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Morphological variability of apomictic mangosteen ( mangostana L.) in : Morphological evidence of natural populations from and Java

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Ellina Mansyah Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute

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Available from: Ellina Mansyah Retrieved on: 28 September 2015 SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 42(1) 1 – 8, 2010

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF APOMICTIC MANGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana L.) IN INDONESIA: MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF NATURAL POPULATIONS FROM SUMATRA AND JAVA

ELLINA MANSYAH 1*, IRWAN MUAS1, M. JAWAL A.S1, and SOBIR2

SUMMARY

Indonesia is one of the most important mangosteen producing countries whose the growing areas are scattered on almost all of the islands. Mangosteen variability was observed based on field expeditions from 1992 to 2005. The data were collected on morphological observations on mangosteen production centres in West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Bangka/Belitung, West Java, Central Java, and East Java based on a total number of 192 mangosteen trees. The objectives of the research were to find out the variability of Indonesian mangosteen based on the morphological characters and to determine the morphological characters that can be used to distinguish mangosteen accessions. and mature fruits were observed for morphological variations. The results show that mangosteens vary in their morphological appearances. Among the morphological variations obtained, there are 11 specific characters that can be used to distinguish the apomictic mangosteen. These characters are canopy shape, mature colour, number of flowers and fruits per cluster, pedicel length, fruit shape, fruit-base shape, lobe shape, size, and thickness, the number of fruit segments, and rind thickness. Based on the morphological characters the mangosteen in Sumatra and Java can be divided into seven kinds. This information will be useful for researchers and will make the task of the curators easier in the area of mangosteen germplasm evaluation.

Key words: morphology, variation, apomictic, Garcinia mangostana L.

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), the important species of Garcinia, is a native crop of East and Southeast Asia (Campbell, 1966; Almeyda and Martin, 1976). Indonesia is one of the most important mangosteen production countries in which the growing areas are scattered mostly in the islands of Sumatra, Java, , Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Moluccas, with the total harvest area of about 6,253 ha. This fruit grows both on lowland and highland (up to 800 meters above the sea level) with diverse environmental conditions. Most of the mangosteen fruit production is derived from forests or backyards without any intensive maintenance effort. West Java is the largest growing area (2,247 ha), followed by South Sumatra (967 ha), East Java (555 ha), West Sumatra (526 ha) and Central Java (420 ha) (Department of Agriculture, 2002).

1 .Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute.. PO Box 5. 27301. Solok. West Sumatra. Indonesia 2 Center for Tropical Fruit Study. Bogor Agricultural University. Jl Padjadjaran, Bogor, 16143, West Java, Indonesia *Corresponding Address; E-mail: [email protected].

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Mangosteen is known as a type of fruit which has no morphological and genetic variation in its population owing to its reproduction process by means of mechanism (Wester, 1926; Horn, 1940; Cox, 1976; Verheij, 1991; van Dijk and van Damme, 2000). Tropical fruit species mostly belong to facultative apomicts, but mangosteen is obligate apomicts (Richards, 1990). This means that all of the offspring are asexually produced and identical with their mother . This was concluded from the evaluation of plant reproductive organs, cytology, and morphological appearance in limited samples and populations. This theory claimed mangosteen as a fruit species with narrow morphological and genetic variability and was noticed as a single clone.

However, some authors reported the morphological differences in mangosteen. Wester (1926) described that the Jolo mangosteen was larger and had a thicker rind than those of Singapore and Saigon. Its flesh, too, was more acid and had more characteristics than the milder flavoured fruit of the Malay. Burkill (1966) found that in the Sulu Islands there was a race with a thicker rind and more acid flesh which was used for preservation. Cox (1970) reported that earlier workers found variants with a superior flavour in Java which was larger than the usual fruit in the . Some trees in Burma seemed to have consistent heavy bearing or a reduced susceptibility to the gamboges disorder. In Nicaragua two distinctive types in cultivation appears with large leaves and fruits of variable sizes and the other with small leaves and fruits. Verheij (1991) described variations in leaf and fruit sizes. Sobir and Poerwanto (2007) showed that there was a variation in sepal colour obtained from the population in Wanayasa, West Java.

This paper has compiled results of research on morphological variations in mangosteen. Investigation was conducted by using more samples and populations in order to get better understanding on morphological variations. The objectives of this paper are to provide information about mangosteen variability in Indonesia and specific morphological characteristics which can be used to distinguish mangosteen accessions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A survey was conducted in mangosteen production centres, backyards and mangosteen groves in Java and Sumatra lowland to 800 meters above sea level. Data collection was based on field expeditions from 1992 to 2005. In Sumatra, the survey was conducted in West Sumatra (Padang, Payakumbuh, Sawahlunto/Sijunjung, Lubuk Alung, Kamang, Pesisir Selatan, Pasaman and Solok), Riau (Tembilahan-Indragiri Hilir), Jambi (Muaro Tebo), South Sumatra (Lahat, Ogan Komering Ilir, and Ogan Komering Ulu), Bengkulu (Pal VIII, Rejang Lebong), and Bangka/Belitung (Badau, Buluh Tumbang, Kelapa Kampit, Bantan, and Pelulusan Sub-districts). In Java, the survey was carried out in West Java (Leuwiliang-Bogor and Wanayasa-Purwakarta), Central Java (Kaligesing – Purworejo) and East Java (Watulimo-Trenggalek). In this survey, 192 mature trees (more than 25 years old) were sampled. Location sites of mangosteen populations are presented in Figure 1.

Leaves and mature fruits were observed for morphological variation. The characters observed were canopy shape, leaf area, fruit weight, mature leaf colour, pedicel length, flower clustering habit, fruit shape (based on the height and diameter ratio), fruit base shape, stigma lobe shape, size and thickness, number of fruit segments, and rind thickness. Stigma lobe size

2 was determined by calculating the ratio of stigma lobe diameter and fruit diameter. A number of accessions having the same character were calculated in percentage.

Figure 1. Location sites of mangosteen populations in Sumatra and Java

RESULTS

The total number of mangosteen observed from 1992 to 2005 was about 192 trees (data not shown). Preliminary survey on 33 mangosteen trees in West Sumatra showed that there was variation in canopy shape, leaf size, rind thickness, fruit weight and diameter, rind thickness and a number of fruit per cluster (Mansyah et al. 1992). Further observations indicated more distinct morphological variations. The fruits can be divided into three types, round (height and diameter ratio 0.84 to 0.88), elliptical < 0.84, and ovoid > 0.88 (Mansyah et al. 2003). Intensive research in other populations found more characters that could enrich the mangosteen features. The fact could be seen when the fruits from different locations were collected together at the same time and then compared with each other. The important characters found were stigma lobe shape, size, and thickness, and pedicel length (Mansyah et al. 2005). Variations of morphological characters of mangosteen obtained and proportion of each characters based on the total populations observed are shown in Table 1.

These observations indicated that mangosteen varies in its morphological appearance. Pyramidal canopy, one fruit per cluster, round fruit, medium pedicel length, round, medium and thick stigma lobe, 4 to 8 fruit segments and medium rind were found as common forms. The proportions of each character mentioned were about 65%, 68%, 75%, 80%, 96%, 92%, 93%, 96%, and 74% respectively. Among the populations observed, the accessions with specific or unique characters were found in certain locations. Larger stigma lobe accessions were found in Pasaman and Kamang (West Sumatra), Muaro Tebo (Jambi). Ovoid fruits with small stigma lobes and long pedicels were found especially in populations grown on highland, more than 800 meters above sea level like Kamang and Sungai Naning (West Sumatra) and Rejang Lebong (Bengkulu). Mangosteen population with elliptical

3 stigma lobes, short pedicels and more fruit segments was found in accessions from Tembilahan, Riau Province (Mansyah et al. 2005). Accessions with variegated leaves (combination of green and white colour) were obtained in Solok, West Sumatra. These accessions occurred with low percentage of about 0.5 % from the total populations observed. The other unique accession, irregular in fruit shape and 20 to 23 fruit segments, was found in Bangka. The percentage of irregular and normal fruit in the same trees was about 50% each (Mansyah el al. 2007).

The presence of the accessions mentioned above give more information on the morphological variation of apomictic mangosteen. Among the morphological variations obtained, there were 11 specific characters that can be used to distinguish mangosteen accessions. These characters are canopy shapes, mature leaf colours, number of flowers and fruits per cluster, fruit stalks, fruit shapes, fruit base shapes, stigma lobe shapes, sizes, and thickness, a number of fruit segments and rind thickness (Figure 2). Other morphological characters like leaf shape, leaf and fruit size, and fruit colour were not used because they could not differentiate the mangosteen populations. Leaf shape character was similar for all accessions surveyed. Leaf and fruit size were not used because these characters were quantitative and affected by environmental conditions. Meanwhile, fruit colour was not used because it depends on maturity stages.

DISCUSSION

The results showed that the apomictic fruit had phenotypic variation. In many cases specific morphological characters of mangosteen from the same region varied. This was indicated by the ovoid accessions from the highland district and ellipsoid stigma lobe accessions from Tembilahan district. Accessions with variegated leaves and irregular in fruit shape were noticed as chimeras from natural mutation. Pratt (1983) stated that chimeras externally could be known by the large size and irregular shape of flowers and fruits. The chimera occurred as a result of somatic mutation or alteration of genetic constitution.

Based on the morphology characters the mangosteen in Sumatra and Java could be divided into seven kinds. These are: (1) round fruit with round fruit base, medium fruit stalk, round and large stigma lobe, 4 to 8 fruit segments and medium to thick rind; (2) round fruit with round fruit base, medium stalk, round and medium stigma lobe, 4 to 8 fruit segments and medium to thick rind; (3) ellipsoid fruit with flat fruit base, medium stalk, round, medium and thin stigma lobe, 4 to 8 fruit segments and medium to thick rind; (4) ellipsoid fruit with flat fruit base, short fruit stalk, elliptical and round stigma lobe, more than 4 to 8 fruit segments and medium to thick rind; (5) ovoid fruit with pointed fruit base, long stalk, round, small and thick stigma lobe, 4 to 8 fruit segments and medium to thick rind; (6) the mangosteen with variegata leaves; and (7) the mangosteen with irregular fruit shape.

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Table 1. Morphological characters obtained in Garcinia mangostana L. present in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia. No Characters Observation Variation Percentage1 value Category Value 1. Canopy shape 1. Elliptical 29 2. Pyramidal 65 3. Semicircular 6 2. Leaf area 56 to 198 1. Large > 150 cm2 cm2 2. Medium 100-150 cm2 3. Small <100 cm2 3. Fruit weight 47.5 to 187 g 1. Large > 140 g 3 2. Medium 70 – 140 g 80 3. Small < 70 g 17 4. Mature leaf - 1. Green 99.5 Colour 2. Variegata 0.5 (Combination of green and white colour) 5. Flower and - 1. One flower or fruit 68 fruit per Cluster clustering Habit 2. Combination of 1 and 20 2 flowers or fruits per cluster 3. Combination of 1, 2, 12 3, 4, up to 12 flowers or fruits per cluster 6. Fruit shape Height- 1. Round 0.84-0.88 75 diameter 2. Ellipsoid < 0.84 19.8 ratio 0.78 3. Ovoid > 0.88 4.7 to 0.93 4. Irregular 0.5 7 Fruit base - Round 75 Shape Flattened 20.3 Pointed 4.7 8 Pedicel length 0.5 to 3.1cm 1. Short 0.5 – 1.5 cm 5 2. Medium >1.5–2.5 cm 80 3. Long > 2.5 cm 15 9. Stigma lobe 1.Round 96 Shape 2.Ellipsoid 4 10. Stigma lobe Stigma lobe 1.Small < 0.30 3 size diameter/ fruit diameter ratio 2. Medium 0.31-0.39 92 0.25 – 0.45 3. Large > 0.40 5 11 Stigma lobe 1.Thick > 1mm 93 Thickness 2.Thin < 1 mm 7 12 Fruit segment 4 to 11 1. 4 to 8 96 2. 5 to 11 4 13 Rind 3 to 13 mm 1.Thick > 9 mm 23 thickness 2.Medium 6-9 mm 74 3.Thin < 6 mm 5 1The percentage was calculated from 192 tree samples

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1. Canopy shapes 2. Leaf colours

(a) Pyramidal (b) Elliptical (c) Semicircular (a) Green (b) Variegata 3a. Number of flowers per cluster 7. Stigma lobe Shapes

(a) One flower (b)2 flowers (c)Combination of 1,2,3,or more flowers (a) Round (b) Elliptical

3b. Number of fruit per cluster 8. Stigma lobe thickness

(a) Thick (b) Thin (a) One fruit (b) 2 fruits (c) Combination of 1,2,3,or more fruits

4. Fruit shapes 9. Stigma lobe size

(a) Round (b) Ellipsoid (c) Ovoid (d) Irregular (a) Large (b) Medium (c) Small

5. Fruit bases 10. Number of fruit segments

(a) Round (b) Flattened (c) Pointed

(a) 4 to 8 (b) >8 6. Pedicel lengths 11. Rind thickness

(a) Short (b) Medium (c) Long (a) Thin (b) Medium (c) Thick

Figure 2. Morphological variability of mangosteen

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This evidence needs to be confirmed by molecular observation to confirm the variations are genetic traits or affected by environment. A genetic study of these accessions obtained by molecular marker is still being conducted. Based on this research, it is necessary to confirm the important characters which can be used to distinguish the mangosteen. This is the first report on complete morphology variation of mangosteen. This information seems to be useful for stake holders who have a great interest on mangosteen and make the task of the curators easier in the area of mangosteen germplasm evaluation.

CONCLUSION

Morphological study showed that mangosteen has phenotypic variations and there are 11 specific characters that could be used to distinguish mangosteen types. These characters are canopy shape, mature leaf colour, number of flowers and fruit per cluster, fruit shape, pedicel length, fruit base shape, stigma lobe shape, size, and thickness, number of fruit segments and rind thickness. Pyramidal canopy, one fruit per cluster, round fruit, medium fruit stalk length, round, medium and thick stigma lobe, 4 to 8 fruit segments and medium rind were found as common forms. Based on these morphological characters, the mangosteen in Sumatra and Java could be divided into seven kinds.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Research was funded by Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), Department of Agriculture for research activities in West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, and North Sumatra from 1992 to 1995 and from 2003 to 2005. A survey in Bengkulu, Bangka/Belitung and Java was funded by Ministry of Research and Technology, Republic of Indonesia and Centre for Tropical Fruit Studies, through National Strategic Research Initiative 2002 to 2003.

REFERENCES

Almeyda, N., and F. W. Martin. 1976. Cultivation of Neglected Tropical Fruits with promise. Part I. The mangosteen. Agricultural Research Service. US Department of Agriculture. 18 pp. Burkill, I.H. 1966. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the . Second edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative. Kuala Lumpur. Campbell, C.W. 1966. Growing the mangosteen in Southern Florida. Proc. Florida State Hortic. Soc. 79: 399–401 Cox, J. E.K. 1976. Garcinia mangostana L. – Mangosteen. In: R.J. Gardner (Ed). Propagation of Tropical fruit Trees. Common Wealth Bureau. Farn Harn Royal. England. p: 361 – 367. Department of Agriculture. 2002. Food crops and horticulture production and harvest area. Department of Agriculture Republic Indonesia. Jakarta.-www.deptan.go.id/ditjenhorti/ Horn, C.L. 1940. Existence of only one variety of cultivated mangosteen explained by asexually formed ‘seed’. Science 92: 237–238.

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Mansyah, E., Edison Hs, and M. Winarno. 1992. Exploration and variability study of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) in West Sumatra. Penelitian Hortikultura 5: 1- 15. (in Indonesian, with English abstract) Mansyah, E., A. Baihaki, Ridwan Setiamihardja, Juliati S. Darsa, Sobir, and R. Poerwanto. 2003. Phenotypic variability of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) at several production centres in Java. Jurnal Hortikultura 13: 147-156. (in Indonesian, with English abstract) Mansyah, E., Prasetyo BW, M. Jawal A.S., Ucu Rusdianto, and Irwan Muas. 2005. The unique mangosteen from Tembilahan. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. 27: 7-8. Mansyah E., M., Jawal A.S Irwan Muas, Hendri dan F. Usman. 2007. Identification and characterization of mangosteen at Bengkulu and Bangka/Belitung province. Jurnal Hortikultura 17: 118-126. (in Indonesian, with English abstract) Pratt, Charlotte. 1983. Somatic Selection. In J.N. Moore and J. Janick (Ed). Fruit Breeding. Purdue University Press. West Lafayette Indiana. p: 172-185. Richards, A.J. 1990. Studies in Garcinia, dioecious tropical fruit trees: Agamospermy. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 103:233-250. Sobir and Roedhy Poerwanto. 2007. Mangosteen Genetics and Improvement. International Journal of Plant Breeding. 1: 105-111. van Dijk, P., and Jos van Damme. 2000. Apomixis technology and the paradox of sex. Trends in Plant Science. 5: 81–84. Verheij, E.W.M.1991. Garcinia mangostana L. In : E.W.M. Verheij (Ed). Plant Resources of South East Asia, Edible Fruit and nuts. Bogor a Selection. PUDOC, Wageningen. Wester, P.J. 1926. Edible Garcinias and possible mangosteen stocks. The Journal of the Department of Agriculture of . No 3,4: 283 - 305.

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