CHINQUAPIN the Newsletter of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Society
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Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese -
Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- ERICACEAE
Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- ERICACEAE ERICACEAE (Heath Family) A family of about 107 genera and 3400 species, primarily shrubs, small trees, and subshrubs, nearly cosmopolitan. The Ericaceae is very important in our area, with a great diversity of genera and species, many of them rather narrowly endemic. Our area is one of the north temperate centers of diversity for the Ericaceae. Along with Quercus and Pinus, various members of this family are dominant in much of our landscape. References: Kron et al. (2002); Wood (1961); Judd & Kron (1993); Kron & Chase (1993); Luteyn et al. (1996)=L; Dorr & Barrie (1993); Cullings & Hileman (1997). Main Key, for use with flowering or fruiting material 1 Plant an herb, subshrub, or sprawling shrub, not clonal by underground rhizomes (except Gaultheria procumbens and Epigaea repens), rarely more than 3 dm tall; plants mycotrophic or hemi-mycotrophic (except Epigaea, Gaultheria, and Arctostaphylos). 2 Plants without chlorophyll (fully mycotrophic); stems fleshy; leaves represented by bract-like scales, white or variously colored, but not green; pollen grains single; [subfamily Monotropoideae; section Monotropeae]. 3 Petals united; fruit nodding, a berry; flower and fruit several per stem . Monotropsis 3 Petals separate; fruit erect, a capsule; flower and fruit 1-several per stem. 4 Flowers few to many, racemose; stem pubescent, at least in the inflorescence; plant yellow, orange, or red when fresh, aging or drying dark brown ...............................................Hypopitys 4 Flower solitary; stem glabrous; plant white (rarely pink) when fresh, aging or drying black . Monotropa 2 Plants with chlorophyll (hemi-mycotrophic or autotrophic); stems woody; leaves present and well-developed, green; pollen grains in tetrads (single in Orthilia). -
Diapensia Family, by Stephen Doonan 101
Bulletin of the American Rock Garden Society Volume 51 Number 2 Spring 1993 Cover: Gentiana sino-ornata by Jill S. Buck of Westminster, Colorado All Material Copyright © 1993 American Rock Garden Society \ Bulletin of the American Rock Garden Society Volume 51 Number 2 Spring 1993 Features Asarums, by Barry R. Yinger 83 Ancient Rocks and Emerald Carpets, by Jeanie Vesall 93 The Diapensia Family, by Stephen Doonan 101 The Southeast Asia-America Connection, by Richard Weaver, Jr. 107 Early Editors of the Bulletin, by Marnie Flook 125 From China with Concern, by Don Jacobs 136 Departments Plant Portraits 132 Propagation 145 Books 147 u to UH 82 Bulletin of the American Rock Garden Society Vol. 51(2) Asarums by Barry R. Yinger Until very recently, few American of old Japanese prints, my interest went gardeners displayed interest in the from slow simmer to rapid boil. I subse• species and cultivars of Asarum. When quently spent a semester in Japan, my own interest in this group began to where my interest became obsession. I develop 20 years ago, there was little have since learned a great deal about evidence of cultivation, even among these plants, particularly during my avid rock gardeners. Some American research in the Japanese literature for species were grown by wildflower my thesis in the Longwood Program, a enthusiasts, and pioneers of American graduate course in public garden admin• rock gardening such as Line Foster and istration. As I make more visits to Harold Epstein were sampling a few of Japan, I continue to assemble an ever- the Japanese species. -
Host Range of a Select Isolate of the Eri Coid Mycorrhizal Fungus
PROPAGATION & TISSUE CULTURE HORTSCIENCE 38(6):1163–1166. 2003. Berta and Bonfante-Fasolo, 1983; Bradley et al., 1981; Leake and Read, 1989). Other studies have attempted to evaluate the host Host Range of a Select Isolate of range of ericoid fungi, but have inoculated with unidentified ericoid fungal isolates, described, the Eri coid Mycorrhizal Fungus for example as, “dark, slow-growing cultures” (Pearson and Read, 1973b; Reed, 1987). Hymenoscyphus ericae To date there have been no studies that investigate the host range of a select isolate Nicole R. Gorman1 and Mark C. Starrett2 of the ericoid endophyte H. ericae. Therefore, Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, the objective of this study was to evaluate the VT 05405-0082 host range using select species within the Eri- caceae by inoculating with a specific iso late Additional index words. Ericaceae, Calluna, Enkianthus, Gaultheria, Kalmia, Leucothoe, of H. ericae. Oxydendrum, Pieris, Rhodo den dron, Vaccinium Materials and Methods Abstract. Studies were conducted to ex am ine the host range of a select isolate of the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read) Korf and Kernan [American Type Seed of 15 ericaceous species was ob tained Culture Collection (ATCC) #32985]. Host status was tested for 15 ericaceous species, in- from commercial seed suppliers [Sheffield·s cluding: Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull, Enkianthus campanulatus (Miq.) Nichols, Gaultheria Seed Co. (Lock, N.Y.) and F.W. Schumacher procumbens L., Kalmia latifolia L., Leucothoe fontanesiana Sleum., Oxydendrum arbo- Co. (Sandwich, Mass.)]. Seed was cleaned and reum (L.) DC., Pieris flo ri bun da (Pursh) Benth. -
Fall•Winter 2015
fall/winter 2015 for our members and supporters NEWS What Is “Managed Relocation”? Native Plant News From the Volume 2, No. 1, Fall•Winter 2015 Executive Native Plant News is published by New England Wild Flower Society, an in depen dent, nonprofit, member- Director supported organization whose mission is to conserve and promote the region’s native plants to ensure healthy, 4 biologically diverse landscapes . Subscriptions to Native Plant News are included in membership dues, which start at $40/year for individuals. “TILL AND KEEP” For membership information, contact: THE GARDEN OF THE WORLD [email protected]. As Thanksgiving nears, we should count our conser - Design Rachel Wolff Lander Copyright© 2015 New vation blessings. The headline news came this summer England Wild Flower in the form of a papal encyclical on the environment, in Board of Trustees Society®. All rights which Pope Francis urges both personal and political reserved. No material Chair Trustees in this publication may action to save a planet that “groans in travail” and Deirdre C. Menoyo Lalor Burdick exhibits “symptoms of sickness…in the soil, in the Ruah Donnelly be reproduced or used Vice Chair Pamela Durrant in any way without water, in the air and in all forms of life.” In a heartfelt Pam Resor Mary Griffin written consent. For plea to “hear the cry” of the earth, he reminds us that Barbara Keller per mission, contact 16 Treasurer stewardship is both a moral issue and one of self- Th e Charles A. Wain Virginia McIntyre Editor, Native Plant Carolyn M. Osteen News , 180 Hemenway preservation, and we must therefore develop in our Assistant Treasurer Jessie B. -
Native Plants for Piedmont Rock Gardens by Margo Macintyre
V OLUME 26, I SSUE 2 F EBRUARY 2016 Piedmont Chapter North American Rock Garden Society The Trillium Chapel Hill, Durham, Raleigh, NC Native Plants for Piedmont Rock Gardens by Margo MacIntyre When Marian called to ask me to write an article about native plants for rock gardens for the Tril- lium, a wave of nostalgia hit me. During my college years and later, my Mom enthusiastically reported on the goings-on in the Piedmont Chapter of NARGS. Many times when I was home visiting from my gardening work at the Mt. Cuba Center in Delaware or Hurley Park in Salisbury, I attended Rock Gar- den Society meetings in Chapel Hill. Mom created what I call a rough draft of a rock garden on a bank filled with rocks she brought in and placed. The bank is perhaps two feet high and it tapers into the woods. It was created with rocks from Chatham County and was home to many small bulbs, low and creeping shrubbery, ferns and small perennials. The shady ends contained choice spring wildflowers, some of which remain today, still nes- tled among moss-covered rocks. Since the garden has not been tended in over a decade, it’s safe to say that these gems stand the test of time. Erythronium americanum, troutlily, Claytonia virginica, spring beauty, Silene virginica, firepink and Mitchella repens, partridgeberry, grace the small hillside. The Erythronium and Claytonia seeded into the lawn with reckless abandon. All of these residents of our local woodlands are available from local and mail order native plant sources and they are easy to grow. -
Plant Introductions
Plant Introductions Promoting the garden use of native plants is a core part of Mt. Cuba Center’s mission, and since 1988, the Plant Introduction Program has brought many outstanding cultivars to market. Selected for strong ornamental appeal and broad regional adaptability, many of these introductions have risen to become some of the most popular cultivars of native plants available. Plant evaluation and introduction continues today, with several bright prospects for additional introductions in the future. Plant Introductions Actaea pachypoda ‘Misty Blue’ Misty Blue white baneberry Misty Blue white baneberry is an herbaceous perennial, selected for its unique and highly attractive soft, bluish-green foliage. It was discovered in a planting of typical green-leaved plants of unknown origin growing at Mt. Cuba Center. In spring 1" to 2" tall bottlebrush-like clusters of white flowers are borne on stems above the foliage. By September, large, white fruit with dark purple to black spots (“doll’s eyes”) mature on reddish pedicels. It is a carefree, long-lived, 24" to 36" tall plant, growing best in partial to filtered shade in evenly moist, well-drained soils with a pH from slightly acidic to neutral. Introduced 2009 Ageratina altissima ‘Chocolate’ (formerly Eupatorium rugosum) Chocolate white snakeroot Chocolate white snakeroot is an herbaceous perennial selected by Dr. Richard W. Lighty and descended from a plant found at Winterthur Gardens. It had the darkest burgundy foliage of many seedlings grown over a ten year period. ‘Chocolate’ grows up to 3' tall and has white inflorescences along with dark burgundy leaves which color best in full sun. -
Broad-Leaved Evergreens
■ ,VVXHG LQ IXUWKHUDQFH RI WKH &RRSHUDWLYH ([WHQVLRQ :RUN$FWV RI 0D\ DQG -XQH LQ FRRSHUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH 'LUHFWRU&RRSHUDWLYH([WHQVLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI0LVVRXUL&ROXPELD02 LAWN ■ ■ ■ DQHTXDORSSRUWXQLW\$'$LQVWLWXWLRQ H[WHQVLRQPLVVRXULHGX AND GARDEN Selecting Landscape Plants Broad-leaved Evergreens he most highly prized landscape plants are broad- leaved evergreens. They are the true aristocrats of Tour gardens. However, many of them require special attention if they are to develop into attractive, long-lived plants. Wide fluctuations in temperature, prolonged dry periods, drying winds and bright sunshine of the Midwest are not ideal conditions for most broad-leaved evergreens. Special soil preparation and a carefully selected location are usually necessary to ensure the success of these plants. However, the year-round beauty and special effect they give to the landscape makes them well worth the effort. The broad-leaved evergreens are valued chiefly for their evergreen foliage, but many of them possess other desirable ornamental traits (Figure 1). They are generally clean plants, dropping few leaves at any one time, and they never Figure 1. Southern magnolia is one of many broad-leaved evergreens popular become overgrown and weedy as some other ornamentals in Missouri. (Photo courtesy of the Mizzou Botanic Garden) do. In addition, most of them are relatively free from insect and disease problems. Broad-leaved evergreens prefer a rich, well-drained, Selecting broad-leaved evergreens slightly acid soil. Increasing organic matter content and Many plants described in the following section are not hardy improving drainage can improve an existing poor soil. For in all parts of Missouri. The zones where a plant can be most more information on soil improvement, see MU Extension reliably grown are listed with each plant. -
Vascular Plant Inventory and Ecological Community Classification for Cumberland Gap National Historical Park
VASCULAR PLANT INVENTORY AND ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY CLASSIFICATION FOR CUMBERLAND GAP NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK Report for the Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories: Appalachian Highlands and Cumberland/Piedmont Networks Prepared by NatureServe for the National Park Service Southeast Regional Office March 2006 NatureServe is a non-profit organization providing the scientific knowledge that forms the basis for effective conservation action. Citation: Rickie D. White, Jr. 2006. Vascular Plant Inventory and Ecological Community Classification for Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. Durham, North Carolina: NatureServe. © 2006 NatureServe NatureServe 6114 Fayetteville Road, Suite 109 Durham, NC 27713 919-484-7857 International Headquarters 1101 Wilson Boulevard, 15th Floor Arlington, Virginia 22209 www.natureserve.org National Park Service Southeast Regional Office Atlanta Federal Center 1924 Building 100 Alabama Street, S.W. Atlanta, GA 30303 The view and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Government. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. Government. This report consists of the main report along with a series of appendices with information about the plants and plant (ecological) communities found at the site. Electronic files have been provided to the National Park Service in addition to hard copies. Current information on all communities described here can be found on NatureServe Explorer at www.natureserveexplorer.org. Cover photo: Red cedar snag above White Rocks at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. Photo by Rickie White. ii Acknowledgments I wish to thank all park employees, co-workers, volunteers, and academics who helped with aspects of the preparation, field work, specimen identification, and report writing for this project. -
Native Plant List TABLE 1: Species for Tree and Shrub Plantings Trees For
Native Plant List TABLE 1: Species for Tree and Shrub Plantings Trees for Dry-Open Sites Scientific Name Common Name Mature Height Betula populifolia Gray Birch 30' Juniperis virginiana Eastern Red Cedar 10-75' Pinus resinosa Red Pine 70' Pin us rigida Pitch Pine 50' Pinus stro bus White Pine 80' Quercus rubra Red Oak 70' Quercus coccinea Scarlet Oak 70' Quercus velutina Black Oak 70' Shrubs for Dry-Open Sites Scientific Name 'Common Name Mature Height Amelanchier canadensis Shadbush 15' Ceanothus americanus New Jersey Tea 4' Comptonia peregrina Sweetfern 4' Cornus racemosa Gray Dogwood 6-10' Gaylussacia baccata Black Huckleberry l' Hypericum prolificum Shrubby St. Johnswort 4' Juniperus communis Pasture Juniper 2' Myrica pensylvanica Bayberry 6' Prunus maritima Beach plum 6' Rhus aromatica Fragrant Sumac 3' Rhus copallina Shining Sumac 4-10' Rhus glabra Smooth Sumac 9-15' Rosa carolina Pasture Rose 3' Rosa virginiana Virginia Rose 3' Spirea tomentosa Steeplebush 3-4' Viburnum dentatum/recognitum Arrowwood 5-8' Viburnum lentago Nannyberry 15' Shrubs For Dry-Shady Sites Scientific Name Common Name Mature Height Hamamelis wrginiana Witch Hazel 15' Kalmia latifolia Mountain Laurel 3-8' Rhododendron nudiflorum Pinxterbloom Azalea 4-6' Vaccinium angustifolium Lowbush Blueberry 2' Viburnum dentatum Arrowwood 5-8' Trees For Moist Sites Scientific Name Common Name Mature Height Acer rubrum Red Maple 60' Betula nigra River Birch Chamaecyparis thyoides Atlantic White Cedar Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash 60' Picea mariana Black Spruce 40' Picea -
Asa Gray and His Quest for Shortia Galacifolia
Asa Gray and His Quest for Shortia galacifolia Charles F Jenkins C. E Jenkins of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was both an excellent writer and an active horticulturist. He served as editor of The Farm journal for many years, and wrote several books on American history. In 1931, he founded the "Hemlock Arboretum" and published the well-known Hemlock Arboretum Bulletin until his death in 1951. In the Arnoldia article reprinted here, Jenkins, who was an important supporter of the Arnold Arboretum, tells the intriguing story of Asa Gray and C. S. Sargent searching for the botanical equivalent of the Holy Grail. The word bewitched has antipodal meanings. Arbor. As the buildings were not ready, he was The first, sinister, fearsome, savoring of Salem granted a year’s leave of absence, a salary of trials and clouded minds; the second, $1500, and $5000 was placed at his disposal charmed, enchanted, captivated. In this to purchase books for the new University second sense Asa Gray was bewitched. For library. The main object of his trip, however, forty years, the greater part of his productive was to examine the original sources of Ameri- life, the memory of a fragmentary, dried, can flora as they existed in the principal her- incomplete specimen in a neglected herbar- baria of Europe. After a twenty-one-day voyage ium cabinet in France haunted him. The he landed in Liverpool and then began a year assurance of its existence as a living plant and crowded with rich cultural and educational the hope of its rediscovery were with him experiences. -
Native Shrubs for the Washington, D.C. Area
Green Spring Gardens 4603 Green Spring Rd ● Alexandria ● VA 22312 Phone: 703-642-5173 ● TTY: 703-803-3354 www.fairfaxcounty.gov/parks/greenspring Native Shrubs for the Washington, D.C. Area Native shrubs are treasured additions to gardens due to their beauty throughout the seasons and year- round structure. They provide invaluable food and cover to birds, butterflies, bees, and other wildlife. Most of these plants are native to Virginia: these plants existed in Virginia before Jamestown, Virginia was founded in 1607. A few listed species are not native to Virginia but are native to other states in the southeastern U.S. Deciduous shrubs are some of the most useful and exciting plants in the landscape. Because their leaves die and fall off in the autumn, they have changing interest throughout the year - they are valued for their flowers, fruits, foliage, and twigs, and for their varied shapes and textures. Embellish your landscape with these beautiful yet functional plants! Evergreen shrubs are valued for their relatively constant foliage year-round. Many evergreen shrubs have other attractive features, such as beautiful flowers and fruit. Combine evergreen shrubs with deciduous shrubs and other plants in your landscape to maximize landscape interest. The following are useful definitions: Cultivar (cv.) - a cultivated variety designated by single quotes, such as ‘Brilliantissima’. A variety (var.) or subspecies (subsp.), in contrast, is found in nature and is a subdivision of a species. Full Shade - the amount of light under a dense deciduous tree canopy or beneath evergreens. Full Sun – 6 hours or more of sun daily. Naturalistic use – native plants that, when properly sited, perform well with minimal care; best used in an informal design that suggests a natural landscape, or for the restoration of native plant communities.