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Sexual Issues 07 UNDERSTANDING Sexual issues following prostate cancer treatment Information for men and their partners on possible sexual side effects of prostate cancer treatment and how to manage them. UNDERSTANDING Sexual issues following prostate cancer treatment What is prostate cancer? The prostate is a small gland located below the bladder and in front of the rectum in men. It surrounds the urethra, the passage that leads from the bladder, out through the penis through which urine and semen pass out of the body. The prostate gland is part of the male reproductive system (see diagram). The prostate produces some of the fluid that makes up semen, which enriches and protects sperm. The prostate needs the male hormone testosterone to grow and develop. Testosterone is made by the testicles. In an adult, the prostate gland is usually about the size of a walnut and it is normal for it to grow larger as men age. Sometimes this can cause problems, such as difficulty with passing urine. The male reproductive system Prostate cancer occurs when abnormal cells develop in the prostate. These cells have the potential to continue to multiply, and possibly spread beyond the prostate. Cancers that are confined to the prostate are called localised prostate cancer. If the cancer extends into the surrounding tissues near the prostate or into the pelvic lymph nodes, it is called locally advanced prostate cancer. Sometimes it can spread to other parts of the body including other organs, lymph nodes (outside of the pelvis) and bones. This is called advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. However, most prostate cancers grow very slowly and about 95% of men survive at least 5 years after diagnosis, particularly if diagnosed with localised prostate cancer. 2 07 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................4 Your prostate cancer experience ................................................................................................4 2. Understanding male sexual function ......................................................................................5 3. Sexual side effects and how to manage them ....................................................................7 Erectile dysfunction ...........................................................................................................................7 Infertility ...................................................................................................................................................11 Orgasm and ejaculation changes ..............................................................................................11 Change in penis length ...................................................................................................................13 Reduced sex drive (low libido) ....................................................................................................13 4. Looking after yourself .....................................................................................................................14 5. Intimacy and relationships...........................................................................................................16 Build intimacy first .............................................................................................................................16 Take things slowly ..............................................................................................................................16 If you don’t have a partner ............................................................................................................. 17 Starting a new relationship ........................................................................................................... 17 If you are an LGBTIQA+ person .................................................................................................. 17 Ask for help ............................................................................................................................................18 6. Sources ...................................................................................................................................................19 7. Glossary ................................................................................................................................................ 20 8. Notes .......................................................................................................................................................22 3 UNDERSTANDING Sexual issues following prostate cancer treatment 1. Introduction This book is for men who are about to receive or have received treatment for prostate cancer. It contains information to help you understand and manage sexual issues associated with your treatment. Your partner may also like to read this booklet as it is a couples’ issue. Your cancer experience After being diagnosed with prostate cancer, it’s common for you to see a number of health professionals with different expertise who work together in a healthcare team (sometimes called a multidisciplinary team). This team includes health professionals who are involved in diagnosing your cancer, treating your cancer, managing your symptoms and side effects, and assisting you with your feelings or concerns during your cancer experience. The cancer experience is not the same for everybody, even for those with the same type of cancer. Depending on the grade (the cancer aggressiveness) and stage (the extent of spread) of your prostate cancer and any underlying medical conditions, your experience may be quite different to someone else’s. Your prostate cancer experience Healthcare team Life after Treatment prostate cancer Follow-up Detection Diagnosis and managing care side effects Life with advanced prostate cancer Supportive Care Survivorship As the diagram above shows, it can be useful to think of the cancer experience in different stages: detection, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up care and either life after cancer or life with advanced prostate cancer. Take each stage one at a time so that you can break down what might feel like an overwhelming situation into smaller, more manageable steps. From the moment prostate cancer is detected, your healthcare team will focus on survivorship – every aspect of your health and wellbeing while you are living with cancer and beyond. Survivorship also includes your family and loved ones. 4 07 2. Understanding male sexual function To fully understand how your prostate cancer or prostate cancer treatment may affect you, it is helpful to know about different parts of male sexual function. Sexual desire – your sex drive or libido The main driver of your sexual desire is the hormone testosterone. It is produced mainly in the testicles. When testosterone levels drop, your sex drive will go down. Testosterone levels can decrease with age or as a result of illness or treatment. There are several other factors that can affect sexual desire including stress, anxiety, depression, relationship problems, erection problems, pain and some medications. Erectile function – your ability to get and maintain an erection When a man becomes sexually aroused, the brain sends messages down the spinal cord and through nerves located near the prostate. These messages tell the blood vessels to allow more blood into two spongy cylinders (corpus cavernosa) that run along each side of the penis. As these cylinders expand and fill with blood, an erection occurs. If this process is affected for any reason, it is called erectile dysfunction. This is when a man can’t get or maintain an erection firm enough for sexual activity or penetration. 5 UNDERSTANDING Sexual issues following prostate cancer treatment Cross section of a penis CROSSSECTION OF APENIS Dorsal arteries Dorsal vein Corpus cavernosum Blood vessels Corpus spongiosum Urethra Orgasm and ejaculation After continued sexual stimulation, men usually experience an orgasm. This is accompanied by rhythmic pelvic muscle contractions followed by ejaculation of semen. Semen is pushed through the urethra and out of the end of the penis. There is a valve at the opening of the bladder to stop semen from flowing back into the bladder. This valve also stops urine and semen passing down the urethra at the same time. Note: Before ejaculation, sperm is mixed with fluid from the seminal vesicles and the prostate. Sperm and seminal fluid together make semen. Resolution and refractory period - the time after orgasm After orgasm and ejaculation, the erection subsides. The man then enters a recovery period, during which another erection or orgasm is not possible for a while. This resting time becomes longer with age. A young man may be able to regain an erection within several minutes. But for an older man, it may take hours to days before he can have another erection. 6 07 3. Sexual side effects and how to manage them Erectile dysfunction Any difficulties getting or maintaining an erection are called erectile dysfunction. Many factors can contribute to erectile dysfunction including: • medical conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease or high blood pressure • lifestyle factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol, obesity, or limited exercise • psychological or emotional issues such as stress, anxiety or depression and relationship problems • treatment for prostate cancer. Erectile dysfunction is a common side effect of prostate cancer treatments including
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