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Home , Bourgeoisie, Means of production, Proletariat

and , masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs…Our epoch, the epoch of the Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) were , possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified educated Germans who wrote works of political theory. Marx had also the class antagonisms: as a whole is more and more splitting up worked as a journalist and in the offices of a cotton-manufacturing business. The Communist Manifesto was published in 1848.1 into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each Introduction other: Bourgeoisie and … A spectre is haunting Europe -- the spectre of … (Note by Engels: By “bourgeoisie” is meant the class of modern I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European Powers to be capitalists, owners of the means of social and employers of itself a Power. -labor; by “proletariat,” the class of modern wage-laborers who, II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the having no of their own, are reduced to selling their whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this labor power in order to live.) nursery tale of the Spectre of Communism with a Manifesto of the party …The manufacturing system took [the place of -based itself. workshops]…Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand ever To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in rising. Even manufacture no longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and London, and sketched the following Manifesto, to be published in the machinery revolutionised industrial production. The place of manufacture English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages. was taken by the giant, Modern Industry, the place of the industrial middle I. Bourgeoisie And Proletarians class by industrial millionaires, the leaders of whole industrial armies, the …The history of all hitherto existing is the history of class modern bourgeois…each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was struggles. Freeman and slave, and plebeian, and serf, guild- accompanied by a corresponding political advance of that class…the master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in bourgeoisie has, at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now the world-, conquered for itself, in the modern representative , hidden, now open fight…In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost exclusive political sway. The executive [branch] of the modern State is but everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie. manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, …The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end , , slaves; in the , feudal , vassals, guild- to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations…has left remaining no other

nexus between man and man than naked self-, than callous “cash 1 From the English edition of 1888, edited by Friedrich Engels; online at payment.”…It has resolved personal worth into exchange …has torn http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/mancont.asp 1 away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family hours, by increase of the work exacted in a given time or by increased relation to a mere money relation. speed of the machinery, etc…Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois …Constant revolutionising of production, uninterrupted disturbance of class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the , by the over-looker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones… manufacturer himself… …Modern bourgeois society with its , of …the less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual exchange and of , a society that has conjured up such gigantic labor…the more is the labour of men superseded by that of women. means of production and of exchange, is like the sorceror, who is no longer Differences of age and sex have no longer any distinctive social validity for able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by the . All are instruments of labour, more or less expensive to his spells. For many a decade past the history of industry and commerce is use, according to their age and sex. but the history of the revolt of modern against modern No sooner is the exploitation of the labourer by the manufacturer, so conditions of production, against the property relations that are the far, at an end that he receives his in cash, than he is set upon by the conditions for the existence of the bourgeoisie and of its rule. It is enough other portions of the bourgeoisie, the , the shopkeeper, the to mention the commercial crises that by their periodical return put on its pawnbroker, etc. trial, each time more threateningly, the existence of the entire bourgeois The lower strata of the —the small tradespeople, society. shopkeepers…all these sink gradually into the proletariat… …Not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to The proletariat goes through various stages of development. With its birth itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie. At first the contest is carried on by weapons –the modern working class -- the proletarians… individual labourers, then by the workpeople of a factory, then by the …Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to , operatives of one , in one locality, against the individual bourgeois the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and who directly exploits them. They direct their attacks not against the consequently, all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the bourgeois conditions of production, but against the instruments of machine…in proportion therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work production themselves…they smash to pieces machinery, they set factories increases, the wage decreases. Nay more, in proportion as the use of ablaze, they seek to restore by force the vanished status of the workman of machinery and division of labour increases, in the same proportion the the Middle Ages. burden of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the working 2

At this stage the labourers still form an incoherent mass scattered over anything in common with the bourgeois family-relations; modern industrial the whole country, and broken up by their mutual competition…But with labour…has stripped him of every trace of national character. Law, the development of industry the proletariat not only increases in number; it , religion, are to him so many bourgeois prejudices…The becomes concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows, and it feels that proletarians cannot become masters of the productive forces of society, strength more. The various and conditions of life within the ranks except by abolishing their own previous mode of appropriation, and of the proletariat are more and more equalised, in proportion as machinery thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation. They have obliterates all distinctions of labour, and nearly everywhere reduces wages nothing of their own to secure and to fortify; their mission is to destroy all to the same low level. The growing competition among the bourgeois, and previous securities for, and insurances of, individual property. the resulting commercial crises, make the wages of the workers ever more All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in fluctuating. The unceasing improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly the interests of minorities. The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, developing, makes their livelihood more and more precarious; the independent movement of the immense majority, in the interests of the collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more immense majority. The proletariat, the lowest stratum of our present and more the character of collisions between two classes. Thereupon the society, cannot stir, cannot raise itself up, without the whole workers begin to form combinations (Trade Unions) against the bourgeois; superincumbent strata of official society being sprung into the air…In they club together in order to keep up the rate of wages; they found depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we permanent associations in order to make provision beforehand for these traced the more or less veiled civil , raging within existing society, up occasional revolts…This organisation of the proletarians into a class, and to the point where that war breaks out into open , and where the consequently into a political party, is continually being upset again by the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the competition between the workers themselves. But it ever rises up again, dictatorship of the proletariat…and here it becomes evident, that the stronger, firmer, mightier… bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the in society, and to Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the impose its conditions of existence upon society as an over-riding law. proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. The other classes decay and …The advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the finally disappear in the face of Modern Industry; the proletariat is its bourgeoisie, replaces the isolation of the labourers, due to competition, by special and essential product. [All other classes fight] to save from their revolutionary combination, due to association. The development of extinction their existence as fractions of the middle class…The proletarian Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on is without property; his relation to his wife and child has no longer which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the 3 bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, is its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. II. Proletarians and Communists The Communists do not form a separate party opposed to other working-class parties. They have no interests separate and apart from those of the proletariat as a whole…The immediate aim of the Communist is the same as that of all the other proletarian parties: formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat…In this sense, the theory of the Communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of … IV. Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things. In all these movements they bring to the front, as the leading question in each, the property question, no matter what its degree of development at the time. Finally, they labour everywhere for the union and agreement of the democratic parties of all countries. The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!

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