ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

VALUES AND CRITERIA OF ISLAMIC

URBANISM

LECTURER Manar Nazar Ahmed [email protected] 2017-2018

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Values and Criteria of Islamic

Urbanism

1st Lecture:

Introduction to the Islamic city: Islamic Values in Urbanism

Reference:

مصطفى بن حموش، تجوهر التمدن اإلسالمي: دراسات في فقه العمران، دار قابس للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع،

الطبعة األولى، لبنان، 2006 LECTURER

Manar Nazar Ahmed [email protected] 2017-2018

What are values?

Know the values in the language being derived from the act (q a m), and it came in «Lsan al Arab» that the value is integrity, a mild thing His rising. value is justice. It also stated that it is the strength of a regime and his base, which explains the verse » ّال تؤتْا السفِبء أهْالكن التً جعل هللا لكن قٍَوب« )سْزح الٌسبء5-( . (Nisa -5) in the sense that build your acts out.

It is said if straighten my valued at, which determine the price of the thing by valuing it. On the other hand, based on both proven something and stick with it and from it came .Surah Al-Imran -113) which attendance on religion and done)» ّهي أُل الكتبة أهخ قبئوخ«

And different values in different cultures, cannot understand a certain value, but in the social or cultural framework, so it's best when talking about the values that we place within the conventional coordinated.

Values, but it can be defined as a conceptual structure of a virtual indicate preferences, which has the power to stimulate and influence the choice of means and methods.

Values in the Islamic Urbanism:

Values that are enshrined in Islam and that influenced the Islamic urbanism can be classified into three categories, namely sequence as follows:

1- Lord's values:

Islam came with ideological system and adjusted the Muslim devotional relationship with his Creator. To this system two dimensions: Deism and divinity. Deism includes all metaphysical believe in the knowledge that the Muslim Recognizing; but after divinity includes legislative sides and worshipful that should be subject to him a Muslim individual or a group.

Taj Mahal

2. human values:

Islam came in addition to behavioral beliefs values adjusts private life so as not to oppress man himself, and went collective life among Muslims to define each individual's rights and duties towards society. One of these values is the freedom to enjoy the ornament of this life, and urge the asceticism, kinship, and social solidarity. Many of the texts that urges the good-neighbourly and considerate » ّاعجدّا هللا ّال تشسكْا ثَ شٍئب ّثبلْالدٌي neighbour rights came as in the verse إحسبًب ّثري القسثى ّالٍتبهى ّالوسبكٍي ّالجبز ذي القُسثى ّالجبز ال ُجٌُت ّالصبحت ثبل ُجٌت ّاثي السجٍل ّهب هلكت أٌوبًكن إى هللا ال ٌحت هي كبى هختبالً فخْزا« )سْزح الٌسبء36-( Grew up in the jurisprudence of Islam a section that’s called the facility or easement, which accompanies the neighbours in exchange of interests, including induction to waive rights for each other when needed. At the section of the charity urged neighbours to each other Apostle recommended (r) »ثعدم هٌع الجبز غسش خشجَ فً جداز الجبز الوالصق« Legislative texts also stressed not to offend the neighbours views on them and damaging their odour and smoke, vibration and inconvenience various means.

Also, Islam urges always Virtue and adjust the relationship between men and women, with its emphasis on equality between men and women in the duties, rights and the penalty in the Hereafter, as well as his emphasis on the integration between the two, it may chapter in the Qur'an provisions in gaze, and access to the houses, and the treatment of women, according to status as forbidden or foreigners and enters it in the destination to save the relations. He was for many of these provisions projections directly on the city's lack of openness is the most important houses abroad unless otherwise too small or entrance broken windows do not allow direct vision from the outside, while based aesthetic elements such as colours and finishes and fountains inside. As well as the division of the houses to Selamlik and Haremlek in the Ottoman era. AL-Suhemy house: built in 1648 AL Mashrabya :Interlaced wooden screen Malqaf ,Wind Catcher

Hall and shukhshakhah

3. Environmental values: These behavioural values can be considered as a human guide to how to deal with the universe and nature from the public perception of the Islamic presence. Many of the texts, which urges the need to pay attention to the environment and not to offend them, and there are as corrupt on earth. » إذا قبهت على أحدكن القٍبهخ ّفً ٌدٍ فسٍلخ فلٍغسسِب«:It says in effect » هب هي هسلن ٌغسض غسسبً أّ ٌصزع شزعبً فٍأكل هٌَ طٍس أّ إًسبى أّ ثٍِوخ إال كبى لَ ثَ صدقخ«. Removing something harmful from the road of the people of faith also considered. The revival of disused land a good doors before the issue of land ownership, as it pushes Muslims to expand reconstruction in the ground. The revival will be bringing her water and planted when the arid (ie decertified not where planting or water), or the establishment of building them. In saying that the Maliki school-owned land or neighbourhoods once lay hands and that have been neglected for a long time and did not exploit the dead returned to again be owned by a new owner is the first revival. This view, although in some respects inconsistent with the right of ownership, but it has a positive side as it pays landowners to exploit. Islam also strongly forbids categorically about corruption in the land logging or sabotage of water resources at a time of war and in enemy territory.

Environmental values: A lot of values in the Islamic urbanism return to the principles of economy in consumption and charity in use. The economy means to act as needed as opposed to extravagance and waste, and the charity is optimal and efficient disposition of the use of things, he is also to act with the utmost precision by invoking the existence of God and monitored. For the economy as Islam recommends taking into account the need to consume any element « َا تٍُ آدو .of nature and not exceeding the limit, and the opposite is wasteful )سْزح األعساف- خذوا سَُتكى عُد كم يسج ٍد و ُكهىا واشزتىا وال تُسزفىا إََّه ال َحة انًسزفٍُ» )31 In the Islamic urbanism as well as mechanisms can return them to the concept of charity, he wanted Islam to double the use of things so well received in the employ them, came in the verse, the words of Moses (AS) And (قال هٍ عصاٌ أتى كؤا عهُها وأهُ ُّش تها عهً غًٍُ ونٍ فُها يآرب أخزي» )سىرة طه18-) we often find that applies to home furniture in old houses, so the room to sleep at night and the reception during the day, and the food at noon, and children's toys, and others. This is the opposite of what is happening today to allocate spaces for certain function without the other, which makes those rooms used partly per day, partly because of the way the furniture which is usually large and heavy and difficult to move design.

If we want to describe this aspect of the Islamic Urbanism language of our time will face (Sustainable Environment), as was the exploitation of the Muslim nature of a balanced cycle does not always require new energies wasted, as there was the use of a single element several times, and the use of animal manure in agriculture. And the use of cane, wheat, barley and corn in the preparation of the armed bricks, and the exploitation of dead trees parts such as palm fronds and roots in roofing, and the exploitation of natural phenomena for power generation, such as the use wind catchers air. The Muslims invented the drip irrigation method by placing perforated jars filled with fresh water when the assets of the trees. And cared for hygiene and cleanliness of their environment like the hadith «cleanliness of faith». « انُظافةيٍ اإلًَاٌ».

Prevailing shukhshakhah North wind 4.5km/h

2.6km/h 1.5km/h 0.5km/h

Wind Catcher

2.7km/h

1.4km/h Shukhshikha: an equivalent for solar chimney A traditional element, typically “aclerestory”that allows the rising hot air to escape from the top. The shukhshikha historically. Has always been handled as part of the design itself rather than an add on .The principle is very similar to that of the solar chimney. The Haramlik : The different spaces of the haramlik overlook the courtyard through openings concealed by mashrabiyyas “screens created from pieces of turned wood, that allowed women of the household to enjoy the view without being seen by the guests in the courtyard”

Harem reception hall in central hall (durqa'a) AL- malqaf : is a shaft rising high above the building with an opening facing the prevailing wind and constructed on the north ’iwan It traps the cool air “like sails capturing the wind” and channels it down into the interior of the building. malqaf with two openings, one facing windward to capture the cool air and the other facing leeward in order to evacuate the hot air by suction.

The Mashrabiyyah important device which was used to cover openings as well as to achieve thermal comfort and privacy in a house was a cantilevered space covered with a lattice opening, where water jars were placed to be cooled by the evaporation effect as air moved through the opening. The mashrabiyyah has five Functions: controlling the passage of light, controlling the air flow, reducing the temperature of the air current, increasing the humidity of the air current and ensuring privacy. mashrabiyyah onto the back garden. Air heats up more readily in the unshaded courtyard than in the back garden creating an area of low air pressure. However, the heated air rising in the courtyard draws cool air from the back garden , creating a cool draft. The mashrabiya , which covered the complete interface for the project weren’t traditional element that we know, it has applied the principle of "We do not quote only steal but we Start from where others have ended " was the image that impressed science and spread among architects everywhere maker name John Novell, has came " mashrabiya " of metal , and were in fact mechanized, to open and close as needed of light required in place for lighting and heating , turning a machine sustainability unprecedented , but we must not forget that mashrabiya in Arab culture was for privacy and shade , while you do not need that in Paris the cold, but it was acceptable to borrow for the purpose of cultural and idea behind the project. It was not Aesthetic element of the interface .but only provided the shadows , which gave the character of the eastern inside the building as well.