma pedissequum Xylota segnis

Moths:

Alder Moth August Thorn Angle Shades Autumnal Rustic Coronet Barred Rivulet Coxcomb Prominent Barred Straw Cream Wave Barred Umber Cream-spot Tiger Barrett's Marbled Coronet Crescent Dart Beaded Chestnut Beautiful Carpet Dark Arches Beautiful Golden Y Dark Dagger Beautiful Snout Dark Marbled Carpet Bee Moth Dark Sword-grass Black Arches Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet Black Rustic December Moth Blood-vein Devonshire Wainscot Blue-bordered Carpet Dot Moth Bordered Beauty Dotted Border Bordered Straw Dotted Carpet Brick Dotted Clay Bright-line Brown-eye Double Kidney Brimstone Moth Double Square-spot Brindled Beauty Double-striped Pug Brindled Ochre Doubleline (photo opp) Brindled Pug Drinker Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing Dun-bar Broken-barred Carpet Dusky Brocade Broom Moth Brown Rustic Early Grey Brown Silver-line Early Moth Brown-line Bright Eye Early Thorn Brussels Lace Early Tooth-striped Buff Arches Buff Ermine Buff Footman Buff-tip

Burnished Brass Elephant Hawk

Cabbage Moth Emperor Canary-shouldered Thorn Engrailed Centre-barred Sallow Chestnut Fan-foot Chevron Feathered Thorn Chinese Character Five-spot Burnet Cinnabar Flame Clay Flame Carpet Clouded Border Flame Shoulder Clouded Brindle Flounced Chestnut Clouded Drab Flounced Rustic Clouded Silver Fox Moth Clouded-bordered Brindle Foxglove Pug Common Carpet Frosted Green Common Emerald Frosted Orange Common Footman Common Heath Garden Carpet Common Lutestring Common Marbled Carpet Common Pug Common Quaker Common Rustic . Common Swift Common Wainscot Garden Tiger Common Wave Common White Wave Ghost Moth Convolvulus Hawk Gold Spot Cork Moth Gothic Grass Emerald Mother of Pearl Great Prominent Mottled Beauty Green Arches Mottled Grey Green Carpet Mottled Rustic Green Pug Mottled Umber Green Silver-lines Mouse Moth Green-brindled Crescent Mullein Grey Arches Mullein Wave Grey Dagger Muslin Moth Grey Pug Grey Shoulder-knot Netted Pug Northern Rustic Heart and Club November Moth Heart and Dart Nut-tree Tussock Hebrew Character Herald Oak Beauty Humming-bird Hawk Oak Eggar Oblique Carpet Ingrailed Clay Old Lady Iron Prominent Orange Underwing

July Highflyer Pale Brindled Beauty Pale Eggar Knot Grass Pale Mottled Willow Pale Prominent Lackey Pale Tussock Large Emerald Pale-shouldered Brocade Large Ranunculus Peach Blossom Large Yellow Underwing Peacock Moth Least Black Arches Pearly Underwing Least Yellow Underwing Pebble Hook-tip Lesser Broad Bordered Yellow Underwing Pebble Prominent Lesser Cream Wave Peppered Moth Lesser Yellow Underwing Phoenix Lesser-spotted Pinion Pinion-streaked Snout Light Arches Pink-barred Sallow Light Emerald Plain Golden Y Lilac Beauty Poplar Grey Lime Hawk Little Emerald Lobster Moth Lunar Marbled Brown Lunar Thorn Lunar Underwing Lychnis Poplar Hawk

Powdered Quaker

Magpie Moth

Marbled Coronet Marbled Minor March Moth Privet Hawk May Highflyer Purple Bar Purple Clay Purple Thorn Puss Moth Red Chestnut Red Twin-spot Carpet Red-line Quaker Merveille du Jour Red-necked Footman Riband Wave Middle-barred Minor Rivulet Miller Rosy Footman Minor Shoulder-knot Rosy Minor Rosy Rustic Spectacle Ruby Tiger Spring Usher Rufous Minor Spruce Carpet Rustic Square Spot Square-spot Rustic Sallow Streamer Sallow Kitten Striped Wainscot Sandy Carpet Swallow Prominent Satellite Swallow-tailed Moth Satin Wave Scallop Shell Tawny Marbled Minor Scalloped Hazel Tissue Scalloped Oak Treble Bar Scarce Blackneck Treble Lines Scarce Footman True Lover's Knot Scarce Umber Turnip Moth Scorched Carpet Twin-spot Carpet Scorched Wing Twin-spotted Quaker Setaceous Hebrew Character Shaded Broad-bar Uncertain Shark Sharp-angled Carpet V-Pug Sharp-angled Peacock Vestal Shoulder Stripe Shuttle Shaped Dart Water Carpet Silver Y Waved Carpet Silver-ground Carpet White Ermine Single-dotted Wave White Pinion Spotted Six-spot Burnet White Plume Moth Slender Brindle White-speck Small Angle Shades White-spotted Pinion Small Engrailed Willow Beauty Small Fan-foot Winter Moth Small Fan-footed Wave Wormwood Pug Small Phoenix Small Quaker Yellow Horned Small Rivulet Yellow Shell Small Square-spot Yellow-barred Brindle Smoky Wainscot Yellow-line Quaker Snout Speckled Yellow

Selected misc.insects

Glomeris marginata Pill Millipede Proteroiulus fuscus Snake Millipede Ommatoiulus sabulosus Striped Millipede Tachypodoiulus niger White-legged Snake Millipede Cylindroiulus punctatus Blunt-tailed Snake Millipede Brachydesmus superus a flat-back millepede Lithobius variegatus a centipede Ephemeroptera sp. a mayfly Ecdyonurus venosus a mayfly Heptagenia lateralis a mayfly Ephemera danica Green Drake Ephemera vulgata a mayfly Brachyptera risi a stonefly Capnia bifrons a stonefly Chloroperla torrentium a stonefly Pholidoptera griseoaptera Dark Bush Cricket Leptophyes punctatissima Speckled Bush Cricket Tetrix undulata Common Ground Hopper Omocestus viridulus Common Green Grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus Common Field Grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus Meadow Grasshopper Forficula auricularia Common Earwig Eysarcoris fabricii a shield bug Palomena prasina a shield bug Pentatoma rufipes Forest Bug Coreus marginatus a squashbug Metatropis rufescens a stiltbug Nabis rugosus Common Damselbug Orthotylus prasinus a plantbug or grassbug Orthotylus ericetorum a plantbug or grassbug Lygus pratensis a plantbug or grassbug Lygocoris pabulinus Common Green Capsid Saldula saltatoria Common Shorebug Hydrometra stagnorum a water-measurer Velia caprai Water Cricket Gerris sp. a pondskater Gerris lacustris Common Pondskater Nepa cinerea Water Scorpion Ranatra linearis Water Stick Insect Notonecta glauca Common Water-boatman Corixidae sp. a lesser water-boatman Corixa punctata Punctate Corixa Cercopis vulnerata a froghopper Philaenus spumarius Cuckoo-spit Insect Cicadella viridis a leafhopper Osmylus fulvicephalus a stream lacewing Hemerobius humulinus a brown lacewing Chrysopa carnea a green lacewing Chrysopa perla a green lacewing Panorpa communis a scorpion fly Sericostoma personatum a caddisfly Ctenophora atrata a cranefly Tipula oleracea a cranefly Tipula (Acutipula) maxima a cranefly Epiphragma ocellaris a cranefly Chloromyia formosa a soldier fly Xylophagus ater a fly Chrysopilus cristatus a snipe fly Haematopota pluvialis a horse fly Asilus crabroniformis a robber fly Scorpion Fly Dioctria oelandica a robber fly Bombylius major Bee Fly Poecilobothrus nobilitatus a dolichopodid fly Physocephala rufipes a fly Sicus ferrugineus a fly Tachina fera a parasitic fly Tachina grossa a parasitic fly Dexia rustica a parasitic fly Sarcophaga carnaria a flesh fly Calliphora vomitoria a blue bottle or greenbottle Mesembrina meridiana a muscid fly Zaraea fasciata a clubhorned sawfly Cimbex femoratus a clubhorned sawfly Neuroterus quercusbaccarum Common Spangle Gall Wasp Chrysis ignita a rubytail wasp Vespa crabro The Hornet Vespula germanica German Wasp Vespula vulgaris Common Wasp Mellinus arvensis Field Digger Wasp Bombus lucorum White-tailed Bumble Bee

Bombus terrestris Buff-tailed Bumble Bee Bombus lapidarius Large Red Tailed Bumble Bombus pratorum Early Bumble Bee Bombus pascuorum Common Carder Bee Apis mellifera Honey Bee

The spider list includes Misumena vatia,Pardosa pullata and Araneus diadematus (Garden spider - photo below).

DRAGONFLIES

The reserve list holds 17species of dragonfly (with 14 of these breeding) Coenagrion puella Common and widespread especially along the meadows adjoining the three pool areas.Numbers often in the hundreds.

Enallagma cyathigerum ( photo below) Common and widespread and often flying with the above species in the same areas.

Pyrrhosoma nymphula Usually the first damselfly to emerge in April and can reach very high numbers especially around the large pond area.

Ischnura elegans Not as common as the above three species but widespread around the pools.

Lestes sponsa Seems to be more common around the large pool and environs.

Calopteryx splendens Individuals recorded along the stream usually late season.Seems to be more common 2000-2001.

Calopteryx virgo ( photo) Common along the stream and has reached extremely high numbers in good years.

Aeshna mixta Unusual and not very often recorded.

Aeshna cyanea ( photo opposite) Common and widespread around the meadows and fields.

Orthetrum coerulescens First recorded in 1994 and in good numbers.

Libellula depressa ( photo below) Frequently recorded on the two small ponds. Libellula quadrimaculata ( photo below) Usually seen near the ponds especially in surrounding areas.

Sympetrum danae A recent addition to the reserve list and recorded in each year since first colonisation.

Sympetrum striolatum ( photo opposite) Common and widespread.

Aeshna juncea Recorded in singles each year.

Anax imperator ( photo below) Common on the large pool and surrounding area.

Cordulegastor boltonii ( photo opposite and below) Common along the meadows and open woodland areas.

Close up of adult eyes BEETLES Cychramus luteus Abax parallelepipedus Bembidion tetracolum Cyphon coarctatus Acalles roboris Bembidion tibiale Cyphon ochraceus Acrotrichis fascicularis Brachypterus urticae Dalopius marginatus Acrotrichis intermedia Bruchus loti Denticollis linearis Acrotrichis sitkaensis Byturus tomentosus Raspberry beetle Dromius agilis Adalia bipunctata Two-spot ladybird Calvia quattuorodecimgut Dromius linearis Agabus bipustulatus Cantharis cryptica Dryocoetinus villosus Agonum albipes Cantharis nigra Dytiscus marginalis Great diving beetle Agonum moestum Cantharis nigricans Elaphrus cupreus Agonum muelleri Cantharis pellucida Endomychus coccineus Agonum viduum Carabus violaceus Violet ground beetle Galerucella calmariensis Agriotes obscurus Cassida rubiginosa Galerucella pusilla Agriotes pallidulus Cassida virdis Green tortoise beetle Gastrophysa viridula Alosterna tabacicolor Cerylon ferrugineum Geotrupes stercorosus Altica lythri Ceutorhynchus punctiger Grammoptera ruficornis Amara communis Gymnetron pascuorum Amara plebeja Gyrinus substriatus Anaspis costai Helophorus brevipalpis Anaspis frontalis Helophorus grandis Anaspis garneysi Hydrothassa marginella Anthonomus pedicularius Strangalia maculata Hygrobia hermanni Screech beetle Anthonomus rubi Hypera fuscocinerea Aphodius rufipes Chaetocnema concinna Beet flea beetle Hypera pollux Aphthona nonstriata Chalcoides fulvicornis Hypera postica Clover leaf weevil Apion apricans Clover seed weevil Chlaenius nigricornis Hypera rumicis Apion assimile Chrysolina banksi Hyphydrus ovatus Apion curtirostre Chrysolina polita Ilybius fuliginosus Apion dichroum White clover weevil Chrysolina staphylaea Judolia cerambyciformis Apion hydrolapathi Cidnorhinus quadrimacula Kateretes rufilabris Apion loti Cionus scrophulariae Lagria hirta Apion violaceum Cis boleti Lampyris noctiluca Glow-worm Apoderus coryli Clytus arietis Wasp beetle Limnobaris t-album Aromia moschata Musk beetle Lochmaea caprea Athous haemorrhoidalis Lochmaea crataegi Bembidion decorum Coccinella septempunctata Seven-spot ladybird Lochmaea suturalis Heather beetle Bembidion lampros Coeliodes dryados Longitarsus luridus Bembidion nitidulum Corticarina fuscula Cortinicara gibbosa Cryptocephalus hypochaer

Malthodes marginatus Pterostichus strenuus Malthodes pumilus Pyrochroa serraticornis Common Soldier beetle Meloe proscarabaeus Oil beetle Rhagium bifasciatum Melolontha melolontha Common cockchafer Rhagium mordax Micrelus ericae Rhagonycha fulva Bonking Beetle Mordellistena pumila Rhagonycha lignosa Nanodes marmoratus Rhagonycha limbata Nebria brevicollis Rhagonycha testacea Nicrophorus vespilloides Rhinoncus pericarpius Notiophilus biguttatus Rhizophagus dispar Ocypus olens Devil's coach-horse Rhynchaenus salicis Oedemera nobilis Rhynchaenus stigma Orectochilus villosus Hairy whirligig Rhyzobius litura Otiorhynchus singularis Raspberry weevil Sinodendron cylindricum Rhinoceros beetle Oulema lichenis Sitona cambricus Oulema melanopa Cereal leaf beetle Sitona suturalis Pediacus dermestoides Stenus guttula Phyllobius argentatus Silver-green weevil Stenus similis Phyllobius pyri Common leaf weevil Stenus tarsalis Phyllodecta vulgatissima Blue willow beetle Strangalia maculata Phyllopertha horticola Bracken clock Strophosoma nebulosum Phytobius quadritubercul Tachyporus chrysomelinus Polydrusus cervinus Tachyporus hypnorum Polydrusus undatus Tachyporus nitidulus Propylea quattuordecimpuctata 14-spot Tachyporus obtusus ladybird Timarcha tenebricosa Bloody-nosed beetle (below) Trichosirocalus troglody Xantholinus linearis Tychius picirostris