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Keanekaragaman Siput (Ordo Archaeogastropoda) Di Zona Eulitoral Pulau Sembilan, Kabupaten Kotabaru

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Keanekaragaman Siput (Ordo Archaeogastropoda) Di Zona Eulitoral Pulau Sembilan, Kabupaten Kotabaru Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan Lahan Basah p-ISSN 2623-1611 Volume 3 Nomor 1 Halaman 150-156 April 2018 e-ISSN 2623-1980 KEANEKARAGAMAN SIPUT (ORDO ARCHAEOGASTROPODA) DI ZONA EULITORAL PULAU SEMBILAN, KABUPATEN KOTABARU Diversity of Snails (Archaeogastropod Order) at Eulittorale Zone of Pulau Sembilan, Kotabaru Regency Hery Fajeriadi *, Muhammad Zaini, Dharmono Program Studi Magister Pendidikan Biologi, Program Pascasarjana, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Jl. Brigjend. H. Hasan Basry. 70123. Banjarmasin, Indonesia *Surel: [email protected] Abstract There was no data on archaeogastropod snails at eulittoral zone of Pulau Sembilan, Kotabaru Regency. The aim of the research was to identify the snails inhabiting at the area mentioned above. Snails were collected from 20 plots and each plot was 1 m2. Data was analyszed to obtain the indekx diversity of Shannon-Wienner. Each snail species was described qualitatively. There were 12 species of snails (519 individuals). The biodiversity index was 2,27 and was categorized moderate. Keywords: Archaeogastropoda, biodiversity, eulittorale, index, snail 1. PENDAHULUAN pasang dan kering saat surut. Salah satu satwa yang ditemukan di zona eulitoral adalah gastropoda, Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman hayati terbesar atau lebih dikenal sebagai siput oleh masyarakat setelah Brazil. Keanekaragaman hayati tersebar luar luas. di daratan, dari kawasan pegunungan hingga pesisir Kedekatan masyarakat Pulau Sembilan pantai, dan di perairan baik perairan tawar dan dengan siput ialah dalam segi pemanfaatannya. perairan asin, dari perairan dangkal hingga perairan Masyarakat pulau ini memanfaatkan siput sebagai dalam. Menurut Tuheteru et al., (2014) salah satu lauk pengganti ikan pada saat sulit ikan. Selain itu, kelas satwa penting bagi perairan yang tersebar siput juga menjadi umpan mancing bagi nelayan luas dengan jumlah spesies besar adalah setempat. gastropoda. Siput di kawasan pesisir Pulau Sembilan Gastropoda merupakan kelas tersebar dari beragam, namun tidak ada data ilmiah terkait filum mollusca yang merupakan filum terbesar dengan nama spesies siput-siput itu. Penelitian kedua setelah arthropoda dalam invertebrata. dilakukan untuk untuk mengidentifikasi spesies dan Gastropoda merupakan hewan bertumbuh lunak, mengukur keanekaragaman siput ordo sebagian memiliki satu cangkang (univalvia) dan Archaeogastropoda di kawasan itu. Hasilnya dapat sebagian kecil tidak memiliki cangkang (siput digunakan sebagai sumber informasi pengelolaan telanjang). Gastropoda memiliki beberapa ordo, bagi masyarakat minimal melestarikannya sebagai salah satunya Archaeogastropoda. Ordo ini pengganti lauk saat musim sulit ikan. merupaan ordo terbesar dan penyebarannya lebih luas diantara ordo lain dalam kelas gastropoda. 2. METODE Kecamatan Pulau Sembilan Kabupaten Kotabaru merupakan salah satu kawasan kaya Sampel diambil dari 20 plot yang setiap plotnya sumber daya lingkungan pantai di provinsi berukuran 1 m2 pada area sepanjang 100 m di zona Kalimantan Selatan (Badan Pusat Statistik eulitoral. Titik sampel ditentukan berdasarkan Kabupaten Kotabaru, 2016). Kecamatan Pulau kehadiran spesimen. Jika siput hadir, sampel siput Sembilan merupakan ekosistem pulau-pulau kecil, diambil dan dihitung jumlahnya. Spesimen siput aktivitas utama terjadi di kawasan pesisir, baik diidentifikasi berdasarkan pada panduan identifikasi manusia maupun satwanya. Kawasan pesisir terbagi dari Kusnadi et al. (2008), Quintero-Galvis & Castro menjadi beberapa zona, salah satunya zona (2013), Reid et al. (2004), eulitoral. Menurut Goltenboth et al., (2012) zona http://www.marinespecies.org/, dan eulitoral adalah zona antara, artinya terendam saat http://www.conchology.be/. Keanekaragamannya © Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat 150 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan Lahan Basah p-ISSN 2623-1611 Volume 3 Nomor 1 Halaman 150-156 April 2018 e-ISSN 2623-1980 dihitung sehingga diperoleh indeks Shannon- Aspek fisika yang dapat mempengaruhi Wienner. keberadaan gastropoda adalah suhu perairan. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran parameter H’ = - Σ Pi ln Pi lingkungan, zona eulitoral Pulau Sembilan Kotabaru Pi = ni/N memiliki suhu yang berkisar antara 28-32oC. Keterangan: Menurut Febrita et al., (2015); Romdhani et al., ni = jumlah individu suatu spesies (2016) suhu dengan kisaran 25-32oC masih N = jumlah individu semua spesies Ln = logaritma natural tergolong normal bagi kehidupan gastropoda di perairan. Namun suhu tersebut sedikit lebih panas Tabel 1 Kategori indeks keanekaragaman jika dilihat berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 51 Tahun 2004 Tentang H’ Kategori indeks keanekaragaman Baku Mutu Air Laut bahwa suhu optimum biota laut > 3 Tinggi berkisar antara 28-30oC. Tuheteru et al., (2014) 1 ≤ n ≤ 3 Sedang menambahkan bahwa gastropoda tidak melakukan < 1 Rendah aktivitas makan pada saat air surut, hal ini bertujuan Sumber: Fachrul (2012) untuk menghindari interaksi langsung dengan perubahan temperatur dan parameter lingkungan Data parameter lingkungan diukur sebagai lain akibat pasang surut. pelengkap untuk menggambarkan kondisi Aspek fisika lain yang berpengaruh terhadap lingkungan, dan untuk membandingkannya dengan gastropoda ialah tekstur sedimen. Tekstur dasar parameter lingkungan optimum bagi jenis siput yang sedimen zona eulitoral Pulau Sembilan Kotabaru ditemukan. Parameter lingkungan diukur pada waktu terbagi menjadi sedimen pasir (78,71 %), debu (1,86 pagi, siang, dan malam untuk mewakili perubahan %), dan liat (19,43 %). Gastropoda di zona eulitoral lingkungan selama satu hari. Pulau Sembilan Kotabaru jarang ditemukan di substrat dasar perairan karena unsur liatnya 3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN tergolong sedikit. Kebanyakan gastropoda lebih 3.1 Indeks Diversitas memilih beraktivitas di batu-batuan, karena permukaan batu yang kasar membuat partikel Berdasarkan hasil observasi, spesies dengan jumlah lumpur mudah menempel. Tipe substrat tidak individu terbanyak adalah Nerita fulgurans (81 terlepas dari aspek biologinya dimana substrat yang individu), sedangkan spesies dengan jumlah individu berlumpur mengandung lebih banyak bahan paling sedikit adalah Monodonta canalifera (5 organik. Menurut Febrita et al., (2015) gastropoda individu), dan jumlah individu seluruh jenis mencapai menyukai substrat dasar berlumpur karena 519 individu. Hasil perhitungan indeks diversitas teksturnya halus daripada substrat lain yang lebih siput ordo archaeogastropoda di kawasan eulitoral kasar. Tuheteru et al. (2014) menyatakan bahwa Pulau Sembilan Kotabaru yaitu H’ = 2,27. Angka substrat dengan ukuran partikel basar dan kasar indeks diversitas di atas menunjukkan bahwa memiliki kandungan bahan organik yang lebih diversitas siput pada kelompok tersebut memiliki sedikit dibandingkan dengan substrat dengan kategori sedang. Kategori indeks diversitas sedang partikel berukuran halus. Menurut Romdhani et al, menunjukkan bahwa kondisi lingkungan pada zona (2016) substrat berlumpur memiliki kandungan eulitoral Pulau Sembilan Kotabaru masih baik bagi organik yang banyak. habitat siput ordo archaeogastropoda. Selain aspek biologi dan fisika, ada aspek Aspek lingkungan biologis, fisika, dan kimia kimia lingkungan. Parameter kimia lingkungan dapat mempengaruhi keberadaan siput di suatu pertama yaitu kadar garam atau salinitas. habitat. Aspek biologis meliputi ketersediaan bahan Pengukuran salinitas didasari oleh adanya pengaruh organik yang menjadi sumber nutrisi bagi pasang surut dan rembesan air tawar ke zona kelangsungan hidup siput. Berdasarkan hasil uji eulitoral terhadap salinitasnya. Berdasarkan hasil laboratorium, sedimen di zona eulitoral Pulau pengukuran, salinitas air laut di zona eulitoral Pulau Sembilan Kotabaru hanya mengandung 0,11 % C- Sembilan Kotabaru berkisar antara 15-18 ppm. organik. Menurut Tuheteru et al. (2014) gastropoda Febrita et al. (2015) menyatakan bahwa salinitas air merupakan herbivora (pemakan tumbuhan) dan laut tidak berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan detritus fadel (pemakan detritus), sehingga gastropoda, karena gastropoda bersifat adaptif dan ketersediaan bahan organik sangat penting bagi toleran terhadap salinitas. kehidupannya. Parameter kimia lingkungan kedua yaitu derajat keasaman atau pH air laut. Derajat © Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat 151 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan Lahan Basah p-ISSN 2623-1611 Volume 3 Nomor 1 Halaman 150-156 April 2018 e-ISSN 2623-1980 keasaman merupakan salah satu parameter 3.2 Nerita fulgurans lingkungan yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap makhluk hidup. Hasil pengukuran derajat keasaman Cangkang berjumlah satu, berbentuk oval, air laut pada zona eulitoral Pulau Sembilan Kotabaru berstruktur kuat, dan bepermukaan kasar. Panjang berkisar antara 8,1-8,6 atau tergolong basa. Hasil cangkang 2,3 cm; tinggi 1,2 cm; dan lebar 1,7 cm. pengukuran ini menunjukkan pH tersebut masih Arah putaran cangkang ke kiri dan 4 putaran. Mulut tergolong optimum, karena menurut Febrita et al. cangkang bergerigi 25 buah. Operculum berwarna (2015) pH optimum perairan laut berkisar antara 5 < putih kekuningan. Proboscis dengan siphon 0,5 cm. pH < 9. Namun pH tersebut sedikit lebih basa jika Ukuran siphon tidak sepanjang cangkang, yaitu 0,5 dibandingkan dengan Keputusan Menteri Negara cm. Tidak memiliki canal siphon. Panjang kaki 1,9 Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 51 Tahun 2004 Tentang cm, tidak memiliki bysus. Biasanya ditemukan di Baku Mutu Air Laut yang menyatakan pH optimum pesisir
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