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EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health

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EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health A. Salonia (Chair), C. Bettocchi, J. Carvalho, G. Corona, T.H. Jones, A. Kadiogluˇ , J.I. Martinez-Salamanca, S. Minhas (Vice-chair), E.C. Serefogluˇ , P. Verze Guidelines Associates: L. Boeri, P. Capogrosso, A. Cocci, K. Dimitropoulos, M. Gül, G. Hatzichristodoulou, A. Kalkanli, V. Modgil, U. Milenkovic, G. Russo, T. Tharakan © European Association of Urology 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 10 1.1 Aims and Objectives 10 1.2 Panel composition 10 1.3 Available Publications 10 1.4 Publication History 10 1.5 Changes in the Guideline for 2021 10 2. METHODOLOGY 10 2.1 Methods 10 2.2 Review 11 2.3 Future goals 11 3. MALE HYPOGONADISM 11 3.1 Epidemiology and prevalence of male hypogonadism 11 3.1.1 Body Composition and Metabolic Profile 11 3.1.2 Metabolic Syndrome/Type 2 Diabetes 12 3.2 Physiology of testosterone production 12 3.2.1 Circulation and transport of testosterone 13 3.2.2 Androgen receptor 14 3.3 Role of testosterone in male sexual and reproductive health 14 3.3.1 Sexual development and maturation 14 3.3.2 Sexual function 14 3.4 Classification and causes of male hypogonadism 15 3.5 Late-onset hypogonadism 17 3.5.1 Diagnostic evaluation 17 3.5.2 History taking 20 3.5.3 Physical examination 20 3.5.4 Summary of evidence and recommendations for the diagnostic evaluation of LOH 20 3.5.5 Recommendations for screening men with LOH 21 3.6 Treatment of LOH 21 3.6.1 Indications and contraindications for treatment of LOH 21 3.6.2 Testosterone therapy outcomes 22 3.6.2.1 Sexual dysfunction 22 3.6.2.2 Body composition and metabolic profile 22 3.6.2.3 Mood and cognition 22 3.6.2.4 Bone 23 3.6.2.5 Vitality and physical strength 23 3.6.2.6 Summary of evidence and recommendations for testosterone therapy outcome 23 3.6.3 Choice of treatment 24 3.6.3.1 Lifestyle factors 24 3.6.3.2 Medical preparations 24 3.6.3.2.1 Oral formulations 24 3.6.3.2.2 Parenteral formulations 25 3.6.3.2.3 Transdermal testosterone preparations 25 3.6.3.2.4 Transmucosal formulations 25 3.6.3.2.4.1 Transbuccal Testosterone preparations 25 3.6.3.2.4.2 Transnasal testosterone preparations 25 3.6.3.2.5 Subdermal depots 25 3.6.3.2.6 Anti-oestrogens 25 3.6.3.2.7 Gonadotropins 26 3.6.3.3 Summary of evidence and recommendations for choice of treatment for LOH 28 3.7 Safety and follow-up in hypogonadism management 28 3.7.1 Hypogonadism and fertility issues 28 3.7.2 Male breast cancer 28 3.7.3 Lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia 28 2 SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH - MARCH 2021 3.7.4 Prostate cancer (PCa) 29 3.7.5 Cardiovascular Disease 29 3.7.5.1 Cardiac Failure 30 3.7.6 Erythrocytosis 30 3.7.7 Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 31 3.7.8 Follow up 31 3.7.9 Summary of evidence and recommendations on risk factors in testosterone treatment 32 4. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVALENCE OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION AND DISORDERS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 33 4.1 Erectile dysfunction 33 4.2 Premature ejaculation 33 4.3 Other ejaculatory disorders 34 4.3.1 Delayed ejaculation 34 4.3.2 Anejaculation and Anorgasmia 34 4.3.3 Retrograde ejaculation 34 4.3.4 Painful ejaculation 34 4.3.5 Haemospermia 34 4.4 Low sexual desire 35 5. MANAGEMENT OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION 43 5.1 Definition and classification 43 5.2 Risk factors 43 5.3 Pathophysiology 44 5.3.1 Pelvic surgery and prostate cancer treatment 46 5.3.2 Summary of evidence on the epidemiology/aetiology/pathophysiology of ED 47 5.4 Diagnostic evaluation (basic work-up) 47 5.4.1 Medical and sexual history 47 5.4.2 Physical examination 48 5.4.3 Laboratory testing 48 5.4.4 Cardiovascular system and sexual activity: the patient at risk 49 5.4.4.1 Low-risk category 51 5.4.4.2 Intermediate- or indeterminate-risk category 51 5.4.4.3 High-risk category 51 5.5 Diagnostic Evaluation (advanced work-up) 51 5.5.1 Nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity test 51 5.5.2 Intracavernous injection test 51 5.5.3 Dynamic duplex ultrasound of the penis 51 5.5.4 Arteriography and dynamic infusion cavernosometry or cavernosography 51 5.5.5 Psychiatric and psychosocial assessment 52 5.5.6 Recommendations for diagnostic evaluation of ED 53 5.6 Treatment of erectile dysfunction 53 5.6.1 Patient education - consultation and referrals 53 5.6.2 Treatment options 53 5.6.2.1 Oral pharmacotherapy 55 5.6.2.2 Topical/Intraurethral alprostadil 60 5.6.2.3 Shockwave therapy 61 5.6.2.4 Psychosexual counselling and therapy 61 5.6.2.5 Hormonal treatment 61 5.6.2.6 Vacuum erection devises 61 5.6.2.7 Intracavernous injections therapy 61 5.6.2.7.1 Alprostadil 62 5.6.2.8 Combination therapy 62 5.6.2.8.1 Erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy 63 5.6.2.9 Vascular surgery 64 5.6.2.9.1 Surgery for post-traumatic arteriogenic ED 64 5.6.2.9.2 Venous ligation surgery 64 5.6.2.9.3 Penile prostheses 65 5.6.2.9.4 Penile prostheses implantation: complications 65 SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH - MARCH 2021 3 5.6.2.9.4.1 Conclusions about penile prostheses implantation 66 5.6.3 Recommendations for treatment of ED 66 5.6.4 Follow-up 67 6. DISORDERS OF EJACULATION 67 6.1 Introduction 67 6.2 Premature ejaculation 67 6.2.1 Epidemiology 67 6.2.2 Pathophysiology and risk factors 67 6.2.3 Impact of PE on quality of life 68 6.2.4 Classification 68 6.2.5 Diagnostic evaluation 69 6.2.5.1 Intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) 69 6.2.5.2 Premature ejaculation assessment questionnaires 69 6.2.5.3 Physical examination and investigations 70 6.2.5.4 Recommendations for the diagnostic evaluation of PE 70 6.2.6 Disease management 70 6.2.6.1 Psychological aspects and intervention 71 6.2.6.1.1 Recommendation for the assessment and treatment (psychosexual approach) of PE 72 6.2.6.2 Pharmacotherapy 72 6.2.6.2.1 Dapoxetine 72 6.2.6.2.2 Off-label use of antidepressants: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and clomipramine 73 6.2.6.2.3 Topical anaesthetic agents 74 6.2.6.2.3.1 Lidocaine/prilocaine cream 74 6.2.6.2.3.2 Lidocaine/prilocaine spray 74 6.2.6.2.4 Tramadol 74 6.2.6.2.5 Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors 75 6.2.6.2.6 Other drugs 75 6.2.7 Summary of evidence on the epidemiology/aetiology/pathophysiology of PE 76 6.2.8 Recommendations for the treatment of PE 76 6.3 Delayed Ejaculation 76 6.3.1 Definition and classification 76 6.3.2 Pathophysiology and risk factors 76 6.3.3 Investigation and treatment 77 6.3.3.1 Psychological aspects and intervention 77 6.3.3.2 Pharmacotherapy 78 6.4 Anejaculation 78 6.4.1 Definition and classification 78 6.4.2 Pathophysiology and risk factors 78 6.4.3 Investigation and treatment 78 6.5 Painful Ejaculation 78 6.5.1 Definition and classification 78 6.5.2 Pathophysiology and risk factors 78 6.5.3 Investigation and treatment 79 6.5.3.1 Surgical intervention 79 6.6 Retrograde ejaculation 79 6.6.1 Definition and classification 79 6.6.2 Pathophysiology and risk factors 79 6.6.3 Disease management 80 6.6.3.1 Pharmacological 80 6.6.3.2 Management of infertility 80 6.7 Anorgasmia 80 6.7.1 Definition and classification 80 6.7.2 Pathophysiology and risk factors 81 6.7.3 Disease management 81 6.7.3.1 Psychological/behavioural strategies 81 6.7.3.2 Pharmacotherapy 81 4 SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH - MARCH 2021 6.7.3.3 Management of infertility 81 6.8 Haemospermia 81 6.8.1 Definition and classification 81 6.8.2 Pathophysiology and risk factors 81 6.8.3 Investigations 82 6.8.4 Disease management 83 6.9 Recommendations for the management of recurrent haemospermia 84 7. LOW SEXUAL DESIRE AND MALE HYPOACTIVE SEXUAL DESIRE DISORDER 85 7.1 Definition, classification and epidemiology 85 7.2 Pathophysiology and risk factors 85 7.2.1 Psychological aspects 85 7.2.2 Biological aspects 85 7.2.3 Risk factors 86 7.3 Diagnostic work-up 86 7.3.1 Assessment questionnaires 86 7.3.2 Physical examination and investigations 86 7.4 Disease management 86 7.4.1 Psychological intervention 86 7.4.2 Pharmacotherapy 87 7.5 Recommendations for the treatment of low sexual desire 87 8. PENILE CURVATURE 88 8.1 Congenital penile curvature 88 8.1.1 Epidemiology/aetiology/pathophysiology 88 8.1.2 Diagnostic evaluation 88 8.1.3 Disease management 88 8.1.4 Summary of evidence for congenital penile curvature 88 8.1.5 Recommendation for the treatment congenital penile curvature 88 8.2 Peyronie’s Disease 88 8.2.1 Epidemiology/aetiology/pathophysiology 88 8.2.1.1 Epidemiology 88 8.2.1.2 Aetiology 88 8.2.1.3 Risk factors 90 8.2.1.4 Pathophysiology 90 8.2.1.5 Summary of evidence on epidemiology/aetiology/pathophysiology of Peyronie’s disease 91 8.2.2 Diagnostic evaluation 91 8.2.2.1 Summary of evidence for diagnosis of Peyronie’s disease 92 8.2.2.2 Recommendations for diagnosis of Peyronie’s disease 92 8.2.3 Disease management 92 8.2.3.1 Conservative treatment 92 8.2.3.1.1 Oral treatment 93 8.2.3.1.2 Intralesional treatment 93 8.2.3.1.3 Topical treatments 95 8.2.3.1.4 Multimodal treatment 98 8.2.3.1.5 Summary of evidence for conservative treatment of Peyronie’s disease 98 8.2.3.1.6 Recommendations for non-operative treatment of Peyronie’s disease 99 8.2.3.2 Surgical treatment 99 8.2.3.2.1 Tunical shortening procedures 100 8.2.3.2.2 Tunical lengthening procedures 101 8.2.3.2.3 Penile prosthesis 103 8.2.3.2.4 Summary of evidence for non-operative treatment of Peyronie’s disease 103 8.2.3.2.5 Recommendations for surgical treatment of penile curvature 104 8.2.3.3 Treatment algorithm 104 SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH - MARCH 2021 5 9.
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