Stenrev Som Gyde- Og Opvækstområde for Fisk (Revfisk)

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Stenrev Som Gyde- Og Opvækstområde for Fisk (Revfisk) Stenrev som gyde- og opvækstområde for fisk (Revfisk) DTU Aqua-rapport nr. 294-2015 Af Claus Stenberg og Louise Dahl Kristensen (red.) Stenrev som gyde- og opvækstområde for fisk (Revfisk) DTU Aqua-rapport nr. 294-2015 Af Claus Stenberg og Louise Dahl Kristensen (red.) Stenrev som gyde- og opvækstområde for fisk Af Claus Stenberg og Louise Dahl Kristensen (red.) DTU Aqua-rapport nr. 294-2015 Maj 2015 Reference: C. Stenberg & L. D. Kristensen (red.). Stenrev som gyde- og opvækstområde for fisk. DTU Aqua-rapport nr. 294-2015. Institut for Akvatiske Ressourcer, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet. 290 pp. inkl. bilag. Forsidefoto: Torsk ved rev. Foto: Karsten Dahl. Udgivet af: Institut for Akvatiske Ressourcer, Jægersborg Allé 1, 2920 Charlottenlund, tlf. 35 88 33 00, [email protected], www.aqua.dtu.dk Rekvireres: www.aqua.dtu.dk/publikationer ISSN: 1395-8216 ISBN: 978-87-7481-208-1 Forord Dette projekt har været et samarbejdsprojekt mellem DCE, DHI og DTU Aqua. Projektet udspringer af et ønske om at forsøge kvantitativt at undersøge hvor vigtige stenrev er for fisk. I mange år har vi stillet os det simple spørgsmål: Hvor mange fisk af en given art kan et stenrev af en given størrelse understøtte? Projektet her er det første bud på at besvare dette spørgsmål. Stor tak til alle de involverede personer fra de tre institutioner for en fantastisk og engageret indsats i projektet. Som projektkoordinator var det en fornøjelse at arbejde sammen med projektets styregruppe bestående af Karsten Dahl (DCE), Flemming Møhlenberg (DHI) og Josianne Støttrup (DTU Aqua). Tusinde tak for jeres involvering i projektet og for mange gode faglige diskussioner. En specielt stor og varm tak til Louise Dahl Kristensen (DTU Aqua) for at træde til da det hele skulle samles og skrives sammen til den endelige rapport. Projektet havde slet ikke været muligt at gennemføre uden hjælpe ”udefra”. Der skal derfor også lyde en stor tak til alle jer. Specielt skal femhæves TP Offshore fra Grenå og Allan Jensen fra Sejerø for fantastisk samarbejde i forbindelse med chartring af fartøjer til gennemførelsen af feltarbejdet. Peter Gravlund og Louise Walther fra Den Blå planet for koordinering og pasning af vores fisk i mesocosmos forsøgene. Pia Haecky og Nick Blackburn fra BIORAS for at bidrage med deres tracking-software LabTrack. Claus Stenberg Projektkoordinator på RevFisk 5. maj 2015 Indholdsfortegnelse: Syntese: Stenrev som gyde- og opvækstområde for fisk s 4 Claus Stenberg, Josianne Støttrup, Karsten Dahl og Flemming Møhlenberg AP0: Introduktion s 16 AP1: Projektkoordinering og formidling s 53 Claus Stenberg, Josianne Støttrup, Karsten Dahl og Flemming Møhlenberg AP2: Fiskefauna og forekomst s 70 Mads Christoffersen, Claus Stenberg og Josianne Støttrup AP3: Habitatkvalitet og fødeproduktion s 89 Karsten Dahl, Niels Gerner Andersen, Flemming Møhlenberg, Steffen Lundsteen, Ole Gorm Norden Andersen, Cordula Göke, Michael Bo Rasmussen, Peter Anton Stæhr og Peter Grønkjær AP4: Migration af fisk på stenrev s 130 Kim Aarestrup, Henrik Baktoft, Martin Wæver og Claus Stenberg AP5: Fysiske revstrukturer, strømningsmønstrer og artsinteraktioner s 145 Mikael van Deurs, Patrizio Marianni, Isak Erik Rasmussen, Xerxes Mandviwalla og Christian Mohn AP6: Revs bærekapacitet for fisk s 170 Anders Nielsen, Niels Gerner Andersen, Karsten Dahl, Steffen Lundsteen og Flemming Møhlenberg AP7: Stenrevs placering og udformning s 194 Flemming Møhlenberg, Flemming Thorbjørn Hansen, Thomas Uhrenholdt og Xerxes Mandviwalla AP8: Forvaltning af Naturtypen Rev s 234 Josianne Støttrup, Thomas Kirk Sørensen, Karsten Dahl og Josefine Egekvist Stenrev som gyde- og opvækstområde for fisk (Revfisk) Syntese Claus Stenberg, Josianne Støttrup, Karsten Dahl og Flemming Møhlenberg Redaktører Claus Stenberg og Louise Dahl Kristensen Maj 2015 Indhold 1. Problemformulering .............................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Introduktion til projektet og dets undersøgelser ................................................................... 6 1.2 Projekts formål ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Projektets opbygning ........................................................................................................... 7 2. Resultater og konklusion ...................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Projektformidling .................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Stenrevs potentiale som opvækstområde for fisk ................................................................ 9 2.3 Guidelines for etablering og restaurering af stenrev for at fremme fiskefaunaen ..............10 2.4 Fiskeriaktiviteters effekt på stenrev og fremtidig forvaltning. .............................................11 2.5 Nye forvaltningsværktøjer ..................................................................................................13 Referencer ....................................................................................................................................15 1. Problemformulering 1.1 Introduktion til projektet og dets undersøgelser Viden om stenrev (Naturtypen 1170) og deres betydning for gyde- og opvækstområder for fisk er i dag sparsom. Der er ikke tidligere gennemført undersøgelser, der har dokumenteret, hvor- dan stenrevs størrelse, struktur og placering spiller ind på deres betydning som gyde- og op- vækstområde for fisk. Det er derfor i dag ikke muligt at redegøre for stenrevs betydning for fi- skeressourcerne eller udarbejde målrettede naturgenopretningsplaner for stenrev med det for- mål at genskabe gyde- og opvækstområder for fisk. Det er kendt at fisk sam- les omkring strukturer i havet såsom rev og vrag (Foto 1). Det diskuteres dog i videnskabelige kredse, om den højere koncen- tration af fisk på en given lokali- tet er et resultat af en øget bio- logisk produktion, som under- støtter en større lokal bestand, eller om det er et rent adfærds- mæssigt fænomen, som skaber en omfordeling af fiskene i et gi- vet område (Bohnsack m.fl. 1994, Pickering & Whitmarsh Foto 1. Torsk på rev (Foto: Karsten Dahl). 1997, Osenberg m.fl. 2002, Brickhill m.fl. 2005, Simon m.fl. 2011). Forvaltningsmæssigt har det afgørende betydning, idet førstnævnte resulterer i en større bestand, mens sidstnævnte bibeholder bestanden på samme niveau, men gør den mere rentabel for fiskeri og mere sårbar overfor overfiskning. Der er i dag flere initiativer og ønsker nationalt om etablering eller restaurering af stenrev. Formålene med disse stenrevsprojekter spænder vidt (eksempelvis virkemiddel for at modvirke eutrofiering, dykketurisme, øget biodiversitet og fiskerifremmende foranstaltninger). Da habitat- restaureringsprojekter er et nyt tiltag på det marine område, er der en manglende harmonisering af krav og kriterier inden for området. Ud fra et biologisk synspunkt er den største fare ved for- kert anlagte projekter, at de kan skabe flere miljøproblemer, end de udbedrer (eksempelvis ilt- svind). DTU Aqua, DCE og Naturstyrelsen har udarbejdet en vejledning om forsvarlig etablering eller genetablering af stenrev, baseret på erfaringer opnået med Blue Reef projektet (Læsø Trindel stenrev) (se www.nst.dk eller Bilag A i AP8). Et af de centrale punkter er, at man såvel i idéfasen som i den forvaltningsmæssige evaluering af projektet har gjort sig klart hvilke biologi- ske og økologiske funktioner, der ønskes af stenrevet (se AP8 for retningslinjer omkring etable- ring af stenrev). Udvikling af værktøjer, der kan vurdere og optimere design, form og placering af nye eller restaureret stenrev ud fra den ønskede funktion, vil være et vigtigt skridt i at sikre en biologisk forsvarlig udvikling af området inden for en fremtidig rumlig maritim planlægning (Mari- ne Spatial Planning). Disse værktøjer kan endvidere være med til at kvantificere et givent sten- revs potentiale som gyde- og opvækstområde for fisk. 6 1.2 Projekts formål Det overordnede mål for Projektet RevFisk er at opbygge viden om marine stenrevs betydning for fisk som gyde- og opvækstområde. Projektet vil ved hjælp af denne viden udvikle forvalt- ningsværktøjer, der dels kan anvendes ved etablering af nye stenrev og dels til forvaltning af eksisterende stenrev. Dette vil ske ved at: I. kvantificere et givent stenrevs potentiale som opvækstområde for fisk som funktion af re- vets dybdeplacering, størrelse, fysiske udformning, samt biologiske karakteristika II. udvikle guidelines i forhold til design, form og placering for etablering af nye stenrev og re- staurering af ødelagte stenrev for at fremme deres betydning for fisk III. øge viden om fiskeriaktiviteters effekter på stenrev med henblik på et styrket grundlag for fremtidig forvaltning 1.3 Projektets opbygning Projekt RevFisk er delt ind i 8 arbejdspakker (AP) foruden en introduktion og en overordnet syn- tese (dette kapitel): Introduktion Her introduceres stenrev bredt bl.a. omkring oprindelse, fysisk funktion og biologisk funktion, hvor der f.eks. opsummeres, hvilke kommercielle arter der bruger stenrev som vigtigt habitat i løbet af deres livscyklus. Derudover beskrives også stenfiskeriets historie og lovgivningens ud- vikling frem til det endelige forbud i 2010. Det totale omfang af stenfiskeri i Danmark er ukendt både mht. mængden af sten og arealet, hvorfra stenene er hentet. Derfor gives her et forsigtigt estimat af arealet, der har været
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