(d). In Pharmacology.?Whitelaw Ainslie, John Forbes Hoyle, and E. J. Waring. (e). In Geology? , H. J. Carter and John McClelland. (4). As Travellers? John Fryer, Patrick Hussell, T. Howel, G. P.-Bayfield, John Crawford, W. Griffith, James Burnes, Percival Lord, T. Thomson, H. W. Bellew, H. J. Blanc, George Henderson, and, in the and C. (;. }nst few years, W G. Thorold, Manifold. (5 ) Officers who hate distinguished themselves or held important / osts after retirement.?Sir Bussick Harwood, Professor of Anatomy and Medicine at Cam- 1842 to bridge ; Joseph Hume, M P., from 1855, and Privy Banker and Councillor ; John Fuller ton, Currency Professor of authority ; H. H. Wilson, Boden Sanskrit at to Oxford ; Sir John Macneill, Minister Persia, Chair- man of the Scottish Poor Law Board, and Special Commissioner in the Crimea ; John Forbes Royle, Lecturer on Materia Medica at Kings' College, ; William Hewitt, Physician to William IV; ,]. A. Liwrie, Professor of Surgery in Glasgow University ; Aloys Sprenger, Professor of Oriental Languages at to Berne ; Charles Murchison, Physician Middlesex, St. Fever Sir THE INDIAN MEDICAL SERVICE. Thomas' and the London Hospital ; John Trevor Lawrence, h p., and Treasurer of St. Bartholo- Macn to Westminster By D. G. CRAWFORD, m.b.. mew's ; N C. unara, Surgeon Hospital and Vice-President of the Royal College of Lieut.-Colonel, I.M.S., Surgeons ; W. S. Play fair, Obstetric Physician to Kings' College Hospital, and author of the most readable work Civil Surgeon, Huglili. P. J. on his speciality in the language ; L'royer, Surgeon to St Peter's the of th? operation of (Continued from page 318.) Hospital, perfector prostatectomy; Dr. John Forbes Watson, Reporter on Economic to the India Office, and Sir 13. for varying tastes? One of Products George Scope advantage Assistant in the Statistical and Com- the I. M. S. has always been the great scope available Birdwood, Special merce India Office. for different tastes, scientific and literary, as well as Department, In this connection it may be of interest 14. Mortality and Longevity.?In former times the professional of all to give a list of some of the officers of the I. M. IS., who mortality of Europeans in India, services and of but it has now have achieved distinction in various lines, not strictly all ranks, was very high indeed, sunk to a and officers professional. what may be called normal level, serving (1). As Civil and Political Officers. John Zephaniali in India incur little more risk to life and health than Resident at malarial or Hoi well, John Crawford, Singapore ; John at home. Though cholera, dysentery, fever, Leyden, C. O? Assey, Secretary to the Government of rather its sequelae, and among the young especially Minister in toll of the Java ; Sir John Macneill, Persia ; A. Camp- enteric fever, stiil take their life, doctor in which he has to a bell, Superintendent, of Darjeeling ; Sir John Login, India escapes many risks take as of the at home those of the infec- tutor to Maharaja Dulip Singh, Ex-king Punjab ; matter of course, ; ordinary C. Hathaway, Private Secretary to Lord Lawrence, when tious diseases of Europe, scarlet fever, diphtheria, etc., Governor-General ; and Sir George Robertson. Here none of which can lie called common, though most do due to also may be mentioned the services of Sir Wiiliaiu Brooke occur, in India ; and risks exposure, especially at O'Shauglinessy, in establishing the Telegraph Depart- night, in a cold climate. James Rankin and ment in India ; George Paton, in Even in early times, however, many men put in and long the Post and J L. survived to a Office, Stewart in periods of Indian service, and enjoy pro- the Forest Department. of retirement at home. It has already Scholars?J. Z. longed period (2). As Oriental Ilolwell, Francis been related how Holwell, after neaily thirty years of Francis Buchanan. Balfour, James Ross, John Crawford, hard service in India, with only one long spell of absence B John John Leyden, J. Gilchrist, Taylor, James Atkin in England, lived in retirement for over thirty-eight Horace Wilson, 1\ A. no means a son, Hayman \/ise, Aloys Spren- 3 ears. And his was by solitary instance. G S. A. gei, H W. Bellew. and Ranking. Of these, the At least officers of th? who and twenty-two Bengal service, two most eminent were Leyden Wilson, whose retired to 1840, lived in retirement for over has been previous oriental learning and scholarship equalled four of them being men who had been in- alone of Indian thirty years, probably by Sir William Jones, officials. valided from the service. Fourteen of them lived over list. all of retired (3). As men of Science, along forty years, and five, whom, however, for over fifty years, one for nearly fifty-six years. In Botany. William Roxburgh, Whitelaw ycung, (a). The most case is that of an officer, invalided Ainslie, William Nathaniel singular Jack,^ Wnllich, on first as unfit for service in India, who James Anderson, John I'oibe* Royle, Clarke Juno 1813, settled at near Calcutta, a place not usually Abel, William Jamieson, William Serampur, Griffith, as a sanatorium, and died there on 6th Novem- , Alexander Gibbon, regarded Hugh ber more than half a century later. The oldest Cleghorn,T. Thomson, J. L Stewart, Thomas 1863, retired officer of the I. M. S. was John Bowron, who was Anderson, Emanuel Bonavia, J. E. '1'. Aitchi- born in February 1799, entered the Subordinate Medical son, George King, and David Prain. in 1813, was promoted to Assistant Surgeon In Thomas Department (b). Natural History.?Patrick Russell, in retired in 1851, and died at Hove, near G. C. 1825, Brigh- Francis Day, Waljich, II. a Jerdon, ton, on 5th March 1899, few weeks after completing Carter, and A. W. Alcock. Vandyke his hundredth year. The Indian Army List of 1st (c-). In Chemistry and Allied Sciences Ralph Irving, January 1907 contains the names of eighty eight Medical Julius Jeffreys (inventor of the respirator); Officers of the I. M. S. on the retired list, who had entered F. N. Sir W. B. O'Shauglinessy, Macnaniara, the Army more than half a century before, and were and C. T. H. Warden. still living. 356 THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE. [Sept., 1907.

As the vacancies for the I. M. S. are never very nu- do so at an age little earlier than that at which a man it is a as > merous, not easy to make fair comparison, t in the I M. S. may be thinking of retiring 011 a fair longevity of any considerable numbers. The largest pension. number ever admitted to the Bengal service at one exam- Setting aside the few who attain to the most brilliunt ination was 28, who entered on 30th March 1872. success, 110 doubt, at least as much money may be earned, Five of these twenty-eight were natives of India. Of and more professional reputation achieved at home the whole number, six died while serving, witii 5, 8, 15, than in India. But even those who reach what may be 20, and 25 years' service, respectively, the third and called the second rank in England are comparatively I fourth eing natives. One has recently retired having few in number. And a man may achieve considerable completed a five years' tour of office as Surgeon-General. distinction in his profession, as a member of the staff of Twenty-two retired, one at 17 years' service; four at a hospital, before he is earning a fair income. No doubt, 20 years, ten between 25 and 30 years, and six with the latter will come, if lie lives long enough. But who over 30 years' service. Of these 21 retired officers, only can guarantee that? And if his earning days do not six have since died (one l>y accident), and sixteen are come before his death, he leaves little provision for his still living A mortality of 11 out of 28, in 35 yers, family. would not be considered high, especially among It seems clear that the great majority of men in medical men, in One, as stated rose England. above, private practice can never hope to achieve much pro- to the rank of Surgeon-General, four more to Colonel, fessional distinction, or any considerable fortune. A while two others officiated in that rank for a con- comfortable and a moderate provision for those siderable Four held for lucrative income, period. many years they leave behind, is the most which can be expected, appointments in Calcutta, and two more in other parts even by the comparatively successful. And for them of the ; "lie was Master of the and country Assay Mint, there is no retirement in middle life ; that comes another of Prisons. These 28 officers early Inspector-General to the fortunate few ; most medical men die in I one two only have receive three C. H.'s, D. S. O., and Good an harness, a very large proportion at age earlier than Service Pensions, shared by four individuals ; not a bad that at which they would even wish to retire. record for the men of one-half year ! What about the bulk of the profession ? A writer in 15. The 1. M. S. contrasted with medical other the British Medical Journal recently calculated the careers.?How do the of a man the I. prospects entering average income of the medical at home as M. S with those of his who practitioner compare contemporaries adopt ?190 a year, to decrease. This redly seems too other branches of the medical ? The R. A. tending profession bad to be true. For, if it includes on one hand the large M. C. offers about as much pay ; tiie chance of serving number of young men who are working for next to in other of the South Africa, the Medi- or parts world, for board only as Residents, for small terranean, the West Indies, and of nothing, etc., varying periods salaries as Assistants, it also includes those who have home service as the liberal ; against furlough granted reached the fullest success. But even if the above to the I. AI. S. On the other the I. M. S. offers hand, statement be an as it is to be it and lucrative in exaggeration, hoped is, many interesting many appointments the facts are unpleasant enough. Every issue of the the Civil and better chances " Departments, considerably medical teems with reports upon contract of both and as journals earning money professional distinction, practice," in which the medical officer of a club attends well as higher pensions. its members for a penny a-week, four shillings and four There can be no question that, as regards pay and pence a year, sometimes even less ; and is struggling, pension, the I. M. S. offers a better career than the often without success, to raise the amount to five Colonial Surgeoncies ; and while tlie climate of some or six shillings. And, to judge from these reports, in of that medical men the Colonies is better than of most parts of many places the majority of the do more India, that of others is worse than India at its worst. or less of such club work. The miserable payment for law work in is well known. The The pay and pensions of the I. M. S. are also better poor England are to certain than those of tlie Medical Department of the Royal Irish dispensary doctors trying get terms from their not less than ?200 a for a Navy, the chief advantage of which is the great oppor- employers, year for a or tunity it affords of seeing the world. On the other dispensary district, ?1*20 workhouse, ?300 for the two with a hand, medical, like executive officers of the Royal Navy, together, small superannuation pension " at the of 65 Medical Journal, 27th June are liable to be placed on half pay when the commis- age (British " of these are to sion of the ship in which they are serving comes to an 1903, p. 1518) Many appointments is a few end, and discipline afloat is much stricter and more districts, in which private practice nil, pounds as of cr in vaccination fees is severe than in the land forces. medical officer health all that the dispensary doctor can hope to earn over and As the medical services in England, he regards public ?>bove his regular salary ; possibly, if has a work- the Prison the service, etc , the I. M. S. service, Lunacy house, ?350 in all. In other words, he hopes to get offers better and of pay, prospects, pension; coupled, as a permanency, about the amount 011 which the newly with service in India instead of at home. course, joined officer of the I. M. S. begins. In the British But, after all, the great majority of newly qualified Medical Journal of 27th June 1903, Dr. J. Fletcher Little, medical men embark upon private practice at home; L. C. C., speaks forcibly of the present condition of the and the chief question for the man who is thinking of average general practitioner in England as follows : entering the 1. M S. must be?how do his prospects in "The long and costly training; the arduous nature of England compare with those of the service? Well, the the work, by night as well as by day ; the inevitable I. M. S. does not offer the great prizes which lie open to and heavy expenses; the few prizes, and the small the most successful men at home. But how many men average net incomes ; the strictly persona! and preca- attain these prizes? Not one in a hundred; and even rious character of the work, which causes all earnings to the in the case of those who do grasp highest prizes, cease during illness or incapacity; the short average the fullest success, open to the medical profession of life, which is less than that of other such " professions, These men begin to earn late, and their earning years as the clerical and the ; the warning increase of legal " * * are short. Sir Thomas Watson never earned ?500 in insanity from the intolerable strain * &c. fees till he was fifty, Sir James Paget never took ?400 Surely the I. M. S., with all risks, offers a better prospect till he was forty-seven. Their work was personal, and than this. at their harvest time short." [Dr. Holman's speech the Some men start under more favourable circum- of Medical Benevolent Festival dinner the Royal College, stances, sons or nephews of men in good practice, which June in British Medical to Epsom, 10th, 1903, quoted they may hope, when share, and to which In the qualified, Journal of 13th June 1903, pp. 1401-2]. short, they will probably eventually succeed. To such men men in who attain the highest prizes England begin to the services, as a rule, do not appeal. Yet the eldest Sept., 1907.] THE I. M. S. AS A PROFESSIONAL CAREER. 357

sons of three medicel baronets, all leaders of the pro- fession, have entered the services, the sons of Sir Robert Chriatison and Sir Thomas Lawrence in the I M. S., the son of Sir Andrew Clark in the R. A. M. C. Only the first of the three, however, put in the full period of service. 15. Conclusion? In the preceding pages an endeavour has been made to set forth fairly the prospects which the I. M. S. offers to those who join its ranks ; not concealing its disad- vantages, which are many, while setting forth its advantages, which are more. Service in the I. M. S. means work ; man earns his living by the sweat of his brow, nowhere more literally so than in India. Of course, it involves a long residence, to use the harshest " word, exile," in India ; but exile tempered by a liberal allowance of fairly paid furlough. No man need enter the I. M. S. now-a-days expecting to make his fortune ; though, using the word fortune in a moderate sense, even in recent times some few men may be said to have done so. The days of great fortunes to be made in Indian service, such as Joseph Hume's ?40,000 in twelve years as an Assistant-Surgeon, have gone long ever. Even a ago, and gone for century ago, fortunes were usually made, not by practice, but by trade and contracts. A man who enters the I. M. S. should do so with a mind made up not to waste his time and his energies in futile regrets that the career he has delib- erately chosen involves service abroad instead of at home; nor grudgingly to compare his own position and prospects with those of the most successful of his contemporaries in England, while he forgets those who have failed to attain success, or who have hopelessly the gone under ; but to take rough with the smooth ; of to worry through hard times in hope the better times which are sure to come, sooner or later ; and to do his best for the country, for its inhabitants, and for the Government, as well as for himself. He will find open to him a career with plenty of interesting work, not always hard work ; pay fit once sufficient to maintain him as a bachelor, and sufficient in a few years to enable him to marry ;* pay steadily increasing as his length of service, and, if married, his necessary expenses increase ; some provision for his family if he falls by the way ; and finally a pension, in its earlier stages sufficient to his if live upon while he gets footing, he makes up his mind to retire early, before he is too old to start on a new career ; in its later stages, if he prefers to hold on in the service, sufficient to maintain him in comfort after retirement.

* It is possible for a mail to marry on his pay when lie first joins, but usually to do so, without private means, involves a struggle, and considerable discomfort. In what other profession would a man ever expect to get pay or income sufficient to justify him in marrying on first starting ?