Water Efficiency of Rootstocks: Soil and Pest Interactions Kevin Fort, Andrew Walker Dept. of Viticulture and Enology, UC Davis
Photo: Mark Battany The urban response to drought stress Where do we begin? What do we already know about water use? The VERY tight relationship between available water and yield
Grimes and Williams 1990 But is it really so simple? Complicating factors appear very quickly
O’Toole & Hsiao 1982 The complication of defining drought low input low storage variable intensity
Photo: Mark Battany Even detecting drought resistance can be a problem
Easlon and Richards. 2009. The impact of roots Can rootstocks help with drought resistance?
Williams. 2010. Can rootstocks help with drought resistance?
Williams. 2010. Can rootstocks help with drought resistance?
McCarthy et al. 1997. Rootstock / nematode interactions
Impacts on water use in a dry environment The importance of pest resistance in water use efficiency
dry farmed, shallow sand on dense clay Effect of rootstocks...from a nematode-infested...vineyard. McCarthy & Cirami. 1990. Pest susceptibility = drought susceptibility
McCarthy & Cirami. 1990. Planning for nematode resistance, to increase water use efficiency
“strain specific” Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
BEST RESISTANCE: GRN 1-5
*stable resistance at high temps *are dagger nematode resistant *better lesion and citrus nematode resistance *GRN1 also resists ring nematode
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
BEST RESISTANCE: GRN 1-5
1616C & Freedom: aggressive species and strains can reduce their effectiveness
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
BEST RESISTANCE: GRN 1-5
1616C & Freedom: aggressive species and strains can reduce their effectiveness
Ramsey: very good (but vigor issues)
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
BEST RESISTANCE: GRN 1-5
1616C & Freedom: aggressive species and strains can reduce their effectiveness
Ramsey: very good (but vigor issues)
Dog Ridge good (but vigor and propagation issues)
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
BEST “MODERATE RESISTANCE”: 5BB
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
BEST “MODERATE RESISTANCE”: 5BB
1103P not very resistant, but outgrows damage
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
BEST “MODERATE RESISTANCE”: 5BB
1103P not very resistant, but outgrows damage
Riparia Gloire now considered to have medium-high resistance (as good as 101-14, and maybe even better)
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
BEST “MODERATE RESISTANCE”: 5BB
1103P not very resistant, but outgrows damage
Riparia Gloire now considered to have medium-high resistance
The remaining “lows”: still low
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California Rootstock / salinity interactions
Photo: Mark Battany Why salt matters in water use efficiency osmotic effect toxic effect
Salt
Pure water
Membrane The problems yield reduction quality reduction
Maas. 1993. More problems yield reduction quality reduction accurate phenotyping
120 % Necrosis + Leaf Loss, 55-57 days (8 wks) (pooled total individuals, +/- 1 stdev)
100
80
60 Ramsey Riparia 40
% total stem length % 20 Col 1 vs Col 2
0 Fr Colombard Thompson -20 Where we started... troubleshooting the phenotype A workable assay Derived from a root study “Magic” ingredients: fritted clay, herbaceous cuttings Taxonomically “wide” screening: Claire Heinitz
Super-excluders and hyper-accumulators The current assay higher throughput less space better data The current assay A parallel assay: season-long and grafted An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru
*when assayed as chloride exclusion An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru
NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE? Vitis girdiana Vitis acerifolia Vitis arizonica
Vitis doaniana may be even better An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* Excellent: 140Ru Schwarzmann St. George NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE? Vitis girdiana Vitis longii Vitis arizonica An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE: Excellent: 140Ru Schwarzmann St. George NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE? Vitis girdiana Vitis longii But note the mediocre to Vitis arizonica poor nematode resistance of these stocks An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* Excellent: 140Ru Schwarzmann St. George NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE? Vitis girdiana Vitis longii (currently under Vitis arizonica examination...) Intermediate???????
110R, 1103P, Riparia Gloire, many more An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* Excellent: 140Ru Schwarzmann St. George NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE? Vitis girdiana Intermediate??????? Vitis longii 110R, 1103P, Riparia Vitis arizonica Gloire, many more
Low end of intermediate: Ramsey (Salt Creek) An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* Excellent: 140Ru Schwarzmann St. George NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE? Vitis girdiana Intermediate??????? Vitis longii 110R, 1103P, Riparia Vitis arizonica Gloire, many more
Low end of intermediate: Ramsey (Salt Creek)
Poor: Own-rooted V. vinifera An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks Excellent: BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* Schwarzmann 140Ru St. George
NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE? Intermediate??????? Vitis girdiana 110R, 1103P, Riparia Gloire, Vitis longii many more Vitis arizonica Low end of intermediate: Ramsey (Salt Creek)
Poor: Own-rooted V. vinifera
Terrible: 44-53 (a “hyperaccumulator”) Can we breed for more drought resistant roots? Traditional “mass selection” theoretically possible practically impossible Can we breed for What trait(s) higher water use to breed for? efficiency? Can we breed for “physiological higher water use trait selection” efficiency?
Root : shoot Shoot traits: Phenology: ratio epicuticular wax, short season osmotic adjustment
Pest / disease Root traits: resistance depth (average angle), root length density, Growth rate: root strength, slow growth, cavitation resistance, small final leaf area cavitation re-filling Can we breed for “physiological higher water use trait selection” efficiency?
Root : shoot Shoot traits: Phenology: ratio epicuticular wax, short season osmotic adjustment
Pest / disease Root traits: resistance depth (average angle), root length density, Growth rate: root strength, slow growth, cavitation resistance, small final leaf area cavitation re-filling A whirlwind tour of root phenotyping in the Walker lab Root angle capture
Rice Uga et al. 2011. Adventitious roots from herbaceous cuttings
Riparia Ramsey Rooting angles from 1- and 2-season field-grown vines Hydroponic characterizations Single root analyses Potted vine root architecture well-watered and drought/salt stressed Rhizotrons: Joaquin Fraga well-watered and drought stressed dynamic, non-destructive analysis
New and improved field studies
1. root : shoot ratios 2. root architecture 2. carbohydrate storage 3. performance Descriptive and functional root biology thanks to…
• E&J Gallo Winery • The California Grape Rootstock Improvement Commission • California Grapevine Rootstock Research Foundation • CDFA Improvement Advisory Board • California Table Grape Commission • American Vineyard Foundation • Louis P. Martini Endowed Chair funds